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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Bloc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Bloc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Eastern Bloc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Bloc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9" title="بضائع بديلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بضائع بديلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Сурагат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сурагат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Ерзац – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ерзац" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1hra%C5%BEka" title="Náhražka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Náhražka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogaat" title="Surrogaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Surrogaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzedaneo" title="Suzedaneo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Suzedaneo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersatz" title="Ersatz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ersatz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%B8%A0" title="에르사츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에르사츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogato" title="Surrogato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Surrogato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ერზაცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერზაცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogaat" title="Surrogaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Surrogaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E7%94%A8%E5%93%81" title="代用品 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="代用品" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surogat" title="Surogat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Surogat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ersatz" title="Ersatz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ersatz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Эрзац – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эрзац" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogat" title="Surrogat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Surrogat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Ерзац – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ерзац" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Ersatz">Ersatz</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Substitute good, particularly in wartime</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ersatz" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ersatz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ersatz (disambiguation)">Ersatz (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ersatz_good" title="Special:EditPage/Ersatz good">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ersatz+good%22">"Ersatz good"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ersatz+good%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ersatz+good%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ersatz+good%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ersatz+good%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ersatz+good%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>ersatz good</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ɛɐ̯ˈzats]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c2\/De-Ersatz.ogg\/De-Ersatz.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Ersatz.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/De-Ersatz.ogg/De-Ersatz.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Ersatz.ogg" title="File:De-Ersatz.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Substitute_good" title="Substitute good">substitute good</a>, especially one that is considered <a href="/wiki/Inferior_good" title="Inferior good">inferior</a> to the good it replaces.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has particular connotations of wartime usage. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz_good&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Ersatz</i> is a <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> word meaning <i>substitute</i> or <i>replacement</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is used as an adjective in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, it is a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> in German. In German orthography noun phrases formed are usually represented as a single word, forming compound nouns such as <i>Ersatzteile</i> ("spare parts") or <i>Ersatzspieler</i> ("substitute player"). While <i>ersatz</i> in English generally means that the substitution is of unsatisfactory or inferior quality compared with the "real thing", in German, there is no such implication: e.g., <i>Ersatzteile</i> 'spare parts' is a technical expression without any implication about quality, <i>Kaffeeersatz</i> '<a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">coffee substitute</a>' is a drink from something other than coffee beans, and <i>Ersatzzug</i> 'replacement train' performs a comparable service. The term for inferior substitute in German would be <i>Surrogat</i>, which is cognate to the English word "surrogate". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz_good&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz_good&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the opening months of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, replacement troops for battle-depleted German infantry units were drawn from lesser-trained <a href="/wiki/Ersatz_Corps" title="Ersatz Corps">Ersatz Corps</a>, which were less effective than the troops they replaced. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Hohlwein_-_Feima_Kaffee-Ersatz_mit_Bohnenkaffee,_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ludwig_Hohlwein_-_Feima_Kaffee-Ersatz_mit_Bohnenkaffee%2C_1926.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Hohlwein_-_Feima_Kaffee-Ersatz_mit_Bohnenkaffee%2C_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ludwig_Hohlwein_-_Feima_Kaffee-Ersatz_mit_Bohnenkaffee%2C_1926.jpg/330px-Ludwig_Hohlwein_-_Feima_Kaffee-Ersatz_mit_Bohnenkaffee%2C_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ludwig_Hohlwein_-_Feima_Kaffee-Ersatz_mit_Bohnenkaffee%2C_1926.jpg/440px-Ludwig_Hohlwein_-_Feima_Kaffee-Ersatz_mit_Bohnenkaffee%2C_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1373" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for <i>ersatz</i> coffee (containing some <a href="/wiki/Coffee_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee beans">coffee beans</a>) in 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>Another example of the word's usage in Germany exists in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">German naval</a> construction programs at the beginning of the 20th century. In this context, the phrasing "Ersatz (ship name)" indicates that a new, larger or more capable ship was a replacement for an ageing or lost vessel. Because German practice was not to reveal the name of a new ship until its launch, this meant that the ship was known by its "Ersatz (ship name)" throughout its construction. At the end of World War I, the last three ships of the planned <a href="/wiki/Mackensen-class_battlecruiser" title="Mackensen-class battlecruiser"><i>Mackensen</i> class</a> of battlecruisers were redesigned and initially known simply as the <a href="/wiki/Ersatz_Yorck-class_battlecruiser" title="Ersatz Yorck-class battlecruiser"><i>Ersatz Yorck</i> class</a>, since the first ship was considered to be a replacement for the lost <a href="/wiki/Armored_cruiser" title="Armored cruiser">armored cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/SMS_Yorck" title="SMS Yorck"><i>Yorck</i></a>. </p><p>The Allied naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">blockade of Germany</a> limited maritime commerce with Germany, forcing Germany and Austria-Hungary to develop substitutes for products such as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/provision" class="extiw" title="wikt:provision">provisions</a>. More than 11,000 ersatz products were sold in Germany during the war. Patents for ersatz products were granted for 6000 varieties of beer, wine and lemonade; 1000 kinds of soup cubes; 837 types of sausage and 511 assortments of coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ersatz_bread_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ersatz_bread_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ersatz_bread_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ersatz_bread_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ersatz_bread_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ersatz_bread_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ersatz_bread_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3383" data-file-height="2108" /></a><figcaption>Ersatz bread from World War I on display at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a> in London</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ersatz</i> products developed in Germany and Austria-Hungary during this time included:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a> <i>Kautschuk</i> produced from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> for heating oil (coal gas)</li> <li>industrial lubricants made by extracting oils from coal tar and brown-coal slags</li> <li>synthetic <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> for imported natural camphor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> crepe paper made from <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> for <a href="/wiki/Gun_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun cotton">gun cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerin">glycerin</a> from sugar rather than fats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>-yielded <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a> <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a> used to make <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a> processed to make alcohol for <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">rosins</a> and gums extracted from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> derivatives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> composed of roasted <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, grasses, wild flowers, ground raspberry leaves or <a href="/wiki/Catnip" title="Catnip">catnip</a></li> <li>coffee substitute using roasted <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a>, chicory and beechnuts (stretched with caramel-flavoured raw sugar and beet flower later in the war)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> replaced by curdled <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> and food colouring</li> <li>cooking oil replaced by a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Beet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beet">beets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnips</a> and spices</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Salad oil">salad oil</a> was 99% <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a> replaced by yellow-coloured corn or potato flour</li> <li>ground European beetles (<a href="/wiki/Cockchafer" title="Cockchafer">cockchafers</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Linden_tree#Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Linden tree">linden wood</a> replaced fats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausage</a> made of water, plant fibres, animal scraps and blood (the infamous 'war sausage' which was equated to 'a mouthful of sawdust')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouillon_cubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouillon cubes">bouillon cubes</a> made 70–90% of salt rather than meat extract</li> <li>wheat flour stretched by adding potato flour and powdered hay</li> <li>chocolates and cocoa replaced by ground cocoa shells and mixed pure pepper</li> <li>oil and sunflower 'cakes' replaced <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a> as <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> feed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppy</a> and mustard 'cakes' replaced green feed for <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a></li> <li>paper, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reed_(plant)" title="Reed (plant)">reeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulrush" title="Bulrush">bulrushes</a> and free-growing stinging <a href="/wiki/Nettle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nettle">nettle</a> fibres replaced cotton in textiles</li> <li>wood and paper used for shoe soles</li></ul> <p>Germany also stretched its supply of petrol with '<a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">gasohol</a>' (<i>Benzolspiritus</i>), which by today's standards would be classed as E25 petrol, consisting of 75% petrol and 25% distilled alcohol, likely <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz_good&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <i>Ersatzbrot</i> (substitute bread) made of <a href="/wiki/Potato_starch" title="Potato starch">potato starch</a>, frequently stretched with extenders such as sawdust, was furnished to soldiers as <i>Kommissbrot</i>, a dark <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> bread baked from rye and other flours used for <a href="/wiki/Military_rations" title="Military rations">military rations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also to <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AkitaMemoir_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AkitaMemoir-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sumner2019_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumner2019-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OssadNordhausen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OssadNordhausen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One recipe reportedly discovered in the "Food Providing Ministry" (<i><a href="/wiki/Reichsn%C3%A4hrstand" title="Reichsnährstand">Reichsnährstand</a></i>) in Berlin, labeled "(Top Secret) Berlin 24.X1 1941", contained 50% bruised rye grain, 20% sliced <a href="/wiki/Sugar_beet" title="Sugar beet">sugar beets</a>, 20% "tree flour" (sawdust), and 10% minced leaves and straw.<sup id="cite_ref-AkitaMemoir_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AkitaMemoir-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%91%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1079" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Ersatz food from the siege of Leningrad, made from <a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_album" title="Chenopodium album">goose-foot seed</a> and bran, and fried in <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">siege of Leningrad</a>, its citizens were given ersatz flour instead of actual wheat flour (of which there was an extremely limited supply then) by the Soviet authorities. The lack of proper food with any nutrition meant that the city residents not only starved but became vulnerable to deadly illnesses and diseases (such as <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>) owing to their weakened physical conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the word ersatz entered as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> into Russian and other <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>. </p><p>In Britain, this was additionally popularised as an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> from the experiences of thousands of U.S., British, and other English-speaking combat personnel, primarily airmen, who were captured in the <a href="/wiki/European_Theater_of_Operations" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theater of Operations">European Theater of Operations</a> during World War II. These Allied <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> were given ersatz goods such as <i>Ersatzkaffee</i>, an inferior <i>Getreidekaffee</i> or "<a href="/wiki/Roasted_grain_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Roasted grain beverage">grain coffee</a>" as a <a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">coffee substitute</a> by their German captors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Bloc">Eastern Bloc</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz_good&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Eastern Bloc"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, many agricultural goods could not be produced domestically, such as tea, coffee, nuts, and citrus fruits. These were generally imported from abroad with scarce foreign currency reserves, or inferior substitutes were produced domestically. In 1977, the <a href="/wiki/East_German_coffee_crisis" title="East German coffee crisis">East German coffee crisis</a> resulted in the introduction of many <a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">coffee substitutes</a>, which were generally rejected by the population. Replacements for <a href="/wiki/Orangeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangeat">orangeat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succade" title="Succade">succade</a> were made from candied carrot and unripe tomatoes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz_good&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study of conditions in the Southern United States during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Civil War">United States Civil War</a> is called <i>Ersatz in the Confederacy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz_good&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When presented with a choice of ersatz, one tends to prefer the <a href="/wiki/Generic_brand" title="Generic brand">generic version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">name brand</a> rather than an entirely different product. Specifically one that most closely resembles the original and <a href="/wiki/Equifinality" title="Equifinality">meets the same goal</a>. </p><p>For instance, a person who desires a gourmet <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> is more likely to choose another, less expensive chocolate as a substitute than a different kind of dessert or snack. Because such "within-category" substitutes are easier to compare to the desired good, however, those that are inferior are less effective than "cross-category" substitutes that fulfill the same goal. People are more able to notice their inferiority during consumption, which leads them to be less satisfying than goal-derived substitutes from different taxonomic categories.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the First World War in Germany and Austria-Hungary, people succumbed to sickness from the consumption of ersatz goods. In Austria, the term "Vienna sickness" was coined after malnutrition from such goods was linked to a cause of the tuberculosis epidemic (10,000 reported cases).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Evelyn,_Princess_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Evelyn, Princess Blücher">Princess Blücher</a> suffered from influenza in 1916, suggesting that she was suffering from "ersatz illness". She writes: "everyone is feeling ill from too many chemicals in the hotel food. I don't believe that Germany will ever be starved out, but she will be poisoned out first with these substitutes."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz_good&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">Adulterant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstop_resources" title="Backstop resources">Backstop resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claytons" title="Claytons">Claytons</a>, a word used in Australian and New Zealand English</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">Counterfeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giffen_good" title="Giffen good">Giffen good</a>, a good for which there is no ersatz replacement, causing demand to rise with prices</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersatz_good&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMises,_Ludwig_von1949" class="citation book cs1">Mises, Ludwig von (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/human-action-0/html/pp/906">"War and Autarky"</a>. <i>Human Action</i>. <q>A substitute is a good which is either less suitable or more expensive or both less suitable and more expensive than the proper good which it is designed to replace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+and+Autarky&rft.btitle=Human+Action&rft.date=1949&rft.au=Mises%2C+Ludwig+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fhuman-action-0%2Fhtml%2Fpp%2F906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErsatz+good" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ersatz">"Ersatz - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"</a>. Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ersatz+-+Definition+and+More+from+the+Free+Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-webster.com&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fersatz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErsatz+good" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuders1936" class="citation book cs1">Luders, Marie-Elisabeth (1936). <i>Das unbekannte Heer. Frauen kampfen fur Deutschland 1914-1918</i>. Berlin: E.S. Mittler & Sohn. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+unbekannte+Heer.+Frauen+kampfen+fur+Deutschland+1914-1918&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=E.S.+Mittler+%26+Sohn&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Luders&rft.aufirst=Marie-Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErsatz+good" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerwig1997" class="citation book cs1">Herwig, Holger H (1997). <i>The First World War Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918</i>. London: Arnold. pp. 256, 257, 275–6, 288–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340677538" title="Special:BookSources/0340677538"><bdi>0340677538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+Germany+and+Austria-Hungary+1914-1918&rft.place=London&rft.pages=256%2C+257%2C+275-6%2C+288-9&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0340677538&rft.aulast=Herwig&rft.aufirst=Holger+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErsatz+good" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanse2002" class="citation web cs1">Ganse, Alexander (15 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/economy/period/warecwwi.html">"War Economies"</a>. <i>History of the Economy</i>. World History at KMLA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+Economy&rft.atitle=War+Economies&rft.date=2002-02-15&rft.aulast=Ganse&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zum.de%2Fwhkmla%2Feconomy%2Fperiod%2Fwarecwwi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AErsatz+good" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100624094216/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795450,00.html">"Medicine: Feeding the Reichswehr"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 28 July 1941. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795450,00.html">the original</a> on June 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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