인플루엔자

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[정의] 독감은 인플루엔자 바이러스에 의한 급성 호흡기 질환이다. 독감은 상부 호흡기계(코, 목)나 하부 호흡기계(폐)를 침범하며 갑작스런 고열, 두통, 근육통, 전신 쇠약감과 같은 전반적인 신체 증상을 동반한다. 독감은 우리나라를 비롯한 전 세계에서 발생하며, 계절 구분이 있는 지역에서는 매년 겨울에 소규모로 유행되고 있다. 독감은 전염성이 강하고, 노인, 소아, 및 기저질환이 있는 사람이 이환되면 사망률이 증가하고 합병증이 발생할 수 있다. 또한 일부 지역에 한정된 발병이 아닌, 새로운 종류의 독감 바이러스에 의해 짧은 시간에 넓은 지역에 유행하게 되면 젊은 사람도 사망할 수 있다. 독감은 일반 감기와는 원인균과 병의 경과가 다르기 때문에 감기와는 구별하고 있다. [원인] 독감 바이러스 또는 인플루엔자 바이러스(influenza virus)가 원인 병원체이다. 독감 바이러스에는 인플루엔자 바이러스 A, B, C형 세가지가..."> <meta property="og:article:author" content="네이버 지식백과" /> <meta property="og:article:author:url" content="https://m.terms.naver.com" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1110" />  <title>인플루엔자</title> <meta name="Description" CONTENT="어린이/학생백과, 동물/식물, 건강, 역사, 자연과학, 인문과학, 미술작품, 비주얼사전 등 전문가들이 정리한 지식을 제공하는 종합백과서비스" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/css/terms_tlist.css?250218060016"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/css/terms_230427.css?250218060016"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/css/subject_tmp_200508.css?250218060016"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico?250218060016" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/maps/openapi_map/maps_openapi.css?250218060016"> 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class="btn sm __fontBtn">가<span class="blind">- 글꼴 작게</span></a> <a href="javascript:;" role="button" class="btn big __fontBtn">가<span class="blind">+ 글꼴 크게</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="section_wrap "> <div class="headword_title"> <p class="cite"> <a href="list.naver?categoryId=51007" onclick="clickcr(this, 'toa.source', '', '', event);">서울대학교병원 의학정보</a> </p> <h2 class="headword">인플루엔자</h2> <p class="desc"></p> <p class="word"> [ <span class="word_txt"><span class="u_word_dic" data-hook="tip" data-type="arken" data-lang="en">influenza</span></span><audio id="soundT11" src="https://dict-dn.pstatic.net/v?_lsu_sa_=39b896550ddd3d66769f01a036b488fb9d3b6285df001ff76272687aabb962719b5e67b06af5407e39426645b620b017fa3d8d6dd12b2c4911afe6dd157a64cdedc3a7f8e2cd7c626ca3f9094c234f8fb50f30913f885759d3f3d8691edb5bf26221b02f98d921926cfd43ab409e74ed9b40a8e420b982ae9f11022d6163448a" style="width:0px;height:0px;"></audio><a id="sound_playT11" class="tlp_sound" data-url="https://dict-dn.pstatic.net/v?_lsu_sa_=3808b95f6df93a06ad9c41663c8460fa3daf66f5fb0b2f376de2a573eba565e1d95cb7f16ef51b7e29cc6b550127d057142051c3313eb0f00c70210064def63de79bdef974d31519aebad6f218d53c6d562e7c561eb482caf70707acc61ee10342016d9ac863a01b82e0ced86d1df44a3abc0b9a480f53205c67eb10b7e1212b" onclick="nclk(this, 'tot.listensub', '', '', 1);return false;"><span class="blind">음성듣기</span></a> ] </p> </div> <div id="size_ct" class="size_ct_v2"> <dl class="summary_area"> <i class="ico"><span class="blind">요약</span></i> 인플루엔자 바이러스에 의한 급성 호흡기 질환 </dl> <div class="att_type"> <div class="inner_att_type"> <div class="wr_tmp_profile"> <div class="tmp_profile"> <table class="tmp_profile_tb"> <colgroup> <col class="tmp_col"> <col width="*"> </colgroup> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="title">진료과</span></th> <td> <a href="/entry.naver?docId=927871&ref=y" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdk.creference', '', '', event);">감염내과</a>, <a href="/entry.naver?docId=927873&ref=y" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdk.creference', '', '', event);">호흡기내과</a>, <a href="/entry.naver?docId=927882&ref=y" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdk.creference', '', '', event);">소아청소년과</a>, <a href="/entry.naver?docId=927888&ref=y" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdk.creference', '', '', event);">가정의학과</a>, <a href="/entry.naver?docId=927883&ref=y" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdk.creference', '', '', event);">이비인후과</a> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tmp_agenda newline"><h3>목차</h3><ol><li class=""><a href="#TABLE_OF_CONTENT1" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdy.contents', '', '',event);">정의</a></li> <li class=""><a href="#TABLE_OF_CONTENT2" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdy.contents', '', '',event);">원인</a></li> <li class=""><a href="#TABLE_OF_CONTENT3" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdy.contents', '', '',event);">증상</a></li> <li class=""><a href="#TABLE_OF_CONTENT4" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdy.contents', '', '',event);">진단/검사</a></li> <li class=""><a href="#TABLE_OF_CONTENT5" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdy.contents', '', '',event);">치료</a></li> <li class=""><a href="#TABLE_OF_CONTENT6" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdy.contents', '', '',event);">경과/합병증</a></li> <li class=""><a href="#TABLE_OF_CONTENT7" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdy.contents', '', '',event);">예방방법</a></li> </ol></div> <h3 class="stress" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENT1">정의</h3> <p class="txt">독감은 인플루엔자 바이러스에 의한 급성 호흡기 질환이다. 독감은 상부 호흡기계(코, 목)나 하부 호흡기계(폐)를 침범하며 갑작스런 고열, 두통, <a href="/entry.naver?docId=927417&ref=y" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdk.creference', '', '', event);">근육통</a>, 전신 <a href="/entry.naver?docId=927551&ref=y" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdk.creference', '', '', event);">쇠약감</a>과 같은 전반적인 신체 증상을 동반한다. 독감은 우리나라를 비롯한 전 세계에서 발생하며, 계절 구분이 있는 지역에서는 매년 겨울에 소규모로 유행되고 있다. 독감은 전염성이 강하고, 노인, 소아, 및 기저질환이 있는 사람이 이환되면 사망률이 증가하고 합병증이 발생할 수 있다.<br><br>또한 일부 지역에 한정된 발병이 아닌, 새로운 종류의 독감 바이러스에 의해 짧은 시간에 넓은 지역에 유행하게 되면 젊은 사람도 사망할 수 있다. 독감은 일반 감기와는 원인균과 병의 경과가 다르기 때문에 감기와는 구별하고 있다.</p> <h3 class="stress" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENT2">원인</h3> <p class="txt">독감 바이러스 또는 인플루엔자 바이러스(influenza virus)가 원인 병원체이다. 독감 바이러스에는 인플루엔자 바이러스 A, B, C형 세가지가 존재하지만 사람에게 병을 일으키는 것은 A형과 B형이다. B형은 증상이 약하고 한 가지 종류만 존재하지만, A형은 바이러스 표면에 있는 H항원과 N항원의 종류에 따라 여러 가지 종류가 존재한다. 보통 사람에게 병을 일으키는 항원의 종류는 H1, H2, H3와 N1, N2이다.<br><br>조류에서 나타나는 H항원과 N항원은 보통 사람에게는 병을 일으키지 않지만, 바이러스 내에서 유전자 돌연변이가 일어나거나 사람에게 병을 일으키는 종류의 항원과 유전자를 교환하면 사람에게도 쉽게 병을 일으키는 형태로 변할 수 있다. 사람에게 기존에 면역이 없는 이러한 새로운 인플루엔자 바이러스가 나타나면 전 세계를 휩쓰는 대유행을 일으킬 수 있다.</p> <h3 class="stress" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENT3">증상</h3> <p class="txt">두통, 발열, 오한, <a href="/entry.naver?docId=927417&ref=y" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdk.creference', '', '', event);">근육통</a>과 같은 전신 증상이 갑자기 발생하면서 목이 아프고 기침이 나는 등의 호흡기 증상이 동반된다. 환자가 느끼는 이러한 증상은 매우 다양해서, 감기와 비슷하게 발열이 없는 호흡기 증상만 나타나는 경우도 있고, 전형적으로 고열과 호흡기 증상을 동반하는 경우도 있다. </p> <h3 class="stress" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENT4">진단/검사</h3> <p class="txt">독감 유행 시기에 앞서 독감 증상이 있는 경우에 독감을 의심해 볼 수 있다. 호흡기 검체에서 바이러스를 배양하거나, 바이러스 항원을 검출하면 확실히 진단할 수 있고, 혈액을 채취하여 항체검사를 해도 진단할 수 있다.<br><br>바이러스 배양은 인후에서 체액을 채취하거나 비인두 세척 시 또는 가래에서 채취한 검체를 이용하는데, 배양에 48~72시간이 걸리기 때문에 검사 결과를 신속히 얻을 수 없다. 대신 바이러스의 핵 단백이나 뉴라민분해효소(neuraminidase)를 검출하는 방법을 이용하면 신속하게 진단을 내릴 수 있다. 바이러스 핵산을 역전사효소 중합연쇄반응으로 검출할 수 있으며, 바이러스의 종류는 면역형광법이나 적혈구응집 억제법으로 구분할 수 있다.</p> <h3 class="stress" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENT5">치료</h3> <p class="txt">인플루엔자 A와 B 모두에 작용하는 타미플루와 페라미플루 등의 항바이러스제가 있다. 입원치료가 필요하거나 중증 경과로 진행하는 인플루엔자, 65세 이상이나 임산부, 5세 미만의 영아, 장기요양시설 거주자, 만성 질환자 등 합병증의 고위험군에서 이러한 약제를 이용한 항바이러스치료가 필요하다. 또한, 항바이러스 치료는 증상 발생 48시간 이내에 시작해야 그 효과가 극대화되나, 위 적응증에 해당하는 환자의 경우에는 48시간 이후라도 항바이러스 치료를 시행해야 한다.</p> <h3 class="stress" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENT6">경과/합병증</h3> <p class="txt">65세 이상의 노인과 심폐질환, 당뇨, 응고장애, 만성 신장 질환, 면역억제 질환을 가지고 있는 환자에게서 합병증이 많이 발생한다. 임신 2기나 3기의 산모나, 2세 미만의 영아도 합병증이 발생할 위험성이 크다. 폐렴이 가장 심각한 합병증이며, 인플루엔자 바이러스 자체에 의해서 발생할 수 있으나 이차적으로 세균에 감염되어 세균성 폐렴이 생기면서 나타나기도 한다.<br><br>소아에서는 독감 증상이 좋아질 무렵에 갑자기 구토나 흥분 상태가 나타나 경련과 같은 중증의 뇌장애 증상이 나타나고 심하면 사망할 수 있는데, 이를 <a href="/entry.naver?docId=926651&ref=y" onclick="clickcr(this, 'bdk.creference', '', '', event);">라이 증후군</a>이라고 한다. 이는 아스피린 복용과 관련이 있다고 알려져 있으므로 잘 구분되지 않는 감기 증상이 있는 소아에게 아스피린을 먹이면 안 된다. 그 외 보통 근육의 염증, 심장근육의 염증, 심장을 둘러싸고 있는 심낭의 염증도 생길 수 있으며, 뇌염과 같은 신경계 합병증도 일으킬 수 있다.</p> <h3 class="stress" id="TABLE_OF_CONTENT7">예방방법</h3> <p class="txt">세계보건기구(WHO)에서 매년 유행할 것으로 예상되는 인플루엔자 바이러스주를 공시하며, 이에 따라 매년 다른 인플루엔자 백신이 개발되어 유통된다. 모든 성인은 매년 늦가을에서 초겨울에 인플루엔자 예방접종을 맞을 것이 추천되며, 특히 합병증의 고위험군의 경우 꼭 접종하는 것이 좋다.</p> </div> <div class="section_group"> <div class="box_media box_img"> <h3 id="__relatedImage" class="title">관련이미지 <em>14</em></h3> <div class="box_lst"> <a id="relatedImagesPrev" href="javascript:;" class="prev" onclick="return false" data-page="1"><span class="blind">이미지목록 이전</span></a> <div class="box_slid"> <div id="relatedImagesUlHidden" style="display:none"></div> <ul id="relatedImagesUl" class="lst_media"> <li class="on"> <a href="#relatedImage0" data-index="0" class="relatedImageLink"> <img class="lazyLoadImage" src="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/img/e.gif" data-src="https://post-phinf.pstatic.net/MjAxNzA2MjhfMTM1/MDAxNDk4NjI5NzI4NjMz.Zwv_93tqNhjWkcTpXrLIsLFpgQEj1BMWOnA7s8P2a-cg.hf1zY-Zt0iPXS63Jq_eV-vbslcD1Y9Q4E0uOXYZ-ftUg.JPEG/CHGU_298_33801_3.jpg/I1fOFBNwIldUBZWWS3lUVFPDjmmY.jpg?type=r100" width="60" height="60" alt=""> <span class="mask"></span><span class="v"></span> </a> </li> <li > <a href="#relatedImage1" data-index="1" class="relatedImageLink"> <img class="lazyLoadImage" src="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/img/e.gif" data-src="https://post-phinf.pstatic.net/MjAyMTA2MjlfMTQ3/MDAxNjI0OTcyMDU0NjQ4.weIlyknKjYJPo8asa0ug8hXjViEDlItjlwc4IONwj5Mg.07FPuNTNEL2_kxWxy76rdFF3imBvgsWOCF0eEa2afXcg.JPEG/IykPqXWzfVOJkSmMr-2G3d5yfovo.jpg?type=r100" width="80" height="52" alt=""> <span class="mask"></span><span class="v"></span> </a> </li> <li > <a href="#relatedImage2" data-index="2" class="relatedImageLink"> <img class="lazyLoadImage" src="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/img/e.gif" data-src="https://dbscthumb-phinf.pstatic.net/3902_000_1/20160530162434110_SHKD9IW64.jpg/ja71_53_i1.jpg?type=r100&wm=N" width="42" height="60" alt="감기은듯 감기아닌 독감, 제대로 알고 대처하기"> <span class="mask"></span><span class="v"></span> </a> </li> <li > <a href="#relatedImage3" data-index="3" class="relatedImageLink"> <img class="lazyLoadImage" src="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/img/e.gif" data-src="https://dbscthumb-phinf.pstatic.net/5961_000_6/20230925214145838_59PRGQ0JR.do/healthInfoFileDo.do?type=r100&wm=N" width="71" height="60" alt="인플루엔자 바이러스의 구조"> <span class="mask"></span><span class="v"></span> </a> </li> <li > <a href="#relatedImage4" data-index="4" class="relatedImageLink"> <img class="lazyLoadImage" src="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/img/e.gif" data-src="https://dbscthumb-phinf.pstatic.net/5961_000_6/20230925214145898_J4BI93BRG.do/healthInfoFileDo.do?type=r100&wm=N" width="80" height="45" alt="신종 인플루엔자 바이러스의 변이"> <span class="mask"></span><span class="v"></span> </a> </li> <li > <a href="#relatedImage5" data-index="5" class="relatedImageLink"> <img class="lazyLoadImage" src="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/img/e.gif" data-src="https://dbscthumb-phinf.pstatic.net/5961_000_6/20230925214145926_18VR048YN.do/healthInfoFileDo.do?type=r100&wm=N" width="48" height="60" alt="국내 인플루엔자 의사환자 발생분율"> <span class="mask"></span><span class="v"></span> </a> </li> <li > <a href="#relatedImage6" data-index="6" class="relatedImageLink"> <img class="lazyLoadImage" src="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/img/e.gif" data-src="https://dbscthumb-phinf.pstatic.net/5961_000_6/20230925214145956_45GI0NOC1.do/healthInfoFileDo.do?type=r100&wm=N" width="80" height="53" alt="인플루엔자와 감기의 감별진단"> <span class="mask"></span><span class="v"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <a id="relatedImagesNext" href="#relatedImagesNext" class="next" data-page="1"><span class="blind">이미지목록 다음</span></a> </div> <div id="relatedImageView" class="box_bigimg"> <a id="relatedImageViewPrev" href="javascript:;" class="prev" data-index="0"><span class="blind">이미지 이전</span></a> <div class="bigthmb"> <img id="relatedImageViewImg" class="lazyLoadImage" src="https://ssl.pstatic.net/static/terms/terms/img/e.gif" data-src="https://post-phinf.pstatic.net/MjAxNzA2MjhfMTM1/MDAxNDk4NjI5NzI4NjMz.Zwv_93tqNhjWkcTpXrLIsLFpgQEj1BMWOnA7s8P2a-cg.hf1zY-Zt0iPXS63Jq_eV-vbslcD1Y9Q4E0uOXYZ-ftUg.JPEG/CHGU_298_33801_3.jpg/I1fOFBNwIldUBZWWS3lUVFPDjmmY.jpg?type=m4500_4500_fst" width="170" height="170" alt="" data-scrap="true"><span class="v"></span> </div> <p> <strong id="relatedImageViewTitle"></strong> <span class="mline"><span id="relatedImageViewDesc" style="">출처: 차병원 건강칼럼</span></span> <p style="text-align:center;padding: 0;"><a href="/imageDetail.naver?docId=926584&imageUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fpost-phinf.pstatic.net%2FMjAxNzA2MjhfMTM1%2FMDAxNDk4NjI5NzI4NjMz.Zwv_93tqNhjWkcTpXrLIsLFpgQEj1BMWOnA7s8P2a-cg.hf1zY-Zt0iPXS63Jq_eV-vbslcD1Y9Q4E0uOXYZ-ftUg.JPEG%2FCHGU_298_33801_3.jpg%2FI1fOFBNwIldUBZWWS3lUVFPDjmmY.jpg%3Ftype%3Dm4500_4500_fst&mode=entry&clickArea=relatedImage" id="relatedImageViewOriginal" class="view_pic image_viewer_link" target="_blank" onclick="nclk(this, /terms\.naver\.com\/imageDetail.naver\?/.test(this.href) ? 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onclick="nclk(this, 'soc.url', '', '', 1);">http://www.snuh.org/</a> </div> </div> <div class="writer_area"> <ul class="writer_list"> <li> <div class="cite_area"> <p class="writer_info"> <strong> 저자/제공처 </strong> <span class="writer"> <a href="/list.naver?searchId=au909" onclick="nclk(this, 'soc.expertname', '', '', 1);">서울대학교병원</a> </span> <a href="http://www.snuh.org" target="_blank" onclick="nclk(this, 'soc.expertlogo', '', '', 1);"> <img src="https://dbscthumb-phinf.pstatic.net/2713_000_1/20170523105254890_LMIM3BMHC.png/snu_logo.png?type=m1500" height="20" alt="서울대학교병원로고"> </a> <span class="sub_info"> <a href="https://tv.naver.com/snuh" class="url_link" target="_blank" onclick="nclk(this, 'soc.experurl', '', '', 1);">https://tv.naver.com/snuh</a> </span> </p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <p class="cite_desc"><i class="ico_info"></i>본 콘텐츠의 저작권은 저자 또는 제공처에 있으며, 이를 무단 이용하는 경우 저작권법 등에 따라 법적책임을 질 수 있습니다.<br>외부 저작권자가 제공한 콘텐츠는 네이버의 입장과 다를 수 있습니다.</p> <p class="cite_desc"><i class="ico_info"></i>제공된 의학정보는 일반적인 사항으로 개개인의 특성을 반영하지 못합니다. 구체적인 사항에 대해서는 반드시 가까운 병원에 내원하여 상담을 받으시기 바랍니다.</p> <div class="end_btn"> <div id="t_like_layer" class="u_likeit u_likeit_list_module _reactionModule" style="visibility:hidden" data-sid="ENCYCLOPEDIA" data-did="ENCYCLOPEDIA" data-cid="926584"> <ul class="u_likeit_inline" role="radiogroup" aria-labelledby="u_likeit_title"> <li class="u_likeit_list useful" role="menuitem"> <a class="u_likeit_list_button _button" data-type="useful" data-log="RTC.useful|RTC.unuseful" href="#ratingbutton-useful" role="button" aria-selected="false"> <span class="u_likeit_list_name _label">유익해요</span> <span class="u_likeit_list_count _count">0</span> </a> </li> <li class="u_likeit_list want" role="presentation"> <a class="u_likeit_list_button _button" data-type="want" data-log="RTC.want|RTC.unwant" href="#ratingbutton-want" role="radio" aria-checked="false"> <span class="u_likeit_list_name _label">더 알고 싶어요</span> <span class="u_likeit_list_count 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class="info_tmp_wrap" id="graphDataArea" style="display:none"></div> <div class="info_tmp_wrap" id="sameMeaningTerms" style="display:none"></div> <div class="info_tmp_wrap" id="suggestThemeList" style="display:none"></div> </div> </div> <div class="aside" id="asideWrap" role="complementary"> <div class="section related"> <h3 class="section_title"> '<span class="text">독감</span>' 비슷한 글 <em class="count">22</em> <a href="/alikeMeaning.naver?query=00066023" class="more_link" onclick="nclk(this, 'sim.more', '', '', 1);">전체보기</a> </h3> <ul class="section_list"> <li class="section_item"> <div class="thumb_area"> <div class="thumb"> <a href="https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=5842579&cid=63057&categoryId=63057" onclick="nclk(this, 'sim.img', '', '', 1);"> <img 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