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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_troughs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Marine troughs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_troughs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">U-shaped valley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_con_forma_d%27U" title="Val con forma d'U – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Val con forma d'U" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troq" title="Troq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Troq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Трог – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трог" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Трог (висяща долина) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трог (висяща долина)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall_glacial" title="Vall glacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vall glacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Трог – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Трог" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledovcov%C3%A9_%C3%BAdol%C3%AD" title="Ledovcové údolí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ledovcové údolí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogtal" title="Trogtal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trogtal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhiorg" title="Ruhiorg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ruhiorg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_glaciar" title="Valle glaciar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valle glaciar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaziar_haran" title="Glaziar haran – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Glaziar haran" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B9%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="دره نعل‌اسبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دره نعل‌اسبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_glaciaire" title="Vallée glaciaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vallée glaciaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%99%ED%95%98%EA%B3%A1" title="빙하곡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빙하곡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A3" title="Տրոգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրոգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="यू आकार की घाटी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यू आकार की घाटी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valov" title="Valov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Трог – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Трог" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A7_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="עמק קרחוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמק קרחוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ტროგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტროგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3,_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D2%A3%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Трог, трогтық аңғар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трог, трогтық аңғар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nans_U" title="Nans U – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nans U" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%81%D2%AF" title="Өрөөн мөңгүсү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өрөөн мөңгүсү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogieleja" title="Trogieleja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trogieleja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogas" title="Trogas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trogas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-dal" title="U-dal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="U-dal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="यू आकाराची दरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यू आकाराची दरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trogdal" title="Trogdal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trogdal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%E5%AD%97%E8%B0%B7" title="U字谷 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="U字谷" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-dal" title="U-dal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="U-dal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82(U)_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਯੂ(U) ਆਕਾਰ ਦੀ ਘਾਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂ(U) ਆਕਾਰ ਦੀ ਘਾਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolina_U-kszta%C5%82tna" title="Dolina U-kształtna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dolina U-kształtna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_glaciar" title="Vale glaciar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vale glaciar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valea_de_tip_Trog" title="Valea de tip Trog – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Valea de tip Trog" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Трог – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Adolie_tvaru_U" title="Údolie tvaru U – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Údolie tvaru U" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledeni%C5%A1ka_dolina" title="Ledeniška dolina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ledeniška dolina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Валов – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Валов" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valov" title="Valov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-laakso" title="U-laakso – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="U-laakso" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-dal" title="U-dal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="U-dal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_valley&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial valley">Glacial valley</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Valleys formed by glacial scouring</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_2011-08%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_2011-08%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3.JPG/240px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_2011-08%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_2011-08%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3.JPG/360px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_2011-08%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_2011-08%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3.JPG/480px-%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA._%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_2011-08%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A glaciated valley in the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> showing the characteristic U shape.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_4.jpg/240px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_4.jpg/360px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_4.jpg/480px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Malyovitsa" title="Malyovitsa">Malyovitsa</a> U-shaped valley, <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a> Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U-shaped_valley_at_the_head_of_Leh_valley,_Ladakh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/U-shaped_valley_at_the_head_of_Leh_valley%2C_Ladakh.JPG/240px-U-shaped_valley_at_the_head_of_Leh_valley%2C_Ladakh.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/U-shaped_valley_at_the_head_of_Leh_valley%2C_Ladakh.JPG/360px-U-shaped_valley_at_the_head_of_Leh_valley%2C_Ladakh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/U-shaped_valley_at_the_head_of_Leh_valley%2C_Ladakh.JPG/480px-U-shaped_valley_at_the_head_of_Leh_valley%2C_Ladakh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>U-shaped valley in <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> valley, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, NW Indian Himalaya. The glacier visible at the head of the valley is the last remnant of the formerly much more extensive glacier which carved it.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myklebustdalen-sanddal-fjordane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myklebustdalen-sanddal-fjordane.jpg/240px-Myklebustdalen-sanddal-fjordane.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myklebustdalen-sanddal-fjordane.jpg/360px-Myklebustdalen-sanddal-fjordane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Myklebustdalen-sanddal-fjordane.jpg/480px-Myklebustdalen-sanddal-fjordane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3454" data-file-height="1941" /></a><figcaption> U-shaped valley with lake in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myklebustdalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myklebustdalen (page does not exist)">Myklebustdalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordfjord" title="Nordfjord">Nordfjord</a>, Sogn og Fjordane, Norway.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>U-shaped valleys</b>, also called <b>trough valleys</b> or <b>glacial troughs</b>, are formed by the process of <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glaciation</a>. They are characteristic of mountain glaciation in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a characteristic U shape in cross-section, with steep, straight sides and a flat or rounded bottom (by contrast, valleys carved by rivers tend to be V-shaped in cross-section). Glaciated valleys are formed when a glacier travels across and down a slope, carving the valley by the action of scouring.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the ice recedes or thaws, the valley remains, often littered with small boulders that were transported within the ice, called <a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">glacial till</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">glacial erratic</a>. </p><p>Examples of U-shaped valleys are found in mountainous regions throughout the world including the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a>. They are found also in other major European mountains including the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a> mountains in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>. A classic glacial trough is in <a href="/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier National Park (United States)">Glacier National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, USA in which the <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_River_(Alberta%E2%80%93Montana)" title="St. Mary River (Alberta–Montana)">St. Mary River</a> runs. Another well-known U-shaped valley is the <a href="/wiki/Nant_Ffrancon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nant Ffrancon">Nant Ffrancon</a> valley in <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. </p><p>When a U-shaped valley extends into saltwater, becoming an inlet of the sea, it is called a <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>, from the Norwegian word for these features that are common in Norway. Outside of Norway, a classic U-shaped valley that is also a fjord is the Western Brook Pond Fjord in <a href="/wiki/Gros_Morne_National_Park" title="Gros Morne National Park">Gros Morne National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>, Canada. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formaci%C3%B3n_Valle_glaciar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formaci%C3%B3n_Valle_glaciar.gif/220px-Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formaci%C3%B3n_Valle_glaciar.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formaci%C3%B3n_Valle_glaciar.gif/330px-Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formaci%C3%B3n_Valle_glaciar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formaci%C3%B3n_Valle_glaciar.gif/440px-Glacier_Valley_formation-_Formaci%C3%B3n_Valle_glaciar.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Glacier Valley formation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shape">Shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formation of a U-shaped valley happens over <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic time">geologic time</a>, meaning not during a human's lifespan. It can take anywhere between 10,000 and 100,000 years for a <a href="/wiki/V-shaped_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="V-shaped valley">V-shaped valley</a> to be carved into a U-shaped valley.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These valleys can be several thousand feet deep and tens of miles long.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glaciers will spread out evenly in open areas, but tend to carve deep into the ground when confined to a valley.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice thickness is a major contributing factor to valley depth and carving rates. As a glacier moves downhill through a valley, usually with a stream running through it, the shape of the valley is transformed. As the ice melts and retreats, the valley is left with very steep sides and a wide, flat floor. This <a href="/wiki/Parabola" title="Parabola">parabolic</a> shape is caused by glacial erosion removing the contact surfaces with greatest resistance to flow, and the resulting section minimises friction.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two main variations of this U-shape. The first is called the Rocky Mountain model and it is attributed to alpine glacial valleys, showing an overall deepening effect on the valley. The second variation is referred to as the Patagonia-Antarctica model, attributed to continental <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> and displaying an overall widening effect on its surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valley_floor">Valley floor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Valley floor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The floors of these glacial valleys are where the most evidence can be found regarding glaciation cycles. For the most part, the valley floor is wide and flat, but there are various glacial features that signify periods of ice transgression and regression. The valley can have various steps, known as <a href="/wiki/Valley_step" title="Valley step">valley steps</a>, and over-deepenings anywhere from ten to hundreds of meters deep.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These then fill in with sediments to create plains or water to create lakes, sometimes referred to as "string-of-pearl" or ribbon lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such water filled U-valley basins are also known as "fjord-lakes" or "valley-lakes" (Norwegian: <i>fjordsjø</i> or <i>dalsjø</i>). <a href="/wiki/Gjende" title="Gjende">Gjende</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandak" title="Bandak">Bandak</a> lakes in Norway are examples of <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>-lakes. Some of these fjord-lakes are very deep for instance <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B8sa" title="Mjøsa">Mjøsa</a> (453 meters) and <a href="/wiki/Hornindalsvatnet" title="Hornindalsvatnet">Hornindalsvatnet</a> (514 m). The longitudinal profile of a U-shaped, glaciated valley is often stepwise where flat basins are interrupted by thresholds. Rivers often dig a V-shaped valley or gorge through the threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surrounding smaller tributary valleys will often join the main valleys during glaciation periods, leaving behind features known as <a href="/wiki/Hanging_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging valley">hanging valleys</a> high in the trough walls after the ice melts. </p><p>After deglaciation, snow and ice melt from the mountain tops can create streams and rivers in U-shaped valleys. These are referred to as misfit streams. The streams that form in hanging valleys create waterfalls that flow into the main valley branch. Glacial valleys may also have natural, often dam-like, structures within them, called <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraines</a>. They are created due to excess sediment and glacial till moved and deposited by the glacier. </p><p>In volcanic mountain ranges, such as the <a href="/wiki/Principal_Cordillera" title="Principal Cordillera">Principal Cordillera</a> of the Andes, glacial valley floors may be covered by thick <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava flows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Charrieretal1019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charrieretal1019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trough_end">Trough end</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trough end"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A glacial trough or glaciated mountain valley often ends in an abrupt <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_valley" title="Head of the valley">head</a> known as the 'trough end' or 'trough head'.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackie_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackie-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have almost sheer rock walls and spectacular <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfalls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackie_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackie-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monkhouse_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are believed to have been formed where a number of small glaciers merge to produce a much larger glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackie_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackie-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include: Warnscale Bottom in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite Valley</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jungfrau" title="Jungfrau">Rottal</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engstlige&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engstlige (page does not exist)">Engstlige</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engstlige" class="extiw" title="de:Engstlige">de</a>]</span> valleys in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackie_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackie-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Monkhouse_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monkhouse-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00069_NB_MIT_FNR_06409A_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The deep U-shaped Isterdalen [no] valley in Norway ends abruptly giving rise to tall waterfalls. Trollstigen road climbs the steep cliffs of the trough end."><img alt="The deep U-shaped Isterdalen [no] valley in Norway ends abruptly giving rise to tall waterfalls. Trollstigen road climbs the steep cliffs of the trough end." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00069_NB_MIT_FNR_06409A_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00069_NB_MIT_FNR_06409A_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00069_NB_MIT_FNR_06409A_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00069_NB_MIT_FNR_06409A_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00069_NB_MIT_FNR_06409A_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00069_NB_MIT_FNR_06409A_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6521" data-file-height="4619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The deep U-shaped <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isterdalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isterdalen (page does not exist)">Isterdalen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isterdalen" class="extiw" title="no:Isterdalen">no</a>]</span> valley in Norway ends abruptly giving rise to tall waterfalls. <a href="/wiki/Trollstigen" title="Trollstigen">Trollstigen</a> road climbs the steep cliffs of the trough end.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00053_NB_MIT_FNR_06406_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valley head or trough end at Isterdalen from a different angle showing Trollstigen road and waterfall"><img alt="Valley head or trough end at Isterdalen from a different angle showing Trollstigen road and waterfall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00053_NB_MIT_FNR_06406_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00053_NB_MIT_FNR_06406_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00053_NB_MIT_FNR_06406_%28cropped%29.jpg/207px-Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00053_NB_MIT_FNR_06406_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00053_NB_MIT_FNR_06406_%28cropped%29.jpg/277px-Trollstigvegen_-_no-nb_digifoto_20151105_00053_NB_MIT_FNR_06406_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4457" data-file-height="6442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Valley head or trough end at Isterdalen from a different angle showing Trollstigen road and waterfall</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_troughs">Marine troughs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marine troughs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glacial troughs also exist as submarine valleys on continental shelves, such as the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Channel" title="Laurentian Channel">Laurentian Channel</a>. These geomorphic features significantly influence sediment distribution and biological communities through their modification of current patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-Buhl-Mortensen2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buhl-Mortensen2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geologists did not always believe that glaciers were responsible for U-shaped valleys and other glacial erosional features. Ice is quite soft and it was unbelievable to many that it could be responsible for the severe carving of bedrock characteristic of glacial erosion. German geologist Penck and American geologist Davis were vocal supporters of this unprecedented glacial erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progress was made in the 1970s and 1980s on the possible mechanisms of glacial erosion and U-shaped valleys via models proposed by various scientists. Numerical models have been created to explain the phenomenon of carving U-shaped valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial landforms">Glacial landforms</a> – Landform created by the action of glaciers<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging valley">Hanging valley</a> – A tributary valley that meets the main valley above the valley floor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_valley" title="High valley">High valley</a> – Valley in the upper third of a mountain range</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraine</a> – Glacially formed accumulation of debriss</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_lake" title="Ribbon lake">Ribbon Lake</a> – Long and narrow, finger-shaped lake, usually found in a glacial trough</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_valley" title="Side valley">Side valley</a> – Valley with a tributary to a larger river</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/glacial-valley">"glacial valley | geological formation"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=glacial+valley+%7C+geological+formation&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fglacial-valley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-shaped+valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200927124945/https://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/lemke/alpine_glacial_glossary/landforms/u_valley.html">"Glacial Trough/U-Shaped Valley"</a>. <i>Illustrated Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms</i>. Department of Geography, Central Michigan University. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Illustrated+Glossary+of+Alpine+Glacial+Landforms&rft.atitle=Glacial+Trough%2FU-Shaped+Valley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww4.uwsp.edu%2Fgeo%2Ffaculty%2Flemke%2Falpine_glacial_glossary%2Flandforms%2Fu_valley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-shaped+valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddingtonAndersonAndersonMacGregor2000" class="citation journal cs1">Waddington, E. D.; Anderson, S. P.; Anderson, R. S.; MacGregor, K. R. (November 2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/28/11/1031.full">"Geology"</a></span>. <i>Geology (Boulder)</i>. <b>28</b> (11): 1031–1034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282000%2928%3C1031%3ANSOGLP%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<1031:NSOGLP>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology+%28Boulder%29&rft.atitle=Geology&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1031-1034&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282000%2928%3C1031%3ANSOGLP%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft.aulast=Waddington&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+S.+P.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+R.+S.&rft.au=MacGregor%2C+K.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeology.gsapubs.org%2Fcontent%2F28%2F11%2F1031.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-shaped+valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Wiley Online Library". <b>13</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fesp.3290130805">10.1002/esp.3290130805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wiley+Online+Library&rft.volume=13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fesp.3290130805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-shaped+valley" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karlsen, Ole G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Andean+Geology&rft.atitle=Geomorphologic+and+Glacial+Evolution+of+the+Cachapoal+and+southern+Maipo+catchments+in+the+Andean+Principal+Cordillera%2C+Central+Chile+%2834%C2%B0-35%C2%BA+S%29&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-278&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5027%2FandgeoV46n2-3108&rft.aulast=Charrier&rft.aufirst=Reynaldo&rft.au=Iturrizaga%2C+Lafasam&rft.au=Charretier%2C+Sebasti%C3%A9n&rft.au=Regard%2C+Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andeangeology.cl%2Findex.php%2Frevista1%2Farticle%2Fview%2FV46n2-3108%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-shaped+valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackie-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackie_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackie_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackie_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackie_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blackie, <i>Blackie's Dictionary of Geography</i>, Mumbai: Blackie, 2000, p. 344.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monkhouse-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monkhouse_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monkhouse_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monkhouse, F.J., <i>Dictionary of Geography</i>, London: AldineTransaction, 1970, p.359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buhl-Mortensen2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buhl-Mortensen2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuhl-Mortensen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lene_Buhl-Mortensen" title="Lene Buhl-Mortensen">Buhl-Mortensen L</a>, et al. 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"51 – Banks, Troughs, and Canyons on the Continental Margin off Lofoten, Vesterålen, and Troms, Norway". <i>Seafloor Geomorphology as Benthic Habitat</i>. pp. 703–715. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-385140-6.00051-7">10.1016/B978-0-12-385140-6.00051-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385140-6"><bdi>978-0-12-385140-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=51+%E2%80%93+Banks%2C+Troughs%2C+and+Canyons+on+the+Continental+Margin+off+Lofoten%2C+Vester%C3%A5len%2C+and+Troms%2C+Norway&rft.btitle=Seafloor+Geomorphology+as+Benthic+Habitat&rft.pages=703-715&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-385140-6.00051-7&rft.isbn=978-0-12-385140-6&rft.aulast=Buhl-Mortensen&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-shaped+valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierman" class="citation book cs1">Bierman; et al. <i>Key Concepts in Geomorphology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Concepts+in+Geomorphology&rft.au=Bierman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AU-shaped+valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley&oldid=1209354718">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U-shaped_valley&oldid=1209354718</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geomorphology" title="Category:Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glacial_erosion_landforms" title="Category:Glacial erosion landforms">Glacial erosion landforms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glaciology" title="Category:Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys" title="Category:Valleys">Valleys</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_short_descriptions_of_redirect_targets_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 February 2024, at 14:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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