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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Antisemitism<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> or Jew-hatred<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-MWdef-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> This sentiment is a form of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> and a person who harbours it is called an antisemite. Primarily, antisemitic tendencies may be motivated by negative sentiment towards <a href="/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood" title="Jewish peoplehood">Jews as a people</a> or by negative sentiment towards Jews with regard to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. In the former case, usually presented as <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">racial antisemitism</a>, a person's hostility is driven by the belief that Jews constitute a distinct race with inherent traits or characteristics that are repulsive or inferior to the preferred traits or characteristics within that person's society.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> In the latter case, known as <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">religious antisemitism</a>, a person's hostility is driven by their religion's perception of Jews and Judaism, typically encompassing doctrines of supersession that expect or demand Jews to turn away from Judaism and submit to the religion presenting itself as Judaism's successor faith—this is a common theme within the other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> The development of racial and religious antisemitism has historically been encouraged by the concept of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> which is distinct from antisemitism itself.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> There are various ways in which antisemitism is manifested, ranging in the level of severity of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Jewish persecution</a>. On the more subtle end, it consists of expressions of hatred or discrimination against individual Jews and may or may not be accompanied by violence. On the most extreme end, it consists of <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, which may or may not be state-sponsored. Although the term "antisemitism" did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is also applied to previous and later anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances of antisemitic persecution include the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> in 1096; the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion" title="Edict of Expulsion">Edict of Expulsion</a> in 1290; the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">European persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a>, between 1348 and 1351; the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">massacre of Spanish Jews</a> in 1391, the crackdown of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> in 1492; the <a href="/wiki/Tach_VeTat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tach VeTat">Cossack massacres in Ukraine</a>, between 1648 and 1657; various <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire</a>, between 1821 and 1906; the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>, between 1894 and 1906; <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; and various <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet anti-Jewish policies</a>. Historically, most of the world's violent antisemitic events have taken place in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christian Europe</a>. However, since the early 20th century, there has been a sharp rise in <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">antisemitic incidents across the Arab world</a>, largely due to the surge in <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">Arab antisemitic conspiracy theories</a>, which have been cultivated to an extent under the aegis of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">European antisemitic conspiracy theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herf_2009-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-JCPA_2020-17">[15]</a> In recent times, the idea that there is a variation of antisemitism known as "<a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">new antisemitism</a>" has emerged on several occasions. According to this view, since <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a>, expressions of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionist positions</a> could harbour antisemitic sentiments.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a> describes the "3D" test to determine the existence of such antisemitism: demonizing Israel, the double standard of criticizing Israel disproportionately to other countries, and <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_State_of_Israel" title="Legitimacy of the State of Israel">delegitimizing Israel's right to exist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g639-20">[18]</a> Due to the root word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Semite" class="extiw" title="wikt:Semite">Semite</a>, the term is prone to being invoked as a misnomer by those who incorrectly assert (in an <a href="/wiki/Etymological_fallacy" title="Etymological fallacy">etymological fallacy</a>) that it refers to racist hatred directed at "<a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semitic people</a>" in spite of the fact that this grouping is an obsolete <a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">historical race concept</a>. Likewise, such usage is erroneous; the compound word antisemitismus was first used in print in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a> in 1879<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBein1990595-21">[19]</a> as a "<a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific-sounding term</a>" for Judenhass (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Jew-hatred'),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt201922%E2%80%9325-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanes2004150-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERattansi20074%E2%80%935-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston198327-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur2006%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidIaloAgAAQBAJpgPA21_21%5D-26">[24]</a> and it has since been used to refer to anti-Jewish sentiment alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt201922%E2%80%9325-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1987133-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-JustJews-28">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin_and_usage">1 Origin and usage</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Etymology">1.1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Usage">1.2 Usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Definition">1.3 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Evolution_of_usage">1.4 Evolution of usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Eternalism%E2%80%93contextualism_debate">1.5 Eternalism–contextualism debate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Manifestations">2 Manifestations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Religious_antisemitism">2.1 Religious antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Economic_antisemitism">2.2 Economic antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Racial_antisemitism">2.3 Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Political_antisemitism">2.4 Political antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Cultural_antisemitism">2.5 Cultural antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Conspiracy_theories">2.6 Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#New_antisemitism">2.7 New antisemitism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Ancient_world">3.1 Ancient world</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Persecutions_during_the_Middle_Ages">3.2 Persecutions during the Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Reformation">3.3 Reformation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#17th_century">3.4 17th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Enlightenment">3.5 Enlightenment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Voltaire">3.5.1 Voltaire</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Louis_de_Bonald_and_the_Catholic_Counter-Revolution">3.6 Louis de Bonald and the Catholic Counter-Revolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Imperial_Russia">3.7 Imperial Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Islamic_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century">3.8 Islamic antisemitism in the 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Secular_or_racial_antisemitism">3.9 Secular or racial antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#20th_century">3.10 20th century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Contemporary_antisemitism">4 Contemporary antisemitism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Post-WWII_antisemitism">4.1 Post-WWII antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#21st-century_European_antisemitism">4.2 21st-century European antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#21st-century_Arab_antisemitism">4.3 21st-century Arab antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#21st-century_antisemitism_at_universities">4.4 21st-century antisemitism at universities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Black_Hebrew_Israelite_antisemitism">4.5 Black Hebrew Israelite antisemitism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Antisemitism_on_the_internet">4.6 Antisemitism on the internet</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Causes">5 Causes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Prevention_through_education">6 Prevention through education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Geographical_variation">7 Geographical variation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Citations">10.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Sources">10.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Origin_and_usage">Origin and usage</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuten_der_Antisemiten-Liga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Statuten_der_Antisemiten-Liga.jpg/220px-Statuten_der_Antisemiten-Liga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="962"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 346px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Statuten_der_Antisemiten-Liga.jpg/220px-Statuten_der_Antisemiten-Liga.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="346" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Statuten_der_Antisemiten-Liga.jpg/330px-Statuten_der_Antisemiten-Liga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Statuten_der_Antisemiten-Liga.jpg/440px-Statuten_der_Antisemiten-Liga.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1879 statute of the Antisemitic League</figcaption></figure> The word "Semitic" was coined by German orientalist <a href="/wiki/August_Ludwig_von_Schl%C3%B6zer" title="August Ludwig von Schlözer">August Ludwig von Schlözer</a> in 1781 to designate the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic group of languages</a>—<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and others—allegedly spoken by the descendants of Biblical figure <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Sem</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vermeulen_2015_p._252-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The origin of "antisemitic" terminologies is found in the responses of orientalist <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Steinschneider" title="Moritz Steinschneider">Moritz Steinschneider</a> to the views of orientalist <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Alex_Bein" title="Alex Bein">Alex Bein</a> writes: "The compound anti-Semitism appears to have been used first by Steinschneider, who challenged Renan on account of his 'anti-Semitic prejudices' [i.e., his derogation of the "<a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semites</a>" as a <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBein1990%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidcQOn0y8ENg4CpgPA594_594%5D-31">[29]</a> Psychologist <a href="/wiki/Avner_Falk" title="Avner Falk">Avner Falk</a> similarly writes: "The German word antisemitisch was first used in 1860 by the Austrian Jewish scholar Moritz Steinschneider (1816–1907) in the phrase antisemitische Vorurteile (antisemitic prejudices). Steinschneider used this phrase to characterise the French philosopher Ernest Renan's false ideas about how '<a href="/wiki/Semitic_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic Race">Semitic races</a>' were inferior to '<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan races</a>'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk200821-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscientific</a> theories <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">concerning race</a>, civilization, and "progress" had become quite widespread in Europe in the second half of the 19th century, especially as <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> nationalistic historian <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a> did much to promote this form of racism. He coined the phrase "the Jews are our misfortune" which would later be widely used by <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> According to Falk, Treitschke uses the term "Semitic" almost synonymously with "Jewish", in contrast to Renan's use of it to refer to a whole range of peoples,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2008%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidVWL4ja2BbnECpgPA21_21%5D-34">[32]</a> based generally on linguistic criteria.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> According to philologist <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Hess" title="Jonathan M. Hess">Jonathan M. Hess</a>, the term was originally used by its authors to "stress the radical difference between their own 'antisemitism' and earlier forms of antagonism toward Jews and Judaism."<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookcover-1880-Marr-German_uber_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bookcover-1880-Marr-German_uber_Juden.jpg/220px-Bookcover-1880-Marr-German_uber_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="485"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 354px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bookcover-1880-Marr-German_uber_Juden.jpg/220px-Bookcover-1880-Marr-German_uber_Juden.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="354" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Bookcover-1880-Marr-German_uber_Juden.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cover page of Marr's The Way to Victory of Germanicism over Judaism, 1880 edition</figcaption></figure> In 1879, German journalist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Wilhelm Marr</a> published a pamphlet, Der Sieg des Judenthums über das Germanenthum. Vom nicht confessionellen Standpunkt aus betrachtet (The Victory of the Jewish Spirit over the Germanic Spirit. Observed from a non-religious perspective) in which he used the word Semitismus interchangeably with the word Judentum to denote both "Jewry" (the Jews as a collective) and "Jewishness" (the quality of being Jewish, or the Jewish spirit).<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> He accused the Jews of a worldwide conspiracy against non-Jews, called for resistance against "this foreign power", and claimed that "there will be absolutely no public office, even the highest one, which the Jews will not have usurped".<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> This followed his 1862 book Die Judenspiegel (A Mirror to the Jews) in which he argued that "Judaism must cease to exist if humanity is to commence", demanding both that Judaism be dissolved as a "religious-denominational sect" but also subject to criticism "as a race, a civil and social entity".<a href="#cite_note-:5-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> In the introductions to the first through fourth editions of Der Judenspiegel, Marr denied that he intended to preach Jew-hatred, but instead to help "the Jews reach their full human potential" which could happen only "through the downfall of Judaism, a phenomenon that negates everything purely human and noble."<a href="#cite_note-:5-41">[39]</a> This use of Semitismus was followed by a coining of "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Antisemitismus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Antisemitismus">Antisemitismus</a>" which was used to indicate opposition to the Jews as a people<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> and opposition to the Jewish spirit, which Marr interpreted as infiltrating German culture. The pamphlet became very popular, and in the same year Marr founded the Antisemiten-Liga (League of Antisemites),<a href="#cite_note-:4-44">[42]</a> apparently named to follow the "Anti-Kanzler-Liga" (Anti-Chancellor League).<a href="#cite_note-MZ1987-45">[43]</a> The league was the first German organization committed specifically to combating the alleged threat to Germany and German culture posed by the Jews and their influence and advocating their <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">forced removal</a> from the country.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] So far as can be ascertained, the word was first widely printed in 1881, when Marr published Zwanglose Antisemitische Hefte, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Scherer" title="Wilhelm Scherer">Wilhelm Scherer</a> used the term Antisemiten in the January issue of <a href="/wiki/Neue_Freie_Presse" title="Neue Freie Presse">Neue Freie Presse</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> reports, "In February 1881, a correspondent of the <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Zeitung_des_Judentums" title="Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums">Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums</a> speaks of 'Anti-Semitism' as a designation which recently came into use ("Allg. Zeit. d. Jud." 1881, p. 138). On 19 July 1882, the editor says, 'This quite recent Anti-Semitism is hardly three years old.'"<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The word "antisemitism" was borrowed into English from German in 1881. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> editor <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)" title="James Murray (lexicographer)">James Murray</a> wrote that it was not included in the first edition because "Anti-Semite and its family were then probably very new in English use, and not thought likely to be more than passing nonce-words... Would that anti-Semitism had had no more than a fleeting interest!"<a href="#cite_note-toi-47">[45]</a> The related term "<a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">philosemitism</a>" was used by 1881.<a href="#cite_note-philosemitism-48">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3></div> From the outset the term "anti-Semitism" bore special racial connotations and meant specifically prejudice against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MWdef-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt201922%E2%80%9325-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-JustJews-28">[26]</a> The term has been described as confusing, for in modern usage 'Semitic' designates a language group, not a race. In this sense, the term is a misnomer, since there are many speakers of <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiopians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>) who are not the objects of antisemitic prejudices, while there are many Jews who do not speak <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, a Semitic language. Though 'antisemitism' could be construed as <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> against people who speak other Semitic languages, this is not how the term is commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1999117-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> The term may be spelled with or without a hyphen (antisemitism or anti-Semitism). Many scholars and institutions favor the unhyphenated form.<a href="#cite_note-IHRA2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bauer-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bauer2-55">[53]</a> Shmuel Almog argued, "If you use the hyphenated form, you consider the words 'Semitism', 'Semite', 'Semitic' as meaningful ... [I]n antisemitic parlance, 'Semites' really stands for Jews, just that."<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fackenheim" title="Emil Fackenheim">Emil Fackenheim</a> supported the unhyphenated spelling, in order to "[dispel] the notion that there is an entity 'Semitism' which 'anti-Semitism' opposes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPragerTelushkin2003%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidVK0llzUqQ2YCpgPA199_199%5D-57">[55]</a> Others endorsing an unhyphenated term for the same reason include the <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Alliance" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance">International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IHRA2-1">[1]</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Deborah Lipstadt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt201922%E2%80%9325-22">[20]</a> Padraic O'Hare, professor of Religious and Theological Studies and Director of the Center for the Study of Jewish-Christian-Muslim Relations at <a href="/wiki/Merrimack_College" title="Merrimack College">Merrimack College</a>; and historians <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Yehuda Bauer</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(author)" title="James Carroll (author)">James Carroll</a>. According to Carroll, who first cites O'Hare and Bauer on "the existence of something called 'Semitism'", "the hyphenated word thus reflects the bipolarity that is at the heart of the problem of antisemitism".<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> and its accompanying <a href="/wiki/AP_Stylebook" title="AP Stylebook">AP Stylebook</a> adopted the unhyphenated spelling in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Style guides for other news organizations such as the New York Times and Wall Street Journal later adopted this spelling as well.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> It has also been adopted by many <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust museums">Holocaust museums</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div> Though the general definition of antisemitism is hostility or prejudice against Jews, and, according to <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Blaschke" title="Olaf Blaschke">Olaf Blaschke</a>, has become an "umbrella term for negative stereotypes about Jews",<a href="#cite_note-pogromsriots-63">[61]</a>: 18 a number of authorities have developed more formal definitions. Writing in 1987, Holocaust scholar and <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Helen_Fein" title="Helen Fein">Helen Fein</a> defined it as "a persisting latent structure of hostile beliefs towards Jews as a collective manifested in individuals as attitudes, and in culture as myth, ideology, folklore and imagery, and in actions—social or legal discrimination, political mobilization against the Jews, and collective or state violence—which results in and/or is designed to distance, displace, or destroy Jews as Jews."<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> Elaborating on Fein's definition, Dietz Bering of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> writes that, to antisemites, "Jews are not only partially but totally bad by nature, that is, their bad traits are incorrigible. Because of this bad nature: (1) Jews have to be seen not as individuals but as a collective. (2) Jews remain essentially alien in the surrounding societies. (3) Jews bring disaster on their 'host societies' or on the whole world, they are doing it secretly, therefore the anti-Semites feel obliged to unmask the conspiratorial, bad Jewish character."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2008%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidzL_0WOiZj0oCpgPA5_5%5D-65">[63]</a> For Swiss historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonja_Weinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonja Weinberg (page does not exist)">Sonja Weinberg</a>, as distinct from economic and religious <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a>, antisemitism in its specifically modern form shows conceptual innovation, a resort to "science" to defend itself, new functional forms, and organisational differences. It was anti-liberal, racialist and nationalist. It promoted the myth that <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Jews conspired to 'judaise' the world</a>; it served to consolidate social identity; it channeled dissatisfactions among victims of the capitalist system; and it was used as a conservative cultural code to fight emancipation and liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-pogromsriots-63">[61]</a>: 18–19 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antisemiticroths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Antisemiticroths.jpg/220px-Antisemiticroths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1156"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Antisemiticroths.jpg/220px-Antisemiticroths.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Antisemiticroths.jpg/330px-Antisemiticroths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Antisemiticroths.jpg/440px-Antisemiticroths.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A caricature by C. Léandre (France, 1898) showing <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild</a> with the world in his hands</figcaption></figure> In 2003, Israeli politician <a href="/wiki/Natan_Sharansky" title="Natan Sharansky">Natan Sharansky</a> developed what he called the "three D" test to distinguish antisemitism from criticism of Israel, giving <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_of_the_State_of_Israel" title="Legitimacy of the State of Israel">delegitimization</a>, demonization, and double standards as a litmus test for the former.<a href="#cite_note-state178448-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patterns-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-t766-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-a473-69">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, writing in 2006, defined antisemitism as a special case of prejudice, hatred, or persecution directed against people who are in some way different from the rest. According to Lewis, antisemitism is marked by two distinct features: Jews are judged according to a standard different from that applied to others, and they are accused of "cosmic evil". Thus, "it is perfectly possible to hate and even to persecute Jews without necessarily being anti-Semitic" unless this hatred or persecution displays one of the two features specific to antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-70">[68]</a> There have been a number of efforts by international and governmental bodies to define antisemitism formally. In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> stated that "while there is no universally accepted definition, there is a generally clear understanding of what the term encompasses." For the purposes of its 2005 Report on Global Anti-Semitism, the term was considered to mean "hatred toward Jews—individually and as a group—that can be attributed to the Jewish religion and/or ethnicity."<a href="#cite_note-USDS-71">[69]</a> In 2005, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a> (EUMC, now the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a>), an agency of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, developed a more detailed <a href="/wiki/EUMC_Working_Definition_of_Antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="EUMC Working Definition of Antisemitism">working definition</a>, which stated: "Antisemitism is a certain perception of Jews, which may be expressed as hatred toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of antisemitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities." It also adds that "such manifestations could also target the state of Israel, conceived as a Jewish collectivity," but that "criticism of Israel similar to that leveled against any other country cannot be regarded as antisemitic."<a href="#cite_note-antisemitic-72">[70]</a> It provided contemporary examples of ways in which antisemitism may manifest itself, including promoting the harming of Jews in the name of an ideology or religion; promoting negative stereotypes of Jews; holding Jews collectively responsible for the actions of an individual Jewish person or group; <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">denying the Holocaust</a> or accusing Jews or Israel of exaggerating it; and accusing Jews of <a href="/wiki/Dual_loyalty" title="Dual loyalty">dual loyalty</a> or a greater allegiance to Israel than their own country. It also lists ways in which attacking Israel could be antisemitic, and states that denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g. by claiming that the existence of a state of Israel is a racist endeavor, can be a manifestation of antisemitism—as can applying double standards by requiring of Israel a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation, or holding Jews collectively responsible for the actions of the State of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-antisemitic-72">[70]</a> The EUMC working definition was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> Working Group on Antisemitism in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] in the Operational Hate Crime Guidance of the UK <a href="/wiki/College_of_Policing" title="College of Policing">College of Policing</a> in 2014<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] and by the UK's <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In 2016, the working definition was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Alliance" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance">International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> IHRA's <a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition of antisemitism</a> is among the most controversial documents related to opposition to antisemitism, and critics argue that it has been used to censor criticism of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In response to the perceived lack of clarity in the IHRA definition, two new definitions of antisemitism were published in 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Nexus_Document" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Document">Nexus Document</a> in February 2021 and the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism</a> in March 2021.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1889_French_election_poster_for_antisemitic_candidate_Adolphe_Willette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1889_French_election_poster_for_antisemitic_candidate_Adolphe_Willette.jpg/220px-1889_French_election_poster_for_antisemitic_candidate_Adolphe_Willette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1286"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 297px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1889_French_election_poster_for_antisemitic_candidate_Adolphe_Willette.jpg/220px-1889_French_election_poster_for_antisemitic_candidate_Adolphe_Willette.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="297" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1889_French_election_poster_for_antisemitic_candidate_Adolphe_Willette.jpg/330px-1889_French_election_poster_for_antisemitic_candidate_Adolphe_Willette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1889_French_election_poster_for_antisemitic_candidate_Adolphe_Willette.jpg/440px-1889_French_election_poster_for_antisemitic_candidate_Adolphe_Willette.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1889 Paris, France elections poster for self-described "candidat antisémite" <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Willette" title="Adolphe Willette">Adolphe Willette</a>: "The Jews are a different race, hostile to our own... Judaism, there is the enemy!" (see file for complete translation)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_usage">Evolution of usage</h3></div> In 1879, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Wilhelm Marr</a> founded the Antisemiten-Liga (Anti-Semitic League).<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Identification with antisemitism and as an antisemite was politically advantageous in Europe during the late 19th century. For example, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Karl Lueger</a>, the popular mayor of <a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">fin de siècle</a> <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, skillfully exploited antisemitism as a way of channeling public discontent to his political advantage.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In its 1910 obituary of Lueger, The New York Times notes that Lueger was "Chairman of the Christian Social Union of the Parliament and of the Anti-Semitic Union of the Diet of Lower Austria.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> In 1895, <a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a> organized the Alliance Anti-semitique Universelle in Bucharest. In the period before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when animosity towards Jews was far more commonplace, it was not uncommon for a person, an organization, or a political party to self-identify as an antisemite or antisemitic. The early <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> pioneer <a href="/wiki/Leon_Pinsker" title="Leon Pinsker">Leon Pinsker</a>, a professional physician, preferred the clinical-sounding term Judeophobia to antisemitism, which he regarded as a misnomer. The word Judeophobia first appeared in his pamphlet "<a href="/wiki/Auto-Emancipation" title="Auto-Emancipation">Auto-Emancipation</a>", published anonymously in German in September 1882, where it was described as an irrational fear or hatred of Jews. According to Pinsker, this irrational fear was an inherited predisposition.<a href="#cite_note-Bartlett2005-89">[87]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Judeophobia is a form of demonopathy, with the distinction that the Jewish ghost has become known to the whole race of mankind, not merely to certain races... Judeophobia is a psychic disorder. As a psychic disorder, it is hereditary, and as a disease transmitted for two thousand years it is incurable... Thus have Judaism and Jew-hatred passed through history for centuries as inseparable companions... Having analyzed Judeophobia as a hereditary form of demonopathy, peculiar to the human race, and represented Jew-hatred as based upon an inherited aberration of the human mind, we must draw the important conclusion, that we must give up contending against these hostile impulses, just as we give up contending against every other inherited predisposition.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> </blockquote> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> pogrom in 1938, German propaganda minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a> announced: "The German people is anti-Semitic. It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be provoked in the future by parasites of the Jewish race."<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> After 1945 <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">victory of the Allies over Nazi Germany</a>, and particularly after the full extent of the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Nazi genocide against the Jews</a> became known, the term antisemitism acquired <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> connotations. This marked a full circle shift in usage, from an era just decades earlier when "Jew" was used as a pejorative term.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBein1990580-93">[91]</a> Yehuda Bauer wrote in 1984: "There are no anti-Semites in the world ... Nobody says, 'I am anti-Semitic.' You cannot, after Hitler. The word has gone out of fashion."<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eternalism–contextualism_debate">Eternalism–contextualism debate</h3></div> The study of antisemitism has become politically controversial because of differing interpretations of the Holocaust and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181123%E2%80%931124-95">[93]</a> There are two competing views of antisemitism, eternalism, and contextualism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsonni202225-96">[94]</a> The eternalist view sees antisemitism as separate from other forms of racism and prejudice and an exceptionalist, transhistorical force <a href="/wiki/Teleological" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleological">teleologically</a> culminating in the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsonni202225-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181123,_1130-97">[95]</a> Hannah Arendt criticized this approach, writing that it provoked "the uncomfortable question: 'Why the Jews of all people?' ... with the question begging reply: Eternal hostility."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181130-98">[96]</a> Zionist thinkers and antisemites draw different conclusions from what they perceive as the eternal hatred of Jews; according to antisemites, it proves the inferiority of Jews, while for Zionists it means that Jews need their own state as a refuge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181135-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUry20181151-100">[98]</a> Most Zionists do not believe that antisemitism can be combatted with education or other means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181135-99">[97]</a> The contextual approach treats antisemitism as a type of racism and focuses on the historical context in which hatred of Jews emerges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsonni202227-101">[99]</a> Some contextualists restrict the use of "antisemitism" to refer exclusively to the era of modern racism, treating anti-Judaism as a separate phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181132-102">[100]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/David_Engel_(historian)" title="David Engel (historian)">David Engel</a> has challenged the project to define antisemitism, arguing that it essentializes Jewish history as one of persecution and discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsonni202226-103">[101]</a> Engel argues that the term "antisemitism" is not useful in historical analysis because it implies that there are links between anti-Jewish prejudices expressed in different contexts, without evidence of such a connection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181130-98">[96]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Manifestations">Manifestations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_manuscript-Jews_identified_by_rouelle_are_being_burned_at_stake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Medieval_manuscript-Jews_identified_by_rouelle_are_being_burned_at_stake.jpg/220px-Medieval_manuscript-Jews_identified_by_rouelle_are_being_burned_at_stake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="671"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 256px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Medieval_manuscript-Jews_identified_by_rouelle_are_being_burned_at_stake.jpg/220px-Medieval_manuscript-Jews_identified_by_rouelle_are_being_burned_at_stake.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="256" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Medieval_manuscript-Jews_identified_by_rouelle_are_being_burned_at_stake.jpg/330px-Medieval_manuscript-Jews_identified_by_rouelle_are_being_burned_at_stake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Medieval_manuscript-Jews_identified_by_rouelle_are_being_burned_at_stake.jpg/440px-Medieval_manuscript-Jews_identified_by_rouelle_are_being_burned_at_stake.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jews (identified by the mandatory <a href="/wiki/Jewish_badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish badge">Jewish badge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a>) being burned.</figcaption></figure> Antisemitism manifests itself in a variety of ways. <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_K%C3%B6nig" title="René König">René König</a> mentions social antisemitism, economic antisemitism, religious antisemitism, and political antisemitism as examples. König points out that these different forms demonstrate that the "origins of anti-Semitic prejudices are rooted in different historical periods." König asserts that differences in the chronology of different antisemitic prejudices and the irregular distribution of such prejudices over different segments of the population create "serious difficulties in the definition of the different kinds of anti-Semitism."<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> These difficulties may contribute to the existence of different taxonomies that have been developed to categorize the forms of antisemitism. The forms identified are substantially the same; it is primarily the number of forms and their definitions that differ. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lazare" title="Bernard Lazare">Bernard Lazare</a>, writing in the 1890s, identified three forms of antisemitism: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and antisemitism">Christian antisemitism</a>, economic antisemitism, and ethnologic antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_I._Brustein" title="William I. Brustein">William Brustein</a> names four categories: religious, racial, economic, and political.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Flannery" title="Edward Flannery">Edward Flannery</a> distinguished four varieties of antisemitism:&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_107-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-107">[105]</a> <ul><li>Political and economic antisemitism, giving as examples <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery198516-108">[106]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985260-109">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Theological or religious antisemitism</a>, also called "traditional antisemitism"<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> and sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">anti-Judaism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985289-111">[109]</a></li> <li>Nationalistic antisemitism, citing <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> thinkers, who attacked Jews for supposedly having certain characteristics, such as greed and arrogance, and for observing customs such as <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985176-112">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a>, with its extreme form resulting in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985179-113">[111]</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; max-width:30em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe has blamed the Jews</a> for an encyclopedia of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">The Church</a> blamed the Jews for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">killing Jesus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> blamed the Jews for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">inventing Christianity</a>. In the febrile minds of anti-Semites, Jews were <a href="/wiki/Usury#Judaism" title="Usury">usurers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Well poisoning">well-poisoners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">spreaders of disease</a>. Jews were the creators of both <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">capitalism</a>; they were <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">clannish</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">cosmopolitan</a>; cowardly and warmongering; self-righteous moralists and defilers of culture. Ideologues and demagogues of many permutations have understood the Jews to be a singularly malevolent force standing between the world and its perfection. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a>, 2015.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></cite> </div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Harap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Harap (page does not exist)">Louis Harap</a>, writing in the 1980s, separated "economic antisemitism" and merges "political" and "nationalistic" antisemitism into "ideological antisemitism". Harap also adds a category of "social antisemitism".<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <ul><li>Religious (Jew as Christ-killer),</li> <li>Economic (Jew as banker, usurer, money-obsessed),</li> <li>Social (Jew as social inferior, "pushy", vulgar, therefore excluded from personal contact),</li> <li>Racist (Jews as an inferior "race"),</li> <li>Ideological (Jews regarded as subversive or revolutionary),</li> <li>Cultural (Jews regarded as undermining the moral and structural fiber of civilization).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Antisemitism in Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg/220px-Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="315"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg/220px-Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Execution_of_Mariana_de_Carabajal.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The execution of <a href="/wiki/Francisca_Nu%C3%B1ez_de_Carabajal" title="Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal">Mariana de Carabajal</a> (converted Jew), accused of a relapse into Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, 1601</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a>, also known as anti-Judaism, is antipathy towards Jews because of their perceived religious beliefs. In theory, antisemitism and attacks against individual Jews would stop if Jews stopped practicing Judaism or changed their public faith, especially by <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a> to the official or right religion. However, in some cases, discrimination continues after conversion, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Marranos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marranos">Marranos</a> (Christianized Jews in Spain and Portugal) in the late 15th century and 16th century, who were suspected of secretly practising Judaism or Jewish customs.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_107-1' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-107">[105]</a> Although the origins of antisemitism are rooted in the Judeo-Christian conflict, other forms of antisemitism have developed in modern times. Frederick Schweitzer asserts that "most scholars ignore the Christian foundation on which the modern antisemitic edifice rests and invoke political antisemitism, cultural antisemitism, racism or racial antisemitism, economic antisemitism, and the like."<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> William Nicholls draws a distinction between religious antisemitism and modern antisemitism based on racial or ethnic grounds: "The dividing line was the possibility of effective conversion [...] a Jew ceased to be a Jew upon <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>." From the perspective of racial antisemitism, however, "the assimilated Jew was still a Jew, even after baptism.[...] From the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews[...] Once Jews have been emancipated and secular thinking makes its appearance, without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear."<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Some Christians such as the Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jouin" title="Ernest Jouin">Ernest Jouin</a>, who published the first French translation of the Protocols, combined religious and racial antisemitism, as in his statement that "From the triple viewpoint of race, of nationality, and of religion, the Jew has become the enemy of humanity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael2008171-118">[116]</a> The virulent antisemitism of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Édouard Drumont</a>, one of the most widely read Catholic writers in France during the Dreyfus Affair, likewise combined religious and racial antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Drumont founded the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_League_of_France" title="Antisemitic League of France">Antisemitic League of France</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_antisemitism">Economic antisemitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic antisemitism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Nebu%C4%8F_slu%C5%BEobn%C3%ADkom_%C5%BEida%22%E2%80%94Slovak_propaganda_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Man kissing feet of another man with hooked nose, dropping money on his head" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%22Nebu%C4%8F_slu%C5%BEobn%C3%ADkom_%C5%BEida%22%E2%80%94Slovak_propaganda_poster.jpg/220px-%22Nebu%C4%8F_slu%C5%BEobn%C3%ADkom_%C5%BEida%22%E2%80%94Slovak_propaganda_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 314px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%22Nebu%C4%8F_slu%C5%BEobn%C3%ADkom_%C5%BEida%22%E2%80%94Slovak_propaganda_poster.jpg/220px-%22Nebu%C4%8F_slu%C5%BEobn%C3%ADkom_%C5%BEida%22%E2%80%94Slovak_propaganda_poster.jpg" data-alt="Man kissing feet of another man with hooked nose, dropping money on his head" data-width="220" data-height="314" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%22Nebu%C4%8F_slu%C5%BEobn%C3%ADkom_%C5%BEida%22%E2%80%94Slovak_propaganda_poster.jpg/330px-%22Nebu%C4%8F_slu%C5%BEobn%C3%ADkom_%C5%BEida%22%E2%80%94Slovak_propaganda_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/%22Nebu%C4%8F_slu%C5%BEobn%C3%ADkom_%C5%BEida%22%E2%80%94Slovak_propaganda_poster.jpg/440px-%22Nebu%C4%8F_slu%C5%BEobn%C3%ADkom_%C5%BEida%22%E2%80%94Slovak_propaganda_poster.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A World War II-era <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Slovakia">Slovak</a> propaganda poster exhorts readers not to "be a servant to the Jew".</figcaption></figure> The underlying premise of economic antisemitism is that Jews perform harmful economic activities or that economic activities become harmful when they are performed by Jews.<a href="#cite_note-MeyerBrenner220-122">[120]</a> Linking Jews and money underpins the most damaging and lasting <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">antisemitic canards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Antisemites claim that Jews control the world finances, a theory promoted in the fraudulent <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> and later repeated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> and his <a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a>. In the modern era, such myths continue to be spread in books such as <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> and on the internet. <a href="/wiki/Derek_Penslar" title="Derek Penslar">Derek Penslar</a> writes that there are two components to the financial canards:<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> <dl><dd>a) Jews are savages that "are temperamentally incapable of performing honest labor"</dd> <dd>b) Jews are "leaders of a financial cabal seeking world domination"</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Foxman" title="Abraham Foxman">Abraham Foxman</a> describes six facets of the financial canards: <ol><li>All Jews are wealthy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman201084-125">[123]</a></li> <li>Jews are stingy and greedy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman201089-126">[124]</a></li> <li>Powerful Jews control the business world<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman201093-127">[125]</a></li> <li>Jewish religion emphasizes profit and materialism<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman201098-128">[126]</a></li> <li>It is okay for Jews to cheat non-Jews<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman2010102-129">[127]</a></li> <li>Jews use their power to benefit "their own kind"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman2010105-130">[128]</a></li></ol> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Krefetz" title="Gerald Krefetz">Gerald Krefetz</a> summarizes the myth as "[Jews] control the banks, the money supply, the economy, and businesses—of the community, of the country, of the world".<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Krefetz gives, as illustrations, many slurs and proverbs (in several different languages) which suggest that Jews are stingy, or greedy, or miserly, or aggressive bargainers.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> During the nineteenth century, Jews were described as "scurrilous, stupid, and tight-fisted", but after the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Emancipation">Jewish Emancipation</a> and the rise of Jews to the middle- or upper-class in Europe were portrayed as "clever, devious, and manipulative financiers out to dominate [world finances]".<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Poliakov" title="Léon Poliakov">Léon Poliakov</a> asserts that economic antisemitism is not a distinct form of antisemitism, but merely a manifestation of theologic antisemitism (because, without the theological causes of economic antisemitism, there would be no economic antisemitism). In opposition to this view, Derek Penslar contends that in the modern era, economic antisemitism is "distinct and nearly constant" but theological antisemitism is "often subdued".<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> An academic study by Francesco D'Acunto, Marcel Prokopczuk, and Michael Weber showed that people who live in areas of Germany that contain the most brutal history of antisemitic persecution are more likely to be distrustful of finance in general. Therefore, they tended to invest less money in the stock market and make poor financial decisions. The study concluded, "that the persecution of minorities reduces not only the long-term wealth of the persecuted but of the persecutors as well."<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36,_Russland,_russische_Kriegsgefangene_(Juden).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="799"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 343px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="343" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0111-36%2C_Russland%2C_russische_Kriegsgefangene_%28Juden%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Jewish Soviet soldier taken prisoner by the German Army, August 1941. At least 50,000 Jewish soldiers were shot after selection.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> Racial antisemitism is prejudice against <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> as a racial/ethnic group, rather than <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> as a religion.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> Racial antisemitism is the idea that the Jews are a distinct and inferior race compared to their host nations. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, it gained mainstream acceptance as part of the <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> movement, which categorized non-Europeans as inferior. It more specifically claimed that Northern Europeans, or "Aryans", were superior. Racial antisemites saw the Jews as part of a Semitic race and emphasized their non-European origins and culture. They saw Jews as beyond redemption even if they converted to the majority religion.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Racial antisemitism replaced the hatred of Judaism with the hatred of Jews as a group. In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Emancipation">Jewish Emancipation</a>, Jews rapidly urbanized and experienced a period of greater social mobility. With the decreasing role of religion in public life tempering religious antisemitism, a combination of growing <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, the rise of eugenics, and resentment at the socio-economic success of the Jews led to the newer, and more virulent, racist antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In the early 19th century, a number of laws enabling the emancipation of the Jews were enacted in Western European countries.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The old laws restricting them to <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a>, as well as the many laws that limited their property rights, rights of worship and occupation, were rescinded. Despite this, traditional discrimination and hostility to Jews on religious grounds persisted and was supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">racial antisemitism</a>, encouraged by the work of racial theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arthur_de_Gobineau" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Arthur de Gobineau">Joseph Arthur de Gobineau</a> and particularly his Essay on the Inequality of the Human Race of 1853–1855. <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">Nationalist</a> agendas based on <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Ethnonationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnonationalism">ethnonationalism</a>, usually excluded the Jews from the national community as an alien race.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Allied to this were theories of <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>, which stressed a putative conflict between higher and lower races of human beings. Such theories, usually posited by northern Europeans, advocated the superiority of white <a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a> to <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semitic</a> Jews.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_antisemitism">Political antisemitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; max-width:30em"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The whole problem of the Jews exists only in nation states, for here their energy and higher intelligence, their accumulated capital of spirit and will, gathered from generation to generation through a long schooling in suffering, must become so preponderant as to arouse mass envy and hatred. In almost all contemporary nations, therefore – in direct proportion to the degree to which they act up nationalistically – the literary obscenity of leading the Jews to slaughter as scapegoats of every conceivable public and internal misfortune is spreading. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, 1886, [MA 1 475]<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a></cite> </div> <a href="/wiki/William_I._Brustein" title="William I. Brustein">William Brustein</a> defines political antisemitism as hostility toward Jews based on the belief that Jews seek national or world power. Yisrael Gutman characterizes political antisemitism as tending to "lay responsibility on the Jews for defeats and political economic crises" while seeking to "exploit opposition and resistance to Jewish influence as elements in political party platforms."<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Derek_J._Penslar" class="mw-redirect" title="Derek J. Penslar">Derek J. Penslar</a> wrote, "Political antisemitism identified the Jews as responsible for all the anxiety-provoking social forces that characterized <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>."<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> According to Viktor Karády, political antisemitism became widespread after the legal emancipation of the Jews and sought to reverse some of the consequences of that emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_antisemitism">Cultural antisemitism</h3></div> Louis Harap defines cultural antisemitism as "that species of anti-Semitism that charges the Jews with corrupting a given culture and attempting to supplant or succeeding in supplanting the preferred culture with a uniform, crude, "Jewish" culture."<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> characterizes cultural antisemitism as being based on the idea of "Jewishness" as a "religious or cultural tradition that is acquired through learning, through distinctive traditions and education." According to Kandel, this form of antisemitism views Jews as possessing "unattractive psychological and social characteristics that are acquired through acculturation."<a href="#cite_note-Kandel30-149">[147]</a> Niewyk and Nicosia characterize cultural antisemitism as focusing on and condemning "the Jews' aloofness from the societies in which they live."<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> An important feature of cultural antisemitism is that it considers the negative attributes of Judaism to be redeemable by education or by religious conversion.<a href="#cite_note-Kandel3031-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Antisemitic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories § Antisemitic conspiracy theories</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_conspiracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish conspiracy">Jewish conspiracy</a> theories are also considered forms of antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-antisemitic-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-hoax-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt199427-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-adl.org-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoological_conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological conspiracy theories">Zoological conspiracy theories</a> have been propagated by Arab media and Arabic language websites, alleging a "Zionist plot" behind the use of animals to attack civilians or to conduct espionage.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_antisemitism">New antisemitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protests_Edinburgh_10_1_2009_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Protests_Edinburgh_10_1_2009_5.JPG/220px-Protests_Edinburgh_10_1_2009_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Protests_Edinburgh_10_1_2009_5.JPG/220px-Protests_Edinburgh_10_1_2009_5.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Protests_Edinburgh_10_1_2009_5.JPG/330px-Protests_Edinburgh_10_1_2009_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Protests_Edinburgh_10_1_2009_5.JPG/440px-Protests_Edinburgh_10_1_2009_5.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A sign held at a protest in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, January 2009</figcaption></figure> Starting in the 1990s, some scholars have advanced the concept of <a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">new antisemitism</a>, coming simultaneously from the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">radical Islam</a>, which tends to focus on opposition to the creation of a Jewish homeland in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-New-AS-List-159">[157]</a> and they argue that the language of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">criticism of Israel</a> are used to attack Jews more broadly. In this view, the proponents of the new concept believe that criticisms of Israel and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> are often disproportionate in degree and unique in kind, and they attribute this to antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-:0-160">[158]</a> Jewish scholar <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Perednik" title="Gustavo Perednik">Gustavo Perednik</a> posited in 2004 that anti-Zionism in itself represents a form of discrimination against Jews, in that it singles out Jewish national aspirations as an illegitimate and racist endeavor, and "proposes actions that would result in the death of millions of Jews".<a href="#cite_note-:0-160">[158]</a> It is asserted that the new antisemitism deploys traditional antisemitic motifs, including older motifs such as the <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New-AS-List-159">[157]</a> Critics of the concept view it as trivializing the meaning of antisemitism, and as exploiting antisemitism in order to silence debate and to deflect attention from legitimate criticism of the State of Israel, and, by associating anti-Zionism with antisemitism, misusing it to taint anyone opposed to Israeli actions and policies.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History of antisemitism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline of antisemitism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Many authors see the roots of modern antisemitism in both pagan antiquity and early Christianity. Jerome Chanes identifies six stages in the historical development of antisemitism:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanes2004-162">[160]</a> <ol><li>Pre-Christian anti-Judaism in ancient Greece and Rome which was primarily ethnic in nature</li> <li>Christian antisemitism in antiquity and the Middle Ages which was religious in nature and has extended into modern times</li> <li>Traditional Muslim antisemitism which was—at least, in its classical form—nuanced in that Jews were a protected class</li> <li>Political, social and economic antisemitism of Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment Europe which laid the groundwork for racial antisemitism</li> <li>Racial antisemitism that arose in the 19th century and culminated in Nazism in the 20th century</li> <li>Contemporary antisemitism which has been labeled by some as the <a href="/wiki/New_Antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Antisemitism">New Antisemitism</a></li></ol> Chanes suggests that these six stages could be merged into three categories: "ancient antisemitism, which was primarily ethnic in nature; <a href="/wiki/Christian_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian antisemitism">Christian antisemitism</a>, which was religious; and the racial antisemitism of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanes20045%E2%80%936-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_world">Ancient world</h3></div> The first clear examples of anti-Jewish sentiment can be traced to the 3rd century BCE to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery198511-164">[162]</a> the home to the largest Jewish diaspora community in the world at the time and where the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, a Greek translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, was produced. <a href="/wiki/Manetho" title="Manetho">Manetho</a>, an Egyptian priest and historian of that era, wrote scathingly of the Jews. His themes are repeated in the works of <a href="/wiki/Chaeremon_of_Alexandria" title="Chaeremon of Alexandria">Chaeremon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poseidonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Poseidonius">Poseidonius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_Molon" title="Apollonius Molon">Apollonius Molon</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Apion" title="Apion">Apion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery200412-165">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agatharchides_of_Cnidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Agatharchides of Cnidus">Agatharchides of Cnidus</a> ridiculed the practices of the Jews and the "absurdity of <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">their Law</a>", making a mocking reference to how <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Lagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Lagus">Ptolemy Lagus</a> was able to invade <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in 320 BCE because its inhabitants were observing the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_166-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery2004%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-166">[164]</a> One of the earliest anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edicts</a>, promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> in about 170–167 BCE, sparked a revolt of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gruen-167">[165]</a>: 238 In view of Manetho's anti-Jewish writings, antisemitism may have originated in Egypt and been spread by "the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> retelling of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> prejudices".<a href="#cite_note-Sch%C3%A4fer-168">[166]</a> The ancient Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a> describes an attack on Jews in Alexandria in 38 CE in which thousands of Jews died.<a href="#cite_note-Barclay-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> The violence in Alexandria may have been caused by the Jews being portrayed as <a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">misanthropes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vanderhorst-171">[169]</a> Tcherikover argues that the reason for hatred of Jews in the Hellenistic period was their separateness in the Greek cities, the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">poleis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tcherikover-172">[170]</a> Bohak has argued, however, that early animosity against the Jews cannot be regarded as being anti-Judaic or antisemitic unless it arose from attitudes that were held against the Jews alone, and that many Greeks showed animosity toward any group they regarded as barbarians.<a href="#cite_note-Bohak-173">[171]</a> Statements exhibiting prejudice against Jews and their religion can be found in the works of many <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> writers.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Edward Flannery writes that it was the Jews' refusal to accept Greek religious and social standards that marked them out. Hecataetus of Abdera, a Greek historian of the early third century BCE, wrote that Moses "in remembrance of the exile of his people, instituted for them a misanthropic and inhospitable way of life." Manetho wrote that the Jews were expelled Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Leprosy" title="Leprosy">lepers</a> who had been taught by <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> "not to adore the gods." Edward Flannery describes antisemitism in ancient times as essentially "cultural, taking the shape of a national xenophobia played out in political settings."&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_107-2' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-107">[105]</a> There are examples of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> rulers desecrating the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a> and banning Jewish religious practices, such as <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>, Shabbat observance, the study of Jewish religious books, etc. Examples may also be found in anti-Jewish riots in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE. The Jewish diaspora on the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile</a> island <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a>, which was founded by mercenaries, experienced the destruction of its temple in 410 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Relationships between the Jewish people and the occupying <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> were at times antagonistic and resulted in <a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman wars">several rebellions</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> expelled from Rome Jews who had gone to live there. The 18th-century English historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> identified a more tolerant period in Roman–Jewish relations beginning in about 160 CE.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_107-3' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-107">[105]</a> However, when Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire, the state's attitude towards the Jews <a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism#Late_Roman_Empire" title="History of antisemitism">gradually worsened</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(novelist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Carroll (novelist)">James Carroll</a> asserted: "Jews accounted for 10% of the total population of the Roman Empire. By that ratio, if other factors such as <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">conversions</a> had not intervened, there would be 200 million Jews in the world today, instead of something like 13 million."<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecutions_during_the_Middle_Ages">Persecutions during the Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Jews in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banu_Qurayza.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Banu_Qurayza.png/220px-Banu_Qurayza.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="328"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 244px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Banu_Qurayza.png/220px-Banu_Qurayza.png" data-width="220" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Banu_Qurayza.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The massacre of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a>, a Jewish tribe in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, 627</figcaption></figure> In the late 6th century CE, the newly Catholicised Visigothic kingdom in Hispania issued a series of anti-Jewish edicts which forbade Jews from marrying Christians, practicing circumcision, and observing Jewish holy days.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Continuing throughout the 7th century, both Visigothic kings and the Church were active in creating social aggression and towards Jews with "civic and ecclesiastic punishments",<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> ranging between forced conversion, slavery, exile and death.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> From the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a> classified Jews and Christians as <a href="/wiki/Dhimmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimmis">dhimmis</a> and allowed Jews to practice their religion more freely than they could do in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval Christian Europe</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic rule</a>, there was a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain</a> that lasted until at least the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> It ended when several Muslim <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against Jews took place on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, including those that occurred in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a> in 1011 and in <a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">Granada in 1066</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrySchweitzer2002267%E2%80%93268-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarzigHoerderShubert200342-183">[181]</a> Several decrees ordering the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> were also enacted in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> from the 11th century. In addition, Jews were forced to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> or face death in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> several times between the 12th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a>, who had taken control of the <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a>' <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghribi</a> and Andalusian territories by 1147,<a href="#cite_note-islamicworldeb-185">[183]</a> were far more fundamentalist in outlook compared to their predecessors, and they treated the dhimmis harshly. Faced with the choice of either death or conversion, many Jews and Christians emigrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankLeaman2003137%E2%80%93138-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Some, such as the family of <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, fled east to more tolerant Muslim lands,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankLeaman2003137%E2%80%93138-186">[184]</a> while some others went northward to settle in the growing Christian kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankLeaman2003137%E2%80%93138-186">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsion_judios-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expulsion_judios-en.svg/280px-Expulsion_judios-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8960" data-file-height="6672"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expulsion_judios-en.svg/280px-Expulsion_judios-en.svg.png" data-width="280" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expulsion_judios-en.svg/420px-Expulsion_judios-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Expulsion_judios-en.svg/560px-Expulsion_judios-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions of Jews</a> in Europe from 1100 to 1600</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> Europe, Jews were persecuted with <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libels</a>, expulsions, <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">forced conversions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a>. These persecutions were often justified on religious grounds and reached a first peak during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. In 1096, hundreds or thousands of <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Jews were killed</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> This was the first major outbreak of anti-Jewish violence in Christian Europe outside Spain and was cited by Zionists in the 19th century as indicating the need for a state of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> In 1147, there were several massacres of Jews during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1251)">Shepherds' Crusades of 1251</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">1320</a> both involved attacks, as did the <a href="/wiki/Rintfleisch_massacres" title="Rintfleisch massacres">Rintfleisch massacres</a> in 1298. Expulsions followed, such as the 1290 banishment of Jews from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, the expulsion of 100,000 Jews from France in 1394,<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> and the 1421 expulsion of thousands of Jews from Austria. Many of the expelled Jews fled to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> In medieval and Renaissance Europe, a major contributor to the deepening of antisemitic sentiment and legal action among the Christian populations was the popular preaching of the zealous reform religious orders, the Franciscans (especially <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_of_Feltre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardino of Feltre">Bernardino of Feltre</a>) and Dominicans (especially <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" title="Vincent Ferrer">Vincent Ferrer</a>), who combed Europe and promoted antisemitism through their often fiery, emotional appeals.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> epidemics devastated Europe in the mid-14th century, causing the death of a large part of the population, Jews were used as <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating#Psychology_and_sociology" title="Scapegoating">scapegoats</a>. Rumors spread that they caused the disease by deliberately poisoning wells. Hundreds of Jewish communities were <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_Jewish_persecutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Death Jewish persecutions">destroyed in numerous persecutions</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> tried to protect them by issuing two <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bulls</a> in 1348, the first on 6 July and an additional one several months later, 900 Jews were <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">burned alive in Strasbourg</a>, where the plague had not yet affected the city.<a href="#cite_note-Black-194">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther and antisemitism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> reformer whose teachings inspired the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, wrote antagonistically about Jews in his pamphlet <a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies_(Martin_Luther)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Jews and Their Lies (Martin Luther)">On the Jews and their Lies</a>, written in 1543. He portrays the Jews in extremely harsh terms, excoriates them and provides detailed recommendations for a <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> against them, calling for their permanent oppression and expulsion. At one point he writes: "...we are at fault in not slaying them...", a passage that, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>, "may be termed the first work of modern antisemitism, and a giant step forward on the road to <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-195">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century">17th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertreibung_der_Juden_1614.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vertreibung_der_Juden_1614.jpg/220px-Vertreibung_der_Juden_1614.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 295px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vertreibung_der_Juden_1614.jpg/220px-Vertreibung_der_Juden_1614.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="295" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vertreibung_der_Juden_1614.jpg/330px-Vertreibung_der_Juden_1614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vertreibung_der_Juden_1614.jpg/440px-Vertreibung_der_Juden_1614.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Etching of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Judengasse#The_Fettmilch_Uprising" title="Frankfurter Judengasse">expulsion of the Jews from Frankfurt</a> in 1614</figcaption></figure> During the mid-to-late 17th century the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> was devastated by several conflicts, in which the Commonwealth lost over a third of its population (over 3 million people), and Jewish losses were counted in the hundreds of thousands. The first of these conflicts was the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Bohdan_Khmelnytsky" title="Bohdan Khmelnytsky">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a>'s supporters massacred tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Poland">Jews</a> in the eastern and southern areas he controlled (today's <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>). The precise number of dead may never be known, but the decrease of the Jewish population during that period is estimated at 100,000 to 200,000, which also includes emigration, deaths from diseases, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery (Ottoman Empire)">captivity in the Ottoman Empire</a>, called jasyr.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> European immigrants to the United States brought antisemitism to the country as early as the 17th century. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant" title="Peter Stuyvesant">Peter Stuyvesant</a>, the Dutch governor of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, implemented plans to prevent Jews from settling in the city. During the Colonial Era, the American government limited the political and economic rights of Jews. It was not until the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> that Jews gained legal rights, including the right to vote. However, even at their peak, the restrictions on Jews in the United States were never as stringent as they had been in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydi imamate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, Jews were also singled out for discrimination in the 17th century, which culminated in the general expulsion of all Jews from places in Yemen to the arid coastal plain of <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a> and which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Mawza_Exile" title="Mawza Exile">Mawza Exile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enlightenment">Enlightenment</h3></div> In 1744, Archduchess of Austria <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa</a> ordered Jews out of <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> but soon reversed her position, on the condition that Jews pay for their readmission every ten years. This <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> was known among the Jews as <a href="/wiki/Malke-geld" class="mw-redirect" title="Malke-geld">malke-geld</a> ("queen's money" in Yiddish).<a href="#cite_note-Singer_et_al._1906,_Under_Maria_Teresa-200">[198]</a> In 1752, she introduced the law limiting each Jewish family to one son. In 1782, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> abolished most of these persecution practices in his <a href="/wiki/Toleranzpatent" class="mw-redirect" title="Toleranzpatent">Toleranzpatent</a>,<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> on the condition that <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> were eliminated from public records and that judicial autonomy was annulled.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Moses Mendelssohn</a> wrote that "Such a tolerance... is even more dangerous play in tolerance than open persecution." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voltaire">Voltaire</h4></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Ages" title="Arnold Ages">Arnold Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s "Lettres philosophiques, Dictionnaire philosophique, and Candide, to name but a few of his better known works, are saturated with comments on Jews and Judaism and the vast majority are negative".<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Paul H. Meyer adds: "There is no question but that Voltaire, particularly in his latter years, nursed a violent hatred of the Jews and it is equally certain that his animosity...did have a considerable impact on public opinion in France."<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Thirty of the 118 articles in Voltaire's <a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_Philosophique" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionnaire Philosophique">Dictionnaire Philosophique</a> concerned Jews and described them in consistently negative ways.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louis_de_Bonald_and_the_Catholic_Counter-Revolution">Louis de Bonald and the Catholic Counter-Revolution</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> Catholic royalist <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Louis de Bonald</a> stands out among the earliest figures to explicitly call for the reversal of Jewish emancipation in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Battini1-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Bonald's attacks on the Jews are likely to have influenced <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a>'s decision to limit the civil rights of Alsatian Jews.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Bonald's article Sur les juifs (1806) was one of the most venomous screeds of its era and furnished a paradigm which combined anti-liberalism, a defense of a rural society, traditional Christian antisemitism, and the identification of Jews with bankers and finance capital, which would in turn influence many subsequent right-wing reactionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Gougenot_des_Mousseaux" title="Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux">Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Édouard Drumont</a>, nationalists such as <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orano" title="Paolo Orano">Paolo Orano</a>, and antisemitic socialists such as <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Toussenel" title="Alphonse Toussenel">Alphonse Toussenel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Battini1-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Bonald furthermore declared that the Jews were an "alien" people, a "state within a state", and should be forced to wear a distinctive mark to more easily identify and discriminate against them.<a href="#cite_note-Battini1-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael2008128%E2%80%93129-215">[213]</a> Under the French Second Empire, the popular counter-revolutionary Catholic journalist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Veuillot" title="Louis Veuillot">Louis Veuillot</a> propagated Bonald's arguments against the Jewish "financial aristocracy" along with vicious attacks against the Talmud and the Jews as a "deicidal people" driven by hatred to "enslave" Christians.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael2008128%E2%80%93129-215">[213]</a> Between 1882 and 1886 alone, French priests published twenty antisemitic books blaming France's ills on the Jews and urging the government to consign them back to the ghettos, expel them, or hang them from the gallows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael2008128%E2%80%93129-215">[213]</a> Gougenot des Mousseaux's Le Juif, le judaïsme et la judaïsation des peuples chrétiens (1869) has been called a "Bible of modern antisemitism" and was translated into German by Nazi ideologue <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael2008128%E2%80%93129-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_Russia">Imperial Russia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg/290px-Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="189"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg/290px-Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Ekaterinoslav1905.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The victims of a 1905 <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Yekaterinoslav</a>, Russian Empire (modern-day Ukraine)</figcaption></figure> Thousands of Jews were slaughtered by Cossack <a href="/wiki/Haidamaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Haidamaka">Haidamaks</a> in the 1768 <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Uman" title="Massacre of Uman">massacre of Uman</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>. In 1772, the empress of Russia <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a> forced the Jews into the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a> – which was located primarily in present-day Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus – and to stay in their <a href="/wiki/Shtetls" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtetls">shtetls</a> and forbade them from returning to the towns that they occupied before the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Poland">partition of Poland</a>. From 1804, Jews were banned from their villages and began to stream into the towns.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> A decree by emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a> in 1827 conscripted Jews under 18 years of age into the <a href="/wiki/Cantonist" title="Cantonist">cantonist</a> schools for a 25-year military service in order to promote baptism.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Policy towards Jews was liberalised somewhat under <a href="/wiki/Czar_Alexander_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Czar Alexander II">Czar Alexander II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1855–1881).<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> However, his assassination in 1881 served as a pretext for further repression such as the <a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a> of 1882. <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pobedonostsev" title="Konstantin Pobedonostsev">Konstantin Pobedonostsev</a>, nicknamed the "black czar" and tutor to the <a href="/wiki/Czarevitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Czarevitch">czarevitch</a>, later crowned <a href="/wiki/Czar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Czar Nicholas II">Czar Nicholas II</a>, declared that "One-third of the Jews must die, one-third must emigrate, and one third be converted to Christianity".<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century">Islamic antisemitism in the 19th century</h3></div> Historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> writes that it was in the 19th century that the position of Jews worsened in <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> countries. <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> writes that one symbol of Jewish degradation was the phenomenon of stone-throwing at Jews by Muslim children. Morris quotes a 19th-century traveler: "I have seen a little fellow of six years old, with a troop of fat toddlers of only three and four, teaching [them] to throw stones at a Jew, and one little urchin would, with the greatest coolness, waddle up to the man and literally spit upon his Jewish <a href="/wiki/Gaberdine" title="Gaberdine">gaberdine</a>. To all this the Jew is obliged to submit; it would be more than his life was worth to offer to strike a Mahommedan."<a href="#cite_note-Morris10-221">[219]</a> In the middle of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/J._J._Benjamin" title="J. J. Benjamin">J. J. Benjamin</a> wrote about the life of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a>, describing conditions and beliefs that went back to the 16th century: "…they are obliged to live in a separate part of town… Under the pretext of their being unclean, they are treated with the greatest severity and should they enter a street, inhabited by Mussulmans, they are pelted by the boys and mobs with stones and dirt…."<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> In Jerusalem at least, conditions for some Jews improved. <a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a>, on his seventh visit in 1875, noted that fine new buildings had sprung up and, "surely we're approaching the time to witness God's hallowed promise unto Zion." Muslim and Christian Arabs participated in <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>; Arabs called the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardis</a> 'Jews, sons of Arabs'; the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Ulema</a> and the Rabbis offered joint prayers for rain in time of drought.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> At the time of the Dreyfus trial in France, "Muslim comments usually favoured the persecuted Jew against his Christian persecutors".<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_or_racial_antisemitism">Secular or racial antisemitism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagner_Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wagner_Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik_1869.jpg/220px-Wagner_Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="1067"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 339px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wagner_Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik_1869.jpg/220px-Wagner_Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik_1869.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="339" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wagner_Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik_1869.jpg/330px-Wagner_Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Wagner_Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik_1869.jpg/440px-Wagner_Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik_1869.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Title page of the second edition of Das Judenthum in der Musik, published in 1869</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L_Agitation-Antisemite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/L_Agitation-Antisemite.jpg/220px-L_Agitation-Antisemite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="599"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 329px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/L_Agitation-Antisemite.jpg/220px-L_Agitation-Antisemite.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="329" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/L_Agitation-Antisemite.jpg/330px-L_Agitation-Antisemite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/L_Agitation-Antisemite.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Antisemitic agitators in Paris burn an effigy of Mathieu Dreyfus during the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></figcaption></figure> In 1850, the German composer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> – who has been called "the inventor of modern antisemitism"<a href="#cite_note-bismarck-225">[223]</a> – published <a href="/wiki/Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik" title="Das Judenthum in der Musik">Das Judenthum in der Musik</a> (roughly "Jewishness in Music"<a href="#cite_note-bismarck-225">[223]</a>) under a <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a>. The essay began as an attack on Jewish composers, particularly Wagner's contemporaries, and rivals, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>, but expanded to accuse Jews of being a harmful and alien element in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">German culture</a>, who corrupted morals and were, in fact, parasites incapable of creating truly "German" art. The crux was the manipulation and control by the Jews of the money economy:<a href="#cite_note-bismarck-225">[223]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">According to the present constitution of this world, the Jew in truth is already more than emancipated: he rules, and will rule, so long as Money remains the power before which all our doings and our dealings lose their force.<a href="#cite_note-bismarck-225">[223]</a></blockquote> Although originally published anonymously, when the essay was republished 19 years later, in 1869, the concept of the corrupting Jew had become so widely held that Wagner's name was affixed to it.<a href="#cite_note-bismarck-225">[223]</a> Antisemitism can also be found in many of the <a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a>, published from 1812 to 1857. It is mainly characterized by Jews being the <a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">villain</a> of a story, such as in "The Good Bargain" ("Der gute Handel") and "<a href="/wiki/The_Jew_Among_Thorns" title="The Jew Among Thorns">The Jew Among Thorns</a>" ("Der Jude im Dorn"). The middle 19th century saw continued official harassment of the Jews, especially in Eastern Europe under Czarist influence. For example, in 1846, 80 Jews approached the governor in Warsaw to retain the right to wear their traditional dress but were immediately rebuffed by having their hair and beards forcefully cut, at their own expense.<a href="#cite_note-BDE-226">[224]</a> Even such influential figures as <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> tolerated bigotry toward the Jews in America. During his time as editor of the Brooklyn Eagle (1846–1848), the newspaper published historical sketches casting Jews in a bad light.<a href="#cite_note-BDE-Whitman-227">[225]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> was an infamous antisemitic event of the late 19th century and early 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a>, a Jewish artillery <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/captain" class="extiw" title="wikt:captain">captain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>, was accused in 1894 of passing secrets to the Germans. As a result of these charges, Dreyfus was convicted and sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> on <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Island" title="Devil's Island">Devil's Island</a>. The actual spy, Marie Charles Esterhazy, was acquitted. The event caused great uproar among the French, with the public choosing sides on the issue of whether Dreyfus was actually guilty or not. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> accused the army of corrupting the French justice system. However, general consensus held that Dreyfus was guilty: 80% of the press in France condemned him. This attitude among the majority of the French population reveals the underlying antisemitism of the time period.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Adolf Stoecker</a> (1835–1909), the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> court chaplain to <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm I">Kaiser Wilhelm I</a>, founded in 1878 an antisemitic, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">anti-liberal</a> political party called the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Germany)" title="Christian Social Party (Germany)">Christian Social Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> This party always remained small, and its support dwindled after Stoecker's death, with most of its members eventually joining larger conservative groups such as the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>. Some scholars view <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s essay "<a href="/wiki/On_The_Jewish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="On The Jewish Question">On The Jewish Question</a>" as antisemitic, and argue that he often used antisemitic epithets in his published and private writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery2004168-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2005-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1999112-233">[231]</a> These scholars argue that Marx equated Judaism with capitalism in his essay, helping to spread that idea. Some further argue that the essay influenced <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialist</a>, as well as Soviet and Arab antisemites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrySchweitzer2005154%E2%80%93157-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stav2003-235">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Muravchik2003-236">[234]</a> Marx himself had Jewish ancestry, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lindemann" title="Albert Lindemann">Albert Lindemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Hyam Maccoby</a> have suggested that he was <a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">embarrassed by it</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> Others argue that Marx consistently supported Prussian Jewish communities' struggles to achieve equal political rights. These scholars argue that "On the Jewish Question" is a critique of Bruno Bauer's arguments that Jews must convert to Christianity before being emancipated, and is more generally a critique of liberal rights discourses and capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> Iain Hamphsher-Monk wrote that "This work [On The Jewish Question] has been cited as evidence for Marx's supposed anti-semitism, but only the most superficial reading of it could sustain such an interpretation."<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> David McLellan and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wheen" title="Francis Wheen">Francis Wheen</a> argue that readers should interpret On the Jewish Question in the deeper context of Marx's debates with <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Bauer" title="Bruno Bauer">Bruno Bauer</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Question" title="The Jewish Question">The Jewish Question</a>, about <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a> in Germany. Wheen says that "Those critics, who see this as a foretaste of 'Mein Kampf', overlook one, essential point: in spite of the clumsy phraseology and crude stereotyping, the essay was actually written as a defense of the Jews. It was a retort to Bruno Bauer, who had argued that Jews should not be granted full civic rights and freedoms unless they were baptised as Christians".<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> According to McLellan, Marx used the word Judentum colloquially, as meaning commerce, arguing that Germans must be emancipated from the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> not Judaism or Jews in particular. McLellan concludes that readers should interpret the essay's second half as "an extended pun at Bauer's expense".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan1980142-245">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet anti-Semitism">Soviet anti-Semitism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075,_Worms,_Antisemitische_Presse,_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="544"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg/420px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg/560px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_133-075%2C_Worms%2C_Antisemitische_Presse%2C_%22St%C3%BCrmerkasten%22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Public reading of the antisemitic newspaper <a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, Germany, 1935</figcaption></figure> Between 1900 and 1924, approximately 1.75 million Jews migrated to America, the bulk from Eastern Europe escaping <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">the pogroms</a>. This increase, combined with the <a href="/wiki/Upward_social_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Upward social mobility">upward social mobility</a> of some Jews, contributed to a resurgence of antisemitism. In the first half of the 20th century, in the US, Jews were discriminated against in employment, access to residential and resort areas, membership in clubs and organizations, and in tightened quotas on Jewish enrolment and teaching positions in colleges and universities. The lynching of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a> by a mob of prominent citizens in <a href="/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia" title="Marietta, Georgia">Marietta, Georgia</a>, in 1915 turned the spotlight on antisemitism in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanes2004%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidju7U83nRDt8CpgPA72_72%5D-246">[244]</a> The case was also used to build support for the renewal of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> which had been inactive since 1870.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2005%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidTdn6FFZklkcCpgPA243_vol._1,_p.&nbsp;72%5D-247">[245]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis Trial</a> in Russia represented modern incidents of <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood-libels</a> in Europe. During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, close to 50,000 Jews were <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms of the Russian Civil War">killed in pogroms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> Antisemitism in America reached its peak during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>. The pioneer automobile manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> propagated antisemitic ideas in his newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a> (published by Ford from 1919 to 1927). The radio speeches of <a href="/wiki/Father_Coughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Coughlin">Father Coughlin</a> in the late 1930s attacked <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> and promoted the notion of a Jewish financial conspiracy. Some prominent politicians shared such views: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._McFadden" title="Louis T. McFadden">Louis T. McFadden</a>, Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Banking_and_Currency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Banking and Currency">United States House Committee on Banking and Currency</a>, blamed Jews for Roosevelt's decision to abandon the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, and claimed that "in the United States today, the Gentiles have the slips of paper while the Jews have the lawful money".<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg/280px-Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg/280px-Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg/420px-Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg/560px-Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A wagon piled high with corpses outside the crematorium at the recently liberated <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a>, 1945</figcaption></figure> In Germany, shortly after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">came to power</a> in 1933, the government instituted repressive legislation which denied Jews basic civil rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer201460-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> In September 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> prohibited sexual relations and marriages between "Aryans" and Jews as <a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a> ("race disgrace") and stripped all German Jews, even quarter- and <a href="/wiki/Half-Jew" title="Half-Jew">half-Jews</a>, of their citizenship (their official title became "subjects of the state").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2014113,_116,_118-252">[250]</a> It instituted a pogrom on the night of 9–10 November 1938, dubbed <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, in which Jews were killed, their property destroyed and their synagogues torched.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> Antisemitic laws, agitation and propaganda were extended to <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> in the wake of conquest, often building on local antisemitic traditions. In 1940, the famous aviator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> and many prominent Americans led the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a> in opposing any involvement in a European war. Lindbergh alleged that Jews were pushing America to go to war against Germany.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> Lindbergh adamantly denied being antisemitic, and yet he refers numerous times in his private writings – his letters and diary – to Jewish control of the media being used to pressure the U.S. to get involved in the European war. In one diary entry in November 1938, he responded to Kristallnacht by writing "I do not understand these riots on the part of the Germans. ... They have undoubtedly had a difficult Jewish problem, but why is it necessary to handle it so unreasonably?", acknowledgement on Lindbergh's part that he agreed with the Nazis that Germany had a "Jewish problem".<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> An article by Jonathan Marwil in Antisemitism, A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution claims that "no one who ever knew Lindbergh thought him antisemitic" and that claims of his antisemitism were solely tied to the remarks he made in that one speech.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> In the east the Third Reich forced Jews into ghettos <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">in Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">in Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">in Lvov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">in Lublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">in Radom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">the beginning</a> of the war between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1941, a campaign of mass murder, conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a>, culminated from 1942 to 1945 in systematic <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-saul1-260">[258]</a> Eleven million Jews were targeted for extermination by the Nazis, and some six million were eventually killed.<a href="#cite_note-saul1-260">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Contemporary_antisemitism">Contemporary antisemitism</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-WWII_antisemitism">Post-WWII antisemitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet anti-Semitism">Soviet anti-Semitism</a></div> There have continued to be antisemitic incidents since WWII, some of which had been state-sponsored. In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, antisemitism was even used as an instrument for settling personal conflicts, starting with the conflict between <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and continuing through numerous conspiracy theories spread by official propaganda. <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the USSR</a> reached new heights after 1948 during the campaign against the "<a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">rootless cosmopolitan</a>" (euphemism for "Jew") in which numerous Yiddish-language poets, writers, painters, and sculptors were killed or arrested.<a href="#cite_note-jcws-263">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myth-264">[262]</a> This culminated in the antisemitic conspiracy theory of the '<a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors' Plot">Doctors' Plot</a>' in 1952. In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russian</a> antisemitism underwent significant transformations, shaped by political, social, and ideological shifts. During the early Soviet period, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> initially condemned antisemitism, seeing it as incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> ideology. However, under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s regime, antisemitism reemerged, often cloaked in 'anti-Zionist' rhetoric. As early as 1943, Stalin and his propagandists intensified attacks against Jews as "<a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">rootless cosmopolitans</a>".<a href="#cite_note-:7-265">[263]</a> The Party issued confidential directives to fire Jews from positions of power, but state-controlled media did not openly attack Jews until the late 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-:7-265">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a> of 1952, a fabricated conspiracy accusing predominantly Jewish doctors of attempting to assassinate Soviet leaders, exemplified this resurgence. This campaign fostered widespread antisemitic sentiments and resulted in the arrest and execution of numerous Jewish professionals. In that same year, the antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský show trial</a> alleged the existence of an 'international Zionist conspiracy' to destroy Socialism. Izabella Tabarovsky, a scholar of the history of antisemitism, argues that, "Manufactured by the Soviet secret services, the trial tied together Zionism, Israel, Jewish leaders, and American imperialism, turning 'Zionism' and 'Zionist' into dangerous labels that could be used against one's political enemies."<a href="#cite_note-:02-266">[264]</a> In the post-Stalin era, state-sanctioned antisemitism persisted and intensified.In February 1953, the Soviet Union severed diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> and "soon the state media was saturated with anti-Zionist propaganda, depicting bloated, hook-nosed Jewish bankers and all-consuming serpents embossed with the Star of David."<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> The 1963 publication of the antisemitic book <a href="/wiki/Judaism_Without_Embellishment" title="Judaism Without Embellishment">Judaism Without Embellishment</a>, written under orders from the central Soviet government, echoed <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a>, alleging a global Jewish conspiracy to subvert the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-:02-266">[264]</a> It was the beginning of a new wave of government-sponsored anti-Semitism. The <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967 led to an intensification in Soviet anti-Zionist propaganda as the Soviets had backed the defeated Arab states.<a href="#cite_note-:02-266">[264]</a> This propaganda often blurred the lines with antisemitism, leading to discriminatory policies against Jews and restricting their emigration. By the end of the war, "the "corporate Jew", whether "cosmopolitan" or "Zionist", became identified as the enemy. Popular anti-Semitic stereotyping had been absorbed into official channels, generated by chauvinist needs and totalitarian requirements."<a href="#cite_note-:12-268">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Public" title="Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public">Anti-Zionist Committee of the Soviet Public</a> shut down and expropriated <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a>, and Jewish civil organisations and prohibited the learning of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. It also engaged in a wide-scale propaganda campaign between 1967 and 1988 overseen by the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> and published pamphlets featuring antisemitic conspiracy theories, for example falsely claiming that Zionist Jews collaborated with the Nazi regime in the Holocaust and of inflating the significance and scale of anti-Jewish persecution.<a href="#cite_note-:02-266">[264]</a> Their propaganda frequently borrowed directly from the forged <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> and sometimes relied upon <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> as a source of information about Zionism.<a href="#cite_note-:02-266">[264]</a> Antizionism helped Moscow "bond both with its Arab allies and the Western hard left of all shades. Having appointed Zionism as a scapegoat for humanity's greatest evils, Soviet propaganda could score points by equating it with racism in African radio broadcasts and with Ukrainian nationalism on Kyiv TV."<a href="#cite_note-:22-269">[267]</a> The still-extant <a href="/wiki/Novosti_Press_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Novosti Press Agency">Novosti Press Agency</a>, a key element in the Soviet propaganda machine, also participated in the spreading of antisemitic anti-Zionism. Its chairman, Ivan Udaltsov, published a memorandum on 27 January 1971, to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a> in which he claimed that "Zionists, by provoking antisemitism, recruit volunteers for the Israeli army", blaming Jews for antisemitism, and falsely alleged that Zionists were responsible for "subversive activities" during the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:22-269">[267]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/William_Korey" title="William Korey">William Korey</a>, "Judaism was singled out for condemnation as prescribing 'racial exclusivism' and as justifying 'crimes against 'Gentiles.'"<a href="#cite_note-:12-268">[266]</a> Similar <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Poland" title="Antisemitism in Poland">antisemitic propaganda in Poland</a> resulted in the flight of Polish Jewish survivors from the country.<a href="#cite_note-Myth-264">[262]</a> After the war, the <a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce pogrom</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/March_1968_events" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1968 events">March 1968 events</a>" in communist Poland represented further incidents of antisemitism in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Poland,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–1946">anti-Jewish violence in postwar Poland</a> had a common theme of <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a> rumours.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_European_antisemitism">21st-century European antisemitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe#21st_century" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Antisemitism in Europe § 21st century</a></div> Physical assaults against Jews in Europe have included beatings, stabbings, and other violence, which increased markedly, sometimes resulting in serious injury and death.<a href="#cite_note-mgjmsp-272">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> A 2015 report by the US State Department on religious freedom declared that "European anti-Israel sentiment crossed the line into anti-Semitism."<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> This rise in antisemitic attacks is associated with both <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Muslim antisemitism</a> and the rise of far-right political parties as a result of the economic crisis of 2008.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> This rise in the support for far-right ideas in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">eastern Europe</a> has resulted in the increase of antisemitic acts, mostly attacks on Jewish memorials, synagogues and cemeteries but also a number of physical attacks against Jews.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> In Eastern Europe the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the instability of the new states brought the rise of nationalist movements and the accusation against Jews for the economic crisis, taking over the local economy and bribing the government, along with traditional and religious motives for antisemitism such as <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libels</a>. Writing on the <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> surrounding the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Stanley" title="Jason Stanley">Jason Stanley</a> relates these perceptions to broader historical narratives: "the dominant version of antisemitism alive in parts of eastern Europe today is that Jews employ the Holocaust to seize the victimhood narrative from the 'real' victims of the Nazis, who are Russian Christians (or other non-Jewish eastern Europeans)".<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_2022-277">[275]</a> He calls out the "myths of contemporary eastern European antisemitism – that a global cabal of Jews were (and are) the real agents of violence against Russian Christians and the real victims of the Nazis were not the Jews, but rather this group."<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_2022-277">[275]</a> Most of the antisemitic incidents in Eastern Europe are against Jewish cemeteries and buildings (community centers and synagogues). Nevertheless, there were several violent attacks against Jews in Moscow in 2006 when a neo-Nazi stabbed 9 people at the Bolshaya Bronnaya Synagogue,<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> the failed bomb attack on the same synagogue in 1999,<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> the threats against Jewish pilgrims in Uman, Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> and the attack against a <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">menorah</a> by extremist Christian organization in Moldova in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>, antisemitic policies are a sign of a state which is poorly governed.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> While no European state currently has such policies, the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> notes the rise in political uncertainty, notably populism and nationalism, as something that is particularly alarming for Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-283">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_Arab_antisemitism">21st-century Arab antisemitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graffiti_of_a_swastika_on_a_building_in_the_Palestinian_city_Nablus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Graffiti_of_a_swastika_on_a_building_in_the_Palestinian_city_Nablus.jpg/280px-Graffiti_of_a_swastika_on_a_building_in_the_Palestinian_city_Nablus.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Graffiti_of_a_swastika_on_a_building_in_the_Palestinian_city_Nablus.jpg/280px-Graffiti_of_a_swastika_on_a_building_in_the_Palestinian_city_Nablus.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Graffiti_of_a_swastika_on_a_building_in_the_Palestinian_city_Nablus.jpg/420px-Graffiti_of_a_swastika_on_a_building_in_the_Palestinian_city_Nablus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Graffiti_of_a_swastika_on_a_building_in_the_Palestinian_city_Nablus.jpg/560px-Graffiti_of_a_swastika_on_a_building_in_the_Palestinian_city_Nablus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> on a building in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, 2022</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Bernstein" title="Robert L. Bernstein">Robert Bernstein</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, says that antisemitism is "deeply ingrained and institutionalized" in "Arab nations in modern times".<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> In a 2011 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, all of the Muslim-majority Middle Eastern countries polled held significantly negative opinions of Jews. In the questionnaire, only 2% of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptians</a>, 3% of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> Muslims, and 2% of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordanians</a> reported having a positive view of Jews. Muslim-majority countries outside the Middle East similarly held markedly negative views of Jews, with 4% of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turks</a> and 9% of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesians</a> viewing Jews favorably.<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> According to a 2011 exhibition at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, United States, some of the dialogue from Middle East media and commentators about Jews bear a striking resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> According to Josef Joffe of <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, "anti-Semitism—the real stuff, not just bad-mouthing particular Israeli policies—is as much part of Arab life today as the hijab or the hookah. Whereas this darkest of creeds is no longer tolerated in polite society in the West, in the Arab world, Jew hatred remains culturally endemic."<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> Muslim clerics in the Middle East have frequently referred to Jews as descendants of apes and pigs, which are conventional epithets for Jews and Christians.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> According to professor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wistrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Wistrich">Robert Wistrich</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Vidal_Sassoon_International_Center_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism" title="Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism">Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism</a> (SICSA), the calls for the destruction of Israel by <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, represent a contemporary mode of genocidal antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_antisemitism_at_universities">21st-century antisemitism at universities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities and antisemitism</a></div> After the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> on 7 October, antisemitism and anti-Jewish hate crimes around the world increased significantly.<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> Multiple universities and university officials have been accused of systemic antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> On 1 May 2024, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> voted 320–91 in favour of adopting a bill enshrining the <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Alliance" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance">International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance</a> definition of antisemitism into law.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> The bill was opposed by some who claimed it conflated criticism of Israel with antisemitism, while Jewish advocacy groups like the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a> generally supported it in response to the increase in antisemitic incidents on university campuses.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> An open letter by 1,200 Jewish professors opposed the proposal.<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Hebrew_Israelite_antisemitism">Black Hebrew Israelite antisemitism</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. (July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg/280px-ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg/280px-ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg/420px-ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg/560px-ISUPK_Passover_2012.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>4% of African-Americans self-identified as <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-:3-302">[300]</a> Between 2019 and 2022, individuals motivated by Black Hebrew Israelitism committed five religiously motivated murders.<a href="#cite_note-:1-303">[301]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a> stated that the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hebrew Israelite">Black Hebrew Israelite</a> claim that "we are the real Jews" is a "troubling anti-Semitic trope with dangerous potential".<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> Black Hebrew Israelite followers have sought out and attacked Jewish people in the United States on more than one occasion.<a href="#cite_note-WaPoJersey-305">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-WaPoNY-306">[304]</a> Between 2019 and 2022, individuals motivated by Black Hebrew Israelitism committed five religiously motivated murders.<a href="#cite_note-:1-303">[301]</a> Black Hebrew Israelites believe that Jewish people are "imposters", who have "stolen" Black Americans' true racial and religious identity.<a href="#cite_note-:1-303">[301]</a> Black Hebrew Israelites promote the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar theory</a> about Ashkenazi Jewish origins.<a href="#cite_note-:1-303">[301]</a> In 2019, 4% of African-Americans self-identified as being Black Hebrew Israelites.<a href="#cite_note-:3-302">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitism_on_the_internet">Antisemitism on the internet</h3></div> Antisemitism on the internet involves a complex interplay between social media dynamics, conspiracy theories, and the broader socio-political context. Social media platforms have proved fertile for breeding antisemitic rhetoric, particularly during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, during which a notable rise in antisemitic conspiracy theories emerged.<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> The role of social media in amplifying these sentiments is underscored by analyses of comment sections on major media outlets, which reveal a significant presence of antisemitic discourse, often framed within the context of political events and international relations.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suboti%C4%87-311">[309]</a> Furthermore, the emergence of TikTok as a new platform has raised concerns about the proliferation of antisemitic content, with studies highlighting the challenges of moderating such material effectively.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> The intersection of antisemitism with broader themes of populism and right-wing extremism is also evident, as these ideologies often utilize antisemitic narratives to galvanize support and create a sense of otherness.<a href="#cite_note-Suboti%C4%87-311">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> Additionally, the phenomenon of subtle hate speech has been identified, where antisemitic sentiments are recontextualized in ways that may evade direct detection yet still perpetuate harmful stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a> Antisemitic bias appears even in ostensibly neutral sources such as <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Antisemitic_bias" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">on the Wikipedia platform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> Overall, the digital landscape presents both challenges and opportunities for combating antisemitism, necessitating a multifaceted approach that includes community engagement and technological solutions to monitor and counteract hate speech effectively.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Antisemitism has been explained in terms of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">projected guilt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Displaced_aggression" title="Displaced aggression">displaced aggression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theory</a>, and the search for a <a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> Antisemitism scholar Lars Fischer writes that "scholars distinguish between theories that assume an actual causal (rather than merely coincidental) correlation between what (some) Jews do and antisemitic perceptions (correspondence theories), on the one hand, and those predicated on the notion that no such causal correlation exists and that 'the Jews' serve as a foil for the projection of antisemitic assumptions, on the other."<a href="#cite_note-u458-320">[318]</a> The latter position is exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, who wrote that "Anti-Semitism is the rumour about the Jews"; in other words, "a conspiratorial mentality that sees Jewish people as invisible and yet ubiquitous, as capable of pulling the strings of power from behind the scenes."<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a> As an example of the correspondence theory, an 1894 book by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lazare" title="Bernard Lazare">Bernard Lazare</a> questions whether Jews themselves were to blame for some antisemitic stereotypes, for instance arguing that Jews traditionally keeping strictly to their own communities, with their own practices and laws, led to a perception of Jews as anti-social; he later abandoned this belief and the book is considered antisemitic today.<a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-q406-325">[323]</a> As another example, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a> suggested that the antisemitic perception of Jewish people as greedy (as often used in <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews#Greed" title="Stereotypes of Jews">stereotypes of Jews</a>) probably evolved in Europe during medieval times where a large portion of <a href="/wiki/Creditor" title="Creditor">money lending</a> was operated by Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur2006154-326">[324]</a> Among factors thought to contribute to this situation include that Jews were restricted from other professions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur2006154-326">[324]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> declared for their followers that money lending constituted immoral "<a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a>",<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a> although recent scholarship, such as that of historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julie_Mell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julie Mell (page does not exist)">Julie Mell</a> shows that Jews were not overrepresented in the sector and that the stereotype was founded in Christian <a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">projection</a> of taboo behaviour on to the minority.<a href="#cite_note-u458-320">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-s525-328">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-a817-329">[327]</a> In Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition (2013), historian <a href="/wiki/David_Nirenberg" title="David Nirenberg">David Nirenberg</a> traces the history of antisemitism, arguing that antisemitism should be understood not as a product of isolated historical events or cultural biases but is instead embedded within the very fabric of Western thought and society.<a href="#cite_note-:6-330">[328]</a> Its foundation lies in the early claim of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a> and depictions of Jews as 'Christ-killers'. Throughout Western history, Jews have since been used as a symbolic '<a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">other</a>' to define and articulate the values and boundaries of various cultures and intellectual traditions. In philosophy, literature, and politics, Jewishness has often been constructed as a counterpoint to what is considered normative or ideal. One of the key insights from Nirenberg's work is that antisemitism has proven to be remarkably adaptable. It changes form and adapts to different contexts and times, whether in medieval religious disputes, Enlightenment critiques, or modern racial theories. Philosophers and intellectuals have often used 'Jewishness' as a foil to explore and define their ideas. For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, figures like <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> critiqued Judaism as backward and superstitious to promote their visions of reason and progress. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> frequently <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet anti-Semitism">portrayed</a> Judaism as linked with capitalism and mercantilism, standing in opposition to the ideals of proletarian solidarity and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. In each case, Judaism or the Jews are portrayed as standing in tension with prevailing moral norms.<a href="#cite_note-:6-330">[328]</a> British <a href="/wiki/Quantum_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum physicist">quantum physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Deutsch" title="David Deutsch">David Deutsch</a> has argued that antisemites have historically always attempted to provide some sort of justification for their persecution of Jews. He uses the term 'The Pattern' to describe what he argues underlies historical antisemitism: "the maintenance of the idea that it is legitimate to hurt Jews."<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> He provides the following examples: <ol><li>The idea that Jews have collectively failed some crucial test (e.g. they rejected Jesus, or Mohammed, or do not have the Aryans' capacity for 'culture', or do not satisfy Stalin's criteria for being a 'nation', or lack a mystical 'connection to the land', etc.);</li> <li>The idea that Jews cause pollution – for instance that they are <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">poisoning the water supply</a>, or that they desecrate holy sites and artefacts – which is often extended, semi-metaphorically, to the idea that Jews are pollution/vermin/rotten/cancer etc.;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libels</a>, the classic one being that Jews kidnap and murder non-Jewish children and consume their blood in religious rituals;</li> <li>The incorporation of an entity called 'The Jews' deeply into the fabric of many cultures as the eternal enemy bent on destroying whatever that culture values; and</li> <li>Conspiracy theories, especially theories that 'The Jews' are secretly 'behind' the events of history and current affairs.</li></ol> British medievalist historian Richard Landes has further argued that,<blockquote>This Pattern, Deutsch observes, is always present, but is most likely to cause persecution, expulsions and mass murder when there is a serious threat it, to the legitimacy of hurting Jews. Such a threat appeared when Europeans, previously Pattern-compliant in their belief in Jewish deicide, became 'Enlightened,' and so had difficulty blaming the Jews for killing a God in which they no longer believed.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> The key to people's behavior in this regard, he argues, is the need to preserve the legitimacy of hurting Jews, for being Jews. This legitimacy is much more important than actually hurting Jews. And it targets only the Jews. It is not, accordingly, either a hatred or a fear, a form of racism or prejudice in the conventional sense, even though it can lead to those feelings and attitudes. But it is actually unique. No other group can substitute for the Jews as the target whom it is legitimate to hurt.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a></blockquote>Author and scholar <a href="/wiki/Dara_Horn" title="Dara Horn">Dara Horn</a> published an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> reflecting on her previous published doubts about the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Holocaust education</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a> and the rising antisemitism in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/October_7th_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="October 7th Massacre">October 7th Massacre</a> in Israel by Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-:8-334">[332]</a> In it, Horn argues that antisemitism functions by appropriating what has happened to Jews and recasting their experience as part of a broader, universal struggle, which always ends in ultimately redefining Jewish identity as incompatible with these ideals. In particular, Jewish particularism is perceived as an aggression against a supposedly more enlightened universalism. By rejecting this new universalism, the Jews are thus judged to have failed a crucial moral test. As a result, hatred of Jews becomes a sign of moral righteousness. Historically, this pattern manifests in various ways: Christianity and Islam each claimed to embody a universal truth that Jews rejected, justifying persecution. In the modern era, German <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific racism">pseudo-scientific racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a> defined Jews as an inferior race threatening societal progress, while the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> positioned itself as the victim of Nazism, obscuring the Jewish suffering during the Holocaust and framing Jews as oppressors through its <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">propaganda about Zionism</a>. Horn concludes that the attacks on Jews, often under the guise of anti-Zionism, follow the same ancient pattern of marginalization and vilification.<blockquote>This is the permission structure for anti-Semitism: claim whatever has happened to the Jews as one's own experience, announce a "universal" ideal that all good people must accept, and then redefine Jewish collective identity as lying beyond it. Hating Jews thus becomes a demonstration of righteousness. The key is to define, and redefine, and redefine again, the shiny new moral reasoning for why the Jews have failed the universal test of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-:8-334">[332]</a></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Prevention_through_education">Prevention through education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> plays an important role in addressing and overcoming <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> and countering social <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-335">[333]</a> However, education is not only about challenging the conditions of intolerance and ignorance in which antisemitism manifests itself; it is also about building a sense of <a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">global citizenship</a> and solidarity, respect for, and enjoyment of diversity and the ability to live peacefully together as active, democratic citizens. Education equips learners with the knowledge to identify antisemitism and biased or prejudiced messages and raises awareness about the forms, manifestations, and impact of antisemitism faced by <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and Jewish communities.<a href="#cite_note-:2-335">[333]</a> Some Jewish writers have argued that public education about antisemitism through the prism of the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> is unhelpful at best or actively deepening antisemitism at worst. <a href="/wiki/Dara_Horn" title="Dara Horn">Dara Horn</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> that "Auschwitz is not a metaphor", arguing "That the Holocaust drives home the importance of love is an idea, like the idea that Holocaust education prevents anti-Semitism, that seems entirely unobjectionable. It is entirely objectionable. The Holocaust didn't happen because of a lack of love. It happened because entire societies abdicated responsibility for their own problems, and instead blamed them on the people who represented—have always represented, since they first introduced the idea of commandedness to the world—the thing they were most afraid of: responsibility."<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a> Instead, she argues that perhaps "a more effective way to address anti-Semitism might lie in cultivating a completely different quality, one that happens to be the key to education itself: curiosity. Why use Jews as a means to teach people that we're all the same, when the demand that Jews be just like their neighbors is exactly what embedded the mental virus of anti-Semitism in the Western mind in the first place? Why not instead encourage inquiry about the diversity, to borrow a de rigueur word, of the human experience?"<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Geographical_variation">Geographical variation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography of antisemitism</a></div> A March 2008 report by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> found that there was an increase in antisemitism across the world, and that both old and new expressions of antisemitism persist.<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> A 2012 report by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Democracy,_Human_Rights_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor">Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor</a> also noted a continued global increase in antisemitism, and found that Holocaust denial and opposition to Israeli policy at times was used to promote or justify blatant antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> In 2014, the Anti-Defamation League conducted a study titled ADL Global 100: An Index of Anti-Semitism,<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> which also reported high antisemitism figures around the world and, among other findings, that as many as "27% of people who have never met a Jew nevertheless harbor strong prejudices against him".<a href="#cite_note-TOI-ADL-341">[339]</a> In August 2024, the Israeli Ministry of the Diaspora announced a new antisemitism monitoring project.<a href="#cite_note-Diaspora1-342">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diaspora2-343">[341]</a> The goal of the project is to measure levels of antisemitism in various countries, as well as identify instigators and trends.<a href="#cite_note-Diaspora1-342">[340]</a> In the event that antisemitism in a given country gets bad, the Israeli government may reach out to the local government to try to rectify the situation.<a href="#cite_note-Diaspora1-342">[340]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="24" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Jewish">Jewish portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="24" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" title="Anti-antisemitism">Anti-antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%931946" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946">Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Semite_and_Jew" title="Anti-Semite and Jew">Anti-Semite and Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_tropes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic tropes">Antisemitic tropes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">Antisemitism in the British Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Conservative_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Conservative Party">Antisemitism in the British Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Antisemitism in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Antisemitism in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">Antisemitism in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Antisemitism in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">Antisemitism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_and_the_New_Testament" title="Antisemitism and the New Testament">Antisemitism and the New Testament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History of antisemitism in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calls_for_the_destruction_of_Israel" title="Calls for the destruction of Israel">Calls for the destruction of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Research_on_Antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Research on Antisemitism">Centre for Research on Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfuss_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfuss affair">Dreyfuss affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a>, the 1941 Baghdad pogrom</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/From_the_river_to_the_sea" title="From the river to the sea">From the River to the Sea</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography of antisemitism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Globalize_the_Intifada" title="Globalize the Intifada">Globalize the Intifada</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 Hebron Massacre">1929 Hebron Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust inversion">Holocaust inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Holocaust trivialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Institutional racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Barnet_affair" title="Jacob Barnet affair">Jacob Barnet affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim World">Jewish exodus from the Muslim World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Bolshevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaybar_Khaybar_ya_yahud" title="Khaybar Khaybar ya yahud">Khaybar Khaybar ya yahud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism#Anti-globalization_movement" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism#Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities and antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; The <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Alliance" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance">International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance</a> has stated that the spelling without hyphenation is preferred, because the spelling with hyphenation implies that "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Semitism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Semitism">Semitism</a>" is a valid concept.<a href="#cite_note-IHRA2-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Whether it is considered a form of racism depends on the school of thought, see the <a href="#Eternalism%E2%80%93contextualism_debate">§ Eternalism–contextualism debate</a> paragraph. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IHRA2-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IHRA2_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHRA2_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IHRA2_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/sites/default/files/memo-on-spelling-of-antisemitism_final-1.pdf">"Memo on Spelling of Antisemitism"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Alliance" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance">International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance</a>. April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031085825/https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/sites/default/files/memo-on-spelling-of-antisemitism_final-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2019. <q>The unhyphenated spelling is favored by many scholars and institutions in order to dispel the idea that there is an entity 'Semitism' which 'anti-Semitism' opposes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memo+on+Spelling+of+Antisemitism&rft.pub=International+Holocaust+Remembrance+Alliance&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustremembrance.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmemo-on-spelling-of-antisemitism_final-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Jew-hatred" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/2854443694">"Jew-hatred"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F2854443694">10.1093/OED/2854443694</a>. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jew-hatred&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F2854443694&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F2854443694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808034525/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/anti-semitism">"anti-Semitism"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries – English. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/anti-semitism">the original</a> on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%E2%80%93+English&rft.atitle=anti-Semitism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fus%2Fanti-semitism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MWdef-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MWdef_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MWdef_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anti-Semitism">"anti-Semitism"</a>. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031195040/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anti-Semitism">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=anti-Semitism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fanti-Semitism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> See, for example: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Anti-Semitism". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Semitism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a> (1988). A History of the Jews. HarperPerennial. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=HarperPerennial&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (Winter 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908010822/http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/21832.html">"The New Anti-Semitism"</a>. The American Scholar. 75 (1): 25–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/21832.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Scholar&rft.atitle=The+New+Anti-Semitism&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-36&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhnn.us%2Fblogs%2Fentries%2F21832.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/770/59/PDF/N9977059.pdf?OpenElement#page=4">"Measures to combat contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 1 March 1999. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230827100852/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/770/59/PDF/N9977059.pdf?OpenElement#page=4">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measures+to+combat+contemporary+forms+of+racism%2C+racial+discrimination%2C+xenophobia+and+related+intolerance&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1999-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN99%2F770%2F59%2FPDF%2FN9977059.pdf%3FOpenElement%23page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan2014" class="citation web cs1">Nathan, Julie (9 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412202844/http://www.ecaj.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/2014_antisemitism_report.pdf">"2014 Report on Antisemitism in Australia"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Australian_Jewry" title="Executive Council of Australian Jewry">Executive Council of Australian Jewry</a>. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecaj.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/2014_antisemitism_report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+Report+on+Antisemitism+in+Australia&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Executive+Council+of+Australian+Jewry&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecaj.org.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2F2014_antisemitism_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/antisemitism-in-history-racial-antisemitism-18751945">"Antisemitism in History: Racial Antisemitism, 1875–1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331191034/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007171">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2023. <q>These new 'antisemites,' as they called themselves, drew upon older stereotypes to maintain that the Jews behaved the way they did—and would not change—because of innate racial qualities inherited from the dawn of time. Drawing as well upon the pseudoscience of racial <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, they argued that the Jews spread their so-called pernicious influence to weaken nations in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> not only by political, economic, and media methods, but also literally by 'polluting' so-called pure <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan blood</a> by intermarriage and sexual relations with non-Jews. They argued that Jewish 'racial intermixing,' by 'contaminating' and weakening the host nations, served as part of a conscious <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">Jewish plan for world domination</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Antisemitism+in+History%3A+Racial+Antisemitism%2C+1875%E2%80%931945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fantisemitism-in-history-racial-antisemitism-18751945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2019" class="citation web cs1">Novak, David (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2019/02/supersessionism-hard-and-soft">"Supersessionism hard and soft"</a>. firstthings.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929133324/https://www.firstthings.com/article/2019/02/supersessionism-hard-and-soft">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=firstthings.com&rft.atitle=Supersessionism+hard+and+soft&rft.date=2019-02&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2019%2F02%2Fsupersessionism-hard-and-soft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Toenies_Keating2014" class="citation book cs1">Sandra Toenies Keating (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/books/b9789004274761_014">"Revisiting the Charge of Taḥrīf: The Question of Supersessionism in Early Islam and the Qurʾān"</a>. Nicholas of Cusa and Islam. Brill. pp. 202–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004274761_014">10.1163/9789004274761_014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004274761" title="Special:BookSources/9789004274761"><bdi>9789004274761</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170395646">170395646</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129100206/http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/books/b9789004274761_014">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Charge+of+Ta%E1%B8%A5r%C4%ABf%3A+The+Question+of+Supersessionism+in+Early+Islam+and+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Nicholas+of+Cusa+and+Islam&rft.pages=202-217&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170395646%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004274761_014&rft.isbn=9789004274761&rft.au=Sandra+Toenies+Keating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooksandjournals.brillonline.com%2Fcontent%2Fbooks%2Fb9789004274761_014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/religious-prejudice-antisemitism">"From Religious Prejudice to Antisemitism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Facing_History_and_Ourselves" title="Facing History and Ourselves">Facing History and Ourselves</a>. 1 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922224125/https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/religious-prejudice-antisemitism">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facing+History+and+Ourselves&rft.atitle=From+Religious+Prejudice+to+Antisemitism&rft.date=2017-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facinghistory.org%2Fresource-library%2Freligious-prejudice-antisemitism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZauzmer_Weil2019" class="citation news cs1">Zauzmer Weil, Julie (22 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/08/22/how-anti-semitic-beliefs-have-quietly-taken-hold-among-some-evangelical-christians/">"How anti-Semitic beliefs have taken hold among some evangelical Christians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519162501/https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2019/08/22/how-anti-semitic-beliefs-have-quietly-taken-hold-among-some-evangelical-christians/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+anti-Semitic+beliefs+have+taken+hold+among+some+evangelical+Christians&rft.date=2019-08-22&rft.aulast=Zauzmer+Weil&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Freligion%2F2019%2F08%2F22%2Fhow-anti-semitic-beliefs-have-quietly-taken-hold-among-some-evangelical-christians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Freidenreich2022" class="citation web cs1">M. Freidenreich, David (18 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/blog/60853/how-christians-have-used-anti-jewish-and-anti-muslim-rhetoric-for-their-own-ends/">"How Christians Have Used Anti-Jewish and Anti-Muslim Rhetoric for Their Own Ends"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925160443/https://www.ucpress.edu/blog/60853/how-christians-have-used-anti-jewish-and-anti-muslim-rhetoric-for-their-own-ends/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Press&rft.atitle=How+Christians+Have+Used+Anti-Jewish+and+Anti-Muslim+Rhetoric+for+Their+Own+Ends&rft.date=2022-11-18&rft.aulast=M.+Freidenreich&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fblog%2F60853%2Fhow-christians-have-used-anti-jewish-and-anti-muslim-rhetoric-for-their-own-ends%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herf_2009-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Herf_2009_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Herf" title="Jeffrey Herf">Herf, Jeffrey</a> (December 2009). "Nazi Germany's Propaganda Aimed at Arabs and Muslims During World War II and the Holocaust: Old Themes, New Archival Findings". <a href="/wiki/Central_European_History" title="Central European History">Central European History</a>. 42 (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 709–736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS000893890999104X">10.1017/S000893890999104X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-9389">0008-9389</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40600977">40600977</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145568807">145568807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=Nazi+Germany%27s+Propaganda+Aimed+at+Arabs+and+Muslims+During+World+War+II+and+the+Holocaust%3A+Old+Themes%2C+New+Archival+Findings&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=709-736&rft.date=2009-12&rft.issn=0008-9389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145568807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40600977%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS000893890999104X&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JCPA_2020-17"><a href="#cite_ref-JCPA_2020_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoerl2020" class="citation journal cs1">Spoerl, Joseph S. (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/">"Parallels between Nazi and Islamist Anti-Semitism"</a>. Jewish Political Studies Review. 31 (1/2). <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Center_for_Public_Affairs" title="Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs">Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs</a>: 210–244. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-335X">0792-335X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26870795">26870795</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609120031/https://jcpa.org/article/parallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Political+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Parallels+between+Nazi+and+Islamist+Anti-Semitism&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=210-244&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26870795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0792-335X&rft.aulast=Spoerl&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcpa.org%2Farticle%2Fparallels-between-nazi-and-islamist-anti-semitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-36160928">"What's the difference between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism?"</a>. BBC News. 28 April 2016. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middleeastinfo.org/library/lewis_antisemitism.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semites+and+Anti-Semites&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiddleeastinfo.org%2Flibrary%2Flewis_antisemitism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988">. Extract from Islam in History: Ideas, Men and Events in the Middle East, The Library Press, 1973. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (Winter 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108130056/http://historynewsnetwork.org/blog/21832">"The New Anti-Semitism"</a>. The American Scholar. 75 (1): 25–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historynewsnetwork.org/blog/21832">the original</a> on 8 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Scholar&rft.atitle=The+New+Anti-Semitism&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-36&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorynewsnetwork.org%2Fblog%2F21832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermeulen_2015_p._252-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Vermeulen_2015_p._252_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermeulen2015" class="citation book cs1">Vermeulen, H.F. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1nxCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT252">Before Boas: The Genesis of Ethnography and Ethnology in the German Enlightenment</a>. Critical Studies in the History of Anthropology Series. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7738-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-7738-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 October 2022. <q>Schlözer 1781: p.161 "From the Mediterranean to the Euphrates, from Mesopotamia to Arabia ruled one language, as is well known. Thus Syrians, Babylonians, Hebrews, and Arabs were one people (ein Volk). Phoenicians (Hamites) also spoke this language, which I would like to call the Semitic (die Semitische). To the north and east of this Semitic language and national district (Semitische Sprach- und VölkerBezirke) begins a second one: With Moses and Leibniz I would like to call it the Japhetic."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Boas%3A+The+Genesis+of+Ethnography+and+Ethnology+in+the+German+Enlightenment&rft.series=Critical+Studies+in+the+History+of+Anthropology+Series&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7738-0&rft.aulast=Vermeulen&rft.aufirst=H.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB1nxCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiraz2001">Kiraz (2001)</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFBaasten2003">Baasten (2003)</a>, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBein1990[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcQOn0y8ENg4CpgPA594_594]-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBein1990%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidcQOn0y8ENg4CpgPA594_594%5D_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBein1990">Bein (1990)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQOn0y8ENg4C&pg=PA594">594</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk200821-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk200821_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFalk2008">Falk (2008)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoliakov2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Poliakov" title="Léon Poliakov">Poliakov, Léon</a> (2003). The History of Anti-Semitism, Vol. 3: From Voltaire to Wagner. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1865-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1865-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1865-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Anti-Semitism%2C+Vol.+3%3A+From+Voltaire+to+Wagner&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1865-7&rft.aulast=Poliakov&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVWL4ja2BbnECpgPA21_21]-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2008%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidVWL4ja2BbnECpgPA21_21%5D_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFalk2008">Falk (2008)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWL4ja2BbnEC&pg=PA21">21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrustein2003" class="citation book cs1">Brustein, William I. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc3HabBQsdsC&pg=PA118">Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521774789" title="Special:BookSources/9780521774789"><bdi>9780521774789</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Hate%3A+Anti-Semitism+in+Europe+before+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521774789&rft.aulast=Brustein&rft.aufirst=William+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHc3HabBQsdsC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, Jonathan M. (Winter 2000). "Johann David Michaelis and the Colonial Imaginary: Orientalism and the Emergence of Racial Antisemitism in Eighteenth-Century Germany". Jewish Social Studies. 6 (2): 56–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjss.2000.0003">10.1353/jss.2000.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153434303">153434303</a>. <q>When the term "antisemitism" was first introduced in Germany in the late 1870s, those who used it did so in order to stress the radical difference between their own "antisemitism" and earlier forms of antagonism toward Jews and Judaism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Johann+David+Michaelis+and+the+Colonial+Imaginary%3A+Orientalism+and+the+Emergence+of+Racial+Antisemitism+in+Eighteenth-Century+Germany&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=56-101&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjss.2000.0003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153434303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaspal2014" class="citation book cs1">Jaspal, Rusi (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qS_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT38">"Antisemitism: Conceptual Issues"</a>. Antisemitism and Anti-Zionism: Representation, Cognition and Everyday Talk. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472407252" title="Special:BookSources/9781472407252"><bdi>9781472407252</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229235525/https://books.google.com/books?id=qS_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT38#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antisemitism%3A+Conceptual+Issues&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+and+Anti-Zionism%3A+Representation%2C+Cognition+and+Everyday+Talk&rft.place=Farnham%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781472407252&rft.aulast=Jaspal&rft.aufirst=Rusi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqS_jBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> Jaspal erroneously gives the date of publication as 1873. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr, Wilhelm</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Marr-Wilhelm-Der-Sieg-des-Judenthums-ueber-das-Germanenthum-2-2">Der Sieg des Judenthums über das Germanenthum. Vom nicht confessionellen Standpunkt aus betrachtet</a>. Rudolph Costenoble. 1879, 8th edition/printing. Internet Archive. Marr uses the word "Semitismus" (Semitism) on pages 7, 11, 14, 30, 32, and 46; for example, one finds in the conclusion the following passage: "Ja, ich bin überzeugt, ich habe ausgesprochen, was Millionen Juden im Stillen denken: Dem Semitismus gehört die Weltherrschaft!" (Yes, I am convinced that I have articulated what millions of Jews are quietly thinking: World domination belongs to Semitism!) (p. 46). </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarr1879" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr, Wilhem</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/Marr-Text-English.pdf">"The Victory of Judaism over Germanism: Viewed from a Nonreligious Point of View"</a> (PDF). Translated by Rohringer, Gerhard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.kevinmacdonald.net/Marr-Text-English.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Victory+of+Judaism+over+Germanism%3A+Viewed+from+a+Nonreligious+Point+of+View&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=Wilhem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kevinmacdonald.net%2FMarr-Text-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/wilhelm-marr">"Wilhelm Marr"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Marr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fwilhelm-marr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keydocuments.net/article/bergmann-marr-mirror-jews">"Wilhelm Marr's A Mirror to the Jews"</a>. Key Documents of German-Jewish History. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Key+Documents+of+German-Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Marr%27s+A+Mirror+to+the+Jews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeydocuments.net%2Farticle%2Fbergmann-marr-mirror-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1987" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Levy" title="Richard S. Levy">Levy, Richard S.</a> (1 April 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/richard-levy/wilhelm-marr-the-patriarch-of-anti-semitism-by-moshe-zimmermann/">"Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism, by Moshe Zimmermann"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commentary_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Commentary Magazine">Commentary Magazine</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+Magazine&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Marr%3A+The+Patriarch+of+Anti-Semitism%2C+by+Moshe+Zimmermann&rft.date=1987-04-01&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentary.org%2Farticles%2Frichard-levy%2Fwilhelm-marr-the-patriarch-of-anti-semitism-by-moshe-zimmermann%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenz2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz" title="Wolfgang Benz">Benz, Wolfgang</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FaGpj0ORpwAC&dq=%22Antisemitismus%22&pg=PA7">Was ist Antisemitismus?</a> (in German). C.H.Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-52212-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-52212-3"><bdi>978-3-406-52212-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229235555/https://books.google.com/books?id=FaGpj0ORpwAC&dq=%22Antisemitismus%22&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q=%22Antisemitismus%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+ist+Antisemitismus%3F&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-406-52212-3&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFaGpj0ORpwAC%26dq%3D%2522Antisemitismus%2522%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-44"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Zimmermann" title="Moshe Zimmermann">Zimmermann, Moshe</a>. Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism. New York and Oxford: Oxford University. p. 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Marr%3A+The+Patriarch+of+Antisemitism&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=New+York+and+Oxford%3A+Oxford+University&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MZ1987-45"><a href="#cite_ref-MZ1987_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Zimmermann" title="Moshe Zimmermann">Zimmermann, Moshe</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tYW013SjKM4C&pg=PA112">Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Anti-Semitism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536495-8"><bdi>978-0-19-536495-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229235552/https://books.google.com/books?id=tYW013SjKM4C&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2018. <q>The term "anti-Semitism" was unsuitable from the beginning for the real essence of Jew-hatred, which remained anchored, more or less, in the Christian tradition even when it moved via the natural sciences, into racism. It is doubtful whether the term which was first publicized in an institutional context (the Anti-Semitic League) would have appeared at all if the "Anti-Chancellor League," which fought Bismarck's policy, had not been in existence since 1875. The founders of the new Organization adopted the elements of "anti" and "league," and searched for the proper term: Marr exchanged the term "Jew" for "Semite" which he already favored. It is possible that the shortened form "Sem" is used with such frequency and ease by Marr (and in his writings) due to its literary advantage and because it reminded Marr of Sem Biedermann, his Jewish employer from the Vienna period.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wilhelm+Marr%3A+The+Patriarch+of+Anti-Semitism&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536495-8&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtYW013SjKM4C%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1901" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Deutsch" title="Gotthard Deutsch">Deutsch, Gotthard</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b29000488_0001/page/640/mode/2up">"Anti-Semitism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. 1. <a href="/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls" title="Funk & Wagnalls">Funk & Wagnalls</a>: 641. Retrieved 21 August 2023 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Anti-Semitism&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=641&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Gotthard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb29000488_0001%2Fpage%2F640%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-toi-47"><a href="#cite_ref-toi_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel2019" class="citation news cs1">Mandel, Jonah (4 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/letter-shows-first-dictionary-editor-thought-anti-semite-wouldnt-be-used/">"Letter shows first dictionary editor thought 'anti-Semite' wouldn't be used"</a>. The Times of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200505080418/https://www.timesofisrael.com/letter-shows-first-dictionary-editor-thought-anti-semite-wouldnt-be-used/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Letter+shows+first+dictionary+editor+thought+%27anti-Semite%27+wouldn%27t+be+used&rft.date=2019-05-04&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fletter-shows-first-dictionary-editor-thought-anti-semite-wouldnt-be-used%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-philosemitism-48"><a href="#cite_ref-philosemitism_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"The Jews in Germany". <a href="/wiki/The_Eclectic_Magazine_of_Foreign_Literature,_Science,_and_Art" title="The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art">The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art</a>. Vol. XXXIII. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Leavitt_(publisher)" title="Jonathan Leavitt (publisher)">Leavitt, Trow & Company</a>. March 1881. p. 350. <q>...the position of German Liberals in this matter of philo-Semitism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eclectic+Magazine+of+Foreign+Literature%2C+Science%2C+and+Art&rft.atitle=The+Jews+in+Germany&rft.volume=XXXIII&rft.pages=350&rft.date=1881-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1999117-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1999117_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1999">Lewis (1999)</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2004" class="citation book cs1">Isaac, Benjamin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eem1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA442">The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400849567" title="Special:BookSources/9781400849567"><bdi>9781400849567</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229235521/https://books.google.com/books?id=eem1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA442#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Racism+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781400849567&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deem1AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatas2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Matas" title="David Matas">Matas, David</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYR7SqcMe9gC&pg=PA34">Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism</a>. Dundurn Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550025538" title="Special:BookSources/9781550025538"><bdi>9781550025538</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229235524/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYR7SqcMe9gC&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aftershock%3A+Anti-Zionism+and+Antisemitism&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781550025538&rft.aulast=Matas&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYR7SqcMe9gC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/sites/default/files/memo-on-spelling-of-antisemitism_final-1.pdf">"Memo on Spelling of Antisemitism"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Alliance" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance">International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance</a>. April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031085825/https://www.holocaustremembrance.com/sites/default/files/memo-on-spelling-of-antisemitism_final-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2019. <q>... the hyphenated spelling allows for the possibility of something called 'Semitism', which not only legitimizes a form of pseudo-scientific racial classification that was thoroughly discredited by association with Nazi ideology, but also divides the term, stripping it from its meaning of opposition and hatred toward Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memo+on+Spelling+of+Antisemitism&rft.pub=International+Holocaust+Remembrance+Alliance&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustremembrance.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmemo-on-spelling-of-antisemitism_final-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305002701/http://www2.facinghistory.org/Campus/reslib.nsf/99ca830bb4f483948525717f005abfc7/2820f36c177cc758852571860065e8c2/%24FILE/complete_antisemitism.pdf">"The Power of Myth"</a> (PDF). Facing History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/campus/reslib.nsf/99ca830bb4f483948525717f005abfc7/2820f36c177cc758852571860065e8c2/%24FILE/complete_antisemitism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facing+History&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Myth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facinghistory.org%2Fcampus%2Freslib.nsf%2F99ca830bb4f483948525717f005abfc7%2F2820f36c177cc758852571860065e8c2%2F%24FILE%2Fcomplete_antisemitism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer" class="citation web cs1">Bauer, Yehuda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307094003/http://humwww.ucsc.edu/jewishstudies/docs/YBauerLecture.pdf">"Problems of Contemporary Antisemitism"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humwww.ucsc.edu/jewishstudies/docs/YBauerLecture.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Contemporary+Antisemitism&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumwww.ucsc.edu%2Fjewishstudies%2Fdocs%2FYBauerLecture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer2-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Bauer2_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1982" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Yehuda (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofholocau00yehu">A History of the Holocaust</a>. Franklin Watts. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofholocau00yehu/page/52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-531-05641-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-531-05641-7"><bdi>978-0-531-05641-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-531-05641-7&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofholocau00yehu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmog1989" class="citation web cs1">Almog, Shmuel (Summer 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990428121824/http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/hyphen.htm">"What's in a Hyphen?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vidal_Sassoon_International_Center_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism" title="Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism">Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sicsa.huji.ac.il/hyphen.htm">the original</a> on 28 April 1999. Retrieved 3 April 2024. Published in SICSA report: the newsletter of the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Republished in 2014 by Alabama Holocaust Education Center: ahecinfo.org/wp-content/uploads/Why-antisemitism-with-no-hyphen.pdf</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vidal+Sassoon+International+Center+for+the+Study+of+Antisemitism&rft.atitle=What%27s+in+a+Hyphen%3F&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Almog&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsicsa.huji.ac.il%2Fhyphen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPragerTelushkin2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVK0llzUqQ2YCpgPA199_199]-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPragerTelushkin2003%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidVK0llzUqQ2YCpgPA199_199%5D_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPragerTelushkin2003">Prager & Telushkin (2003)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VK0llzUqQ2YC&pg=PA199">199</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Carroll_(author)" title="James Carroll (author)">Carroll, James</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n7EUdvSQs70C&pg=PT421">Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews</a>. New York: Mariner. pp. 628–629. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0618219087" title="Special:BookSources/978-0618219087"><bdi>978-0618219087</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229235554/https://books.google.com/books?id=n7EUdvSQs70C&pg=PT421">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%27s+Sword%3A+The+Church+and+the+Jews&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=628-629&rft.pub=Mariner&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0618219087&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn7EUdvSQs70C%26pg%3DPT421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandler2021" class="citation news cs1">Bandler, Aaron (27 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/336003/ap-changes-spelling-of-anti-semitism-to-antisemitism/">"AP Changes Spelling of "Anti-Semitism" to "Antisemitism""</a>. Jewish Journal. Retrieved 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Journal&rft.atitle=AP+Changes+Spelling+of+%22Anti-Semitism%22+to+%22Antisemitism%22&rft.date=2021-04-27&rft.aulast=Bandler&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishjournal.com%2Fnews%2Funited-states%2F336003%2Fap-changes-spelling-of-anti-semitism-to-antisemitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanau2021" class="citation news cs1">Hanau, Shira (8 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2021/12/08/united-states/the-new-york-times-updates-style-guide-to-antisemitism-losing-the-hyphen">"The New York Times updates style guide to 'antisemitism,' losing the hyphen"</a>. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719040045/https://www.jta.org/2021/12/08/united-states/the-new-york-times-updates-style-guide-to-antisemitism-losing-the-hyphen">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Times+updates+style+guide+to+%27antisemitism%2C%27+losing+the+hyphen&rft.date=2021-12-08&rft.aulast=Hanau&rft.aufirst=Shira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2021%2F12%2F08%2Funited-states%2Fthe-new-york-times-updates-style-guide-to-antisemitism-losing-the-hyphen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/vol-35-no-11-antisemitism-11671114285">"Vol. 35, No. 11: Antisemitism"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. 15 December 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719040044/https://www.wsj.com/articles/vol-35-no-11-antisemitism-11671114285">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Vol.+35%2C+No.+11%3A+Antisemitism&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fvol-35-no-11-antisemitism-11671114285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJo_Zerivitz2021" class="citation news cs1">Jo Zerivitz, Marcia (1 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishpresstampa.com/articles/in-a-word-its-antisemitism/">"In a word, it's antisemitism"</a>. Jewish Press of Tampa Bay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719040045/https://www.jewishpresstampa.com/articles/in-a-word-its-antisemitism/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Press+of+Tampa+Bay&rft.atitle=In+a+word%2C+it%27s+antisemitism&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft.aulast=Jo+Zerivitz&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishpresstampa.com%2Farticles%2Fin-a-word-its-antisemitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogromsriots-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pogromsriots_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pogromsriots_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Sonja (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0HDeEPouQm0C&pg=PA18">Pogroms and Riots: German Press Responses to Anti-Jewish Violence in Germany and Russia (1881–1882)</a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783631602140" title="Special:BookSources/9783631602140"><bdi>9783631602140</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229235557/https://books.google.com/books?id=0HDeEPouQm0C&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. 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The Times of Israel. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=US+Jewish+scholars+push+anti-Semitism+definition+allowing+more+Israel+criticism&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft.aulast=Kampeas&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fus-jewish-scholars-push-anti-semitism-definition-allowing-more-israel-criticism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2023" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (24 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2023/apr/24/un-ihra-antisemitism-definition-israel-criticism">"UN urged to reject antisemitism definition over 'misuse' to shield Israel"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UN+urged+to+reject+antisemitism+definition+over+%27misuse%27+to+shield+Israel&rft.date=2023-04-24&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2Fapr%2F24%2Fun-ihra-antisemitism-definition-israel-criticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2021" class="citation news cs1">Hofmann, Sarah Judith (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/the-jerusalem-declaration-redefining-antisemitism/a-57895132">"A new definition for antisemitism?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+new+definition+for+antisemitism%3F&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fthe-jerusalem-declaration-redefining-antisemitism%2Fa-57895132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Richard S. Levy, "Marr, Wilhelm (1819–1904)" in <a href="#CITEREFLevy2005">Levy (2005)</a>, vol. 2, pp. 445–446 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Richard S. Geehr. Karl Lueger, Mayor of Fin-de-Siècle Vienna, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>, Detroit, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2055-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2055-4">0-8143-2055-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1910/03/11/archives/dr-karl-lueger-dead-antisemitic-leader-and-mayor-of-vienna-was-66.html">Dr. Karl Lueger Dead; Anti-Semitic Leader and Mayor of Vienna Was 66 Years Old</a>", The New York Times, 11 March 1910. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126110903/https://www.nytimes.com/1910/03/11/archives/dr-karl-lueger-dead-antisemitic-leader-and-mayor-of-vienna-was-66.html">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett2005-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett2005_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2005" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Steven J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U5KQ0Yi76GMC&pg=PA30">The Pathology of Man: A Study of Human Evil</a>. Charles C Thomas Publisher. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780398075576" title="Special:BookSources/9780398075576"><bdi>9780398075576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pathology+of+Man%3A+A+Study+of+Human+Evil&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Charles+C+Thomas+Publisher&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780398075576&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU5KQ0Yi76GMC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinsker1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Pinsker" title="Leon Pinsker">Pinsker, Leon</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hw5rcs;view=1up;seq=15">Auto-Emancipation</a>. Zionist publications. Translated by Blondheim, D.S. New York: The Maccabaean Publishing Company. pp. 3, 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161903/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hw5rcs&view=1up&seq=15">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auto-Emancipation&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Zionist+publications&rft.pages=3%2C+4&rft.pub=The+Maccabaean+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Pinsker&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.hw5rcs%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988">, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Auto-Emancipation" class="extiw" title="s:Auto-Emancipation">English</a> and <a class="external text" href="https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94">Hebrew</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726052832/https://he.wikisource.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94">Archived</a> 26 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> translations. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Daily Telegraph, 12 November 1938. Cited in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a>. Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction. Harper Collins, 2006, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Jacob Rader Marcus. United States Jewry, 1776–1985. Wayne State University Press, 1989, p. 286. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2186-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2186-0">0-8143-2186-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBein1990580-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBein1990580_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBein1990">Bein (1990)</a>, p. 580. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Yehuda Bauer</a>: The Most Ancient Group Prejudice in Leo Eitinger (1984): The Anti-Semitism of Our Time. Oslo. Nansen Committee. p. 14. citing from: Jocelyn Hellig (2003): The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History. Oneworld Publications. p. 73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-313-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-313-5">1-85168-313-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181123–1124-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181123%E2%80%931124_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudaken2018">Judaken (2018)</a>, pp. 1123–1124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsonni202225-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConsonni202225_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConsonni202225_96-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFConsonni2022">Consonni (2022)</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181123,_1130-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181123,_1130_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudaken2018">Judaken (2018)</a>, pp. 1123, 1130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181130-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181130_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181130_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudaken2018">Judaken (2018)</a>, p. 1130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181135-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181135_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181135_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudaken2018">Judaken (2018)</a>, p. 1135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUry20181151-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUry20181151_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUry2018">Ury (2018)</a>, p. 1151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsonni202227-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConsonni202227_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConsonni2022">Consonni (2022)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181132-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudaken20181132_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudaken2018">Judaken (2018)</a>, p. 1132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsonni202226-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConsonni202226_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConsonni2022">Consonni (2022)</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKönig2004" class="citation book cs1">König, René (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N9oL2cljv8QC&pg=PA231">Materialien zur Kriminalsoziologie</a>. VS Verlag. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8100-3306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8100-3306-2"><bdi>978-3-8100-3306-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000128/https://books.google.com/books?id=N9oL2cljv8QC&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materialien+zur+Kriminalsoziologie&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=VS+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-8100-3306-2&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6nig&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN9oL2cljv8QC%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazare2006" class="citation book cs1">Lazare, Bernard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VP81v2Y24HUC&pg=PA224">Anti-Semitism: Its History and Causes</a>. Cosimo, Inc. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-601-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-601-5"><bdi>978-1-59605-601-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000042/https://books.google.com/books?id=VP81v2Y24HUC&pg=PA224#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Semitism%3A+Its+History+and+Causes&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59605-601-5&rft.aulast=Lazare&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVP81v2Y24HUC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrustein2003" class="citation book cs1">Brustein, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc3HabBQsdsC&pg=PA46">Roots of hate: anti-semitism in Europe before the Holocaust</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77478-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77478-9"><bdi>978-0-521-77478-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000114/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hc3HabBQsdsC&pg=PA46#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+hate%3A+anti-semitism+in+Europe+before+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77478-9&rft.aulast=Brustein&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHc3HabBQsdsC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-107'>^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_107-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery1985">Flannery (1985)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery198516-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery198516_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery1985">Flannery (1985)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985260-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985260_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery1985">Flannery (1985)</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwoodcorrespondent2018" class="citation news cs1">Sherwood, Harriet; correspondent, Harriet Sherwood Religion (11 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/11/traditional-antisemitism-is-back-global-study-finds">"Traditional antisemitism is back, global study finds"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017211114/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/11/traditional-antisemitism-is-back-global-study-finds">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Traditional+antisemitism+is+back%2C+global+study+finds&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft.au=correspondent%2C+Harriet+Sherwood+Religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fapr%2F11%2Ftraditional-antisemitism-is-back-global-study-finds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last2=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985289-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985289_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery1985">Flannery (1985)</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985176-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985176_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery1985">Flannery (1985)</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985179-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery1985179_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery1985">Flannery (1985)</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Goldberg, Jeffrey (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/04/is-it-time-for-the-jews-to-leave-europe/386279/">"Is It Time for the Jews to Leave Europe?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421112016/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/04/is-it-time-for-the-jews-to-leave-europe/386279/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Is+It+Time+for+the+Jews+to+Leave+Europe%3F&rft.date=2015-04&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2015%2F04%2Fis-it-time-for-the-jews-to-leave-europe%2F386279%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarap1987" class="citation book cs1">Harap, Louis (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAPvam-n_DYC&pg=PA24">Creative awakening: the Jewish presence in twentieth-century American literature, 1900-1940s</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25386-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25386-7"><bdi>978-0-313-25386-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000143/https://books.google.com/books?id=mAPvam-n_DYC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+awakening%3A+the+Jewish+presence+in+twentieth-century+American+literature%2C+1900-1940s&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-313-25386-7&rft.aulast=Harap&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmAPvam-n_DYC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5G3feplFBYUC&pg=PR7">A concise history of American antisemitism</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4313-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-4313-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001047/https://books.google.com/books?id=5G3feplFBYUC&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+American+antisemitism&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4313-3&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5G3feplFBYUC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholls1993" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, William (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cg00E0gk9PQC">Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lanham,_Maryland" title="Lanham, Maryland">Lanham, Maryland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aronson" title="Jason Aronson">Jason Aronson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87668-398-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87668-398-7"><bdi>0-87668-398-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Antisemitism%3A+A+History+of+Hate&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson+%2F+Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-87668-398-7&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcg00E0gk9PQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael2008171-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael2008171_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael2008">Michael (2008)</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnal1985" class="citation book cs1">Arnal, Oscar L. (1985). Ambivalent Alliance: The Catholic Church and the Action Française, 1899–1939. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambivalent+Alliance%3A+The+Catholic+Church+and+the+Action+Fran%C3%A7aise%2C+1899%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Arnal&rft.aufirst=Oscar+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2003" class="citation book cs1">Rubenstein, Richard L. (2003). Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy. 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Columbia University Press. 1998. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07476-6"><bdi>978-0-231-07476-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001150/https://books.google.com/books?id=HFFoSglsovoC&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German-Jewish+History+in+Modern+Times%3A+Integration+in+dispute%2C+1871%E2%80%931918&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07476-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFFoSglsovoC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110228220753/http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/jewsandmoney/default.asp">"Jews & Money – The story of a stereotype"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/Anti_semitism/jewsandmoney/default.asp">the original</a> on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+%26+Money+%E2%80%93+The+story+of+a+stereotype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2FAnti_semitism%2Fjewsandmoney%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Penslar page 5 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman201084-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxman201084_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoxman2010">Foxman (2010)</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman201089-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxman201089_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoxman2010">Foxman (2010)</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman201093-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxman201093_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoxman2010">Foxman (2010)</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman201098-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxman201098_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoxman2010">Foxman (2010)</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman2010102-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxman2010102_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoxman2010">Foxman (2010)</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoxman2010105-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoxman2010105_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoxman2010">Foxman (2010)</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Krefetz page 45 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Krefetz pages 6–7 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Krefetz page 47 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Penslar page 12 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> D'Acunto, Francesco, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/francesco_dacunto/papers/AntisemFinW_Jun14.pdf">"Distrust in Finance Lingers: Jewish Persecution and Households' Investments."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107191848/http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/francesco_dacunto/papers/AntisemFinW_Jun14.pdf">Archived</a> 7 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Haas School of Business. 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Oxford University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190661137" title="Special:BookSources/9780190661137"><bdi>9780190661137</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001159/https://books.google.com/books?id=iDoqDwAAQBAJ&q=50,000+red+army+Jewish+soldiers+were+shot&pg=PA42#v=snippet&q=50%2C000%20red%20army%20Jewish%20soldiers%20were%20shot&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. 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Retrieved 15 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Antisemitism+in+History%3A+Racial+Antisemitism%2C+1875%E2%80%931945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Paul Webster (2001) Petain's Crime. London, Pan Books: pp. 13, 15.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Dan Cohn-Sherbok (2006) The Paradox of Anti-Semitism. Continuum: pp. 44–46.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Steven Beller (2007) Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: p. 64.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Steven Beller (2007) Antisemitism: A Very Short Introduction: pp. 57–59.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Baeumler1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Alfred Baeumler</a> (1931). Nietzsche, der Philosoph und Politiker. <a href="/wiki/Reclam" title="Reclam">Reclam</a>. pp. 8, 63, et passim. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B002803IJK">B002803IJK</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche%2C+der+Philosoph+und+Politiker&rft.pages=8%2C+63%2C+%27%27et+passim%27%27&rft.pub=Reclam&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB002803IJK%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Alfred+Baeumler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcdiVs9lwvcC&pg=PA100">Genocide, critical issues of the Holocaust: a companion to the film, Genocide</a>. Behrman House, Inc. 1983. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940646-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940646-04-9"><bdi>978-0-940646-04-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001125/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcdiVs9lwvcC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%2C+critical+issues+of+the+Holocaust%3A+a+companion+to+the+film%2C+Genocide&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Behrman+House%2C+Inc&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-940646-04-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcdiVs9lwvcC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Penslar, Derek J. Introduction. Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World, edited by Penslar, et al, University of Toronto Press, 2005, pp. 3–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarády2004" class="citation book cs1">Karády, Viktor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hGg9rMQpEEC&pg=PA351">The Jews of Europe in the modern era: a socio-historical outline</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_European_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Central European University Press">Central European University Press</a>. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-52-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9241-52-7"><bdi>978-963-9241-52-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001153/https://books.google.com/books?id=4hGg9rMQpEEC&pg=PA351#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Europe+in+the+modern+era%3A+a+socio-historical+outline&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-963-9241-52-7&rft.aulast=Kar%C3%A1dy&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4hGg9rMQpEEC%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarap1987" class="citation book cs1">Harap, Louis (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAPvam-n_DYC&pg=PA76">Creative awakening: the Jewish presence in twentieth-century American literature</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25386-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-25386-7"><bdi>978-0-313-25386-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000109/https://books.google.com/books?id=mAPvam-n_DYC&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creative+awakening%3A+the+Jewish+presence+in+twentieth-century+American+literature&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-313-25386-7&rft.aulast=Harap&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmAPvam-n_DYC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kandel30-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Kandel30_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandel2007" class="citation book cs1">Kandel, Eric R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFnRwWXzypgC&pg=PA30">In search of memory: the emergence of a new science of mind</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32937-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32937-7"><bdi>978-0-393-32937-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000111/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFnRwWXzypgC&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+memory%3A+the+emergence+of+a+new+science+of+mind&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32937-7&rft.aulast=Kandel&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFnRwWXzypgC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiewykNicosia2003" class="citation book cs1">Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-6vKBHggVwC&pg=PA215">The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11201-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11201-7"><bdi>978-0-231-11201-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000044/https://books.google.com/books?id=z-6vKBHggVwC&pg=PA215#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11201-7&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.au=Nicosia%2C+Francis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-6vKBHggVwC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kandel3031-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Kandel3031_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandel2007" class="citation book cs1">Kandel, Eric R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFnRwWXzypgC&pg=PA30">In search of memory: the emergence of a new science of mind</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32937-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32937-7"><bdi>978-0-393-32937-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230000111/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFnRwWXzypgC&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+memory%3A+the+emergence+of+a+new+science+of+mind&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32937-7&rft.aulast=Kandel&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFnRwWXzypgC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoax-152"><a href="#cite_ref-hoax_152-0">^</a> Mathis, Andrew E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/">Holocaust Denial, a Definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213171733/https://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/denial/abc-clio/">Archived</a> 13 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_History_Project" title="The Holocaust History Project">The Holocaust History Project</a>, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. Denying History: who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?, University of California Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23469-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23469-3">0-520-23469-3</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm">Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628184616/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/usa.htm">Archived</a> 28 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a>, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipstadt199427-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipstadt199427_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLipstadt1994">Lipstadt (1994)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-adl.org-156"><a href="#cite_ref-adl.org_156-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp">Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020743/http://www.adl.org/holocaust/theory.asp">Archived</a> 4 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Lawrence N. Powell, Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana, University of North Carolina Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-5374-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-5374-7">0-8078-5374-7</a>, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTait2012" class="citation news cs1">Tait, Robert (10 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9734674/Vulture-spying-for-Israel-caught-in-Sudan.html">"'Vulture spying for Israel' caught in Sudan"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/9734674/Vulture-spying-for-Israel-caught-in-Sudan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%27Vulture+spying+for+Israel%27+caught+in+Sudan&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft.aulast=Tait&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael%2F9734674%2FVulture-spying-for-Israel-caught-in-Sudan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New-AS-List-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New-AS-List_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New-AS-List_159-1">b</a> * <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Chesler" title="Phyllis Chesler">Phyllis Chesler</a>. The New Antisemitism: The Current Crisis and What We Must Do About It, Jossey-Bass, 2003, pp. 158–159, 181 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Kinsella" title="Warren Kinsella">Warren Kinsella</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://warrenkinsella.com/oldsite/old/words_extremism_nas.htm">The New antisemitism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729171012/http://warrenkinsella.com/oldsite/old/words_extremism_nas.htm">Archived</a> 29 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1278580,00.html">"Jews predict record level of hate attacks: Militant Islamic media accused of stirring up new wave of antisemitism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080115132604/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1278580,00.html">Archived</a> 15 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 8 August 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Endelman" title="Todd Endelman">Todd M. Endelman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lmym8zUBCKcC&pg=PA65">"Antisemitism in Western Europe Today"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117161939/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lmym8zUBCKcC&pg=PA65">Archived</a> 17 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World. University of Toronto Press, 2005, pp. 65–79.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Matas" title="David Matas">David Matas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYR7SqcMe9gC&pg=PA30">Aftershock: Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117161942/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYR7SqcMe9gC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> 17 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Dundurn Press, 2005, pp. 30–31.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Wistrich" title="Robert S. Wistrich">Robert S. Wistrich</a> "From Ambivalence to Betrayal: The Left, the Jews, and Israel (Studies in Antisemitism)", University of Nebraska Press, 2012</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_160-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031205153139/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=2791">"Antiglobalism's Jewish Problem"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ron_Rosenbaum" title="Ron Rosenbaum">Rosenbaum, Ron</a> (ed.). Those who forget the past: The Question of Anti-Semitism, Random House 2004, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Klug" title="Brian Klug">Klug, Brian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20040202&s=klug">"The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090701082702/http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20040202&s=klug">Archived</a> 1 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive. <a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(U.S._periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nation (U.S. periodical)">The Nation</a>, posted 15 January 2004 (2 February 2004 issue). Retrieved 9 January 2006; and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lerner_(rabbi)" title="Michael Lerner (rabbi)">Lerner, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/020207LERNER.shtml">"There Is No New Anti-Semitism'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110126094118/http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/020207LERNER.shtml">Archived</a> 26 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, posted 5 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanes2004-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanes2004_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChanes2004">Chanes (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanes20045–6-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanes20045%E2%80%936_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChanes2004">Chanes (2004)</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery198511-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery198511_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery1985">Flannery (1985)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery200412-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery200412_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery2004">Flannery (2004)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-166'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery2004%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery2004">Flannery (2004)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-gruen-167"><a href="#cite_ref-gruen_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erich_S._Gruen" title="Erich S. Gruen">Gruen, Erich S.</a> (1993). "Hellenism and Persecution: Antiochus IV and the Jews". In Green, Peter (ed.). Hellenistic History and Culture. University of California Press. pp. 250–252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hellenism+and+Persecution%3A+Antiochus+IV+and+the+Jews&rft.btitle=Hellenistic+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=250-252&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schäfer-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Sch%C3%A4fer_168-0">^</a> Schäfer, Peter. Judeophobia, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1997, p. 208.<a href="/wiki/Peter_Schaefer_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Schaefer (author)">Peter Schäfer</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barclay-169"><a href="#cite_ref-Barclay_169-0">^</a> Barclay, John M G, 1999. Jews in the Mediterranean Diaspora: From Alexander to Trajan (323 BCE–117 CE), University of California. John M. G. Barclay of the <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">University of Durham</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Philo of Alexandria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book36.html">Flaccus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804174650/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book36.html">Archived</a> 4 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanderhorst-171"><a href="#cite_ref-vanderhorst_171-0">^</a> Van Der Horst, Pieter Willem, 2003. Philo's Flaccus: The First Pogrom, Philo of Alexandria Commentary Series, Brill. <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">Pieter Willem van der Horst</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcherikover-172"><a href="#cite_ref-tcherikover_172-0">^</a> Tcherikover, Victor, Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews, New York: Atheneum, 1975 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohak-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Bohak_173-0">^</a> Bohak, Gideon. "The Ibis and the Jewish Question: Ancient 'Antisemitism' in Historical Context" in Menachem Mor et al., Jews and Gentiles in the Holy Land in the Days of the Second Temple, the Mishna and the Talmud, Yad Ben-Zvi Press, 2003, pp. 27–43 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9652172057" title="Special:BookSources/9652172057">9652172057</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels_J.L.1979" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels J.L. (1979). "Anti-Semitism in the Hellenistic-Roman Period". Journal of Biblical Literature. 98 (1): 45–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3265911">10.2307/3265911</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3265911">3265911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Anti-Semitism+in+the+Hellenistic-Roman+Period&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-65&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3265911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3265911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Daniels+J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Colpe, Carsten (Berlin). "Anti-Semitism." Brill's New Pauly. Antiquity volumes edited by: Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider. Brill, 2008. Brill Online. 28 April 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Carroll, James. <a href="/wiki/Constantine%27s_Sword" title="Constantine's Sword">Constantine's Sword</a> (Houghton Mifflin, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-77927-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-77927-8">0-395-77927-8</a> p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowney1999" class="citation book cs1">Lowney, Chris (1999). A Vanished World: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Medieval Spain. Brill. pp. 124–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004112063" title="Special:BookSources/9789004112063"><bdi>9789004112063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vanished+World%3A+Muslims%2C+Christians%2C+and+Jews+in+Medieval+Spain&rft.pages=124-125&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789004112063&rft.aulast=Lowney&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez_Salinero1996" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez Salinero, Raul (1996). Alberto Ferreiro (ed.). The Visigoths: Studies in Culture and Society. Oxford University Press. pp. 29–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195311914" title="Special:BookSources/9780195311914"><bdi>9780195311914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visigoths%3A+Studies+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780195311914&rft.aulast=Gonzalez+Salinero&rft.aufirst=Raul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorsky2015" class="citation book cs1">Gorsky, Jeffrey (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=964eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26">Exiles in Sepharad: The Jewish Millennium in Spain</a>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827612419" title="Special:BookSources/9780827612419"><bdi>9780827612419</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exiles+in+Sepharad%3A+The+Jewish+Millennium+in+Spain&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780827612419&rft.aulast=Gorsky&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D964eCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenocal2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rosa_Menocal" title="María Rosa Menocal">Menocal, María Rosa</a> (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ornamentofworldh00meno">The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain</a>. Back Bay Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-16871-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-16871-7"><bdi>978-0-316-16871-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ornament+of+the+World%3A+How+Muslims%2C+Jews+and+Christians+Created+a+Culture+of+Tolerance+in+Medieval+Spain&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2003-04&rft.isbn=978-0-316-16871-7&rft.aulast=Menocal&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Rosa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fornamentofworldh00meno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrySchweitzer2002267–268-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerrySchweitzer2002267%E2%80%93268_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerrySchweitzer2002">Perry & Schweitzer (2002)</a>, pp. 267–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada">Granada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224005745/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada">Archived</a> 24 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. 1906 ed. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarzigHoerderShubert200342-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarzigHoerderShubert200342_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarzigHoerderShubert2003">Harzig, Hoerder & Shubert (2003)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBat_Ye'or1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bat_Ye%27or" title="Bat Ye'or">Bat Ye'or</a> (1985). The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. Madison, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838632628" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838632628"><bdi>978-0838632628</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dhimmi%3A+Jews+and+Christians+Under+Islam&rft.place=Madison%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0838632628&rft.au=Bat+Ye%27or&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-islamicworldeb-185"><a href="#cite_ref-islamicworldeb_185-0">^</a> Islamic world. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2 September 2007, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26925">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213154933/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26925">Archived</a> 13 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrankLeaman2003137–138-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankLeaman2003137%E2%80%93138_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankLeaman2003137%E2%80%93138_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrankLeaman2003137%E2%80%93138_186-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrankLeaman2003">Frank & Leaman (2003)</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/IntergroupTO/JewishMuslim/Almohads.htm">The Almohads</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213223723/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/IntergroupTO/JewishMuslim/Almohads.htm">Archived</a> 13 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Myjewishlearning.com. Retrieved 2 June 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070728230344/http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39">"Historical Timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theforgottenrefugees.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=39">the original</a> on 28 July 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theforgottenrefugees.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D66%26Itemid%3D39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988">. The Forgotten Refugees </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Chazan" title="Robert Chazan">Robert Chazan</a>, In the Year 1096: The First Crusade and the Jews (1996) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/5684490/in-the-year-1096-the-first-crusade-and-the-jews">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726053850/https://www.questia.com/library/5684490/in-the-year-1096-the-first-crusade-and-the-jews">Archived</a> 26 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorliss_K._Slack2013" class="citation book cs1">Corliss K. Slack (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uX8e2zU_TG0C&pg=PA108">Historical Dictionary of the Crusades</a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 108–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810878310" title="Special:BookSources/9780810878310"><bdi>9780810878310</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001632/https://books.google.com/books?id=uX8e2zU_TG0C&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=108-9&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780810878310&rft.au=Corliss+K.+Slack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuX8e2zU_TG0C%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> History of the reign of Charles VI, titled <a href="/wiki/Chronique_de_Religieux_de_Saint-Denys" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronique de Religieux de Saint-Denys">Chronique de Religieux de Saint-Denys</a>, encompasses the king's full reign in six volumes. Originally written in Latin, the work was translated to French in six volumes by L. Bellaguet between 1839 and 1852. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031211173212/http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html">"Why the Jews? – Black Death"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/2-3.html">the original</a> on 11 December 2003. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+the+Jews%3F+%E2%80%93+Black+Death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustcenterpgh.net%2F2-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Franco Mormando, The Preacher's Demons: Bernardino of Siena and the Social Underworld of Early Renaissance Italy, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1999, Ch. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Black_194-0">^</a> See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire ("The greatest epidemics in history"), in <a href="/wiki/L%27Histoire" title="L'Histoire">L'Histoire</a> magazine, n°310, June 2006, p. 47 (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_195-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a> (1987) A History of the Jews. New York: HarperCollins. p.242. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-551-76858-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-551-76858-9">5-551-76858-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> "Bogdan Chmelnitzki leads Cossack uprising against Polish rule; 100,000 Jews are killed and hundreds of Jewish communities are destroyed." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/religion/judaism/timeline.html">Judaism Timeline 1618–1770</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020024503/http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/religion/judaism/timeline.html">Archived</a> 20 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. Retrieved 13 May 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> "... as many as 100,000 Jews were murdered throughout the Ukraine by Bogdan Chmielnicki's soldiers on the rampage." <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a>. Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past, Columbia University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-10965-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-10965-2">0-231-10965-2</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Paul S., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00paul_0/page/42">The Oxford companion to United States history</a>. Oxford: Oxford Univ. 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"Hungary". In Singer, Isidore (ed.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. Vol. 6. New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheJewishEncyclopediaVIGodIstria/page/n511">494–503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hungary&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=494-503&rft.pub=Funk+and+Wagnalls+Co.&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCchler&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> O'Brien, H.C. Ideas of Religious Toleration at the time of Joseph II. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Ingrao, W. Charles, The Habsburg Monarchy 1618-1815, Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 199 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> O'Brien, H.C. Ideas of Religious Toleration at the time of Joseph II. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> Ages Arnold. "Tainted Greatness: The Case of Voltaire's Anti-Semitism: The Testimony of the Correspondence." Neohelicon 21.2 (Sept. 1994): 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Meyer, Paul H. "The Attitude of the Enlightenment Toward the Jew." Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, 26 (1963): 1177. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Poliakov" title="Léon Poliakov">Poliakov, L.</a> The History of Anti-Semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner. Routledge & Kegan Paul, Ltd., 1975 (translated). page 88-89. </li> <li id="cite_note-Battini1-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Battini1_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battini1_207-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battini1_207-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattini2016" class="citation book cs1">Battini, Michele (2016). Socialism of Fools: Capitalism and Modern Anti-Semitism. 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The Holocaust Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Baumel%2C+Judith+Tydor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael2008128–129-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael2008128%E2%80%93129_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael2008128%E2%80%93129_215-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael2008128%E2%80%93129_215-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichael2008128%E2%80%93129_215-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichael2008">Michael (2008)</a>, pp. 128–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraetz1996" class="citation book cs1">Graetz, Michael (1996). The Jews in Nineteenth-century France: From the French Revolution to the Alliance Israélite Universelle. 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YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207052626/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Military_Service_in_Russia">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YIVO+Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=Military+Service+in+Russia&rft.date=2017-06-08&rft.aulast=Petrovsky-Shtern&rft.aufirst=Yohanan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FMilitary_Service_in_Russia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, Harper Perennial, 1986, p 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Van_der_Kiste" title="John Van der Kiste">John Van der Kiste</a>,The Romanovs 1818–1959, Sutton, 1998, p 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris10-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris10_221-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a>. <a href="//archive.org/details/righteousvictims0000morr" class="extiw" title="iarchive:righteousvictims0000morr">Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001</a>. 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Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 181–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00807-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00807-3"><bdi>978-0-691-00807-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Islam&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=181-183&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00807-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a>, Jerusalem, Phoenix, 2011, pp. 429–432 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, What Went Wrong?, Phoenix, 2002, p 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-bismarck-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bismarck_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bismarck_225-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bismarck_225-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bismarck_225-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bismarck_225-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Steinberg_(historian)" title="Jonathan Steinberg (historian)">Steinberg, Jonathan</a> (2011) Bismarck: A Life New York: Oxford, pp.388–90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997539-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997539-6">978-0-19-997539-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDE-226"><a href="#cite_ref-BDE_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/50249029/?terms=The+Despot+of+Russia...">"The Despot of Russia..."</a> <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, NY</a>. 22 December 1846. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=The+Despot+of+Russia...&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1846-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbklyn.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F50249029%2F%3Fterms%3DThe%2BDespot%2Bof%2BRussia...&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BDE-Whitman-227"><a href="#cite_ref-BDE-Whitman_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/50243090/?terms=Anecdotes+of+Jews%2C+and+their+peculiar+traits">"Anecdotes of Jews, and their peculiar traits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Daily_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Daily Eagle">Brooklyn Daily Eagle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, NY</a>. 8 January 1847. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=Anecdotes+of+Jews%2C+and+their+peculiar+traits&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1847-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbklyn.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F50243090%2F%3Fterms%3DAnecdotes%2Bof%2BJews%252C%2Band%2Btheir%2Bpeculiar%2Btraits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Rapport, Michael. (2005) Nineteenth Century Europe. New York: Palgrave MacMillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333652460" title="Special:BookSources/0333652460">0333652460</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_M._Green2003" class="citation journal cs1">Harold M. Green (2003). "Adolf Stoecker:Portrait of a Demagogue". Politics and Policy. 31 (1): 106–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-1346.2003.tb00889.x">10.1111/j.1747-1346.2003.tb00889.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Adolf+Stoecker%3APortrait+of+a+Demagogue&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106-129&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1747-1346.2003.tb00889.x&rft.au=Harold+M.+Green&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._A._Jeremy_Telman1995" class="citation journal cs1">D. A. Jeremy Telman (1995). "Adolf Stoecker: Anti-Semite with a Christian Mission". Jewish History. 9 (2): 93–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01668991">10.1007/BF01668991</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20101235">20101235</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162391831">162391831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Adolf+Stoecker%3A+Anti-Semite+with+a+Christian+Mission&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-112&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162391831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20101235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01668991&rft.au=D.+A.+Jeremy+Telman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlannery2004168-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlannery2004168_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlannery2004">Flannery (2004)</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs2005-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs2005_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2005" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Jack (2005). "Marx, Karl (1818–1883)". In Levy, Richard S. (ed.). Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 446–447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marx%2C+Karl+%281818%E2%80%931883%29&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Prejudice+and+Persecution&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=446-447&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-439-4&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1999112-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1999112_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1999">Lewis (1999)</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerrySchweitzer2005154–157-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerrySchweitzer2005154%E2%80%93157_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerrySchweitzer2005">Perry & Schweitzer (2005)</a>, pp. 154–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stav2003-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Stav2003_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStav2003" class="citation book cs1">Stav, Arieh (2003). "Israeli Anti-Semitism". In Sharan, Shlomo (ed.). Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-52-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-52-9"><bdi>978-1-903900-52-9</bdi></a>. <q>Hitler simply copied Marx's own anti-Semitism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israeli+Anti-Semitism&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Post-Zionists%3A+A+Nation+at+Risk&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-903900-52-9&rft.aulast=Stav&rft.aufirst=Arieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muravchik2003-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Muravchik2003_236-0">^</a> According to Joshua Muravchik Marx's aspiration for "the emancipation of society from Judaism" because "the practical Jewish spirit" of "huckstering" had taken over the Christian nations is not that far from the Nazi program's twenty-four-point: "combat[ing] the Jewish-materialist spirit within us and without us" in order "that our nation can […] achieve permanent health." See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuravchik2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Muravchik" title="Joshua Muravchik">Muravchik, Joshua</a> (2003). Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism. San Francisco: Encounter Books. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893554-45-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893554-45-0"><bdi>978-1-893554-45-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Socialism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-893554-45-0&rft.aulast=Muravchik&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Lindemann, Albert S. Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79538-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79538-9">0-521-79538-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79538-8">978-0-521-79538-8</a>. p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaccoby2006" class="citation book cs1">Maccoby, Hyam (2006). Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity. London: Routledge. pp. 64–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31173-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31173-1"><bdi>978-0-415-31173-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+and+Modernity%3A+Innovation+and+Continuity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64-66&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-31173-1&rft.aulast=Maccoby&rft.aufirst=Hyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> David McLellan (1970) Marx before Marxism: pp. 141–142.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY._Peled1992" class="citation journal cs1">Y. Peled (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telaviv.academia.edu/YoavPeled/Papers/228344/From_Theology_to_Sociology_Bruno_Bauer_and_Karl_Marx_on_the_Question_of_Jewish_Emancipation">"From theology to sociology: Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx on the question of Jewish emancipation"</a>. History of Political Thought. 13 (3): 463–485. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161924/https://www.academia.edu/280575/From_Theology_to_Sociology_Bruno_Bauer_and_Karl_Marx_on_the_Question_of_Jewish_Emancipation">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Thought&rft.atitle=From+theology+to+sociology%3A+Bruno+Bauer+and+Karl+Marx+on+the+question+of+Jewish+emancipation&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=463-485&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Y.+Peled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelaviv.academia.edu%2FYoavPeled%2FPapers%2F228344%2FFrom_Theology_to_Sociology_Bruno_Bauer_and_Karl_Marx_on_the_Question_of_Jewish_Emancipation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Brown_(political_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendy Brown (political scientist)">Brown, Wendy</a> (1995). "Rights and Identity in Late Modernity: Revisiting the 'Jewish Question'". In Sarat, Austin; Kearns, Thomas (eds.). Identities, Politics, and Rights. University of Michigan Press. pp. 85–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rights+and+Identity+in+Late+Modernity%3A+Revisiting+the+%27Jewish+Question%27&rft.btitle=Identities%2C+Politics%2C+and+Rights&rft.pages=85-130&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fine, Robert (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224193202/http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10">"Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism"</a>. Engage (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33">the original</a> on 24 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engage&rft.atitle=Karl+Marx+and+the+Radical+Critique+of+Anti-Semitism&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2006-05&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engageonline.org.uk%2Fjournal%2Findex.php%3Fjournal_id%3D10%26article_id%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Iain Hampsher-Monk, A History of Modern Political Thought (1992), Blackwell Publishing, p. 496 </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Wheen, F., Karl Marx, p. 56.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan1980142-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan1980142_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLellan1980">McLellan (1980)</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanes2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidju7U83nRDt8CpgPA72_72]-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanes2004%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidju7U83nRDt8CpgPA72_72%5D_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChanes2004">Chanes (2004)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ju7U83nRDt8C&pg=PA72">72</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTdn6FFZklkcCpgPA243_vol._1,_p.&nbsp;72]-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevy2005%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidTdn6FFZklkcCpgPA243_vol._1,_p.&nbsp;72%5D_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevy2005">Levy (2005)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&pg=PA243">vol. 1, p. 72</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson" class="citation web cs1">Abramson, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Russian_Civil_War">"Russian Civil War"</a>. YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175836/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Russian_Civil_War">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YIVO+Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=Russian+Civil+War&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FRussian_Civil_War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArad2000" class="citation book cs1">Arad, Gulie Ne'eman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaitsjewsri00arad/page/174">America, Its Jews, and the Rise of Nazism</a>. Indianapolis: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaitsjewsri00arad/page/174">174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33809-9"><bdi>978-0-253-33809-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%2C+Its+Jews%2C+and+the+Rise+of+Nazism&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33809-9&rft.aulast=Arad&rft.aufirst=Gulie+Ne%27eman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericaitsjewsri00arad%2Fpage%2F174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer201460-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer201460_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajer2014">Majer (2014)</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> see also <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a> (7 April 1933) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2014113,_116,_118-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer2014113,_116,_118_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajer2014">Majer (2014)</a>, pp. 113, 116, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Ian Kershaw (2008) Fateful Choices: 441–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2017" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Brian (20 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-america-first-20170120-story.html">"'America First,' a phrase with a loaded anti-Semitic and isolationist history"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107115008/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-america-first-20170120-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27America+First%2C%27+a+phrase+with+a+loaded+anti-Semitic+and+isolationist+history&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-pol-trump-america-first-20170120-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalamur2017" class="citation news cs1">Calamur, Krishnadev (21 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/trump-america-first/514037/">"A Short History of 'America First'"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203044351/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/trump-america-first/514037/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+%27America+First%27&rft.date=2017-01-21&rft.aulast=Calamur&rft.aufirst=Krishnadev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2017%2F01%2Ftrump-america-first%2F514037%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2013" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Susan (4 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZUniR1uQcUC&pg=PA66">1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election amid the Storm</a>. Yale University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300195132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300195132"><bdi>978-0300195132</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001721/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZUniR1uQcUC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 26 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1940%3A+FDR%2C+Willkie%2C+Lindbergh%2C+Hitler-the+Election+amid+the+Storm&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013-06-04&rft.isbn=978-0300195132&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ZUniR1uQcUC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Cole, Wayne S. (1974) Charles Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp.171–74 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-118168-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-118168-3">0-15-118168-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Levy, Richard S. "Lindbergh, Charles (1902–1974)" in <a href="#CITEREFLevy2005">Levy (2005)</a>, vol. 1, pp.423–424 </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Martin Kitchen (2007) The Third Reich: A Concise History. Tempus. </li> <li id="cite_note-saul1-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saul1_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saul1_260-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Saul Friedländer</a> (2008): The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews. London, Phoenix </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Benz" title="Wolfgang Benz">Wolfgang Benz</a> in Dimension des Volksmords: Die Zahl der Jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus (Munich: Deutscher Taschebuch Verlag, 1991). Israel Gutman, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, Macmillan Reference Books; Reference edition (1 October 1995) </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz">Dawidowicz, Lucy</a>. The War Against The Jews, 1933–1945. New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975. </li> <li id="cite_note-jcws-263"><a href="#cite_ref-jcws_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstantin_Azadovskii_and_Boris_Egorov2002" class="citation journal cs1">Konstantin Azadovskii and Boris Egorov (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/egorov.htm#REF31">"From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism"</a>. Journal of Cold War Studies. 4:1 (Winter): 66–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161918/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/egorov.htm#REF31">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=From+Anti-Westernism+to+Anti-Semitism&rft.volume=4%3A1&rft.issue=Winter&rft.pages=66-80&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Konstantin+Azadovskii+and+Boris+Egorov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~hpcws%2Fegorov.htm%23REF31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Myth-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Myth_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Myth_264-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaphaelJennifer_Patai1989" class="citation book cs1">Raphael; Jennifer Patai (1989). The Myth of the Jewish Race. Wayne State University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1948-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1948-2"><bdi>978-0-8143-1948-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Jewish+Race&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-1948-2&rft.au=Raphael&rft.au=Jennifer+Patai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_265-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/more-than-a-century-of-antisemitism-how-successive-occupants-of-the-kremlin-have-used-antisemitism/">"More than a Century of Antisemitism: How Successive Occupants of the Kremlin Have Used Antisemitism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 25 January 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=More+than+a+Century+of+Antisemitism%3A+How+Successive+Occupants+of+the+Kremlin+Have+Used+Antisemitism&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fmore-than-a-century-of-antisemitism-how-successive-occupants-of-the-kremlin-have-used-antisemitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-266">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_266-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_266-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_266-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_266-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_266-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabarovsky2019" class="citation web cs1">Tabarovsky, Izabella (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fathomjournal.org/soviet-anti-zionism-and-contemporary-left-antisemitism/">"Soviet Anti-Zionism and Contemporary Left Antisemitism"</a>. Fathom Journal. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fathom+Journal&rft.atitle=Soviet+Anti-Zionism+and+Contemporary+Left+Antisemitism&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.aulast=Tabarovsky&rft.aufirst=Izabella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffathomjournal.org%2Fsoviet-anti-zionism-and-contemporary-left-antisemitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyvchin2019" class="citation web cs1">Ryvchin, Alex (10 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/red-terror-how-the-soviet-union-shaped-the-modern-anti-zionist-discourse/">"Red Terror: How the Soviet Union Shaped the Modern Anti-Zionist Discourse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_International_Affairs" title="Australian Institute of International Affairs">Australian Institute of International Affairs</a>. 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Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3158-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-3158-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001712/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&pg=PA233#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. 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University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2963-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2963-8"><bdi>978-0-7618-2963-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001648/https://books.google.com/books?id=xZ5Ceq6l0M0C&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+without+civilization%3A+Mass+murder+and+the+Holocaust%2C+history+and+analysis&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-2963-8&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Robert+Melvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxZ5Ceq6l0M0C%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mgjmsp-272"><a href="#cite_ref-mgjmsp_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusanne_Urban2004" class="citation journal cs1">Susanne Urban (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-urban-f04.htm">"Anti-Semitism in Germany Today: Its Roots and Tendencies"</a>. Jewish Political Studies Review. 16 (3–4): 119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161926/https://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-urban-f04.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2021. 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Retrieved 17 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J&rft.atitle=Rabbi%27s+son+foils+bombing+attempt+at+Moscow+shul+%E2%80%93+j.+the+Jewish+news+weekly+of+Northern+California&rft.date=1999-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jweekly.com%2Farticle%2Ffull%2F11250%2Frabbi-s-son-foils-bombing-attempt-at-moscow-shul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/12/international/12briefs.html">"World Briefing: Asia, Europe, Americas and Africa"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fighthatred.com/recent-events/national-political-hate/884-rise-of-anti-semitism-in-the-ukraine-threatens-jewish-pilgrimages-to-uman">the original</a> on 15 June 2013. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4518-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4518-2"><bdi>978-0-7425-4518-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001601/https://books.google.com/books?id=5rJ85OyVWV0C&pg=PA212#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. 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Jewish Historical Studies. 51 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14324%2F111.444.jhs.2020v51.032">10.14324/111.444.jhs.2020v51.032</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-1290">2397-1290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=%22The+word+%27Jew%27+has+several+meanings+in+relation+to+commerce%2C+but+almost+all+negative%22%3A+on+the+evolution+of+a+projection&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14324%2F111.444.jhs.2020v51.032&rft.issn=2397-1290&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFschalomlibertad2009" class="citation web cs1">schalomlibertad (23 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/antisemitism-modern-critique-capitalism">"Antisemitism and the (modern) critique of capitalism"</a>. libcom.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180431/https://libcom.org/library/antisemitism-modern-critique-capitalism">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023. <q>Adorno, T. (1951), Minima Moralia. Reflexionen aus dem beschädigten Leben, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, p. 141.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libcom.org&rft.atitle=Antisemitism+and+the+%28modern%29+critique+of+capitalism&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.au=schalomlibertad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fantisemitism-modern-critique-capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrivellato,_Francesca2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Trivellato" title="Francesca Trivellato">Trivellato, Francesca</a> (28 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/what-is-the-link-between-medieval-and-modern-antisemitism">"The rumour about the Jews"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(magazine)" title="Aeon (magazine)">Aeon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180457/https://aeon.co/essays/what-is-the-link-between-medieval-and-modern-antisemitism">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023. <q>Theodor Adorno in 1951 called 'the rumour about Jews'...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aeon&rft.atitle=The+rumour+about+the+Jews&rft.date=2020-01-28&rft.au=Trivellato%2C+Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faeon.co%2Fessays%2Fwhat-is-the-link-between-medieval-and-modern-antisemitism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VP81v2Y24HUC&pg=PA9">Page 9</a> in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Lazare2006" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Lazare (2006). Anti-Semitism: Its History and Causes. Cosimo, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781596056015" title="Special:BookSources/9781596056015"><bdi>9781596056015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Semitism%3A+Its+History+and+Causes&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781596056015&rft.au=Bernard+Lazare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrusteinRoberts2015" class="citation book cs1">Brustein, William L.; Roberts, Louisa (2015). The Scialism of Fools: Leftist Origins of Modern Anti-Semitism. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. <q>Lazare argued in his book that Jews, because of their exclusiveness, arrogance, and unsociability, were themselves responsible for anti-Semitism. Lazare blames the Jewish religion and laws for these negative traits. His bool was widely reviewed and is by many accounts a seminal anti-Semitic text. Lazare's authorship of such an anti-Semitic work is ironic, given the role he would soon play in the Dreyfus Affair.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scialism+of+Fools%3A+Leftist+Origins+of+Modern+Anti-Semitism&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Brustein&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Louisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-q406-325"><a href="#cite_ref-q406_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanson2018" class="citation journal cs1">Swanson, Joel (21 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel9100322">"We Spring from that History: Bernard Lazare, between Universalism and Particularism"</a>. Religions. 9 (10): 322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel9100322">10.3390/rel9100322</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=We+Spring+from+that+History%3A+Bernard+Lazare%2C+between+Universalism+and+Particularism&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=322&rft.date=2018-10-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel9100322&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel9100322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur2006154-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur2006154_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur2006154_326-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaqueur2006">Laqueur (2006)</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Young1984" class="citation journal cs1">Philip Young (1984). "Hawthorne's secret: an un-told tale". The Georgia Review. 38 (3): 664–666. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41398742">41398742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Georgia+Review&rft.atitle=Hawthorne%27s+secret%3A+an+un-told+tale&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=664-666&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41398742%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Philip+Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s525-328"><a href="#cite_ref-s525_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Cassen, Flora (2020). "Jews and Money: Time for a New Story?". Jewish Quarterly Review. 110 (2): 373–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjqr.2020.0007">10.1353/jqr.2020.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-0604">1553-0604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Jews+and+Money%3A+Time+for+a+New+Story%3F&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=373-382&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjqr.2020.0007&rft.issn=1553-0604&rft.aulast=Cassen&rft.aufirst=Flora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a817-329"><a href="#cite_ref-a817_329-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMell2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mell, Julie L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24709715">"Cultural Meanings of Money in Medieval Ashkenaz: On Gift, Profit, and Value in Medieval Judaism and Christianity"</a>. Jewish History. 28 (2). Springer: 125–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10835-014-9212-3">10.1007/s10835-014-9212-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-701X">0334-701X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24709715">24709715</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Cultural+Meanings+of+Money+in+Medieval+Ashkenaz%3A+On+Gift%2C+Profit%2C+and+Value+in+Medieval+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-158&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=0334-701X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24709715%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10835-014-9212-3&rft.aulast=Mell&rft.aufirst=Julie+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24709715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-330">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_330-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_330-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNirenberg2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Nirenberg" title="David Nirenberg">Nirenberg, David</a> (2014). Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition (1. publ. as Norton paperb ed.). New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34791-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-34791-3"><bdi>978-0-393-34791-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Judaism%3A+The+Western+Tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1.+publ.+as+Norton+paperb&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-393-34791-3&rft.aulast=Nirenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2023" class="citation web cs1">Hall, Brett (1 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quillette.com/2023/11/01/antisemitism-the-sinister-pattern/">"Antisemitism: The Sinister Pattern"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Quillette" title="Quillette">Quillette</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quillette&rft.atitle=Antisemitism%3A+The+Sinister+Pattern&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquillette.com%2F2023%2F11%2F01%2Fantisemitism-the-sinister-pattern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes2023" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Landes" title="Richard Landes">Landes, Richard</a> (1 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fathomjournal.org/fathom-long-read-lethal-journalism-and-the-pattern-why-the-world-fell-for-hamas-al-ahli-lie/">"Lethal Journalism and the Pattern: Why the World Fell for Hamas' Al Ahli Lie"</a>. Fathom Journal. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fathom+Journal&rft.atitle=Lethal+Journalism+and+the+Pattern%3A+Why+the+World+Fell+for+Hamas%27+Al+Ahli+Lie&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffathomjournal.org%2Ffathom-long-read-lethal-journalism-and-the-pattern-why-the-world-fell-for-hamas-al-ahli-lie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Landes" title="Richard Landes">Landes, Richard</a> (30 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isgap.org/flashpoint/the-small-matter-of-malice-the-pattern-of-antisemitism-now-and-then-meditations-on-the-pattern-of-antisemitism/">"The Small Matter of Malice: Meditations on "the Pattern" of Antisemitism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Global_Antisemitism_and_Policy" title="Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy">Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy</a>. Retrieved 29 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+the+Study+of+Global+Antisemitism+and+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Small+Matter+of+Malice%3A+Meditations+on+%22the+Pattern%22+of+Antisemitism&rft.date=2019-08-30&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisgap.org%2Fflashpoint%2Fthe-small-matter-of-malice-the-pattern-of-antisemitism-now-and-then-meditations-on-the-pattern-of-antisemitism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-334">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_334-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_334-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dara_Horn" title="Dara Horn">Horn, Dara</a> (7 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/10/october-7-anti-semitism-united-states/680176/">"October 7 Created a Permission Structure for Anti-Semitism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic (magazine)">The Atlantic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-9463">2151-9463</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20241010011236/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/10/october-7-anti-semitism-united-states/680176/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=October+7+Created+a+Permission+Structure+for+Anti-Semitism&rft.date=2024-10-07&rft.issn=2151-9463&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Dara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2024%2F10%2Foctober-7-anti-semitism-united-states%2F680176%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_335-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000263702">Addressing anti-semitism through education: guidelines for policymakers</a>. UNESCO. 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100274-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100274-8"><bdi>978-92-3-100274-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117130019/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000263702">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Addressing+anti-semitism+through+education%3A+guidelines+for+policymakers&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100274-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000263702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dara_Horn" title="Dara Horn">Horn, Dara</a> (6 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/06/auschwitz-not-long-ago-not-far-away/591082/">"Auschwitz Is Not a Metaphor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-9463">2151-9463</a>. 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Retrieved 20 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Can+Diaspora+Ministry%27s+new+monitoring+system+help+better+understand+antisemitism%3F&rft.date=2024-08-19&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fantisemitism%2Farticle-815377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diaspora2-343"><a href="#cite_ref-Diaspora2_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-815209">"Diaspora Ministry unveils system for monitoring antisemitic discourse online"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 18 August 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Diaspora+Ministry+unveils+system+for+monitoring+antisemitic+discourse+online&rft.date=2024-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fantisemitism%2Farticle-815209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.org/adoption-of-the-working-definition">"Adoption of the Working Definition"</a>. American Jewish Committee. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623215205/https://www.ajc.org/adoption-of-the-working-definition">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+Committee&rft.atitle=Adoption+of+the+Working+Definition&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2Fadoption-of-the-working-definition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaasten2003" class="citation book cs1">Baasten, Martin F. J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIIvqaVaLacC&pg=PA58">"A Note on the History of 'Semitic'"</a>. In Baasten, M. F. J.; Van Peursen, W. Th. (eds.). 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Peeters. pp. 57–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-429-1215-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-429-1215-4"><bdi>90-429-1215-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+History+of+%27Semitic%27&rft.btitle=Hamlet+on+a+Hill%3A+Semitic+and+Greek+Studies+Presented+to+Professor+T.+Muraoka+on+the+Occasion+of+His+Sixty-fifth+Birthday&rft.pages=57-73&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-429-1215-4&rft.aulast=Baasten&rft.aufirst=Martin+F.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIIvqaVaLacC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBein1990" class="citation book cs1">Bein, Alex (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQOn0y8ENg4C">The Jewish Question: Biography of a World Problem</a>. 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Society. 59 (1): 25–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12115-022-00665-4">10.1007/s12115-022-00665-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247172627">247172627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=%27Upping+the+Antis%27%3A+Addressing+the+Conceptual+Ambiguities+Surrounding+%27Antisemitism%27&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-33&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12115-022-00665-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247172627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Consonni&rft.aufirst=Manuela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanes2004" class="citation book cs1">Chanes, Jerome A. 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At <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalk2008" class="citation book cs1">Falk, Avner (2008). Anti-Semitism: a History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred. Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35384-0"><bdi>978-0-313-35384-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Semitism%3A+a+History+and+Psychoanalysis+of+Contemporary+Hatred&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35384-0&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.aufirst=Avner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Flannery" title="Edward Flannery">Flannery, Edward H.</a> (1985). The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism. 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Mahwah, NY: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4324-5"><bdi>978-0-8091-4324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anguish+of+the+Jews%3A+Twenty-Three+Centuries+of+Antisemitism&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NY&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4324-5&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Edward+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxman2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Foxman" title="Abraham Foxman">Foxman, Abraham</a> (2010). Jews and Money: The Story of a Stereotype. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11225-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11225-4"><bdi>978-0-230-11225-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Money%3A+The+Story+of+a+Stereotype&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11225-4&rft.aulast=Foxman&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankLeaman2003" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Daniel H.; Leaman, Oliver (2003). The Cambridge companion to medieval Jewish philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65574-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65574-9"><bdi>0-521-65574-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+companion+to+medieval+Jewish+philosophy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-65574-9&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarzigHoerderShubert2003" class="citation book cs1">Harzig, Christiane; Hoerder, Dirk; Shubert, Adrian (2003). The historical practice of diversity : transcultural interactions from the early modern Mediterranean to the postcolonial world. New York: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57181-377-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57181-377-2"><bdi>1-57181-377-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historical+practice+of+diversity+%3A+transcultural+interactions+from+the+early+modern+Mediterranean+to+the+postcolonial+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57181-377-2&rft.aulast=Harzig&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft.au=Hoerder%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Shubert%2C+Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjews00john">A History of the Jews</a>. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091533-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-091533-9"><bdi>978-0-06-091533-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-06-091533-9&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjews00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Johnston" title="Will Johnston">Johnston, William</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dmH7FjxassC&pg=PA27">The Austrian Mind: An Intellectual and Social History, 1848–1938</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04955-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04955-0"><bdi>978-0-520-04955-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001702/https://books.google.com/books?id=-dmH7FjxassC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austrian+Mind%3A+An+Intellectual+and+Social+History%2C+1848%E2%80%931938&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04955-0&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dmH7FjxassC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudaken2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Judaken" title="Jonathan Judaken">Judaken, Jonathan</a> (2018). "Introduction". The American Historical Review. 123 (4): 1122–1138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2Frhy024">10.1093/ahr/rhy024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1122-1138&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2Frhy024&rft.aulast=Judaken&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiraz2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Kiraz" title="George Kiraz">Kiraz, George Anton</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dpl3dHMjVZcC">Computational Nonlinear Morphology: With Emphasis on Semitic Languages</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521631969" title="Special:BookSources/9780521631969"><bdi>9780521631969</bdi></a>. <q>The term "Semitic" is borrowed from the Bible (Gene. x.21 and xi.10–26). It was first used by the Orientalist A. L. Schlözer in 1781 to designate the languages spoken by the Aramæans, Hebrews, Arabs, and other peoples of the Near East (Moscati et al., 1969, Sect. 1.2). Before Schlözer, these languages and dialects were known as Oriental languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computational+Nonlinear+Morphology%3A+With+Emphasis+on+Semitic+Languages&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521631969&rft.aulast=Kiraz&rft.aufirst=George+Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDpl3dHMjVZcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/changingfaceofan00laqu">The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day</a> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530429-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530429-9"><bdi>978-0-19-530429-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Face+of+Antisemitism%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530429-9&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangingfaceofan00laqu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2005" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Richard S., ed. (2005). Antisemitism: a Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+a+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Prejudice+and+Persecution&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-439-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/semitesantisemit0000lewi_n3m3/mode/2up">Semites and Anti-Semites: an Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice</a>. W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31839-5"><bdi>978-0-393-31839-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semites+and+Anti-Semites%3A+an+Inquiry+into+Conflict+and+Prejudice&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31839-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsemitesantisemit0000lewi_n3m3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipstadt2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Lipstadt, Deborah</a> (2019). Antisemitism: Here and Now. <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80524337-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80524337-6"><bdi>978-0-80524337-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+Here+and+Now&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-80524337-6&rft.aulast=Lipstadt&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipstadt1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Lipstadt" title="Deborah Lipstadt">Lipstadt, Deborah</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/denyingholocaust00lips">Denying the Holocaust: the Growing Assault on Truth and Memory</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-27274-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-27274-3"><bdi>978-0-452-27274-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denying+the+Holocaust%3A+the+Growing+Assault+on+Truth+and+Memory&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-452-27274-3&rft.aulast=Lipstadt&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdenyingholocaust00lips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurens2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens_(scholar)" title="Henry Laurens (scholar)">Laurens, Henry</a> (2002). La Question de Palestine. Vol. II. Fayard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Question+de+Palestine&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Laurens&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajer2014" class="citation book cs1">Majer, Diemut (2014). "Non-Germans" Under The Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University_Press" title="Texas Tech University Press">Texas Tech University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896728370" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896728370"><bdi>978-0896728370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Non-Germans%22+Under+The+Third+Reich%3A+The+Nazi+Judicial+and+Administrative+System+in+Germany+and+Occupied+Eastern+Europe%2C+with+Special+Regard+to+Occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0896728370&rft.aulast=Majer&rft.aufirst=Diemut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan1980" class="citation book cs1">McLellan, David (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecharnelhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/David-McClellan-Marx-before-Marxism.pdf">Marx before Marxism</a> (PDF) (2d ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-27883-3"><bdi>978-0-333-27883-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://thecharnelhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/David-McClellan-Marx-before-Marxism.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+before+Marxism&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-27883-3&rft.aulast=McLellan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecharnelhouse.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F05%2FDavid-McClellan-Marx-before-Marxism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZnFAAAAQBAJ">A History of Catholic Antisemitism: The Dark Side of the Church</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61117-7"><bdi>978-0-230-61117-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001702/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZnFAAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Catholic+Antisemitism%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61117-7&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZnFAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrySchweitzer2002" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Marvin; Schweitzer, Frederick M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9yQmyXeNEMQC&pg=PA53">Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16561-1"><bdi>978-0-312-16561-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001722/https://books.google.com/books?id=9yQmyXeNEMQC&pg=PA53#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+Myth+and+Hate+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16561-1&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.au=Schweitzer%2C+Frederick+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9yQmyXeNEMQC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrySchweitzer2005" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Marvin; Schweitzer, Frederick M. (2005). Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present. New York, NY: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16561-1"><bdi>978-0-312-16561-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+Myth+and+Hate+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16561-1&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.au=Schweitzer%2C+Frederick+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Poliakov" title="Léon Poliakov">Poliakov, Léon</a>. The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 1: From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews, University of Pennsylvania Press: 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Poliakov" title="Léon Poliakov">Poliakov, Léon</a>. The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 2: From Mohammad to the Marranos, University of Pennsylvania Press: 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Poliakov" title="Léon Poliakov">Poliakov, Léon</a>. The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 3: From Voltaire to Wagner, University of Pennsylvania Press: 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Poliakov" title="Léon Poliakov">Poliakov, Léon</a>. The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 4: Suicidal Europe 1870–1933, University of Pennsylvania Press: 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Poliakov" title="Léon Poliakov">Poliakov, Léon</a> (1997). "Anti-Semitism". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a> (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Roth" title="Cecil Roth">Cecil Roth</a>. Keter Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-07-0665-8" title="Special:BookSources/965-07-0665-8">965-07-0665-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPragerTelushkin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager, Dennis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Telushkin" title="Joseph Telushkin">Telushkin, Joseph</a> (2003) [1985]. Why the Jews? The Reason for Antisemitism (reprint ed.). Touchstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4620-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-4620-0"><bdi>978-0-7432-4620-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Jews%3F+The+Reason+for+Antisemitism&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Touchstone&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-4620-0&rft.aulast=Prager&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Telushkin%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRattansi2007" class="citation book cs1">Rattansi, Ali (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVOb3MDBmBEC&pg=PA4">Racism: A Very Short Introduction</a>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280590-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280590-4"><bdi>978-0-19-280590-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001645/https://books.google.com/books?id=YVOb3MDBmBEC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280590-4&rft.aulast=Rattansi&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVOb3MDBmBEC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubensteinRoth2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Rubenstein" title="Richard L. Rubenstein">Rubenstein, Richard L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_K._Roth" title="John K. Roth">Roth, John K.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfoBx6skMCkC&pg=PA30">Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22353-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22353-3"><bdi>978-0-664-22353-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001710/https://books.google.com/books?id=IfoBx6skMCkC&pg=PA30#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Auschwitz%3A+The+Holocaust+and+Its+Legacy&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22353-3&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft.au=Roth%2C+John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfoBx6skMCkC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachar1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sachar" title="Howard Sachar">Sachar, Howard Morley</a> (1961). Aliyah: The People of Israel. World Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aliyah%3A+The+People+of+Israel&rft.pub=World+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Sachar&rft.aufirst=Howard+Morley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Tausch, Arno</a> (2018). The Return of Religious Antisemitism? The Evidence from World Values Survey Data (17 November 2018). Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=3286326">SSRN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Tausch, Arno</a> (2015). Islamism and Antisemitism. Preliminary Evidence on Their Relationship from Cross-National Opinion Data (14 August 2015). Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2600825">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161159/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2600825">Archived</a> 20 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2600825">Islamism and Antisemitism. Preliminary Evidence on Their Relationship from Cross-National Opinion Data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117161944/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2600825">Archived</a> 17 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Tausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Tausch (page does not exist)">Tausch, Arno</a> (2014). The New Global Antisemitism: Implications from the Recent ADL-100 Data (14 January 2015). Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Fall 2014). Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2549654">SSRN</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2549654">The New Global Antisemitism: Implications from the Recent ADL-100 Data</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117161945/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2549654">Archived</a> 17 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUry2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ury, Scott (2018). "Strange Bedfellows? Anti-Semitism, Zionism, and the Fate of "the Jews"". The American Historical Review. 123 (4): 1151–1171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2Frhy030">10.1093/ahr/rhy030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Strange+Bedfellows%3F+Anti-Semitism%2C+Zionism%2C+and+the+Fate+of+%22the+Jews%22&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1151-1171&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2Frhy030&rft.aulast=Ury&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> Attribution <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000263702">Addressing anti-semitism through education: guidelines for policymakers</a>, UNESCO. UNESCO.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li>Brustein, William I., and Ryan D. King. "Anti-semitism in Europe before the Holocaust." International Political Science Review 25.1 (2004): 35–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0192512104038166">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407035009/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0192512104038166">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bitton, Israel B., A Brief and Visual History of Antisemitism, Jerusalem : Gefen Publishing, 2022.</li> <li>Carr, Steven Alan. Hollywood and anti-Semitism: A cultural history up to World War II, Cambridge University Press 2001.</li> <li>Cohn, Norman. Warrant for Genocide, Eyre & Spottiswoode 1967; Serif, 1996.</li> <li>Fischer, Klaus P. The History of an Obsession: German Judeophobia and the Holocaust, The Continuum Publishing Company, 1998.</li> <li>Freudmann, Lillian C. Antisemitism in the New Testament, <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>, 1994.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Gerber" title="Jane Gerber">Gerber, Jane S.</a> (1986). "Anti-Semitism and the Muslim World". In History and Hate: The Dimensions of Anti-Semitism, ed. David Berger. Jewish Publications Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0267-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0267-7">0-8276-0267-7</a></li> <li>Goldberg, Sol; Ury, Scott; Weiser, Kalman (eds.). Key Concepts in the Study of Antisemitism (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56840">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211005142905/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56840">Archived</a> 5 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hanebrink, Paul. A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674047686" title="Special:BookSources/9780674047686">9780674047686</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raul_Hilberg" title="Raul Hilberg">Hilberg, Raul</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the European Jews</a>. Holmes & Meier, 1985. 3 volumes.</li> <li>Isser, Natalie. Antisemitism during the French Second Empire (1991)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kertzer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kertzer">Kertzer, David I.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ">The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198716167" title="Special:BookSources/9780198716167"><bdi>9780198716167</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112150430/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc3QAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pope+and+Mussolini%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Pius+XI+and+the+Rise+of+Fascism+in+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780198716167&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXc3QAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newint.org/issues/2004/10/01">Judeophobia: The scourge of antisemitism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102213414/https://newint.org/issues/2004/10/01">Archived</a> 2 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a>, Issue 372, October 2004.</li> <li>McKain, Mark. Anti-Semitism: At Issue, Greenhaven Press, 2005.</li> <li>Marcus, Kenneth L. The Definition of Anti-Semitism, 2015, Oxford University Press</li> <li>Michael, Robert and Philip Rosen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scarecrowpress.com/ISBN/0810858622">Dictionary of Antisemitism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220162613/https://rowman.com/ISBN/0810858622">Archived</a> 20 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2007</li> <li>Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nirenberg" title="David Nirenberg">Nirenberg, David</a>. Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2013) 610 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05824-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05824-6">978-0-393-05824-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson1986" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Peter (1986). Anti-Judaism in Early Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University_Press" title="Wilfrid Laurier University Press">Wilfrid Laurier University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-167-5"><bdi>978-0-88920-167-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Judaism+in+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-167-5&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Porat, Dina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081228192541/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/818365.html">"What makes an anti-Semite?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, 27 January 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2010.</li> <li>Selzer, Michael (ed.). "Kike!" : A Documentary History of Anti-Semitism in America, New York 1972.</li> <li>Small, Charles Asher ed. The Yale Papers: Antisemitism In Comparative Perspective (Institute For the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isgap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Yale-Papers-Complete-071315-Reprinted.pdf#page=417">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003014435/https://isgap.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Yale-Papers-Complete-071315-Reprinted.pdf#page=417">Archived</a> 3 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, scholarly studies.</li> <li>Stav, Arieh (1999). Peace: The Arabian Caricature – A Study of Anti-semitic Imagery. Gefen Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-229-215-X" title="Special:BookSources/965-229-215-X">965-229-215-X</a>.</li> <li>Steinweis, Alan E. Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Harvard University Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02205-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02205-X">0-674-02205-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stillman" title="Norman Stillman">Stillman, Norman</a>. The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. 1979). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8276-0198-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8276-0198-0">0-8276-0198-0</a></li> <li>Stillman, N.A. (2006). "Yahud". <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Eds.: P.J. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill. Brill Online</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2018" class="citation ssrn cs1">Tausch, Arno (2018). "The Effects of 'Nostra Aetate:' Comparative Analyses of Catholic Antisemitism More Than Five Decades after the Second Vatican Council". <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3098079">3098079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+Network&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+%27Nostra+Aetate%3A%27+Comparative+Analyses+of+Catholic+Antisemitism+More+Than+Five+Decades+after+the+Second+Vatican+Council&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3098079%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTausch2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tausch, Arno (14 January 2015). "The New Global Antisemitism: Implications from the Recent ADL-100 Data". Middle East Review of International Affairs. 18 (3 (Fall 2014)). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.2549654">10.2139/ssrn.2549654</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59022284">59022284</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2549654">2549654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Review+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+New+Global+Antisemitism%3A+Implications+from+the+Recent+ADL-100+Data&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3+%28Fall+2014%29&rft.date=2015-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59022284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2549654%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2549654&rft.aulast=Tausch&rft.aufirst=Arno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/102301.pdf">"Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism: A Report Provided to the United States Congress"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121171610/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/102301.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Global+Anti-Semitism%3A+A+Report+Provided+to+the+United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F102301.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntisemitism" class="Z3988"> (7.4 MB), <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2010. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/102406.htm">HTML version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804184602/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/102406.htm">Archived</a> 4 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Vital, David. People Apart: The Jews in Europe, 1789–1939 (1999); 930pp highly detailed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._B._Yehoshua" title="A. B. Yehoshua">Yehoshua, A.B.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azure.org.il/article.php?id=18&page=all">An Attempt to Identify the Root Cause of Antisemitism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721141312/http://www.azure.org.il/article.php?id=18&page=all">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azure.org.il">Azure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107014155/http://azure.org.il/">Archived</a> 7 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Spring 2008.</li> <li>Antisemitism on Social Media. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2022. (Editors: Monika Hübscher, Sabine von Mering <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000554298" title="Special:BookSources/9781000554298">9781000554298</a>)</li></ul> </div> Bibliographies, calendars, etc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adl.org/main_Arab_World/default.htm">Arab Antisemitism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120080724/http://www.adl.org/main_Arab_World/default.htm">Archived</a> 20 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041012090431/https://har2.huji.ac.il:83/ALEPH/ENG/SAS/BAS/BAS/START">Annotated bibliography of anti-Semitism</a> hosted by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem's Center for the Study of Antisemitism (SICSA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050904114449/http://www.coe.int/T/E/human_rights/Ecri/1-ECRI/2-Country-by-country_approach/">Council of Europe, ECRI Country-by-Country Reports</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Antisemitism <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Antisemitism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Antisemitism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Antisemitism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Antisemitism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Antisemitism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Antisemitism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Antisemitism" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Antisemitism">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Antisemitism" class="extiw" title="q:Antisemitism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Antisemitism" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Antisemitism">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Antisemitism" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Antisemitism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Antisemitism" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Antisemitism">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism&oldid=1258083946">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism&oldid=1258083946</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 18 November 2024, at 01:46 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitisme" title="Antisemitisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antisemitisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismus" title="Antisemitismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Antisemitismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антисемитизм – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Антисемитизм" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معاداة السامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاداة السامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismu" title="Antisemitismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antisemitismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizm" title="Antisemitizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antisemitizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7" title="ইহুদি-বিদ্বেষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইহুদি-বিদ্বেষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антысемітызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антысемітызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антысэмітызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антысэмітызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антисемитизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антисемитизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizam" title="Antisemitizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antisemitizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enepyuzevegezh" title="Enepyuzevegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enepyuzevegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антисемитизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Антисемитизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitisme" title="Antisemitisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antisemitisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismo" title="Antisemitismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Antisemitismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismus" title="Antisemitismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antisemitismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrth-Semitiaeth" title="Gwrth-Semitiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrth-Semitiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitisme" title="Antisemitisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antisemitisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismus" title="Antisemitismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antisemitismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antisemitism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αντισημιτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντισημιτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismo" title="Antisemitismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antisemitismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismo" title="Antisemitismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antisemitismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismo" title="Antisemitismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antisemitismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="یهودستیزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودستیزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antis%C3%A9mitisme" title="Antisémitisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antisémitisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antysemitisme" title="Antysemitisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Antysemitisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismo" title="Antisemitismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antisemitismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="반유대주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반유대주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հակասեմականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակասեմականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="यहूदी विरोधवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यहूदी विरोधवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizam" title="Antisemitizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antisemitizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitisme" title="Antisemitisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antisemitisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitisme" title="Anti-Semitisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Anti-Semitisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B0ingahatur" title="Gyðingahatur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gyðingahatur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismo" title="Antisemitismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antisemitismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אנטישמיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטישמיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ანტისემიტიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტისემიტიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антисемитизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антисемитизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%AEsem%C3%AEt%C3%AEzm" title="Antîsemîtîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Antîsemîtîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антисемитизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антисемитизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizmo" title="Antisemitizmo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Antisemitizmo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismus" title="Antisemitismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antisemitismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisem%C4%ABtisms" title="Antisemītisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antisemītisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismus" title="Antisemitismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antisemitismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizmas" title="Antisemitizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antisemitizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitisme" title="Antisemitisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Antisemitisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Antisemitism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiszemitizmus" title="Antiszemitizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antiszemitizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антисемитизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антисемитизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitisma" title="Antisemitisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antisemitisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ജൂതവിരോധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൂതവിരോധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="ज्यूविरोध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्यूविरोध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="معاداة الساميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معاداة الساميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitisme" title="Antisemitisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antisemitisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Антисемитизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Антисемитизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitisme" title="Antisemitisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antisemitisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反ユダヤ主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反ユダヤ主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemittisme" title="Antisemittisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antisemittisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemittisme" title="Antisemittisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Antisemittisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antis%C3%A9mitisme" title="Antisémitisme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Antisémitisme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitisme" title="Antisemitisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antisemitisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizm" title="Antisemitizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antisemitizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7" title="ਯਹੂਦੀ-ਵਿਰੋਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਹੂਦੀ-ਵਿਰੋਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismus" title="Antisemitismus – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Antisemitismus" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ضد سامیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ضد سامیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%9A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_(%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA)" title="سام دوښمني (يهود مخالفت) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سام دوښمني (يهود مخالفت)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antysemityzm" title="Antysemityzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antysemityzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antissemitismo" title="Antissemitismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antissemitismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antisemitism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антисемитизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антисемитизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antisemitism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahudofobia" title="Jahudofobia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jahudofobia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisimitismu" title="Antisimitismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Antisimitismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="යුදෙව් විරෝධවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුදෙව් විරෝධවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antisemitism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizmus" title="Antisemitizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antisemitizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizem" title="Antisemitizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antisemitizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%98%DB%95_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA" title="دژە سامییەت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دژە سامییەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антисемитизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антисемитизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizam" title="Antisemitizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antisemitizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismi" title="Antisemitismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antisemitismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antisemitism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismo" title="Antisemitismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antisemitismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="யூத எதிர்ப்புக் கொள்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூத எதிர்ப்புக் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="การต่อต้านยิว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การต่อต้านยิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%B3%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Яҳудситезӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Яҳудситезӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizm" title="Antisemitizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antisemitizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антисемітизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антисемітизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سام دشمنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سام دشمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="يەھۇدىلارغا قارشىلىق ھەرىكىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەھۇدىلارغا قارشىلىق ھەرىكىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_b%C3%A0i_Do_Th%C3%A1i" title="Chủ nghĩa bài Do Thái – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa bài Do Thái" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismo" title="Antisemitismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Antisemitismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反犹太主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="反犹太主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנטיסעמיטיזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אנטיסעמיטיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反猶太主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="反猶太主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitizm" title="Antisemitizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Antisemitizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反犹太主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反犹太主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 01:46 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About 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href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antisemitism&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g7nzk","wgBackendResponseTime":420,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.951","walltime":"5.463","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31497,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1197807,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":162598,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":36,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1203283,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4428.692 1 -total"," 39.72% 1758.916 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.70% 650.941 97 Template:Cite_book"," 11.14% 493.164 70 Template:Sfnp"," 10.14% 449.055 4 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.83% 435.225 65 Template:Cite_web"," 8.76% 387.966 10 Template:Excerpt"," 8.30% 367.688 1 Template:Discrimination_sidebar"," 5.29% 234.173 22 Template:Fix"," 4.55% 201.490 1 Template:Navboxes"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.026","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27672689,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbboudKlasaChazan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbramson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlfred_Baeumler1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlmog1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmanda_Woods2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmiri2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArad2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnal1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaasten2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandler2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBat_Ye\u0026#039;or1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBattini2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBauer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauer1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBein1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_Lazare2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrustein2003\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBrusteinRoberts2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBüchler1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalamur2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChanes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrisafisKassamConnollyGiuffrida2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsonni2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorliss_K._Slack2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._A._Jeremy_Telman1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels_J.L.1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerek_Hawkins2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsensten2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirst_International_Resources2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlannery1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlannery2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoxman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankLeaman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarṭnerGartner2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez_Salinero1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorsky2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraetz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruen1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGur2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanau2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarap1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHarold_M._Green2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarzigHoerderShubert2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerf2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsPaulSacchettiKnowles2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaspal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJo_Zerivitz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Judaken2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoskowicz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudaken2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKampeas2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKandel2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKarády2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKertzer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiraz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonstantin_Azadovskii_and_Boris_Egorov2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorey1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKönig2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueur2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueurBaumel2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurens2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazare2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLewy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipstadt1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipstadt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowney1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Freidenreich2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaccoby2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarr1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLellan1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenocal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaelRosen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuravchik2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholls1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiewykNicosia2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNirenberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrySchweitzer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrySchweitzer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrovsky-Shtern2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Young1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinsker1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoliakov2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPragerTelushkin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaphaelJennifer_Patai1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRattansi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubensteinRoth2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuth_Gould2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyvchin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachar1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandra_Toenies_Keating2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaul2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSforza2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamir2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwoodcorrespondent2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpector2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoerl2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStav2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusanne_Urban2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwanson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabarovsky2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabarovsky2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTait2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTausch2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrivellato,_Francesca2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUry2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermeulen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFY._Peled1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounes2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZauzmer_Weil2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmermann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmermann1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFschalomlibertad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"Etmyology_and_uses\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 3,\n [\"Alt-right footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Antisemitism\"] = 1,\n [\"Antisemitism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite SSRN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite bklyn\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 27,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 65,\n [\"Discrimination\"] = 1,\n [\"Discrimination sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 22,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Incomplete short citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Jews and Judaism\"] = 1,\n [\"Jews and Judaism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Judaism\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary inline\"] = 4,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Racism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"Religious persecution\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 70,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Status of religious freedom\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Undue weight section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Void\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 41,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"short\"] = \"yes\",\n [\"size\"] = 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