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href="#Special_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Special relativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>General relativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Experimental evidence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Experimental_evidence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Experimental evidence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Experimental_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tests_of_special_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tests_of_special_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tests of special relativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tests_of_special_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tests_of_general_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tests_of_general_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tests of general relativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tests_of_general_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theory of relativity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatiwiteitsteorie" title="Relatiwiteitsteorie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Relatiwiteitsteorie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Relativitätstheorie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Relativitätstheorie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosk%C3%A2vuo%C4%91%C3%A2l%C3%A2%C5%A1vuot%C3%A2teoria" title="Koskâvuođâlâšvuotâteoria – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Koskâvuođâlâšvuotâteoria" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="सापेक्षिकता केरौ सिद्धांत – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सापेक्षिकता केरौ सिद्धांत" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نظرية النسبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظرية النسبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="আপেক্ষিকতাবাদ তত্ত্ব – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আপেক্ষিকতাবাদ তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_de_la_relativid%C3%A1" title="Teoría de la relatividá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Teoría de la relatividá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisbilik_n%C9%99z%C9%99riyy%C9%99si" title="Nisbilik nəzəriyyəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nisbilik nəzəriyyəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نیسبیت نظریه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیسبیت نظریه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9lativitas_Umum" title="Rélativitas Umum – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Rélativitas Umum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="আপেক্ষিকতা তত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আপেক্ষিকতা তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siong-t%C3%B9i-l%C5%ABn" title="Siong-tùi-lūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siong-tùi-lūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Сағыштырмалыҡ теорияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сағыштырмалыҡ теорияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Тэорыя адноснасці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэорыя адноснасці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="सापेक्षता के सिद्धांत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सापेक्षता के सिद्धांत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Теория на относителността – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теория на относителността" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorija_relativnosti" title="Teorija relativnosti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Teorija relativnosti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_la_relativitat" title="Teoria de la relativitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teoria de la relativitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Танлаштарулăх теорийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Танлаштарулăх теорийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorie_relativity" title="Teorie relativity – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Teorie relativity" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitetsteori" title="Relativitetsteori – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Relativitetsteori" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نضرية د نسبية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نضرية د نسبية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Relativitätstheorie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Relativitätstheorie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatiivsusteooria" title="Relatiivsusteooria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Relatiivsusteooria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Σχετικότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχετικότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_de_la_relatividad" title="Teoría de la relatividad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teoría de la relatividad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorio_de_la_relativeco" title="Teorio de la relativeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teorio de la relativeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlatibitatearen_teoria" title="Erlatibitatearen teoria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erlatibitatearen teoria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="نظریه نسبیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظریه نسبیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_de_la_relativit%C3%A9" title="Théorie de la relativité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théorie de la relativité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativiteitsteory" title="Relativiteitsteory – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Relativiteitsteory" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoiric_choibhneasachta_Einstein" title="Teoiric choibhneasachta Einstein – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teoiric choibhneasachta Einstein" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teor%C3%ADa_da_relatividade" title="Teoría da relatividade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Teoría da relatividade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="상대성이론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상대성이론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27idar_Dangantaka" title="Ka'idar Dangantaka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ka'idar Dangantaka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հարաբերականության տեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարաբերականության տեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4" title="आपेक्षिकता सिद्धांत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आपेक्षिकता सिद्धांत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorija_relativnosti" title="Teorija relativnosti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teorija relativnosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_relativitas" title="Teori relativitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teori relativitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchachiso_wokucakathana" title="Umchachiso wokucakathana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchachiso wokucakathana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afst%C3%A6%C3%B0iskenningin" title="Afstæðiskenningin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Afstæðiskenningin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_della_relativit%C3%A0" title="Teoria della relatività – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teoria della relatività" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תורת היחסות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תורת היחסות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9ori_r%C3%A9lativitas" title="Téori rélativitas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Téori rélativitas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%89ama_t%CA%8B%CA%8Bz%C9%A9na%CA%8B_t%C9%9B_l%C9%A9ma%C9%A3z%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Ɖama tʋʋzɩnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɖama tʋʋzɩnaʋ tɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4" title="ಸಾಪೇಕ್ಷತ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಪೇಕ್ಷತ ಸಿದ್ಧಾಂತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფარდობითობის თეორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფარდობითობის თეორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Салыстырмалылық теориясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Салыстырмалылық теориясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadharia_ya_uhusianifu" title="Nadharia ya uhusianifu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nadharia ya uhusianifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyori_relativite" title="Teyori relativite – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Teyori relativite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9yori_di_r%C3%A9lativit%C3%A9" title="Téyori di rélativité – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Téyori di rélativité" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%9A" title="ທິດສະດີສົມທຽບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທິດສະດີສົມທຽບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoria_relativitatis" title="Theoria relativitatis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theoria relativitatis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C4%81tes_teorija" title="Relativitātes teorija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Relativitātes teorija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C3%A9itstheorie" title="Relativitéitstheorie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Relativitéitstheorie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliatyvumo_teorija" title="Reliatyvumo teorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Reliatyvumo teorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_relativia" title="Teoria de relativia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Teoria de relativia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C3%A1selm%C3%A9let" title="Relativitáselmélet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Relativitáselmélet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Теорија за релативноста – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теорија за релативноста" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ആപേക്ഷികതാസിദ്ധാന്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആപേക്ഷികതാസിദ്ധാന്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="सापेक्षतावादाचा सिद्धान्त – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सापेक्षतावादाचा सिद्धान्त" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="نظرية النسبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نظرية النسبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teori_kerelatifan" title="Teori kerelatifan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Teori kerelatifan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Харьцангуйн онол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Харьцангуйн онол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE" title="နှိုင်းရသီအိုရီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှိုင်းရသီအိုရီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativiteitstheorie" title="Relativiteitstheorie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Relativiteitstheorie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="सापेक्षता सिद्धान्त – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सापेक्षता सिद्धान्त" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%BE%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="相対性理論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="相対性理論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relatiwiteetsteorii" title="Relatiwiteetsteorii – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Relatiwiteetsteorii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitetsteori" title="Relativitetsteori – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Relativitetsteori" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitetsteorien" title="Relativitetsteorien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Relativitetsteorien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorie_de_relativitate" title="Teorie de relativitate – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Teorie de relativitate" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_la_relativitat" title="Teoria de la relativitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Teoria de la relativitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisbiylik_nazariyasi" title="Nisbiylik nazariyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nisbiylik nazariyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਰਿਲੇਟੀਵਿਟੀ ਦੀ ਥਿਊਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਲੇਟੀਵਿਟੀ ਦੀ ਥਿਊਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiori_a_relitiviti" title="Tiori a relitiviti – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tiori a relitiviti" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%81" title="ទ្រឹស្ដីរ៉ឺឡាទីវីតេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទ្រឹស្ដីរ៉ឺឡាទីវីតេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_wzgl%C4%99dno%C5%9Bci" title="Teoria względności – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teoria względności" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_da_relatividade" title="Teoria da relatividade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teoria da relatividade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Relativitätstheorie – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Relativitätstheorie" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_relativit%C4%83%C8%9Bii" title="Teoria relativității – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teoria relativității" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_da_la_relativitad" title="Teoria da la relativitad – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Teoria da la relativitad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachapi_tiyaq_chimpaykuna" title="Pachapi tiyaq chimpaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pachapi tiyaq chimpaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Теория относительности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теория относительности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Relativitätstheorie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Relativitätstheorie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_e_relativitetit" title="Teoria e relativitetit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teoria e relativitetit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiur%C3%ACa_di_la_rilativitati" title="Tiurìa di la rilativitati – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tiurìa di la rilativitati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාපේක්ෂතාවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theory of relativity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88" title="نسبت جو نظريو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نسبت جو نظريو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B3ria_relativity" title="Teória relativity – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Teória relativity" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorija_relativnosti" title="Teorija relativnosti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teorija relativnosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="تیۆریی ڕێژەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیۆریی ڕێژەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Теорија релативности – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теорија релативности" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorija_relativnosti" title="Teorija relativnosti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teorija relativnosti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhteellisuusteoria" title="Suhteellisuusteoria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suhteellisuusteoria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativitetsteori" title="Relativitetsteori – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Relativitetsteori" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சார்புக் கோட்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்புக் கோட்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamassa%C9%A3t" title="Tamassaɣt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamassaɣt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="సాపేక్ష సిద్ధాంతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సాపేక్ష సిద్ధాంతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="ทฤษฎีสัมพัทธภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทฤษฎีสัมพัทธภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6relilik_teorisi" title="Görelilik teorisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Görelilik teorisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otnositellik_teori%C3%BDasy" title="Otnositellik teoriýasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Otnositellik teoriýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Теорія відносності – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теорія відносності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%82_%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="نظریۂ اضافیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظریۂ اضافیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_de_la_relativit%C3%A0" title="Teoria de la relatività – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Teoria de la relatività" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt_t%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91i" title="Thuyết tương đối – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuyết tương đối" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyorya_han_relatibidad" title="Teyorya han relatibidad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Teyorya han relatibidad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相对论 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="相对论" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98" title="טעאריע פון רעלאטיוויטעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעאריע פון רעלאטיוויטעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="相對論 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="相對論" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoriya_Relativita" title="Teoriya Relativita – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Teoriya Relativita" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相对论 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="相对论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43514#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the scientific concept. For philosophical or ontological theories about relativity, see <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a>. For the silent film, see <a href="/wiki/The_Einstein_Theory_of_Relativity" title="The Einstein Theory of Relativity">The Einstein Theory of Relativity</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/220px--BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="35" data-mwtitle="BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video simulation of the merger <a href="/wiki/GW150914" class="mw-redirect" title="GW150914">GW150914</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> distortion from gravity as the black holes orbit and merge</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>theory of relativity</b> usually encompasses two interrelated <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> theories by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>: <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special relativity applies to all physical phenomena in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to the forces of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-londontimes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-londontimes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It applies to the <a href="/wiki/Cosmological" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmological">cosmological</a> and astrophysical realm, including astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-relativity_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theory transformed <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> during the 20th century, superseding a 200-year-old <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">theory of mechanics</a> created primarily by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-relativity_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spacetime_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacetime-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fitz-loren_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-loren-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It introduced concepts including 4-<a href="/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension">dimensional</a> <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> as a unified entity of <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">relativity of simultaneity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinematics" title="Kinematics">kinematic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">time dilation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">length contraction</a>. In the field of physics, relativity improved the science of <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary particles">elementary particles</a> and their fundamental interactions, along with ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic age">nuclear age</a>. With relativity, <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a> predicted extraordinary <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical phenomena</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Neutron_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron stars">neutron stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">gravitational waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-relativity_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spacetime_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacetime-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fitz-loren_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fitz-loren-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_acceptance">Development and acceptance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_special_relativity" title="History of special relativity">History of special relativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_general_relativity" title="History of general relativity">History of general relativity</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spacetime curvature schematic"><img alt="Spacetime curvature schematic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg/220px-Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg/330px-Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg/440px-Spacetime_lattice_analogy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="469" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0.5em 0.2em 0.6em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; display:block;margin-bottom:0.1em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi> <msub> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>κ</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ν</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/124ab80fcb17e2733cc17ff6f93da5e52f355c77" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:19.468ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}"></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_general_relativity" title="History of general relativity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_gravitational_physics_and_relativity" title="Timeline of gravitational physics and relativity">Timeline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Tests</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematical formulation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Fundamental concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">World line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Riemannian_manifold" title="Pseudo-Riemannian manifold">Pseudo-Riemannian manifold</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Phenomena</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" title="Two-body problem in general relativity">Kepler problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">Gravitational redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">Frame-dragging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">Geodetic effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black hole</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ececff; font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime_diagram" title="Spacetime diagram">Spacetime diagrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Einstein–Rosen bridge</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Equations</li><li>Formalisms</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> Equations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">Geodesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathisson%E2%80%93Papapetrou%E2%80%93Dixon_equations" title="Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations">Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> Formalisms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_formalism" title="BSSN formalism">BSSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> Advanced theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Solutions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" title="Interior Schwarzschild metric">interior</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Rosen_metric" title="Einstein–Rosen metric">Einstein–Rosen waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Wormhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman%E2%80%93de%E2%80%93Sitter_metric" title="Kerr–Newman–de–Sitter metric">Kerr–Newman–de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasner_metric" title="Kasner metric">Kasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman_metric" title="Lemaître–Tolman metric">Lemaître–Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taub%E2%80%93NUT_space" title="Taub–NUT space">Taub–NUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_model" title="Milne model">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Robertson–Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Snyder_model" title="Oppenheimer–Snyder model">Oppenheimer–Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl%E2%80%93Lewis%E2%80%93Papapetrou_coordinates" title="Weyl–Lewis–Papapetrou coordinates">Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartle%E2%80%93Thorne_metric" title="Hartle–Thorne metric">Hartle–Thorne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Scientists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Reissner" title="Hans Reissner">Reissner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Nordstr%C3%B6m" title="Gunnar Nordström">Nordström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Zwicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Bardeen" title="James M. Bardeen">Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Geoffrey_Walker" title="Arthur Geoffrey Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amal_Kumar_Raychaudhuri" title="Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri">Raychaudhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Jacob_van_Stockum" title="Willem Jacob van Stockum">van Stockum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_H._Taub" title="Abraham H. Taub">Taub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_T._Newman" title="Ezra T. Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" title="List of contributors to general relativity"><i>others</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/14px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/21px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/28px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:General_relativity" title="Category:General relativity">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_relativity_sidebar" title="Template:General relativity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_relativity_sidebar" title="Template talk:General relativity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_relativity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General relativity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> published the theory of <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> in 1905, building on many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> and others. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Minkowski" title="Hermann Minkowski">Hermann Minkowski</a> and others did subsequent work. </p><p>Einstein developed <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915. The final form of general relativity was published in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-relativity_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "theory of relativity" was based on the expression "relative theory" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Relativtheorie</i>) used in 1906 by Planck, who emphasized how the theory uses the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">principle of relativity</a>. In the discussion section of the same paper, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bucherer" title="Alfred Bucherer">Alfred Bucherer</a> used for the first time the expression "theory of relativity" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Relativitätstheorie</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1920s, the physics community understood and accepted special relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It rapidly became a significant and necessary tool for theorists and experimentalists in the new fields of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>. </p><p>By comparison, general relativity did not appear to be as useful, beyond making minor corrections to predictions of Newtonian gravitation theory.<sup id="cite_ref-relativity_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seemed to offer little potential for experimental test, as most of its assertions were on an astronomical scale. Its <a href="/wiki/Tensor_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor analysis">mathematics</a> seemed difficult and fully understandable only by a small number of people. Around 1960, general relativity became central to physics and astronomy. New mathematical techniques to apply to general relativity streamlined calculations and made its concepts more easily visualized. As astronomical <a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a> were discovered, such as <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a> (1963), the 3-kelvin <a href="/wiki/Microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microwave background radiation">microwave background radiation</a> (1965), <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsars</a> (1967), and the first <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> candidates (1981),<sup id="cite_ref-relativity_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-relativity-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the theory explained their attributes, and measurement of them further confirmed the theory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Special_relativity">Special relativity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein_Portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Einstein_Portrait.png/180px-Einstein_Portrait.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Einstein_Portrait.png/270px-Einstein_Portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Einstein_Portrait.png/360px-Einstein_Portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="3899" /></a><figcaption>Albert Einstein, physicist, 1879-1955, Graphic: Heikenwaelder Hugo,1999</figcaption></figure> <p>Special relativity is a theory of the structure of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a>. It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Electrodynamics_of_Moving_Bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies">On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies</a>" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_special_relativity" title="History of special relativity">History of special relativity</a>). Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>: </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of physics">laws of physics</a> are the same for all observers in any <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference" title="Inertial frame of reference">inertial frame of reference</a> relative to one another (<a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">principle of relativity</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> is the same for all observers, regardless of their relative motion or of the motion of the <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> source.</li></ol> <p>The resultant theory copes with experiment better than classical mechanics. For instance, postulate 2 explains the results of the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a>. Moreover, the theory has many surprising and counterintuitive consequences. Some of these are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a>: Two events, simultaneous for one observer, may not be simultaneous for another observer if the observers are in relative motion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a>: Moving <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clocks</a> are measured to tick more slowly than an observer's "stationary" clock.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">Length contraction</a>: Objects are measured to be shortened in the direction that they are moving with respect to the observer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light#Upper_limit_on_speeds" title="Speed of light">Maximum speed is finite</a>: No physical object, message or field line can travel faster than the speed of light in vacuum. <ul><li>The effect of gravity can only travel through space at the speed of light, not faster or instantaneously.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence</a>: <span class="nowrap"><i>E</i> = <i>mc</i><sup>2</sup></span>, energy and mass are equivalent and transmutable.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">Relativistic mass</a>, idea used by some researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The defining feature of special relativity is the replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_transformation" title="Galilean transformation">Galilean transformations</a> of classical mechanics by the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformations</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_relativity">General relativity</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction to general relativity</a></div> <p>General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Einstein in the years 1907–1915. The development of general relativity began with the <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a>, under which the states of <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerated motion">accelerated motion</a> and being at rest in a <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational field</a> (for example, when standing on the surface of the Earth) are physically identical. The upshot of this is that <a href="/wiki/Free_fall" title="Free fall">free fall</a> is <a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">inertial motion</a>: an object in free fall is falling because that is how objects move when there is no <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> being exerted on them, instead of this being due to the force of <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a> as is the case in <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical mechanics</a>. This is incompatible with classical mechanics and <a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">special relativity</a> because in those theories inertially moving objects cannot accelerate with respect to each other, but objects in free fall do so. To resolve this difficulty Einstein first proposed that <a href="/wiki/Curved_space" title="Curved space">spacetime is curved</a>. Einstein discussed his idea with mathematician <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Grossmann" title="Marcel Grossmann">Marcel Grossmann</a> and they concluded that general relativity could be formulated in the context of <a href="/wiki/Riemannian_geometry" title="Riemannian geometry">Riemannian geometry</a> which had been developed in the 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, he devised the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a> which relate the curvature of spacetime with the mass, energy, and any momentum within it. </p><p>Some of the consequences of general relativity are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a>: Clocks run slower in deeper gravitational wells.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession#Relativistic_(Einsteinian)" title="Precession">Precession</a>: Orbits precess in a way unexpected in Newton's theory of gravity. (This has been observed in the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">binary pulsars</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity#Light_deflection_and_gravitational_time_delay" title="General relativity">Light deflection</a>: Rays of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> bend in the presence of a gravitational field.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">Frame-dragging</a>: Rotating masses "drag along" the <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> around them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a>: The universe is expanding, and certain components within the universe can <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerated expansion">accelerate the expansion</a>.</li></ul> <p>Technically, general relativity is a theory of <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a> whose defining feature is its use of the <a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a>. The solutions of the field equations are <a href="/wiki/Metric_tensor_(general_relativity)" title="Metric tensor (general relativity)">metric tensors</a> which define the <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> of the spacetime and how objects move inertially. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_evidence">Experimental evidence</h2></div> <p>Einstein stated that the theory of relativity belongs to a class of "principle-theories". As such, it employs an analytic method, which means that the elements of this theory are not based on hypothesis but on empirical discovery. By observing natural processes, we understand their general characteristics, devise mathematical models to describe what we observed, and by analytical means we deduce the necessary conditions that have to be satisfied. Measurement of separate events must satisfy these conditions and match the theory's conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-londontimes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-londontimes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tests_of_special_relativity">Tests of special relativity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tests_of_special_relativity" title="Tests of special relativity">Tests of special relativity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelson-Morley_experiment_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg/220px-Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg/330px-Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg/440px-Michelson-Morley_experiment_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Relativity is a <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsifiable</a> theory: It makes predictions that can be tested by experiment. In the case of special relativity, these include the principle of relativity, the constancy of the speed of light, and time dilation.<sup id="cite_ref-faq_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predictions of special relativity have been confirmed in numerous tests since Einstein published his paper in 1905, but three experiments conducted between 1881 and 1938 were critical to its validation. These are the <a href="/wiki/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment" title="Michelson–Morley experiment">Michelson–Morley experiment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93Thorndike_experiment" title="Kennedy–Thorndike experiment">Kennedy–Thorndike experiment</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ives%E2%80%93Stilwell_experiment" title="Ives–Stilwell experiment">Ives–Stilwell experiment</a>. Einstein derived the <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformations</a> from first principles in 1905, but these three experiments allow the transformations to be induced from experimental evidence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a>—the foundation of classical electromagnetism—describe light as a wave that moves with a characteristic velocity. The modern view is that light needs no medium of transmission, but Maxwell and his contemporaries were convinced that light waves were propagated in a medium, analogous to sound propagating in air, and ripples propagating on the surface of a pond. This hypothetical medium was called the <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">luminiferous aether</a>, at rest relative to the "fixed stars" and through which the Earth moves. Fresnel's <a href="/wiki/Aether_drag_hypothesis#Partial_aether_dragging" title="Aether drag hypothesis">partial ether dragging hypothesis</a> ruled out the measurement of first-order (v/c) effects, and although observations of second-order effects (v<sup>2</sup>/c<sup>2</sup>) were possible in principle, Maxwell thought they were too small to be detected with then-current technology.<sup id="cite_ref-maxb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pais_1982_111–113_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pais_1982_111–113-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Michelson–Morley experiment was designed to detect second-order effects of the "aether wind"—the motion of the aether relative to the Earth. Michelson designed an instrument called the <a href="/wiki/Michelson_interferometer" title="Michelson interferometer">Michelson interferometer</a> to accomplish this. The apparatus was sufficiently accurate to detect the expected effects, but he obtained a null result when the first experiment was conducted in 1881,<sup id="cite_ref-michel1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michel1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-michel2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michel2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the failure to detect an aether wind was a disappointment, the results were accepted by the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-Pais_1982_111–113_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pais_1982_111–113-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to salvage the aether paradigm, FitzGerald and Lorentz independently created an <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc_hypothesis" title="Ad hoc hypothesis"><i>ad hoc</i> hypothesis</a> in which the length of material bodies changes according to their motion through the aether.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the origin of <a href="/wiki/FitzGerald%E2%80%93Lorentz_contraction" class="mw-redirect" title="FitzGerald–Lorentz contraction">FitzGerald–Lorentz contraction</a>, and their hypothesis had no theoretical basis. The interpretation of the null result of the Michelson–Morley experiment is that the round-trip travel time for light is <a href="/wiki/Isotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotropic">isotropic</a> (independent of direction), but the result alone is not enough to discount the theory of the aether or validate the predictions of special relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-robertson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tw_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy-Thorndike_experiment_DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kennedy-Thorndike_experiment_DE.svg/220px-Kennedy-Thorndike_experiment_DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kennedy-Thorndike_experiment_DE.svg/330px-Kennedy-Thorndike_experiment_DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kennedy-Thorndike_experiment_DE.svg/440px-Kennedy-Thorndike_experiment_DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93Thorndike_experiment" title="Kennedy–Thorndike experiment">Kennedy–Thorndike experiment</a> shown with interference fringes</figcaption></figure> <p>While the Michelson–Morley experiment showed that the velocity of light is isotropic, it said nothing about how the magnitude of the velocity changed (if at all) in different <a href="/wiki/Inertial_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial frame">inertial frames</a>. The Kennedy–Thorndike experiment was designed to do that, and was first performed in 1932 by Roy Kennedy and Edward Thorndike.<sup id="cite_ref-KT_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KT-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They obtained a null result, and concluded that "there is no effect ... unless the velocity of the solar system in space is no more than about half that of the earth in its orbit".<sup id="cite_ref-tw_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That possibility was thought to be too coincidental to provide an acceptable explanation, so from the null result of their experiment it was concluded that the round-trip time for light is the same in all inertial reference frames.<sup id="cite_ref-robertson_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tw_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ives–Stilwell experiment was carried out by Herbert Ives and G.R. Stilwell first in 1938<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with better accuracy in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Ives1941_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ives1941-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed to test the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_Doppler_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse Doppler effect">transverse Doppler effect</a> –  the <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a> of light from a moving source in a direction perpendicular to its velocity—which had been predicted by Einstein in 1905. The strategy was to compare observed Doppler shifts with what was predicted by classical theory, and look for a <a href="/wiki/Lorentz_factor" title="Lorentz factor">Lorentz factor</a> correction. Such a correction was observed, from which was concluded that the frequency of a moving atomic clock is altered according to special relativity.<sup id="cite_ref-robertson_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robertson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tw_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those classic experiments have been repeated many times with increased precision. Other experiments include, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Tests_of_relativistic_energy_and_momentum" title="Tests of relativistic energy and momentum">relativistic energy and momentum increase</a> at high velocities, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_testing_of_time_dilation" title="Experimental testing of time dilation">experimental testing of time dilation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_searches_for_Lorentz_violation" title="Modern searches for Lorentz violation">modern searches for Lorentz violations</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tests_of_general_relativity">Tests of general relativity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Tests of general relativity</a></div> <p>General relativity has also been confirmed many times, the classic experiments being the perihelion precession of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>'s orbit, the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">deflection of light</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">gravitational redshift</a> of light. Other tests confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">equivalence principle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frame_dragging" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame dragging">frame dragging</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_applications">Modern applications</h2></div> <p>Far from being simply of theoretical interest, relativistic effects are important practical engineering concerns. Satellite-based measurement needs to take into account relativistic effects, as each satellite is in motion relative to an Earth-bound user, and is thus in a different frame of reference under the theory of relativity. Global positioning systems such as <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a>, must account for all of the relativistic effects in order to work with precision, such as the consequences of the Earth's gravitational field.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also the case in the high-precision measurement of time.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2002_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2002-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instruments ranging from electron microscopes to particle accelerators would not work if relativistic considerations were omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">Doubly special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_invariance" title="Galilean invariance">Galilean invariance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity" title="List of textbooks on relativity">List of textbooks on relativity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEinstein_A.1916" class="citation cs2">Einstein A. (1916), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Relativity: The Special and General Theory"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_General_Theory"><i>Relativity: The Special and General Theory</i> </a></span> (Translation 1920), New York: H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fitzgerald%E2%80%93Lorentz+contraction&rft.btitle=Grolier+Multimedia+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Will%2C+Clifford+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgme.grolier.com%2Farticle%3Fassetid%3D0107090-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanck,_Max1906" class="citation cs2">Planck, Max (1906), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Translation:The Measurements of Kaufmann"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:The_Measurements_of_Kaufmann">"Die Kaufmannschen Messungen der Ablenkbarkeit der β-Strahlen in ihrer Bedeutung für die Dynamik der Elektronen (The Measurements of Kaufmann on the Deflectability of β-Rays in their Importance for the Dynamics of the Electrons)" </a></span>, <i>Physikalische Zeitschrift</i>, <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">753–</span>761</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physikalische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Die+Kaufmannschen+Messungen+der+Ablenkbarkeit+der+%CE%B2-Strahlen+in+ihrer+Bedeutung+f%C3%BCr+die+Dynamik+der+Elektronen+%28The+Measurements+of+Kaufmann+on+the+Deflectability+of+%CE%B2-Rays+in+their+Importance+for+the+Dynamics+of+the+Electrons%29&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E753-%3C%2Fspan%3E761&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Planck%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1981" class="citation cs2">Miller, Arthur I. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003nqu..book.....H">2003nqu..book.....H</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56457-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56457-1"><bdi>978-0-521-56457-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Quantum+Universe&rft.pages=227&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003nqu..book.....H&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56457-1&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.G.&rft.au=Walters%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTk-eVzT1oMC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene" class="citation web cs1">Greene, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/theory-of-relativity-then-and-now-180956622/?no-ist">"The Theory of Relativity, Then and Now"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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West view Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4038-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4038-8"><bdi>978-0-8133-4038-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feynman+Lectures+on+Gravitation&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=West+view+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4038-8&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.aufirst=Richard+Phillips&rft.au=Mor%C3%ADnigo%2C+Fernando+B.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+William&rft.au=Pines%2C+David&rft.au=Hatfield%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjL9reHGIcMgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Lecture 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faq-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-faq_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsSchleifDlugosz2007" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, T; Schleif, S; Dlugosz, JM, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/experiments.html">"What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity?"</a>. <i>Usenet Physics FAQ</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside" title="University of California, Riverside">University of California, Riverside</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Usenet+Physics+FAQ&rft.atitle=What+is+the+experimental+basis+of+Special+Relativity%3F&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.ucr.edu%2Fhome%2Fbaez%2Fphysics%2FRelativity%2FSR%2Fexperiments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxb-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maxb_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxwell1880" class="citation cs2">Maxwell, James Clerk (1880), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Motion of the Solar System through the Luminiferous Ether"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Motion_of_the_Solar_System_through_the_Luminiferous_Ether">"On a Possible Mode of Detecting a Motion of the Solar System through the Luminiferous Ether" </a></span>, <i>Nature</i>, <b>21</b> (535): <span class="nowrap">314–</span>315, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1880Natur..21S.314.">1880Natur..21S.314.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F021314c0">10.1038/021314c0</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=On+a+Possible+Mode+of+Detecting+a+Motion+of+the+Solar+System+through+the+Luminiferous+Ether&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=535&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E315&rft.date=1880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F021314c0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1880Natur..21S.314.&rft.aulast=Maxwell&rft.aufirst=James+Clerk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pais_1982_111–113-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pais_1982_111–113_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pais_1982_111–113_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPais1982" class="citation book cs1">Pais, Abraham (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/subtleislordscie00pais"><i>"Subtle is the Lord ...": The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/subtleislordscie00pais/page/111">111–113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280672-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Subtle+is+the+Lord+...%22%3A+The+Science+and+the+Life+of+Albert+Einstein&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=111-113&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280672-7&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsubtleislordscie00pais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michel1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-michel1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelson,_Albert_A.1881" class="citation journal cs1">Michelson, Albert A. (1881). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Relative_Motion_of_the_Earth_and_the_Luminiferous_Ether">"The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether" </a></span>. <i>American Journal of Science</i>. <b>22</b> (128): <span class="nowrap">120–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1881AmJS...22..120M">1881AmJS...22..120M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.s3-22.128.120">10.2475/ajs.s3-22.128.120</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130423116">130423116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Relative+Motion+of+the+Earth+and+the+Luminiferous+Ether&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=128&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130423116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.s3-22.128.120&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1881AmJS...22..120M&rft.au=Michelson%2C+Albert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michel2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-michel2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelson,_Albert_A._&_Morley,_Edward_W.1887" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson, Albert A.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Morley" title="Edward W. Morley">Morley, Edward W.</a> (1887). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Relative_Motion_of_the_Earth_and_the_Luminiferous_Ether">"On the Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether" </a></span>. <i>American Journal of Science</i>. <b>34</b> (203): <span class="nowrap">333–</span>345. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1887AmJS...34..333M">1887AmJS...34..333M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2475%2Fajs.s3-34.203.333">10.2475/ajs.s3-34.203.333</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:124333204">124333204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=On+the+Relative+Motion+of+the+Earth+and+the+Luminiferous+Ether&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=203&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E345&rft.date=1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A124333204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2475%2Fajs.s3-34.203.333&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1887AmJS...34..333M&rft.au=Michelson%2C+Albert+A.+%26+Morley%2C+Edward+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPais1982" class="citation book cs1">Pais, Abraham (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/subtleislordscie00pais"><i>"Subtle is the Lord ...": The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/subtleislordscie00pais/page/122">122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280672-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Subtle+is+the+Lord+...%22%3A+The+Science+and+the+Life+of+Albert+Einstein&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=122&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280672-7&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsubtleislordscie00pais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robertson-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robertson_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robertson_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robertson_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1949" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, H.P. (July 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1061896/files/RevModPhys.21.378.pdf">"Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">378–</span>382. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949RvMP...21..378R">1949RvMP...21..378R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.21.378">10.1103/RevModPhys.21.378</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Postulate+versus+Observation+in+the+Special+Theory+of+Relativity&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E378-%3C%2Fspan%3E382&rft.date=1949-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.21.378&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1949RvMP...21..378R&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F1061896%2Ffiles%2FRevModPhys.21.378.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tw-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tw_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tw_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tw_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tw_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorJohn_Archibald_Wheeler1992" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Edwin F.; John Archibald Wheeler (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacetimephysics00edwi_0"><i>Spacetime physics: Introduction to Special Relativity</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). 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(1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706022658/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ee2c/4c3e0a169f31c8983fdbd853d9e9e6d2f011.pdf">"Experimental Establishment of the Relativity of Time"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physical Review</i>. <b>42</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">400–</span>418. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932PhRv...42..400K">1932PhRv...42..400K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.42.400">10.1103/PhysRev.42.400</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121519138">121519138</a>. 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(July 1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/1061896/files/RevModPhys.21.378.pdf">"Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 381. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1949RvMP...21..378R">1949RvMP...21..378R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Frevmodphys.21.378">10.1103/revmodphys.21.378</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Postulate+versus+Observation+in+the+Special+Theory+of+Relativity&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=381&rft.date=1949-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Frevmodphys.21.378&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1949RvMP...21..378R&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F1061896%2Ffiles%2FRevModPhys.21.378.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvesStilwell,_G.R.1938" class="citation journal cs1">Ives, H.E.; Stilwell, G.R. (1938). "An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock". <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America</i>. <b>28</b> (7): 215. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938JOSA...28..215I">1938JOSA...28..215I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.28.000215">10.1364/JOSA.28.000215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=An+experimental+study+of+the+rate+of+a+moving+atomic+clock&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=215&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.28.000215&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1938JOSA...28..215I&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft.au=Stilwell%2C+G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ives1941-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ives1941_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvesStilwell,_G.R.1941" class="citation journal cs1">Ives, H.E.; Stilwell, G.R. (1941). "An experimental study of the rate of a moving atomic clock. II". <i>Journal of the Optical Society of America</i>. <b>31</b> (5): 369. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941JOSA...31..369I">1941JOSA...31..369I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.31.000369">10.1364/JOSA.31.000369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=An+experimental+study+of+the+rate+of+a+moving+atomic+clock.+II&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=369&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.31.000369&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1941JOSA...31..369I&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft.au=Stilwell%2C+G.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashby, N. Relativity in the Global Positioning System. <i>Living Rev. Relativ.</i> <b>6</b>, 1 (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12942%2Flrr-2003-1">10.12942/lrr-2003-1</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105155910/http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2003-1/download/lrr-2003-1Color.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://relativity.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrr-2003-1/download/lrr-2003-1Color.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frelativity.livingreviews.org%2FArticles%2Flrr-2003-1%2Fdownload%2Flrr-2003-1Color.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis2002-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francis2002_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisB._RamseyS._SteinLeitner,_J.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, S.; B. Ramsey; S. Stein; Leitner, J.; Moreau, J.M.; Burns, R.; Nelson, R.A.; Bartholomew, T.R.; Gifford, A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217211012/http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/ptti/ptti2002/paper20.pdf">"Timekeeping and Time Dissemination in a Distributed Space-Based Clock Ensemble"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Systems and Applications Meeting</i>: <span class="nowrap">201–</span>214. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/ptti/ptti2002/paper20.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+34th+Annual+Precise+Time+and+Time+Interval+%28PTTI%29+Systems+and+Applications+Meeting&rft.atitle=Timekeeping+and+Time+Dissemination+in+a+Distributed+Space-Based+Clock+Ensemble&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=B.+Ramsey&rft.au=S.+Stein&rft.au=Leitner%2C+J.&rft.au=Moreau%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Burns%2C+R.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+R.A.&rft.au=Bartholomew%2C+T.R.&rft.au=Gifford%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftycho.usno.navy.mil%2Fptti%2Fptti2002%2Fpaper20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyHeyWalters1997" class="citation book cs1">Hey, Tony; Hey, Anthony J. G.; Walters, Patrick (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521435321"><i>Einstein's Mirror</i></a></span> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. x (preface). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43532-1"><bdi>978-0-521-43532-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Mirror&rft.pages=x+%28preface%29&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43532-1&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Hey%2C+Anthony+J.+G.&rft.au=Walters%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521435321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Einstein, Albert (2005). <i>Relativity: The Special and General Theory</i>. Translated by Robert W. Lawson (The masterpiece science ed.). New York: Pi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-186261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-186261-6"><bdi>978-0-13-186261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativity%3A+The+Special+and+General+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=The+masterpiece+science&rft.pub=Pi+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-13-186261-6&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1920" class="citation book cs1">Einstein, Albert (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibiblio.org/ebooks/Einstein/Einstein_Relativity.pdf"><i>Relativity: The Special and General Theory</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Henry Holt and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relativity%3A+The+Special+and+General+Theory&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Febooks%2FEinstein%2FEinstein_Relativity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinsteintrans._SchilppPaul_Arthur1979" class="citation book cs1">Einstein, Albert; trans. Schilpp; Paul Arthur (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographical1979eins"><i>Albert Einstein, Autobiographical Notes</i></a></span> (A Centennial ed.). La Salle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-352-8"><bdi>978-0-87548-352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Einstein%2C+Autobiographical+Notes&rft.place=La+Salle%2C+Illinois&rft.edition=A+Centennial&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87548-352-8&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=trans.+Schilpp&rft.au=Paul+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiographical1979eins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Einstein, Albert (2009). <i>Einstein's Essays in Science</i>. Translated by Alan Harris (Dover ed.). Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47011-5"><bdi>978-0-486-47011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%27s+Essays+in+Science&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.edition=Dover&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-486-47011-5&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinstein1956" class="citation book cs1">Einstein, Albert (1956) [1922]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Relativity" title="The Meaning of Relativity">The Meaning of Relativity</a></i> (5 ed.). Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Relativity&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Einstein&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheory+of+relativity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/36276/36276-pdf.pdf?session_id=c6fd49e1b7f6dd81790ed141e999cf2bce859386">The Meaning of Relativity</a> Albert Einstein: Four lectures delivered at Princeton University, May 1921</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222085312/http://inpac.ucsd.edu/students/courses/winter2012/physics2d/einsteinonrelativity.pdf">How I created the theory of relativity</a> Albert Einstein, 14 December 1922; <a href="/wiki/Physics_Today" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a> August 1982</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/relativity">Relativity</a> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Perkowitz" title="Sidney Perkowitz">Sidney Perkowitz</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_General_Theory" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Relativity: The Special and General Theory">Relativity: The Special and General Theory</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Relativity254" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relativity" title="Template:Relativity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relativity" title="Template talk:Relativity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Relativity254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Relativity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special<br />relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">Principle of relativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galilean_invariance" title="Galilean invariance">Galilean relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_transformation" title="Galilean transformation">Galilean transformation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">Doubly special relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Speed of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_orthogonality" title="Hyperbolic orthogonality">Hyperbolic orthogonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidity" title="Rapidity">Rapidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_length" title="Proper length">Proper length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_acceleration" title="Proper acceleration">Proper acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">Relativistic mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity" title="List of textbooks on relativity">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc<sup>2</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">Length contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect" title="Relativistic Doppler effect">Relativistic Doppler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_precession" title="Thomas precession">Thomas precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_paradox" title="Ladder paradox">Ladder paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_paradox" title="Twin paradox">Twin paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_rotation" title="Terrell rotation">Terrell rotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">Light cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">World line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski diagram">Minkowski diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biquaternion" title="Biquaternion">Biquaternions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General<br />relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematical formulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riemannian_geometry" title="Riemannian geometry">Riemannian geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_diagram" title="Penrose diagram">Penrose diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">Geodesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%27s_principle" title="Mach's principle">Mach's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_formalism" title="BSSN formalism">BSSN formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raychaudhuri_equation" title="Raychaudhuri equation">Raychaudhuri equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_equation" title="Ernst equation">Ernst equation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" title="Two-body problem in general relativity">Two-body problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational waves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">detectors</a> (<a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> and <a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO600" title="GEO600">GEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor binary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Other tests</a>: <a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">precession</a> of Mercury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">lensing</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/Einstein_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein cross">Einstein cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einstein_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein rings">Einstein rings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_time_delay" title="Shapiro time delay">Shapiro delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">frame-dragging</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">geodetic effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" title="Lense–Thirring precession">Lense–Thirring precession</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing arrays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Advanced<br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Solutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cosmological: <a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman_metric" title="Lemaître–Tolman metric">Lemaître–Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasner_metric" title="Kasner metric">Kasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BKL_singularity" title="BKL singularity">BKL singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_model" title="Milne model">Milne</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spherical: <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" title="Interior Schwarzschild metric">interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Axisymmetric: <a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl%E2%88%92Lewis%E2%88%92Papapetrou_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates">Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taub%E2%80%93NUT_space" title="Taub–NUT space">Taub–NUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_disk" title="Relativistic disk">discs</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozsv%C3%A1th%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCcking_metric" title="Ozsváth–Schücking metric">Ozsváth–Schücking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre</a></li></ul> <ul><li>In computational physics: <a href="/wiki/Numerical_relativity" title="Numerical relativity">Numerical relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Zwicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Choquet-Bruhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zel'dovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Dmitriyevich_Novikov" title="Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geroch" title="Robert Geroch">Geroch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Bondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Misner" title="Charles W. Misner">Misner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" title="List of contributors to general relativity"><i>others</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theory_of_relativity" title="Category:Theory of relativity">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albert_Einstein335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albert_Einstein" title="Template:Albert Einstein"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albert_Einstein" title="Template talk:Albert Einstein"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albert_Einstein" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albert Einstein"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albert_Einstein335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theory of relativity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc<sup>2</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">Photoelectric effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_coefficients" title="Einstein coefficients">Einstein coefficients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_solid" title="Einstein solid">Einstein solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_radius" title="Einstein radius">Einstein radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_relation_(kinetic_theory)" title="Einstein relation (kinetic theory)">Einstein relation (kinetic theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_constant" title="Cosmological constant">Cosmological constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_statistics" title="Bose–Einstein statistics">Bose–Einstein statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_correlations" title="Bose–Einstein correlations">Bose–Einstein correlations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Cartan_theory" title="Einstein–Cartan theory">Einstein–Cartan theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Infeld%E2%80%93Hoffmann_equations" title="Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations">Einstein–Infeld–Hoffmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93de_Haas_effect" title="Einstein–de Haas effect">Einstein–de Haas effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPR_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="EPR paradox">EPR paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr%E2%80%93Einstein_debates" title="Bohr–Einstein debates">Bohr–Einstein debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleparallelism" title="Teleparallelism">Teleparallelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_thought_experiments" title="Einstein's thought experiments">Thought experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_unsuccessful_investigations" title="Einstein's unsuccessful investigations">Unsuccessful investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_leaf_paradox" title="Tea leaf paradox">Tea leaf paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_publications_by_Albert_Einstein" title="List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis_papers" title="Annus mirabilis papers"><i>Annus mirabilis</i> papers</a> (1905)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cber_die_von_der_molekularkinetischen_Theorie_der_W%C3%A4rme_geforderte_Bewegung_von_in_ruhenden_Fl%C3%BCssigkeiten_suspendierten_Teilchen" title="Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen">Investigations on the Theory of Brownian Movement</a>" (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relativity:_The_Special_and_the_General_Theory" title="Relativity: The Special and the General Theory">Relativity: The Special and the General Theory</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Relativity" title="The Meaning of Relativity">The Meaning of Relativity</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_as_I_See_It_(book)" title="The World as I See It (book)">The World as I See It</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Physics" title="The Evolution of Physics">The Evolution of Physics</a></i> (1938)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a>" (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a> (1955)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_in_popular_culture" title="Albert Einstein in popular culture">In popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Grundlagen_der_Einsteinschen_Relativit%C3%A4ts-Theorie" title="Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie">Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativitäts-Theorie</a></i> (1922 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Einstein_Theory_of_Relativity" title="The Einstein Theory of Relativity">The Einstein Theory of Relativity</a></i> (1923 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relics:_Einstein%27s_Brain" title="Relics: Einstein's Brain">Relics: Einstein's Brain</a></i> (1994 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Insignificance_(film)" title="Insignificance (film)">Insignificance</a></i> (1985 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Einstein" title="Young Einstein">Young Einstein</a></i> (1988 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picasso_at_the_Lapin_Agile" title="Picasso at the Lapin Agile">Picasso at the Lapin Agile</a></i> (1993 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I.Q._(film)" title="I.Q. (film)">I.Q.</a></i> (1994 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Gift" title="Einstein's Gift">Einstein's Gift</a></i> (2003 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_and_Eddington" title="Einstein and Eddington">Einstein and Eddington</a></i> (2008 TV film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_(American_TV_series)" title="Genius (American TV series)">Genius</a></i> (2017 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a></i> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Award" title="Albert Einstein Award">Albert Einstein Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal" title="Albert Einstein Medal">Albert Einstein Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Prize" title="Kalinga Prize">Kalinga Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Peace_Prize" title="Albert Einstein Peace Prize">Albert Einstein Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_World_Award_of_Science" title="Albert Einstein World Award of Science">Albert Einstein World Award of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Prize_for_Laser_Science" title="Einstein Prize for Laser Science">Einstein Prize for Laser Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Prize_(APS)" title="Einstein Prize (APS)">Einstein Prize (APS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books about<br />Einstein</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein:_Creator_and_Rebel" title="Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel">Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_and_Religion" title="Einstein and Religion">Einstein and Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_for_Beginners" title="Einstein for Beginners">Einstein for Beginners</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein:_His_Life_and_Universe" title="Einstein: His Life and Universe">Einstein: His Life and Universe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_in_Oxford" title="Einstein in Oxford">Einstein in Oxford</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein_on_the_Run" title="Einstein on the Run">Einstein on the Run</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Cosmos" title="Einstein's Cosmos">Einstein's Cosmos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Albert_Einstein" title="I Am Albert Einstein">I Am Albert Einstein</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introducing_Relativity" title="Introducing Relativity">Introducing Relativity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subtle_is_the_Lord" title="Subtle is the Lord">Subtle is the Lord</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Einstein_family" title="Einstein family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mileva_Mari%C4%87" title="Mileva Marić">Mileva Marić</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Einstein" title="Elsa Einstein">Elsa Einstein</a> (second wife; cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieserl_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieserl Einstein">Lieserl Einstein</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Albert_Einstein" title="Hans Albert Einstein">Hans Albert Einstein</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Koch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Koch">Pauline Koch</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Einstein">Hermann Einstein</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_Einstein" title="Maja Einstein">Maja Einstein</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_family#Eduard_"Tete"_Einstein_(Albert's_second_son)" title="Einstein family">Eduard Einstein</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_family_of_Robert_Einstein" title="Murder of the family of Robert Einstein">Robert Einstein</a> (cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Caesar_Einstein" title="Bernhard Caesar Einstein">Bernhard Caesar Einstein</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Einstein" title="Evelyn Einstein">Evelyn Einstein</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Martin_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Martin Einstein">Thomas Martin Einstein</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegbert_Einstein" title="Siegbert Einstein">Siegbert Einstein</a> (distant cousin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Albert_Einstein" title="List of awards and honors received by Albert Einstein">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Brain of Albert Einstein">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_House" title="Albert Einstein House">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Memorial" title="Albert Einstein Memorial">Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Political views of Albert Einstein">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_and_philosophical_views_of_Albert_Einstein" title="Religious and philosophical views of Albert Einstein">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Albert_Einstein" title="List of things named after Albert Einstein">Things named after</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Oppenheimer_relationship" title="Einstein–Oppenheimer relationship">Einstein–Oppenheimer relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Archives" title="Albert Einstein Archives">Albert Einstein Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Blackboard" title="Einstein's Blackboard">Einstein's Blackboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Papers_Project" title="Einstein Papers Project">Einstein Papers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_refrigerator" title="Einstein refrigerator">Einstein refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinhaus" title="Einsteinhaus">Einsteinhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Talmey" title="Max Talmey">Max Talmey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Committee_of_Atomic_Scientists" title="Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists">Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Albert_Einstein" title="Category:Albert Einstein">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_branches_of_physics48" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_physics" title="Template:Branches of physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_physics" title="Template talk:Branches of physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_branches_of_physics48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_physics" title="Branches of physics">branches of physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_physics" title="Applied physics">Applied</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_physics" title="Experimental physics">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">Theoretical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Classical mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newtonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_mechanics" title="Analytical mechanics">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_mechanics" title="Continuum mechanics">Continuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism" title="Classical electromagnetism">Classical electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_optics" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical optics">Classical optics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geometrical_optics" title="Geometrical optics">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_optics" title="Physical optics">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-equilibrium_thermodynamics" title="Non-equilibrium thermodynamics">Non-equilibrium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_physics" title="Modern physics">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_mechanics" title="Relativistic mechanics">Relativistic mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic,_molecular,_and_optical_physics" title="Atomic, molecular, and optical physics">Atomic, molecular, and optical physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">Atomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_physics" title="Molecular physics">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optics#Modern_optics" title="Optics">Modern optics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics" title="Condensed matter physics">Condensed matter physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_physics" title="Solid-state physics">Solid-state physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Applied_and_interdisciplinary_physics" title="Category:Applied and interdisciplinary physics">Interdisciplinary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Atmospheric physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">Biophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_physics" title="Chemical physics">Chemical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Mathematical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_physics" title="Medical physics">Medical physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Ocean physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">Quantum information science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physics" title="History of physics">History of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" title="Philosophy of physics">Philosophy of physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_education" title="Physics education">Physics education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics_education_research" title="Physics education research">research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_fundamental_physics_discoveries" title="Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries">Timeline of physics discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time758" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time758" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_measurement_and_standards342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Template talk:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_measurement_and_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time measurement and standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_measurement_and_standards342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Metrology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTC_offset" title="UTC offset">offset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94T_(timekeeping)" title="ΔT (timekeeping)">ΔT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DUT1" title="DUT1">DUT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Earth_Rotation_and_Reference_Systems_Service" title="International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">ISO 31-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">ISO 8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">International Atomic Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Barycentric Coordinate Time">Barycentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barycentric_Dynamical_Time" title="Barycentric Dynamical Time">Barycentric Dynamical Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_time" title="Civil time">Civil time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_Coordinate_Time" title="Geocentric Coordinate Time">Geocentric Coordinate Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IERS_Reference_Meridian" title="IERS Reference Meridian">IERS Reference Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Time" title="Terrestrial Time">Terrestrial Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180th_meridian" title="180th meridian">180th meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/75px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/113px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg/150px-Marine_sandglass_MMM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="3819" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone"><img alt="template illustration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/75px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/113px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png/150px-Aleutian_Islands_with_180th_meridian_and_International_Date_Line_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="1007" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephemeris_time" title="Ephemeris time">Ephemeris time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">Greenwich Mean Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_meridian" title="Prime meridian">Prime meridian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Time in physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous signal">Continuous signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_decade" title="Cosmological decade">Cosmological decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_time_and_continuous_time" title="Discrete time and continuous time">Discrete time and continuous time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation" title="Gravitational time dilation">Gravitational time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-translation_symmetry" title="Time-translation symmetry">Time-translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">T-symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Horology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">Astrarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">Atomic clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complication_(horology)" title="Complication (horology)">Complication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History of timekeeping devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">Hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">Marine chronometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sandglass" title="Marine sandglass">Marine sandglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Radio clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">Water clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialing_scales" title="Dialing scales">Dialing scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equation_of_time" title="Equation of time">Equation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sundials" title="History of sundials">History of sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Sundial markup schema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> (lunar Hijri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominical_letter" title="Dominical letter">Dominical letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epact" title="Epact">Epact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">Equinox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">Intercalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Tropical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination_of_the_day_of_the_week" title="Determination of the day of the week">Weekday determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week" title="Names of the days of the week">Weekday names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and geology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">International Commission on Stratigraphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">Galactic year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_timescale" title="Nuclear timescale">Nuclear timescale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">units of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_(time)" title="Flick (time)">Flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shake_(unit)" title="Shake (unit)">Shake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiffy_(time)" title="Jiffy (time)">Jiffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">Minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">Hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Week" title="Week">Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">Fortnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustrum" title="Lustrum">Lustrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century" title="Century">Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeculum" title="Saeculum">Saeculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_metrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time metrology">Time metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timekeeper" title="Timekeeper">Timekeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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