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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aroclor_mixtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Aroclor mixtures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aroclor_mixtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_transport_and_transformations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_transport_and_transformations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Environmental transport and transformations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_transport_and_transformations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental transport and transformations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_transport_and_transformations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Biosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemical_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemical_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biochemical metabolism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biochemical_metabolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biochemical metabolism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biochemical_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_dependent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_dependent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Species dependent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_dependent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature_dependent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature_dependent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Temperature dependent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature_dependent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_dependent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_dependent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Sex dependent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_dependent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Health effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exposure_and_excretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure_and_excretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Exposure and excretion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure_and_excretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Signs and symptoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Humans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawsuits_related_to_health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawsuits_related_to_health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Lawsuits related to health effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawsuits_related_to_health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution_due_to_PCBs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution_due_to_PCBs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Pollution due to PCBs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollution_due_to_PCBs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pollution due to PCBs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pollution_due_to_PCBs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Republic of Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Kenya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Slovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Slovenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain_and_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain_and_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.8 Spain and Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain_and_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.9 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alabama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alabama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.1 Alabama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alabama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.2 California </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connecticut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecticut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.3 Connecticut </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecticut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.4 Great Lakes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.5 Indiana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massachusetts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massachusetts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.6 Massachusetts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massachusetts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missouri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missouri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.7 Missouri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missouri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.8 Montana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.9 New York </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Carolina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Carolina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.10 North Carolina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Carolina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.11 Ohio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Carolina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Carolina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.12 South Carolina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Carolina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.13 Washington </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wisconsin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wisconsin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.10.14 Wisconsin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wisconsin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.11 Pacific Ocean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Regulation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Regulation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Methods of destruction </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_of_destruction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methods of destruction subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Physical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Microbial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Fungal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioremediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioremediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bioremediation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioremediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homologs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homologs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Homologs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homologs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Polychlorinated biphenyl</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polichloor-bifeniele" title="Polichloor-bifeniele – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Polichloor-bifeniele" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Полихлорирани бифенили – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полихлорирани бифенили" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifenil_policlorat" title="Bifenil policlorat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bifenil policlorat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorovan%C3%A9_bifenyly" title="Polychlorované bifenyly – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polychlorované bifenyly" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyklorerede_bifenyler" title="Polyklorerede bifenyler – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polyklorerede bifenyler" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorierte_Biphenyle" title="Polychlorierte Biphenyle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polychlorierte Biphenyle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCklooritud_bifen%C3%BC%C3%BClid" title="Polüklooritud bifenüülid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polüklooritud bifenüülid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Πολυχλωριωμένα διφαινύλια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυχλωριωμένα διφαινύλια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifenilos_policlorados" title="Bifenilos policlorados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bifenilos policlorados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliklorizita_bifenilo" title="Poliklorizita bifenilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poliklorizita bifenilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifenilo_polikloratu" title="Bifenilo polikloratu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bifenilo polikloratu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%81%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="پلی‌کلر بی‌فنیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلی‌کلر بی‌فنیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorobiph%C3%A9nyle" title="Polychlorobiphényle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polychlorobiphényle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9fheinil_pholacl%C3%B3ir%C3%ADnithe" title="Défheinil pholaclóirínithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Défheinil pholaclóirínithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCB" title="PCB – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="PCB" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%BC%ED%99%94_%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%ED%8E%98%EB%8B%90" title="폴리염화 바이페닐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴리염화 바이페닐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piralen" title="Piralen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Piralen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifenil_Poliklorinasi" title="Bifenil Poliklorinasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bifenil Poliklorinasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policlorobifenili" title="Policlorobifenili – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Policlorobifenili" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCB" title="PCB – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="PCB" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polichlorinti_bifenilai" title="Polichlorinti bifenilai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polichlorinti bifenilai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychloorbifenyl" title="Polychloorbifenyl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polychloorbifenyl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E5%A1%A9%E5%8C%96%E3%83%93%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AB" title="ポリ塩化ビフェニル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリ塩化ビフェニル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyklorerte_bifenyler" title="Polyklorerte bifenyler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polyklorerte bifenyler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyklorert_bifenyl" title="Polyklorert bifenyl – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polyklorert bifenyl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polichlorowane_bifenyle" title="Polichlorowane bifenyle – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polichlorowane bifenyle" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifenilpoliclorado" title="Bifenilpoliclorado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bifenilpoliclorado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifenil_policlorurat" title="Bifenil policlorurat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bifenil policlorurat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Полихлорированные дифенилы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полихлорированные дифенилы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polychlorinated biphenyl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychl%C3%B3rovan%C3%A9_bifenyly" title="Polychlórované bifenyly – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polychlórované bifenyly" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliklorirani_bifenili" title="Poliklorirani bifenili – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poliklorirani bifenili" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Полихлоровани бифенили – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полихлоровани бифенили" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyklooratut_bifenyylit" title="Polyklooratut bifenyylit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polyklooratut bifenyylit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyklorerade_bifenyler" title="Polyklorerade bifenyler – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polyklorerade bifenyler" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliklorlu_bifenil" title="Poliklorlu bifenil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Poliklorlu bifenil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Поліхлоровані дифеніли – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Поліхлоровані дифеніли" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCB" title="PCB – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="PCB" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%B0%AF%E8%81%AF%E8%8B%AF" title="多氯聯苯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多氯聯苯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Highly carcinogenic chemical compounds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"PCBs" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/PCB_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="PCB (disambiguation)">PCB (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Polychlorinated biphenyl </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polychlorinated_biphenyl_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Polychlorinated_biphenyl_structure.svg/200px-Polychlorinated_biphenyl_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Polychlorinated_biphenyl_structure.svg/300px-Polychlorinated_biphenyl_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Polychlorinated_biphenyl_structure.svg/400px-Polychlorinated_biphenyl_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div style="text-align:center;">Chemical structure of PCBs. The possible positions of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> atoms on the <a href="/wiki/Benzene_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzene ring">benzene rings</a> are denoted by numbers assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atoms.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1336-36-3">1336-36-3</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.014.226">100.014.226</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211171#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>UN 2315 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5024267">DTXSID5024267</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211171#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>12<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>10−x<a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Cl</a>x </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>Variable </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Light yellow or colorless, thick, oily liquids<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_53fa73bec90f7290" /><map name="ImageMap_53fa73bec90f7290"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" title="Health 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentine" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" title="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g. diesel fuel" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-PCB-warning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-PCB-warning.jpg/170px-CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-PCB-warning.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-PCB-warning.jpg/255px-CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-PCB-warning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/df/CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-PCB-warning.jpg/340px-CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-PCB-warning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>PCB warning label on a power transformer known to contain PCBs</figcaption></figure> Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are <a href="/wiki/Organochlorine_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochlorine compound">organochlorine compounds</a> with the formula <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a>12<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>10−x<a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Cl</a>x; they were once widely used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonless copy">carbonless copy</a> paper, as <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat transfer fluid">heat transfer fluids</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a> fluids for electrical equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-2">[2]</a> They are highly toxic and <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogenic</a> chemical compounds, formerly used in industrial and consumer electronic products, whose production was banned internationally by the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants" title="Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants">Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants</a> in 2001. Because of their longevity, PCBs are still widely in use, even though their manufacture has declined drastically since the 1960s, when a host of problems were identified.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> With the discovery of PCBs' environmental <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>, and classification as <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>, their production was banned for most uses by United States federal law on January 1, 1978. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) rendered PCBs as definite carcinogens in humans. According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA), PCBs cause cancer in animals and are probable human carcinogens.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-4">[4]</a> Moreover, because of their use as a coolant in electric transformers, PCBs still persist in built environments.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Some PCBs share <a href="/wiki/Dioxin-like_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxin-like compound">a structural similarity and toxic mode of action</a> with <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Other toxic effects such as <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine disruption">endocrine disruption</a> (notably blocking of thyroid system functioning) and <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a> are known.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> analogues of PCBs are <a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_biphenyl" title="Polybrominated biphenyl">polybrominated biphenyls</a> (PBBs), which have analogous applications and environmental concerns. An estimated 1.2 million tons have been produced globally.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> Though the US EPA enforced the federal ban as of 1978, PCBs continued to create health problems in later years through their continued presence in soil and sediment, and from products which were made before 1979.<a href="#cite_note-healthafter-10">[10]</a> In 1988, Japanese scientists Tanabe et al. estimated 370,000 tons were in the environment globally, and 780,000 tons were present in products, landfills, and dumps or kept in storage.<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_and_chemical_properties">Physical and chemical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical and chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> The compounds are pale-yellow <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscous</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a>. They are hydrophobic, with low <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a> <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">solubilities</a>: 0.0027–0.42 <a href="/wiki/Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">ng</a>/L for Aroclors <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>,<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] but they have high solubilities in most organic <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, oils, and <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>. They have low <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressures</a> at room temperature. They have <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric constant">dielectric constants</a> of 2.5–2.7,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> very high <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and high <a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash points</a> (from 170 to 380 °C).<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The density varies from 1.182 to 1.566 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Other physical and chemical properties vary widely across the class. As the degree of chlorination increases, melting point and <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilicity</a> increase, and vapour pressure and water solubility decrease.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] PCBs do not easily break down or degrade, which made them attractive for industries. PCB mixtures are resistant to acids, bases, oxidation, hydrolysis, and temperature change.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> They can generate extremely toxic <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dibenzodioxins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dibenzofuran" title="Dibenzofuran">dibenzofurans</a> through partial oxidation. Intentional degradation as a treatment of unwanted PCBs generally requires high heat or <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a> (see <a href="#Methods_of_destruction">Methods of destruction</a> below). PCBs readily penetrate <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(skin)" title="Absorption (skin)">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a> (polyvinyl chloride), and <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a> (natural rubber).<a href="#cite_note-anzecc-14">[14]</a> PCB-resistant materials include <a href="/wiki/Viton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viton">Viton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">polyethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">polyvinyl acetate</a> (PVA), <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">polytetrafluoroethylene</a> (PTFE), <a href="/wiki/Butyl_rubber" title="Butyl rubber">butyl rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrile_rubber" title="Nitrile rubber">nitrile rubber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">Neoprene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anzecc-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_toxicity">Structure and toxicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure and toxicity">edit</a>]</div> PCBs are derived from <a href="/wiki/Biphenyl" title="Biphenyl">biphenyl</a>, which has the formula C12H10, sometimes written (C6H5)2. In PCBs, some of the hydrogen atoms in biphenyl are replaced by chlorine atoms. There are 209 different chemical compounds in which one to ten chlorine atoms can replace hydrogen atoms. PCBs are typically used as mixtures of compounds and are given the single identifying <a href="/wiki/CAS_registry_number" class="mw-redirect" title="CAS registry number">CAS number</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1336-36-3&title=">1336-36-3</a> . About 130 different individual PCBs are found in commercial PCB products.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>: 2  Toxic effects vary depending on the specific PCB. In terms of their structure and toxicity, PCBs fall into two distinct categories, referred to as coplanar or non-ortho-substituted <a href="/wiki/Arene_substitution_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arene substitution patterns">arene substitution patterns</a> and noncoplanar or ortho-substituted <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congeners</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dl-PCB_beschriftet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dl-PCB_beschriftet.svg/440px-Dl-PCB_beschriftet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dl-PCB_beschriftet.svg/660px-Dl-PCB_beschriftet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Dl-PCB_beschriftet.svg/880px-Dl-PCB_beschriftet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="959" /></a><figcaption>Structures of the twelve dioxin-like PCBs</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Coplanar or non-ortho</dt> <dd>The coplanar group members have a fairly rigid structure, with their two phenyl rings in the same plane. It renders their structure similar to <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzo-p-dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins">polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins</a> (PCDDs) and <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzofurans" title="Polychlorinated dibenzofurans">polychlorinated dibenzofurans</a>, and allows them to act like PCDDs, as an agonist of the <a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor">aryl hydrocarbon receptor</a> (AhR) in organisms. They are considered as contributors to overall dioxin toxicity, and the term <a href="/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">dioxins and dioxin-like compounds</a> is often used interchangeably when the environmental and toxic impact of these compounds is considered.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Noncoplanar</dt> <dd>Noncoplanar PCBs, with chlorine atoms at the ortho positions can cause neurotoxic and immunotoxic effects, but only at concentrations much higher than those normally associated with dioxins. However, as they are typically found at much higher levels in biological and environmental samples they also pose health concerns, particularly to developing animals (including humans). As they do not activate the AhR, they are not considered part of the dioxin group. Because of their lower overt toxicity, they have typically been of lesser concern to regulatory bodies.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></dd></dl> Di-ortho-substituted, non-coplanar PCBs interfere with intracellular <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> dependent on <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium</a> which may lead to <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">neurotoxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> ortho-PCBs can disrupt <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">thyroid hormone</a> transport by binding to <a href="/wiki/Transthyretin" title="Transthyretin">transthyretin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mixtures_and_trade_names">Mixtures and trade names</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mixtures and trade names">edit</a>]</div> Commercial PCB mixtures were marketed under the following names:<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> Brazil <ul><li>Ascarel</li></ul> Czech Republic and Slovakia <ul><li>Delor</li></ul> France <ul><li>Phenoclor</li> <li>Pyralène (both used by Prodolec)</li></ul> Germany <ul><li>Clophen (used by <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a>)</li></ul> Italy <ul><li>Apirolio</li> <li>Fenclor</li></ul> Japan <ul><li>Kanechlor (used by Kanegafuchi)</li> <li>Santotherm (used by <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a>)</li> <li>Pyroclor</li></ul> Former USSR <ul><li>Sovol</li> <li>Sovtol</li></ul> United Kingdom <ul><li>Aroclor xxxx (used by <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Company">Monsanto Company</a>)</li> <li>Askarel</li></ul> United States <ul><li>Aroclor xxxx (used by <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Company">Monsanto Company</a>)</li> <li>Asbestol</li> <li>Askarel</li> <li>Bakola131</li> <li>Chlorextol – <a href="/wiki/Allis-Chalmers" title="Allis-Chalmers">Allis-Chalmers</a> trade name</li> <li>Dykanol (Cornell-Dubilier)</li> <li>Hydol</li> <li>Inerteen (used by <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation (1886)">Westinghouse</a>)</li> <li>Noflamol</li> <li>Pyranol/Pyrenol, Clorinol (used in <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>'s oil-filled "clorinol"-branded metal can <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>. Utilized from the early 1960s to late 1970s in air conditioning units, Seeburg jukeboxes and Zenith televisions)</li> <li>Saf-T-Kuhl</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therminol" title="Therminol">Therminol</a> FR Series (<a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> ceased production in 1971<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aroclor_mixtures">Aroclor mixtures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aroclor mixtures">edit</a>]</div> The only North American producer, <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Company">Monsanto Company</a>, marketed PCBs under the trade name Aroclor from 1930 to 1977. These were sold under trade names followed by a four-digit number. In general, the first two digits refer to the product series as designated by Monsanto (e.g. 1200 or 1100 series); the second two numbers indicate the percentage of chlorine by mass in the mixture. Thus, Aroclor 1260 is a 1200 series product and contains 60% chlorine by mass. It is a myth that the first two digits referred to the number of carbon atoms; the number of carbon atoms do not change in PCBs. The 1100 series was a crude PCB material which was distilled to create the 1200 series PCB product.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The exception to the naming system is Aroclor 1016 which was produced by distilling 1242 to remove the highly chlorinated congeners to make a more biodegradable product. "1016" was given to this product during Monsanto's research stage for tracking purposes but the name stuck after it was commercialized. Different Aroclors were used at different times and for different applications. In electrical equipment manufacturing in the US, Aroclor 1260 and Aroclor 1254 were the main mixtures used before 1950; Aroclor 1242 was the main mixture used in the 1950s and 1960s until it was phased out in 1971 and replaced by Aroclor 1016.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> One estimate (2006) suggested that 1 million tonnes of PCBs had been produced. 40% of this material was thought to remain in use.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-2">[2]</a> Another estimate put the total global production of PCBs on the order of 1.5 million tonnes. The United States was the single largest producer with over 600,000 tonnes produced between 1930 and 1977. The European region follows with nearly 450,000 tonnes through 1984. It is unlikely that a full inventory of global PCB production will ever be accurately tallied, as there were factories in Poland, East Germany, and Austria that produced unknown amounts of PCBs. As of 2002<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were still 21,500 tons of PCBs stored in the easternmost regions of Slovakia.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Although deliberate production of PCBs is banned by international treaty, significant amounts of PCBs are still being "inadvertently" produced. Research suggests that 45,000 tons of 'by-product' PCBs are legally produced per year in the US as part of certain chemical and product formulations.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Commercial production of PCBs was banned in the United States in 1979, with the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic Substances Control Act">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (TSCA).<a href="#cite_note-epa-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> The utility of PCBs is based largely on their chemical stability, including low <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">flammability</a> and high dielectric constant. In an electric arc, PCBs generate incombustible gases. Use of PCBs is commonly divided into closed and open applications.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-2">[2]</a> Examples of closed applications include <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolants</a> and insulating fluids (<a href="/wiki/Transformer_oil" title="Transformer oil">transformer oil</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>, such as those used in old fluorescent light ballasts,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">hydraulic fluids</a> considered a semi-closed application. In contrast, the major open application of PCBs was in <a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">carbonless copy ("NCR") paper</a>, which even presently results in paper contamination.<a href="#cite_note-:0-30">[30]</a> Other open applications were lubricating and cutting oils, and as <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> in paints and cements, stabilizing additives in flexible PVC coatings of electrical cables and electronic components, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> extenders, reactive <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">sealants</a> for <a href="/wiki/Caulk" title="Caulk">caulking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>, wood floor finishes, such as Fabulon and other products of <a href="/wiki/Halowax" title="Halowax">Halowax</a> in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-rudel2008-31">[31]</a> de-dusting agents, waterproofing compounds, casting agents.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a> It was also used as a plasticizer in paints and especially "coal tars" that were used widely to coat water tanks, bridges and other infrastructure pieces. Modern sources include <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, which may be used in <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a> for paper or plastic products.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> PCBs are also still found in old equipment like capacitors, ballasts, X-ray machine, and other e-waste.<a href="#cite_note-E-scrap_News-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_transport_and_transformations">Environmental transport and transformations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environmental transport and transformations">edit</a>]</div> PCBs have entered the environment through both use and disposal. The environmental fate of PCBs is complex and global in scale.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> Because of their low <a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour pressure">vapour pressure</a>, PCBs accumulate primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, despite their <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobicity">hydrophobicity</a>, in the organic fraction of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> including the human body.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The hydrosphere is the main reservoir. The immense volume of water in the oceans is still capable of dissolving a significant quantity of PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> As the pressure of ocean water increases with depth, PCBs become heavier than water and sink to the deepest ocean trenches where they are concentrated.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> A small volume of PCBs has been detected throughout the Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere serves as the primary route for global transport of PCBs, particularly for those congeners with one to four chlorine atoms.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In the atmosphere, PCBs may be degraded by <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">hydroxyl radicals</a>, or directly by <a href="/wiki/Photolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photolysis">photolysis</a> of carbon–chlorine bonds (even if this is a less important process).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Atmospheric concentrations of PCBs tend to be lowest in rural areas, where they are typically in the <a href="/wiki/Picogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Picogram">picogram</a> per cubic meter range, higher in suburban and urban areas, and highest in city centres, where they can reach 1 <a href="/wiki/Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">ng</a>/m3 or more.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, an atmospheric concentration of 1.9 ng/m3 has been measured, and this source alone was estimated to account for 120 kg/year of PCBs entering <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 2008, concentrations as high as 35 <a href="/wiki/Nanogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanogram">ng</a>/m3, 10 times higher than the EPA guideline limit of 3.4 ng/m3, have been documented inside some houses in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-rudel2008-31">[31]</a> Volatilization of PCBs in soil was thought to be the primary source of PCBs in the atmosphere, but research suggests ventilation of PCB-contaminated indoor air from buildings is the primary source of PCB contamination in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosphere">Biosphere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biosphere">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>, PCBs can be degraded by the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, but the speed of the reaction depends on both the number and the disposition of chlorine atoms in the molecule: less substituted, meta- or para-substituted PCBs undergo biodegradation faster than more substituted congeners.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In bacteria, PCBs may be dechlorinated through <a href="/wiki/Reductive_dechlorination" title="Reductive dechlorination">reductive dechlorination</a>, or oxidized by <a href="/wiki/Dioxygenase" title="Dioxygenase">dioxygenase</a> enzyme.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In eukaryotes, PCBs may be oxidized by the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> enzyme.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biomagnification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Biomagnification.svg/220px-Biomagnification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Biomagnification.svg/330px-Biomagnification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Biomagnification.svg/440px-Biomagnification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a> is the increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.</figcaption></figure> Like many lipophilic toxins, PCBs undergo <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulation</a> primarily due to the fact that they are easily retained within organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Plastic pollution, specifically <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a>, are a major contributor of PCBs into the biosphere and especially into marine environments. PCBs concentrate in marine environments because freshwater systems, like rivers, act as a bridge for plastic pollution to be transported from terrestrial environments into marine environments.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> It has been estimated that 88–95% of marine plastic is exported into the ocean by just 10 major rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt-43">[43]</a> An organism can accumulate PCBs by consuming other organisms that have previously ingested PCBs from terrestrial, freshwater, or marine environments. The concentration of PCBs within an organism will increase over their lifetime; this process is called bioaccumulation. PCB concentrations within an organism also change depending upon which <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic level</a> they occupy. When an organism occupies a high trophic level, like <a href="/wiki/Orcas" class="mw-redirect" title="Orcas">orcas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, they will accumulate more PCBs than an organism that occupies a low trophic level, like <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>. If enough organisms with a trophic level are killed due to the accumulation of toxins, like PCB, a <a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">trophic cascade</a> can occur. PCBs can cause harm to human health or even death when eaten.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> PCBs can be transported by birds from aquatic sources onto land via feces and carcasses.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemical_metabolism">Biochemical metabolism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Biochemical metabolism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> PCBs undergo xenobiotic biotransformation, a mechanism used to make <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a> toxins more polar and more easily excreted from the body.<a href="#cite_note-pubs.acs.org-48">[48]</a> The biotransformation is dependent on the number of chlorine atoms present, along with their position on the rings. Phase I reactions occur by adding an oxygen to either of the benzene rings by <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">Cytochrome P450</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The type of P450 present also determines where the oxygen will be added; phenobarbital (PB)-induced P450s catalyze oxygenation to the meta-para positions of PCBs while 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC)-induced P450s add oxygens to the ortho–meta positions.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> PCBs containing ortho–meta and meta–para protons can be metabolized by either enzyme, making them the most likely to leave the organism. However, some metabolites of PCBs containing ortho–meta protons have increased <a href="/wiki/Steric_hindrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Steric hindrance">steric hindrance</a> from the oxygen, causing increased stability and an increased chance of accumulation.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_dependent">Species dependent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Species dependent">edit</a>]</div> Metabolism is also dependent on the species of organism; different organisms have slightly different P450 enzymes that metabolize certain PCBs better than others. Looking at the PCB metabolism in the liver of four sea turtle species (green, <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive ridley">olive ridley</a>, loggerhead and hawksbill), green and hawksbill sea turtles have noticeably higher <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">hydroxylation</a> rates of PCB 52 than olive ridley or loggerhead sea turtles. This is because the green and hawksbill sea turtles have higher P450 2-like protein expression. This protein adds three hydroxyl groups to PCB 52, making it more polar and water-soluble. P450 3-like protein expression that is thought to be linked to PCB 77 metabolism, something that was not measured in this study.<a href="#cite_note-pubs.acs.org-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temperature_dependent">Temperature dependent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Temperature dependent">edit</a>]</div> Temperature plays a key role in the ecology, physiology and metabolism of aquatic species. The rate of PCB metabolism was temperature dependent in <a href="/wiki/Yellow_perch" title="Yellow perch">yellow perch</a> (Perca flavescens). In fall and winter, only 11 out of 72 introduced PCB congeners were excreted and had <a href="/wiki/Halflife" class="mw-redirect" title="Halflife">halflives</a> of more than 1,000 days. During spring and summer when the average daily water temperature was above 20 °C, persistent PCBs had halflives of 67 days. The main excretion processes were fecal egestion, growth dilution and loss across respiratory surfaces. The excretion rate of PCBs matched with the perch's natural <a href="/wiki/Bioenergetics" title="Bioenergetics">bioenergetics</a>, where most of their consumption, respiration and growth rates occur during the late spring and summer. Since the perch is performing more functions in the warmer months, it naturally has a faster metabolism and has less PCB accumulation. However, multiple cold-water periods mixed with toxic PCBs with coplanar chlorine molecules can be detrimental to perch health.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_dependent">Sex dependent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sex dependent">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">Enantiomers</a> of chiral compounds have similar chemical and physical properties, but can be metabolized by the body differently. This was looked at in <a href="/wiki/Bowhead_whale" title="Bowhead whale">bowhead whales</a> (Balaena mysticetus) for two main reasons: they are large animals with slow metabolisms (meaning PCBs will accumulate in fatty tissue) and few studies have measured chiral PCBs in cetaceans. They found that the average PCB concentrations in the blubber were approximately four times higher than the liver; however, this result is most likely age- and sex-dependent. As reproductively active females transferred PCBs and other poisonous substances to the fetus, the PCB concentrations in the blubber were significantly lower than males of the same body length (less than 13 meters).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Health effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCB-labelling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PCB-labelling.jpg/220px-PCB-labelling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PCB-labelling.jpg/330px-PCB-labelling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/PCB-labelling.jpg/440px-PCB-labelling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>Labelling transformers containing PCBs</figcaption></figure> The toxicity of PCBs varies considerably among <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congeners</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coplanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Coplanar">coplanar</a> PCBs, known as nonortho PCBs because they are not substituted at the ring positions <a href="/wiki/Arene_substitution_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arene substitution patterns">ortho</a> to (next to) the other ring, (such as PCBs 77, 126 and 169), tend to have <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxin</a>-like properties, and generally are among the most toxic congeners. Because PCBs are almost invariably found in complex mixtures, the concept of toxic equivalency factors (<a href="/wiki/Toxic_equivalent_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic equivalent factor">TEFs</a>) has been developed to facilitate risk assessment and regulation, where more toxic PCB congeners are assigned higher TEF values on a scale from 0 to 1. One of the most toxic compounds known, <a href="/wiki/2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin" class="mw-redirect" title="2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin">2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo[p]dioxin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">PCDD</a>, is assigned a TEF of 1.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In June 2020, State Impact of Pennsylvania stated that "In 1979, the EPA banned the use of PCBs, but they still exist in some products produced before 1979. They persist in the environment because they bind to sediments and soils. High exposure to PCBs can cause birth defects, developmental delays, and liver changes."<a href="#cite_note-healthafter-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure_and_excretion">Exposure and excretion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Exposure and excretion">edit</a>]</div> In general, people are exposed to PCBs overwhelmingly through food, much less so by breathing contaminated air, and least by skin contact. Once exposed, some PCBs may change to other chemicals inside the body. These chemicals or unchanged PCBs can be excreted in feces or may remain in a person's body for years, with half lives estimated at 10–15 years.<a href="#cite_note-Crinnion-55">[55]</a> PCBs collect in <a href="/wiki/Body_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Body fat">body fat</a> and milk fat.<a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-56">[56]</a> PCBs <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnify</a> up the <a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a> and are present in fish and overflow of contaminated aquifers.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Human infants are exposed to PCBs through <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxins_in_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental toxins in pregnancy">intrauterine exposure</a> through transplacental transfer of PCBs<a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-56">[56]</a> and are at the top of the food chain.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>: 249ff  Workers recycling old equipment in the electronics recycling industry can also be exposed to PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-E-scrap_News-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humans">Humans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Humans">edit</a>]</div> The most commonly observed <a href="/wiki/Health_effect" title="Health effect">health effects</a> in people exposed to extremely high levels of PCBs are skin conditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Chloracne" title="Chloracne">chloracne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rashes</a>, but these were known to be symptoms of acute systemic poisoning dating back to 1922. Studies in workers exposed to PCBs have shown changes in <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> that may indicate <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> damage. In Japan in 1968, 280 kg of PCB-contaminated <a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">rice bran oil</a> was used as chicken feed, resulting in a mass poisoning, known as <a href="/wiki/Yush%C5%8D_disease" title="Yushō disease">Yushō disease</a>, in over 1800 people.<a href="#cite_note-Aoki-59">[59]</a> Common symptoms included dermal and ocular <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a>, irregular <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycles</a> and lowered <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune responses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aoki-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Other symptoms included fatigue, headaches, coughs, and unusual skin sores.<a href="#cite_note-HEALTH-62">[62]</a> Additionally, in children, there were reports of poor cognitive development.<a href="#cite_note-Aoki-59">[59]</a> Women exposed to PCBs before or during pregnancy can give birth to children with lowered cognitive ability, immune compromise, and motor control problems.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-ATSDR-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> There is evidence that crash dieters that have been exposed to PCBs have an elevated risk of health complications. Stored PCBs in the <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a> become mobilized into the blood when individuals begin to crash diet.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> PCBs have shown toxic and <a href="/wiki/Mutagen" title="Mutagen">mutagenic</a> effects by interfering with <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> in the body. PCBs, depending on the specific congener, have been shown to both inhibit and imitate <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>, the main sex hormone in females. Imitation of the estrogen compound can feed estrogen-dependent <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> cells, and possibly cause other cancers, such as <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cancer" title="Uterine cancer">uterine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical</a>. Inhibition of estradiol can lead to serious developmental problems for both males and females, including sexual, skeletal, and mental development issues.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In a cross-sectional study, PCBs were found to be negatively associated with testosterone levels in adolescent boys.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> High PCB levels in adults have been shown to result in reduced levels of the thyroid hormone <a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">triiodothyronine</a>, which affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate. It also resulted in reduced immunity and increased thyroid disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Crinnion-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">unreliable medical source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animals">Animals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> Animals that eat PCB-contaminated food, even for short periods of time, suffer liver damage and may die. In 1968 in Japan, 400,000 birds died after eating poultry feed that was contaminated with PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Animals that ingest smaller amounts of PCBs in food over several weeks or months develop various health effects, including <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>; acne-like skin conditions (<a href="/wiki/Chloracne" title="Chloracne">chloracne</a>); liver, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> gland injuries (including hepatocarcinoma),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Thymocyte" title="Thymocyte">thymocyte</a> <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crinnion-55">[55]</a> Other effects of PCBs in animals include changes in the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, behavioral alterations, and impaired reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-Crinnion-55">[55]</a> PCBs that have <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxin</a>-like activity are known to cause a variety of <a href="/wiki/Teratogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogenic">teratogenic</a> effects in animals. Exposure to PCBs causes hearing loss and symptoms similar to hypothyroidism in rats.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer">Cancer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cancer">edit</a>]</div> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) classified dioxin-like PCBs as human <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lauby-Secretan-71">[71]</a> According to the U.S. EPA, PCBs have been shown to cause cancer in animals and evidence supports a cancer-causing effect in humans.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-4">[4]</a> Per the EPA, studies have found increases in malignant melanoma and rare liver cancers in PCB workers.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-4">[4]</a> In 2013, the IARC determined that the evidence for PCBs causing <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Non-Hodgkin lymphoma">non-Hodgkin lymphoma</a> is "limited" and "not consistent".<a href="#cite_note-Lauby-Secretan-71">[71]</a> In contrast an association between elevated blood levels of PCBs and non-Hodgkin lymphoma had been previously accepted.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> PCBs may play a role in the development of cancers of the immune system because some tests of laboratory animals subjected to very high doses of PCBs have shown effects on the animals' immune system, and some studies of human populations have reported an association between environmental levels of PCBs and immune response.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawsuits_related_to_health_effects">Lawsuits related to health effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Lawsuits related to health effects">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Talk:Polychlorinated biphenyl">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (July 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the early 1990s, Monsanto faced several lawsuits over harm caused by PCBs from workers at companies such as Westinghouse that bought PCBs from Monsanto and used them to build electrical equipment.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Monsanto and its customers, such as Westinghouse and GE, also faced litigation from third parties, such as workers at scrap yards that bought used electrical equipment and broke them down to reclaim valuable metals.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Monsanto settled some of these cases and won the others, on the grounds that it had clearly told its customers that PCBs were dangerous chemicals and that protective procedures needed to be implemented.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2003, Monsanto and <a href="/wiki/Solutia_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Solutia Inc.">Solutia Inc.</a>, a Monsanto corporate spin-off, reached a $700 million settlement with the residents of <a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama" title="Anniston, Alabama">West Anniston, Alabama</a>, who had been affected by the manufacturing and dumping of PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alabama-78">[78]</a> In a trial lasting six weeks, the jury found that "Monsanto had engaged in outrageous behavior, and held the corporations and its corporate successors liable on all six counts it considered – including negligence, nuisance, wantonness and suppression of the truth."<a href="#cite_note-60_Minutes_CBS_News-79">[79]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In 2014, the Los Angeles Superior Court found that Monsanto was not liable for cancers claimed to be from PCBs permeating the food supply of three plaintiffs who had developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. After a four-week trial, the jury found that Monsanto's production and sale of PCBs between 1935 and 1977 were not substantial causes of the cancer.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2015, the cities of Spokane, San Diego, and San Jose initiated lawsuits against Monsanto to recover cleanup costs for PCB contaminated sites, alleging that Monsanto continued to sell PCBs without adequate warnings after they knew of their toxicity. Monsanto issued a media statement concerning the San Diego case, claiming that improper use or disposal by third-parties, of a lawfully sold product, was not the company's responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In July 2015, a St Louis county court in Missouri found that Monsanto, Solutia, Pharmacia and Pfizer were not liable for a series of deaths and injuries caused by PCBs manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Chemical_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Chemical Company">Monsanto Chemical Company</a> until 1977. The trial took nearly a month and the jury took a day of deliberations to return a verdict against the plaintiffs from throughout the USA.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Similar cases are ongoing. "The evidence simply doesn't support the assertion that the historic use of PCB products was the cause of the plaintiffs' harms. We are confident that the jury will conclude, as two other juries have found in similar cases, that the former Monsanto Company is not responsible for the alleged injuries," a Monsanto statement said.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In May 2016, a Missouri state jury ordered Monsanto to pay $46.5 million to three plaintiffs whose exposure to PCB caused non-Hodgkin lymphoma.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In December 2016, the state of Washington filed suit in King County. The state sought damages and clean up costs related to PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In March 2018 <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Attorney_General" title="Ohio Attorney General">Ohio Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_DeWine" title="Mike DeWine">Mike DeWine</a> also filed a lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> over health issues posed by PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> On November 21, 2019, a federal judge denied a bid by Monsanto to dismiss a lawsuit filed by LA County calling the company to clean up cancer-causing PCBs from Los Angeles County waterways and storm sewer pipelines.<a href="#cite_note-lacounty-92">[92]</a> The lawsuit calls for Monsanto to pay for cleanup of PCBs from dozens of waterways, including the LA River, San Gabriel River and the Dominguez Watershed.<a href="#cite_note-lacounty-92">[92]</a> In June 2020, Bayer agreed to pay $650 million to settle local lawsuits related to Monsanto's pollution of public waters in various areas of the United States with PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-healthafter-10">[10]</a> In 2023, over 90 Vermont school districts joined a lawsuit against Monsanto alleging that PCBs created by the company were used in the construction of their schools. The <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Attorney_General" title="Vermont Attorney General">Vermont Attorney General</a>'s office also filed its own lawsuit against Monsanto related to the use of its PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-wiki.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-wiki.JPG/220px-CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-wiki.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-wiki.JPG/330px-CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-wiki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-wiki.JPG/440px-CP-SLOPE-wb-gantry-power-supply-transformer-wiki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3832" data-file-height="2881" /></a><figcaption>Old power transformers are a major source of PCBs. Even units not originally filled with PCB may be contaminated, since PCB and oil mix freely and any given transformer may have been refilled from hoses or tanks also used with PCBs.</figcaption></figure> In 1865, the first "PCB-like" chemical was discovered, and was found to be a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a>. Years later in 1876, German chemist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_D%C3%B6bner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Döbner (page does not exist)">Oscar Döbner</a> (Doebner) synthesized the first PCB in a laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Since then, large amounts of PCBs were released into the environment, to the extent that there are even measurable amounts of PCBs in feathers of birds currently held in museums before the production of PCBs peaked.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Company">Monsanto Chemical Company</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Solutia_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Solutia Inc">Solutia Inc</a>) took over commercial production of PCBs from <a href="/wiki/Swann_Chemical_Company" title="Swann Chemical Company">Swann Chemical Company</a> which had begun in 1929. PCBs, originally termed "chlorinated diphenyls", were commercially produced as mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a> at different degrees of chlorination. The electric industry used PCBs as a non-flammable replacement for <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a> to cool and insulate industrial transformers and capacitors. PCBs were also commonly used as <a href="/wiki/Heat_stabilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stabilizer">heat stabilizer</a> in cables and electronic components to enhance the heat and <a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">fire resistance</a> of PVC.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In the 1930s, the toxicity associated with PCBs and other chlorinated hydrocarbons, including <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_naphthalene" title="Polychlorinated naphthalene">polychlorinated naphthalenes</a>, was recognized because of a variety of industrial incidents.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Between 1936 and 1937, there were several medical cases and papers released on the possible link between PCBs and its detrimental health effects. In 1936, a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a> Service official described the wife and child of a worker from the Monsanto Industrial Chemical Company who exhibited <a href="/wiki/Blackhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackhead">blackheads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pustule" class="mw-redirect" title="Pustule">pustules</a> on their skin. The official attributed these symptoms to contact with the worker's clothing after he returned from work. In 1937, a conference about the hazards was organized at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_School_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard School of Public Health">Harvard School of Public Health</a>, and a number of publications referring to the toxicity of various chlorinated hydrocarbons were published before 1940.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 1947, Robert Brown reminded chemists that Arochlors were "objectionably toxic": "Thus the maximum permissible concentration for an 8-hr. day is 1 mg. per cu.m. [1.0 mg/m3] of air. They also produce a serious and disfiguring <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 1954, Kanegafuchi Chemical Co. Ltd. (<a href="/wiki/Kaneka_Corporation" title="Kaneka Corporation">Kaneka Corporation</a>) first produced PCBs, and continued until 1972.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Through the 1960s Monsanto Chemical Company knew increasingly more about PCBs' harmful effects on humans and the environment, per internal leaked documents released in 2002, yet PCB manufacture and use continued with few restraints until the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 1966, PCBs were determined by Swedish chemist Sören Jensen to be an environmental contaminant.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Jensen, according to a 1994 article in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra (magazine)">Sierra</a>, named chemicals PCBs, which previously, had simply been called "phenols" or referred to by various trade names, such as Aroclor, Kanechlor, Pyrenol, Chlorinol and others. In 1972, PCB production plants existed in Austria, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, France, the UK, Italy, Japan, Spain, the USSR and the US.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In the early 1970s, Ward B. Stone of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation" title="New York State Department of Environmental Conservation">New York State Department of Environmental Conservation</a> (NYSDEC) first published his findings that PCBs were leaking from transformers and had contaminated the soil at the bottom of utility poles. There have been allegations that <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Bio-Test_Laboratories#Polychlorinated_biphenyls" title="Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories">Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories</a> engaged in data falsification in testing relating to PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In 2003, Monsanto and <a href="/wiki/Solutia_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Solutia Inc.">Solutia Inc.</a>, a Monsanto corporate spinoff, reached a US$700 million settlement with the residents of <a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama" title="Anniston, Alabama">West Anniston</a>, Alabama, who had been affected by the manufacturing and dumping of PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alabama-78">[78]</a> In a trial lasting six weeks, the jury found that "Monsanto had engaged in outrageous behavior, and held the corporations and its corporate successors liable on all six counts it considered – including negligence, nuisance, wantonness and suppression of the truth."<a href="#cite_note-60_Minutes_CBS_News-79">[79]</a> Existing products containing PCBs which are "totally enclosed uses" such as insulating fluids in transformers and capacitors, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">vacuum pump</a> fluids, and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">hydraulic fluid</a>, are allowed to remain in use in the US.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The public, legal, and scientific concerns about PCBs arose from research indicating they are likely <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> having the potential to adversely impact the environment and, therefore, undesirable as commercial products. Despite active research spanning five decades, extensive regulatory actions, and an effective ban on their production since the 1970s, PCBs still persist in the environment and remain a focus of attention.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_due_to_PCBs">Pollution due to PCBs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pollution due to PCBs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Dioxin_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxin Affair">Dioxin Affair</a> occurred when 50 kg of PCB transformer oils were added to a stock of recycled fat used for the production of 500 tonnes of animal feed, eventually affecting around 2,500 farms in several countries.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Covaci-108">[108]</a> The name Dioxin Affair was coined from early misdiagnosis of dioxins as the primary contaminants, when in fact they turned out to be a relatively small part of the contamination caused by thermal reactions of PCBs. The PCB congener pattern suggested the contamination was from a mixture of Aroclor 1260 and 1254. Over 9 million chickens, and 60,000 pigs were destroyed because of the contamination. The extent of human health effects has been debated, in part because of the use of differing risk assessment methods. One group predicted increased cancer rates, and increased rates of neurological problems in those exposed as neonates. A second study suggested carcinogenic effects were unlikely and that the primary risk would be associated with developmental effects due to exposure in pregnancy and neonates.<a href="#cite_note-Covaci-108">[108]</a> Two businessmen who knowingly sold the contaminated feed ingredient received two-year suspended sentences for their role in the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> The Italian company Caffaro, located in <a href="/wiki/Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>, specialized in producing PCBs from 1938 to 1984, following the acquisition of the exclusive rights to use the patent in Italy from Monsanto.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The pollution resulting from this factory and the case of Anniston, in the US, are the largest known cases in the world of PCB contamination in water and soil, in terms of the amount of toxic substance dispersed, size of the area contaminated, number of people involved and duration of production. The values reported by the local health authority (ASL) of Brescia since 1999 are 5,000 times above the limits set by Ministerial Decree 471/1999 (levels for residential areas, 0.001 mg/kg). As a result of this and other investigations, in June 2001, a complaint of an environmental disaster was presented to the Public Prosecutor's Office of Brescia. Research on the adult population of Brescia showed that residents of some urban areas, former workers of the plant, and consumers of contaminated food, have PCB levels in their bodies that are in many cases 10–20 times higher than reference values in comparable general populations.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] PCBs entered the human food supply by animals grazing on contaminated pastures near the factory, especially in local veal mostly eaten by farmers' families.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The exposed population showed an elevated risk of <a href="/wiki/Non-Hodgkin_lymphoma" title="Non-Hodgkin lymphoma">Non-Hodgkin lymphoma</a>, but not for other specific cancers.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> In 1968, a mixture of dioxins and PCBs got into rice bran oil produced in northern <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>. Contaminated cooking oil sickened more than 1,860 people. The symptoms were called <a href="/wiki/Yush%C5%8D_disease" title="Yushō disease">Yushō disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aoki-59">[59]</a> In Okinawa, high levels of PCB contamination in soil on <a href="/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base" title="Kadena Air Base">Kadena Air Base</a> were reported in 1987 at thousands of parts per million, some of the highest levels found in any pollution site in the world.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Ireland">Republic of Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Republic of Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Irish_pork_crisis" title="2008 Irish pork crisis">2008 Irish pork crisis</a></div> In December 2008, a number of Irish news sources reported testing had revealed "extremely high" levels of dioxins, by <a href="/wiki/Toxic_equivalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic equivalent">toxic equivalent</a>, in pork products, ranging from 80 to 200 times the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU's</a> upper safe limit of 1.5 pg WHO-TEQDFP/μg i.e. 0.12 to 0.3 parts per billion.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_PCB-1-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Smith_(politician)" title="Brendan Smith (politician)">Brendan Smith</a>, the Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, stated the pork contamination was caused by PCB-contaminated feed that was used on 9 of Ireland's 400 pig farms, and only one feed supplier was involved.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_PCB-1-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Smith added that 38 beef farms also used the same contaminated feed, but those farms were quickly isolated and no contaminated beef entered the food chain.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> While the contamination was limited to just 9 pig farms, the Irish government requested the immediate withdrawal and disposal of all pork-containing products produced in Ireland and purchased since September 1, 2008. This request for withdrawal of pork products was confirmed in a press release by the <a href="/wiki/Food_Safety_Authority_of_Ireland" title="Food Safety Authority of Ireland">Food Safety Authority of Ireland</a> on December 6.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> It is thought that the incident resulted from the contamination of fuel oil used in a drying burner at a single feed processor, with PCBs. The resulting combustion produced a highly toxic mixture of PCBs, dioxins and <a href="/wiki/Furan" title="Furan">furans</a>, which was included in the feed produced and subsequently fed to a large number of pigs.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Kenya">edit</a>]</div> In Kenya, a number of cases have been reported in the 2010s of thieves selling <a href="/wiki/Transformer_oil" title="Transformer oil">transformer oil</a>, stolen from electric <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformers</a>, to the operators of roadside <a href="/wiki/Food_stall" class="mw-redirect" title="Food stall">food stalls</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">deep frying</a>. When used for frying, it is reported that transformer oil lasts much longer than regular <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a>. The downside of this misuse of the transformer oil is the threat to the health of the consumers, due to the presence of PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Slovakia">edit</a>]</div> The chemical plant Chemko in <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A1%C5%BEske" title="Strážske">Strážske</a> (east <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) was an important producer of polychlorinated biphenyls for the former communist bloc (<a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>) until 1984. Chemko contaminated a large part of east Slovakia, especially the sediments of the <a href="/wiki/Laborec" title="Laborec">Laborec</a> river and <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoir</a> <a href="/wiki/Zempl%C3%ADnska_%C5%A1%C3%ADrava" title="Zemplínska šírava">Zemplínska šírava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Slovenia">edit</a>]</div> Between 1962 and 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Iskra_(company)" title="Iskra (company)">Iskra Kondenzatorji</a> company in <a href="/wiki/Semi%C4%8D" title="Semič">Semič</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Carniola" title="White Carniola">White Carniola</a>, Southeast <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>) manufactured <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a> using PCBs. Due to the wastewater and improperly disposed waste products, the area (including the <a href="/wiki/Krupa_(Lahinja)" title="Krupa (Lahinja)">Krupa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahinja" title="Lahinja">Lahinja</a> rivers) became highly contaminated with PCBs. The pollution was discovered in 1983, when the Krupa river was meant to become a water supply source. The area was sanitized then, but the soil and water are still highly polluted. Traces of PCBs were found in food (eggs, cow milk, walnuts) and Krupa is still the most PCB-polluted river in the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain_and_Portugal">Spain and Portugal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Spain and Portugal">edit</a>]</div> Several <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetacean</a> species have very high mean <a href="/wiki/Blubber" title="Blubber">blubber</a> PCB concentrations likely to cause population declines and suppress population recovery. <a href="/wiki/Striped_dolphin" title="Striped dolphin">Striped dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin" title="Bottlenose dolphin">bottlenose dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orcas</a> were found to have mean levels that markedly exceeded all known marine mammal PCB toxicity thresholds. The western Mediterranean Sea and the south-west Iberian Peninsula were identified as "hotspots".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> manufactured PCBs at its chemical plant in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>, South Wales, until the mid- to late-1970s. During this period, waste matter, including PCBs, from the Newport site was dumped at a disused quarry near <a href="/wiki/Groes-faen" title="Groes-faen">Groes-faen</a>, west of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, and Penhros landfill site<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> from where it continues to be released in waste water discharges.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> Monsanto was the only company that manufactured PCBs in the US. Its production was entirely halted in 1977. (Kimbrough, 1987, 1995)<a href="#cite_note-:2-9">[9]</a> On November 25, 2020, U.S. District Judge <a href="/wiki/Fernando_M._Olguin" title="Fernando M. Olguin">Fernando M. Olguin</a> rejected a proposed $650 million settlement from Bayer, the company which acquired Monsanto in 2018, and allowed Monsanto-related lawsuits involving PCB to proceed.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alabama">Alabama</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Alabama">edit</a>]</div> PCBs originating from <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Chemical_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Chemical Company">Monsanto Chemical Company</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anniston,_Alabama" title="Anniston, Alabama">Anniston</a>, Alabama, were dumped into Snow Creek, which then spread to <a href="/wiki/Choccolocco_Creek" title="Choccolocco Creek">Choccolocco Creek</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Logan_Martin_Lake" title="Logan Martin Lake">Logan Martin Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In the early 2000s, class action lawsuits were settled by local land owners, including those on Logan Martin Lake, and <a href="/wiki/Lay_Dam" title="Lay Dam">Lay Reservoir</a> (downstream on the <a href="/wiki/Coosa_River" title="Coosa River">Coosa River</a>), for the PCB pollution. Donald Stewart, former Senator from Alabama, first learned of the concerns of hundreds of west Anniston residents after representing a church which had been approached about selling its property by Monsanto. Stewart went on to be the pioneer and lead attorney in the first and majority of cases against Monsanto and focused on residents in the immediate area known to be most polluted. Other attorneys later joined in to file suits for those outside the main immediate area around the plant; one of these was the late <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Cochran" title="Johnnie Cochran">Johnnie Cochran</a>. In 2007, the highest pollution levels remained concentrated in Snow and Choccolocco Creeks.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Concentrations in fish have declined and continue to decline over time; sediment disturbance, however, can resuspend the PCBs from the sediment back into the water column and food web. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: California">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Sign.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fish_Sign.png/220px-Fish_Sign.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fish_Sign.png/330px-Fish_Sign.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Fish_Sign.png/440px-Fish_Sign.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Fish consumption advisory poster for San Francisco Bay</figcaption></figure> San Francisco Bay has been contaminated by PCBs, "a legacy of PCBs spread widely across the land surface of the watershed, mixed deep into the sediment of the Bay, and contaminating the Bay food web".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Levels of PCBs in fish and shellfish exceed thresholds for safe consumption. Signs around the Bay warn anglers of which species to avoid. State water quality regulators set a <a href="/wiki/Total_Maximum_Daily_Load" class="mw-redirect" title="Total Maximum Daily Load">Total Maximum Daily Load</a> for PCBs require city and county governments around the Bay to implement control measures to limit PCBs in urban runoff.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> An important part of the second, revised version of this permit was the requirement for municipalities to install <a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">green infrastructure</a> with a goal of reducing pollutant levels in stormwater.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Connecticut">Connecticut</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Connecticut">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a>, the decommissioned <a href="/wiki/English_Station" title="English Station">English Station</a> has a high concentration of PCB contamination due to the chemicals used in the running of the plant. This, along with <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> contamination, has made cleaning and demolishing the abandoned site extremely difficult. The PCB contamination has spread to the soil, and to the river, where locals will sometimes fish unaware of the danger.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Lakes">Great Lakes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Great Lakes">edit</a>]</div> In 1976, environmentalists found PCBs in the sludge at <a href="/wiki/Waukegan,_Illinois" title="Waukegan, Illinois">Waukegan</a> Harbor, the southwest end of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>. They were able to trace the source of the PCBs back to the Outboard Marine Corporation that was producing boat motors next to the harbor. By 1982, the Outboard Marine Corporation was court-ordered to release quantitative data referring to their PCB waste released. The data stated that from 1954 they released 100,000 tons of PCB into the environment, and that the sludge contained PCBs in concentrations as high as 50%.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>] In 1989, during construction near the <a href="/wiki/Zilwaukee,_Michigan" title="Zilwaukee, Michigan">Zilwaukee</a> bridge, workers uncovered an uncharted landfill containing PCB-contaminated waste which cost $100,000 to clean up.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Much of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> area were still heavily polluted with PCBs in 1988, despite extensive remediation work.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indiana">Indiana</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Indiana">edit</a>]</div> From the late 1950s through 1977, <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric">Westinghouse Electric</a> used PCBs in the manufacture of capacitors in its <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a>, Indiana, plant. Reject capacitors were hauled and dumped in area salvage yards and landfills, including Bennett's Dump, Neal's Landfill and Lemon Lane Landfill.<a href="#cite_note-US_EPA-140">[140]</a> Workers also dumped PCB oil down factory drains, which contaminated the city sewage treatment plant.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The City of Bloomington gave away the sludge to area farmers and gardeners, creating anywhere from 200 to 2,000 sites, which remain unaddressed. Over 1,000 tons of PCBs were estimated to have been dumped in <a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Indiana" title="Monroe County, Indiana">Monroe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owen_County,_Indiana" title="Owen County, Indiana">Owen</a> counties.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although federal and state authorities have been working on the sites' <a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">environmental remediation</a>, many areas remain contaminated. Concerns have been raised regarding the removal of PCBs from the <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> limestone topography, and regarding the possible disposal options. To date, the Westinghouse Bloomington PCB Superfund site case does not have a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) and Record of Decision (ROD), although Westinghouse signed a US Department of Justice Consent Decree in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-US_EPA-140">[140]</a> The 1985 consent decree required Westinghouse to construct an incinerator that would incinerate PCB-contaminated materials. Because of public opposition to the incinerator, however, the State of Indiana passed a number of laws that delayed and blocked its construction. The parties to the consent decree began to explore alternative remedies in 1994 for six of the main PCB contaminated sites in the consent decree. Hundreds of sites remain unaddressed as of 2014. Monroe County will never be PCB-free, as noted in a 2014 Indiana University program about the local contamination.<a href="#cite_note-US_EPA-140">[140]</a> On February 15, 2008, Monroe County approved a plan to clean up the three remaining contaminated sites in the City of Bloomington, at a cost of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">$</a>9.6 million to <a href="/wiki/CBS_Corporation" title="CBS Corporation">CBS Corp.</a>, the successor of Westinghouse. In 1999, Viacom bought CBS, so they are current responsible party for the PCB sites.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Massachusetts">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a>, in western Massachusetts, was home to the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Pittsfield_Plant" title="General Electric Pittsfield Plant">General Electric (GE) transformer, capacitor, and electrical generating equipment divisions</a>. The electrical generating division built and repaired equipment that was used to power the electrical utility grid throughout the nation. PCB-contaminated oil routinely migrated from GE's 254-acre (1.03 km2) industrial plant located in the very center of the city to the surrounding groundwater, nearby Silver Lake, and to the <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_River" title="Housatonic River">Housatonic River</a>, which flows through Massachusetts, Connecticut, and down to Long Island Sound.<a href="#cite_note-GE_Pittsfield-history-143">[143]</a> PCB-containing solid material was widely used as fill, including <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">oxbows</a> of the Housatonic River. Fish and waterfowl which live in and around the river contain significant levels of PCBs and are not safe to eat.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> EPA designated the Pittsfield plant and several miles of the river as a <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> site in 1997, and ordered GE to remediate the site. EPA and GE began a cleanup of the area in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-GE_Pittsfield-history-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts#Geography" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford Harbor</a>, which is a listed Superfund site,<a href="#cite_note-EPA-New_Bedford-145">[145]</a> contained some of the highest sediment concentrations of PCBs in the marine environment.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Cleanup of the area began in 1994 and is mostly complete as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-EPA-New_Bedford-145">[145]</a> Investigations into historic waste dumping in the <a href="/wiki/Bliss_Corner,_Massachusetts" title="Bliss Corner, Massachusetts">Bliss Corner</a> neighborhood have revealed the existence of PCBs, among other hazardous materials, buried in soil and waste material.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Missouri">Missouri</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Missouri">edit</a>]</div> In 1982, Martha C. Rose Chemical Inc. began processing and disposing of materials contaminated with PCBs in <a href="/wiki/Holden,_Missouri" title="Holden, Missouri">Holden, Missouri</a>, a small rural community about 40 miles (64 km) east of Kansas City. From 1982 until 1986, nearly 750 companies, including General Motors Corp., Commonwealth Edison, Illinois Power Co. and West Texas Utilities, sent millions of pounds of PCB contaminated materials to Holden for disposal.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Instead, according to prosecutors, the company began storing the contaminated materials while falsifying its reports to the EPA to show they had been removed. After investigators learned of the deception, Rose Chemical was closed and filed for bankruptcy. The site had become the nation's largest waste site for the chemical PCB.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In the four years the company was operational, the EPA inspected it four times and assessed $206,000 in fines but managed to collect only $50,000.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> After the plant closed the state environmental agency found PCB contamination in streams near the plant and in the city's sewage treatment sludge. A 100,000 square-foot warehouse and unknown amounts of contaminated soil and water around the site had to be cleaned up. Most of the surface debris, including close to 13 million pounds of contaminated equipment, carcasses and tanks of contaminated oil, had to be removed.<a href="#cite_note-:1-151">[151]</a> Walter C. Carolan, owner of Rose Chemical, and five others pleaded guilty in 1989 to committing fraud or falsifying documents. Carolan and two other executives served sentences of less than 18 months; the others received fines and were placed on probation. Cleanup costs at the site are estimated at $35 million.<a href="#cite_note-:1-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Montana">Montana</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Montana">edit</a>]</div> Two launch facilities at <a href="/wiki/Malmstrom_Air_Force_Base" title="Malmstrom Air Force Base">Malmstrom Air Force Base</a> showed PCB levels higher than the thresholds recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency when extensive sampling began of active U.S. intercontinental ballistic missile bases to address specific cancer concerns in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York">New York</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: New York">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Hudson_River" title="Pollution of the Hudson River">Pollution of the Hudson River</a> is largely due to dumping of PCBs by <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> from 1947 to 1977. GE dumped an estimated 1.3 million pounds of PCBs into the Hudson River during these years. The PCBs came from the company's two capacitor manufacturing plants at <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Falls,_New_York" title="Hudson Falls, New York">Hudson Falls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Edward_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Edward (town), New York">Fort Edward</a>, New York. This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who eat fish from the river or drink the water.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In 1984, EPA declared a 200-mile (320 km) stretch of the river, from Hudson Falls to New York City, to be a Superfund site requiring cleanup.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Extensive remediation actions on the river began in the 1970s with the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act#Point_sources" title="Clean Water Act">wastewater discharge permits</a> and consequent control or reduction of wastewater discharges, and sediment removal operations, which have continued into the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Love_Canal" title="Love Canal">Love Canal</a> is a neighborhood in <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a>, New York, that was heavily contaminated with toxic waste including PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Mile_Creek_(Niagara_County)" title="Eighteen Mile Creek (Niagara County)">Eighteen Mile Creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lockport_(town),_New_York" title="Lockport (town), New York">Lockport</a>, New York, is an EPA Superfund site for PCBs contamination.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> PCB pollution at the <a href="/wiki/Government_Plaza,_Binghamton" title="Government Plaza, Binghamton">State Office Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton</a> was responsible for what is now considered to be the first indoor environmental disaster in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> In 1981, a transformer explosion in the basement spewed PCBs throughout the entire 18-story building.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The contamination was so severe that cleanup efforts kept the building closed for 13 years.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Carolina">North Carolina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: North Carolina">edit</a>]</div> One of the largest deliberate PCB spills in American history occurred in the summer of 1978 when 31,000 gallons (117 m^3) of PCB-contaminated oil were illegally sprayed by the Ward PCB Transformer Company in 3-foot (0.91 m) swaths along the roadsides of some 240 miles (390 km) of North Carolina highway shoulders in 14 counties and at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Liberty">Fort Liberty</a> Army Base. The crime, known as "<a href="/wiki/Warren_County_PCB_Landfill" title="Warren County PCB Landfill">the midnight dumpings</a>", occurred over nearly two weeks, as drivers of a black-painted tanker truck drove down one side of rural Piedmont highways spraying PCB-laden waste and then up the other side the following night.<a href="#cite_note-NY_Times-162">[162]</a> Under Governor <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hunt" title="Jim Hunt">James B. Hunt</a>, Jr., state officials then erected large, yellow warning signs along the contaminated highways that read: "CAUTION: PCB Chemical Spills Along Highway Shoulders". The illegal dumping is believed to have been motivated by the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic Substances Control Act">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> (TSCA), which became effective on August 2, 1978, and increased the expense of chemical waste disposal. Within a couple of weeks of the crime, Robert Burns and his sons, Timothy and Randall, were arrested for dumping the PCBs along the roadsides. Burns was a business partner of Robert "Buck" Ward Jr., of the Ward PCB Transformer Company, in Raleigh. Burns and sons pleaded guilty to state and Federal criminal charges; Burns received a three to five-year prison sentence. Ward was acquitted of state charges in the dumping, but was sentenced to 18 months prison time for violation of TSCA.<a href="#cite_note-NY_Times-162">[162]</a> Cleanup and disposal of the roadside PCBs generated controversy, as the Governor's plan to pick up the roadside PCBs and to bury them in a landfill in rural <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_North_Carolina" title="Warren County, North Carolina">Warren County</a> were strongly opposed in 1982 by local residents.<a href="#cite_note-NY_Times-162">[162]</a> In October 2013, at the request of the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SCDHEC), the City of <a href="/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina" title="Charlotte, North Carolina">Charlotte</a>, North Carolina, decided to stop applying <a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">sewage sludge</a> to land while authorities investigated the source of PCB contamination.<a href="#cite_note-cmu-163">[163]</a> In February 2014, the City of Charlotte admitted PCBs have entered their sewage treatment centers as well.<a href="#cite_note-co214-164">[164]</a> After the 2013 SCDHEC had issued emergency regulations,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> the City of Charlotte discovered high levels of PCBs entering its sewage waste water treatment plants, where sewage is converted to sewage sludge.<a href="#cite_note-co214-164">[164]</a> The city at first denied it had a problem, then admitted an "event" occurred in February 2014, and in April that the problem had occurred much earlier.<a href="#cite_note-cmu-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The city stated that its very first test with a newly changed test method revealed very high PCB levels in its sewage sludge farm field fertilizer. Because of the widespread use of the contaminated sludge, SCDHEC subsequently issued PCB fish advisories for nearly all streams and rivers bordering farm fields that had been applied with city waste.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ohio">Ohio</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Ohio">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Clyde_cancer_cluster" title="Clyde cancer cluster">Clyde cancer cluster</a> (also known as the Sandusky County cancer cluster) is a <a href="/wiki/Childhood_cancer" title="Childhood cancer">childhood</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_cluster" title="Cancer cluster">cancer cluster</a> that has affected many families in <a href="/wiki/Clyde,_Ohio" title="Clyde, Ohio">Clyde</a>, Ohio, and surrounding areas. PCBs were found in soil in a public park within the area of the cancer cluster.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a>, Ohio, soil was contaminated and noxious PCB-laden fumes had been put into the air by an electrical transformer deconstruction operation from the 1930s to the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Carolina">South Carolina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: South Carolina">edit</a>]</div> From 1955 until 1977, the Sangamo Weston plant in Pickens, South Carolina, used PCBs to manufacture capacitors, and dumped 400,000 pounds of PCB contaminated wastewater into the Twelve Mile Creek. In 1990, the EPA declared the 228 acres (0.92 km2) site of the capacitor plant, its landfills and the polluted watershed, which stretches nearly 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) downstream to Lake Hartwell as a <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a> site. Two dams on the Twelve Mile Creek are to be removed and on Feb. 22, 2011 the first of two dams began to be dismantled. Some contaminated sediment is being removed from the site and hauled away, while other sediment is pumped into a series of settling ponds.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In 2013, the state environmental regulators issued a rare emergency order, banning all <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a> from being land applied or deposited on landfills, as it contained very high levels of PCBs. The problem had not been discovered until thousands of acres of farm land in the state had been contaminated by the <a href="/wiki/Hazardous" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazardous">hazardous</a> sludge. A criminal investigation to determine the perpetrator of this crime was launched.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Washington">Washington</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Washington">edit</a>]</div> As of 2015, several bodies of water in the state of Washington were contaminated with PCBs, including the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duwamish_River" title="Duwamish River">Duwamish River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Lake_(Seattle)" title="Green Lake (Seattle)">Green Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Washington" title="Lake Washington">Lake Washington</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Okanogan_River" title="Okanogan River">Okanogan River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spokane_River" title="Spokane River">Spokane River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_River" title="Walla Walla River">Walla Walla River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wenatchee_River" title="Wenatchee River">Wenatchee River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yakima_River" title="Yakima River">Yakima River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> A study by Washington State published in 2011 found that the two largest sources of PCB flow into the Spokane River were City of Spokane stormwater (44%) and municipal and industrial discharges (20%).<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> PCBs entered the environment through paint, hydraulic fluids, sealants, inks and have been found in river sediment and wildlife. Spokane utilities will spend $300 million to prevent PCBs from entering the river in anticipation of a 2017 federal deadline to do so.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In August 2015 Spokane joined other U.S. cities like <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, California, and <a href="/wiki/Westport,_Massachusetts" title="Westport, Massachusetts">Westport</a>, Massachusetts, in seeking damages from Monsanto.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Wisconsin">edit</a>]</div> From 1954 until 1971, the Fox River in <a href="/wiki/Appleton,_Wisconsin" title="Appleton, Wisconsin">Appleton, Wisconsin</a>, had PCBs deposited into it from Appleton Paper/NCR, P.H. Gladfelter, <a href="/wiki/Georgia-Pacific" title="Georgia-Pacific">Georgia-Pacific</a> and other notable local paper manufacturing facilities. The Wisconsin DNR estimates that after wastewater treatment the PCB discharges to the Fox River due to production losses ranged from 81,000 kg to 138,000 kg. (178,572 lbs. to 304,235 lbs). The production of Carbon Copy Paper and its byproducts led to the discharge into the river. Fox River clean up is ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pacific_Ocean">Pacific Ocean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Pacific Ocean">edit</a>]</div> Polychlorinated biphenyls have been discovered in organisms living in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Levels were as high as 1,900 nanograms per gram of <a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">amphipod</a> tissue in the organisms analyzed.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Regulation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan_2">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> In 1972 the Japanese government banned the production, use, and import of PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-unep-11">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> In 1973, the use of PCBs in "open" or "<a href="/wiki/Dissipative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissipative">dissipative</a>" sources (such as <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticisers</a> in paints and cements, casting agents, <a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">fire retardant</a> fabric treatments and <a href="/wiki/Heat_stabilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stabilizer">heat stabilizing additives</a> for PVC electrical insulation, <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>, paints and waterproofing, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">railroad ties</a>) was banned in Sweden. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In 1981, the UK banned closed uses of PCBs in new equipment, and nearly all UK PCB synthesis ceased; closed uses in existing equipment containing in excess of 5 litres of PCBs were not stopped until December 2000.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> In 1976, concern over the toxicity and persistence (chemical stability) of PCBs in the environment led the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to ban their domestic production, effective January 1, 1978, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> To implement the law, EPA banned new manufacturing of PCBs, but issued regulations that allowed for their continued use in electrical equipment for economic reasons.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> EPA began issuing regulations for PCB usage and disposal in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The agency has issued guidance publications for safe removal and disposal of PCBs from existing equipment.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> EPA defined the "maximum contaminant level goal" for <a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">public water systems</a> as zero, but because of the limitations of water treatment technologies, a level of 0.5 parts per billion is the actual regulated level (<a href="/wiki/Maximum_contaminant_level" title="Maximum contaminant level">maximum contaminant level</a>).<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_destruction">Methods of destruction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Methods of destruction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Physical">edit</a>]</div> PCBs were technically attractive because of their inertness, which includes their resistance to combustion. Nonetheless, they can be effectively destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incineration</a> at 1000 °C. When combusted at lower temperatures, they convert in part to more hazardous unintentional persistent organic pollutants, including polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins. When conducted properly, the combustion products are water, carbon dioxide, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a>. In some cases, the PCBs are combusted as a solution in kerosene. PCBs have also been destroyed by pyrolysis in the presence of alkali metal <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_desorption" title="Thermal desorption">Thermal desorption</a> is highly effective at removing PCBs from soil.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> PCBs are fairly chemically unreactive, this property being attractive for its application as an inert material. They resist <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many chemical compounds are available to destroy or reduce the PCBs. Commonly, PCBs are degraded by basic mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Glycol" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycol">glycols</a>, which displace some or all chloride. Also effective are reductants such as sodium or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_naphthalene" title="Sodium naphthalene">sodium naphthalene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a> has also shown promise.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbial">Microbial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Microbial">edit</a>]</div> The use of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> to degrade PCBs from contaminated sites, relying on multiple microorganisms' co-metabolism, is known as <a href="/wiki/Bioremediation_of_polychlorinated_biphenyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl">bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyl</a>. Some micro-organisms <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">degrade</a> PCBs by reducing the C-Cl bonds. Microbial dechlorination tends to be rather slow-acting in comparison to other methods. Enzymes extracted from microbes can show PCB activity. In 2005, <a href="/wiki/Shewanella_oneidensis" title="Shewanella oneidensis">Shewanella oneidensis</a> biodegraded a high percentage of PCBs in soil samples.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> A low voltage current can stimulate the microbial degradation of PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungal">Fungal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Fungal">edit</a>]</div> There is research showing that some <a href="/wiki/Ligninolytic_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligninolytic fungi">ligninolytic fungi</a> can degrade PCBs.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Bioremediation">edit</a>]</div> The remediation, or removal, of PCBs from estuarian and coastal river sediments is quite difficult due to the overlying water column and the potential for resuspension of contaminants during the removal process. The most common method of PCB extraction from sediments is to dredge an area and dispose of the sediments in a landfill. This method is troubling for a number of reasons, namely that it has a risk of resuspension of the chemicals as the sediments are disturbed, and this method can be very damaging to ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> A potential cost effective, low risk remediation technique is bioremediation. Bioremediation involves the use of biota to remediate sediments. Phytoremediation, the use of plants to remediate soils, has been found to be effective for a broad range of contaminants such as mercury PCB and PAHs in terrestrial soils.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> A promising study conducted in New Bedford Harbor found that Ulva rigida, a type of seaweed common throughout the world, is effective at removing PCB from sediments.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> During a typical bloom in New Bedford Harbor, U. rigida forms a thick mat that lies on top of and in contact with the sediment. This allows for U. rigida to uptake large amounts of PCB from the sediment with concentrations of PCB in U. rigida reaching 1580 μg kg−1 within 24 hours of the bloom. Live tissue tended to take up higher concentrations of PCB than dead tissue, but this is not to say that dead tissue did not still take up large amounts of PCB as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homologs">Homologs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Homologs">edit</a>]</div> For a complete list of the 209 PCB congeners, see <a href="/wiki/PCB_congener_list" title="PCB congener list">PCB congener list</a>. Note that biphenyl, while not technically a PCB congener because of its lack of chlorine substituents, is still typically included in the literature. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>PCB homolog </th> <th>CASRN </th> <th>Cl substituents </th> <th>Number of congeners </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biphenyl" title="Biphenyl">Biphenyl</a> (not a PCB) </td> <td>92-52-4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monochlorobiphenyl </td> <td>27323-18-8 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dichlorobiphenyl </td> <td>25512-42-9 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trichlorobiphenyl </td> <td>25323-68-6 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tetrachlorobiphenyl </td> <td>26914-33-0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pentachlorobiphenyl </td> <td>25429-29-2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hexachlorobiphenyl </td> <td>26601-64-9 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heptachlorobiphenyl </td> <td>28655-71-2 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Octachlorobiphenyl </td> <td>55722-26-4 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nonachlorobiphenyl </td> <td>53742-07-7 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Decachlorobiphenyl </td> <td>2051-24-3 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organochlorine_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochlorine compound">Organochlorine compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_biphenyl" title="Polybrominated biphenyl">Polybrominated biphenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiac_(novel)" title="Zodiac (novel)">Zodiac</a>, a novel by <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a> which involves PCBs and their impact on the environment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Pollution+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Uptake+of+PCBs+contained+in+marine+sediments+by+the+green+macroalga+Ulva+rigida&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25261178&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpolbul.2014.09.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014MarPB..88..207C&rft.aulast=Cheney&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Rajic%2C+Ljiljana&rft.au=Sly%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Meric%2C+Dogus&rft.au=Sheahan%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolychlorinated+biphenyl" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polychlorinated_biphenyl&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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/></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polychlorinated_biphenyls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Polychlorinated biphenyls">Polychlorinated biphenyls</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp17.pdf">ATSDR Toxicological Profile</a> U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306134819/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/suppl7/suppl7.pdf">IARC PCB Monograph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/pcbs_.html">PCBs</a> – US EPA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntpsearch.niehs.nih.gov/?query=PCB">National Toxicology Program technical reports searched for "PCB"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/cicads/cicads/cicad55.htm">Polychlorinated Byphenyls: Human Health Aspects</a> by the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/78-127/78127_7.html">Current Intelligence Bulletin 7: Polychlorinated (PCBs)</a>—NIOSH/CDC (1975)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/healthy-living/your-health/environment/pcbs.html">It's Your Health – PCBs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_modulators545" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_modulators545" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor">Aryl hydrocarbon receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor"><abbr title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor">AhR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Aryl hydrocarbon receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lipoxin" title="Lipoxin">lipoxin A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_G2" title="Prostaglandin G2">prostaglandin G2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">Dietary carotenoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogenated</a> <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">polychlorinated dibenzodioxins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin" title="2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin">TCDD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dibenzofuran" title="Dibenzofuran">dibenzofurans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biphenyl" title="Biphenyl">biphenyls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-(1H-Indol-3-ylcarbonyl)-4-thiazolecarboxylic_acid_methyl_ester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-(1H-Indol-3-ylcarbonyl)-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid methyl ester (page does not exist)">ΙΤΕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">Modified low-density lipoproteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Methylcholanthrene" title="Methylcholanthrene">3-methylcholanthrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene" title="Benzo(a)pyrene">benzo[a]pyrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benz(a)anthracene" title="Benz(a)anthracene">benzanthracenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzoflavone" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoflavone">benzoflavones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Naphthoflavone" title="Β-Naphthoflavone">β-naphthoflavone</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapinarof" title="Tapinarof">Tapinarof (benvitimod)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrrole" title="Tetrapyrrole">Tetrapyrroles</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derivatives</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indirubin" title="Indirubin">indirubin</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Ketocholesterol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Ketocholesterol (page does not exist)">7-Ketocholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH-223191&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH-223191 (page does not exist)">CH-223191</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transformer_topics73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electric_transformers" title="Template:Electric transformers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electric_transformers" title="Template talk:Electric transformers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electric_transformers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electric transformers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transformer_topics73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balun" title="Balun">Balun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchholz_relay" title="Buchholz relay">Buchholz relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushing_(electrical)" title="Bushing (electrical)">Bushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_tap" title="Center tap">Center tap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_diagram" title="Circle diagram">Circle diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condition_monitoring_of_transformers" title="Condition monitoring of transformers">Condition monitoring of transformers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growler_(electrical_device)" title="Growler (electrical device)">Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-leg_delta" title="High-leg delta">High-leg delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_regulator" title="Induction regulator">Induction regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakage_inductance" title="Leakage inductance">Leakage inductance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_wire" title="Magnet wire">Magnet wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadyne" title="Metadyne">Metadyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_test" title="Open-circuit test">Open-circuit test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(mutual_inductance)" title="Polarity (mutual inductance)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_relief_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure relief valve">Pressure relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_booster" title="Quadrature booster">Quadrature booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolver_(electrical)" title="Resolver (electrical)">Resolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonant_inductive_coupling" title="Resonant inductive coupling">Resonant inductive coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severity_factor" title="Severity factor">Severity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-circuit_test" title="Short-circuit test">Short-circuit test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stacking_factor" title="Stacking factor">Stacking factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchro" title="Synchro">Synchro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_changer" title="Tap changer">Tap changer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toroidal_inductors_and_transformers" title="Toroidal inductors and transformers">Toroidal inductors and transformers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_oil" title="Transformer oil">Transformer oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_gas_analysis" title="Dissolved gas analysis">Dissolved gas analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_oil_testing" title="Transformer oil testing">Transformer oil testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_utilization_factor" title="Transformer utilization factor">Transformer utilization factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_group" title="Vector group">Vector 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transformer">Rotary transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_variable_differential_transformer" title="Rotary variable differential transformer">Rotary variable differential transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott-T_transformer" title="Scott-T transformer">Scott-T transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_transformer" title="Solid-state transformer">Solid-state transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_transformer" title="Trigger transformer">Trigger transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-frequency_transformer" title="Variable-frequency transformer">Variable-frequency transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigzag_transformer" title="Zigzag transformer">Zigzag transformer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_coil" class="mw-redirect" 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-08T05:29:54Z","dateModified":"2025-02-09T18:41:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/49\/Polychlorinated_biphenyl_structure.svg","headline":"any chemical compound from a series of congeners based on biphenyl skeleton, differing from other compounds of this group by a number and position of chlorine atoms"}</script> </body> </html>