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<span>Toponymy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Toponymy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Old records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transition_to_new_system_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_new_system_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Transition to new system of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_new_system_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dark_Sky_Community_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_Sky_Community_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Dark Sky Community status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_Sky_Community_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seigneur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seigneur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Seigneur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seigneur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seneschal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seneschal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Seneschal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seneschal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tenants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Pleas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Pleas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Chief Pleas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_Pleas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Officers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clameur_de_haro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clameur_de_haro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span><i>Clameur de haro</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clameur_de_haro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Periodicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sercquiais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sercquiais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sercquiais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sercquiais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_financial_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_financial_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Tourism and financial services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_financial_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sark_Company_Registry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sark_Company_Registry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sark Company Registry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sark_Company_Registry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Emergency services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sark_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sark_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sark in media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sark_in_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sark in media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sark_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norman_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norman_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Norman literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norman_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>English literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>French literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>In music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sark</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="سارك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سارك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA)" title="সার্ক (দ্বীপ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সার্ক (দ্বীপ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Сарк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сарк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Сарк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сарк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Сарк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сарк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark_(pulo)" title="Sark (pulo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Sark (pulo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarki_saar" title="Sarki saar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sarki saar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Σαρκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαρκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_(%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="سارک (جزیره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سارک (جزیره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sercq" title="Sercq – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sercq" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSairc" title="An tSairc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSairc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%81%AC%EC%84%AC" title="사크섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사크섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%A7" title="סרק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargia" title="Sargia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sargia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkas" title="Sarkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sarkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83" title="سارك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سارك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E5%B3%B6" title="サーク島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サーク島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser" title="Ser – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ser" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarc" title="Sarc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sarc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Сарк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сарк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA" title="سارڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سارڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Сарк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сарк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="சார்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Сарк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сарк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sark" title="Sark – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sark" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E5%B2%9B" title="萨克岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨克岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B" title="薩克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="薩克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarek" title="Sarek – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sarek" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sark" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sark" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3405693" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sark&params=49_25_59_N_2_21_39_W_type:isle_scale:100000_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°25′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°21′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.43306°N 2.36083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.43306; -2.36083</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sark_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sark (disambiguation)">Sark (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey in United Kingdom</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Sark</div><div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname"><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">Sèr</i></span> / <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">Cerq</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a>)<br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sercq</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sark_(bordered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sark"><img alt="Flag of Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Sark_%28bordered%29.svg/130px-Flag_of_Sark_%28bordered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Sark_%28bordered%29.svg/195px-Flag_of_Sark_%28bordered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Sark_%28bordered%29.svg/260px-Flag_of_Sark_%28bordered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sark" title="Flag of Sark">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Sark"><img alt="Official seal of Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="431" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_and_coat_of_arms_of_Normandy" title="Flag and coat of arms of Normandy">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Anthem</b>: "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source 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label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Channel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sark is located in English Channel"><img alt="Sark is located in English Channel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/English_Channel_location_map.svg/250px-English_Channel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/English_Channel_location_map.svg/500px-English_Channel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="665" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.075%;left:48.315%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sark"><img alt="Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/20px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.075%;left:48.315%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sark"><img alt="Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/20px-Redpoint2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.075%;left:48.315%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sark"><img alt="Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_circle.svg/1px-Location_circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1" height="1" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_circle.svg/2px-Location_circle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.175%;left:46.438%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-1px;top:-1px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sark"><img alt="Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/20px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="2" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.175%;left:46.438%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sark"><img alt="Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/20px-Redpoint2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:64.175%;left:46.438%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sark"><img alt="Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_circle.svg/10px-Location_circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_circle.svg/15px-Location_circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_circle.svg/20px-Location_circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.917%;left:44.011%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sark"><img alt="Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/BSicon_lHST.svg/20px-BSicon_lHST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.917%;left:44.011%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sark"><img alt="Sark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Redpoint2.svg/20px-Redpoint2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.917%;left:44.011%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-pol-div-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Sark (circled)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> (red)</p></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guernsey-Sark.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sark within the Bailiwick"><img alt="Map of Sark within the Bailiwick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guernsey-Sark.png/250px-Guernsey-Sark.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guernsey-Sark.png/500px-Guernsey-Sark.png 1.5x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="860" /></a></span><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Map of Sark within the Bailiwick</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependency</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Separation from the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1204</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a> granted to <a href="/wiki/Hellier_de_Carteret" title="Hellier de Carteret">Hellier de Carteret</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1565</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Sark_general_election" title="2008 Sark general election">Feudalism abolished</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">9 April 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Recognised regional languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sark" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Sark">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">Self-governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Seigneur_of_Sark" title="Seigneur of Sark">Seigneur</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Beaumont,_23rd_Seigneur_of_Sark" title="Christopher Beaumont, 23rd Seigneur of Sark">Christopher Beaumont</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Chief_Pleas">Chief Pleas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.45 km<sup>2</sup> (2.10 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2023 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">562<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">103/km<sup>2</sup> (266.8/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_pound" title="Guernsey pound">Guernsey pound</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling</a> (£)</li></ul></div> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">GBP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±00:00">UTC±00:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Left</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom#Guernsey" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">+44</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom#Crown_Dependencies" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">UK postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/GY_postcode_area" title="GY postcode area">GY10</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GG" title="ISO 3166-2:GG">GG</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2#CQ" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">CQ</a> reserved) <sup id="cite_ref-ISO_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.gg" title=".gg">.gg</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=.cq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".cq (page does not exist)">.cq</a> reserved)<sup id="cite_ref-Iana_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iana-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sark</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a>: <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">Sèr</i></span> or <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">Cerq</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Sercq</i>) is an island, part of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> in the southwestern <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. It is a self-governing British <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependency</a>, with its own set of laws based on <a href="/wiki/Norman_law" title="Norman law">Norman law</a> and its own parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a royal <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> until 2008. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sark" title="Constitution of Sark">Constitution of Sark</a> was unwritten until Reform (Sark) Law 2008. </p><p>Sark has a population of about 500.<sup id="cite_ref-jerseyeveningpost.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jerseyeveningpost.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sark (including the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a>) has an area of 2.10 square miles (5.44 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Little_Sark" title="Little Sark">Little Sark</a> is a peninsula joined by a natural but high and very narrow <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> to the rest of Sark Island. </p><p>Sark is one of the few remaining places in the world where <a href="/wiki/List_of_car-free_islands" title="List of car-free islands">cars are banned from roads</a> and only tractors, bicycles and horse-drawn vehicles are allowed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Sark was designated as a <a href="/wiki/Dark-sky_preserve" title="Dark-sky preserve">Dark Sky Community</a> and the first Dark Sky Island in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sark_Coupee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sark_Coupee.jpg/330px-Sark_Coupee.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sark_Coupee.jpg/500px-Sark_Coupee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sark_Coupee.jpg/960px-Sark_Coupee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>La Coupée</figcaption></figure> <p>Sark consists of two main parts, Greater Sark, located at about <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sark&params=49_25_N_2_22_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°25′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°22′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.417°N 2.367°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.417; -2.367</span></span></span></a></span></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Little_Sark" title="Little Sark">Little Sark</a> to the south. They are connected by a narrow <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> called La Coupée which is 300 feet (91 m) long and has a drop of 330 feet (100 m) on each side.<sup id="cite_ref-islandlife.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islandlife.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protective <a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">railings</a> were added in 1900; before then, children would crawl across on their hands and knees to avoid being blown over the edge. A narrow concrete road covering the entirety of the isthmus was built in 1945 by German <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>. Due to its isolation, the inhabitants of Little Sark had their distinct form of <a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a>, the native <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman dialect</a> of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Sercquiais_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sercquiais-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sark_windmill_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sark_windmill_working.jpg/220px-Sark_windmill_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sark_windmill_working.jpg/330px-Sark_windmill_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sark_windmill_working.jpg/440px-Sark_windmill_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>"Le Moulin" windmill, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:circa">c.</a> 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>The highest point on Sark is 374 feet (114 m) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-islandlife.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-islandlife.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Windmills_in_the_Channel_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmills in the Channel Islands">windmill</a>, dated 1571, is found there, the sails of which were removed during World War II. This high point is named <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Moulin" title="Le Moulin">Le Moulin</a></i>, after the windmill. The location is also the highest point in the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Little Sark had a number of mines accessing a source of <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Port Gorey, the ruins of silver mines<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be seen. Off the south end of Little Sark are the Venus Pool and the Adonis Pool, both natural swimming pools whose waters are refreshed at high tide. </p><p>The whole island is extensively penetrated at sea level by natural cave formations that provide unique habitats for many marine creatures, notably sea anemones, some of which are only safely accessible at low tide. </p><p>Sark is made up mainly of <a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">amphibolite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> rocks, intruded by igneous magma sheets called <a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">quartz diorite</a>. Recent (1990–2000)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> geological studies and rock age-dating by geologists from <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes University</a> shows that the gneisses probably formed around 620–600 million years ago during the Late Pre-Cambrian Age <a href="/wiki/Cadomian_Orogeny" title="Cadomian Orogeny">Cadomian Orogeny</a>. The quartz diorite sheets were intruded during this Cadomian deformation and metamorphic event. </p><p>All the Sark rocks (and those of the nearby Channel Islands of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>) formed during geological activity in the continental crust above an ancient <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zone. This geological setting would have been analogous to the modern-day subduction zone of the Pacific Ocean plate colliding and subducting beneath the North and South American continental plate. </p><p>Sark also exercises jurisdiction over the island of <a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a>, only a few hundred feet west of Greater Sark. It is a <a href="/wiki/Private_island" title="Private island">private island</a>, but it has recently been opened to some visitors. From 1993 Brecqhou was owned by the brothers <a href="/wiki/David_and_Frederick_Barclay" title="David and Frederick Barclay">David and Frederick Barclay</a>, until David Barclay died in 2021 and Frederick Barclay became sole owner. The brothers contested Sark's control over the island. The candidates endorsed by their various business interests on the island failed to win any seats in the elections held in <a href="/wiki/2008_Sark_general_election" title="2008 Sark general election">2008</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/2010_Sark_general_election" title="2010 Sark general election">2010</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_records">Old records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sark</i> is probably first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Itinerary" title="Antonine Itinerary">Antonine Itinerary</a> (<i>Itinerarium Antonini Augusti</i>, part II: <i>itinerarium maritimum</i>) 3rd – 4th century AD together with the other main <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> as <i>Sarnia</i>, <i>Caesarea</i>, <i>Barsa</i>, <i>Silia</i> and <i>Andium</i>, but it is unclear to which it refers. It has been suggested that <i>Silia</i> referred to <i>Sark</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lepelley_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepelley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131–132">: 131–132 </span></sup> The earliest record to evoke possibly the name of <i>Sark</i> are the <i>Life of Saint Samson</i> and the <i>Life of Saint Magloire</i>, bishops of <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol-de-Bretagne</a>. They spell it <i>Sargia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Beaurepaire_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the neighbouring island <i>Bissargia</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Beaurepaire_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaurepaire-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup> all the other documents are from the 11th to the 12th century and the forms are: <i>Serc, Serch, Sercum, Serco</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lepelley_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepelley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coates" title="Richard Coates">Richard Coates</a> has suggested that in the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> etymology it may be worthwhile looking for a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a> source for the name.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glimpse_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glimpse-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He proposes a comparison between the probable root of Sark, <i>*Sarg-</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a> <i>*śrq </i>"redden; rise (as of the sun); east", noting Sark's position as the easternmost island of the <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theory is based on the early medieval Latin records mentioning <i>Sargia</i>, but many Islands more or less close to Sark have a Latin name ending with <i>-gia</i>, such as <i>Angia</i> (Channel Island), <a href="/wiki/Oye-Plage" title="Oye-Plage">Oye-Plage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pas-de-Calais" title="Pas-de-Calais">Pas-de-Calais</a>, <i>Ogia</i> 8th century) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-d%27Yeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Île-d'Yeu">Île-d'Yeu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a>, former <i>Augia</i>). Later records all mention <i>Serc-</i> and not <i>*Sark</i>, that seem to result from a later anglicising of the /er/ group (compare French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">merveille</i></span> > English <i>marvel</i>; French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Clerc</i></span> / English <i>clerk</i>, <i>clark</i> cf. Clark). The traditional pronunciation of <i>Sark</i> in the native Norman language is <i>sèr</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɛr]</span>, with regular fall of final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> like <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">clerc</i></span> in French.<sup id="cite_ref-Lepelley_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepelley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup> Finally, no specialist ever identified any Proto-Semitic element in the French coastal toponymy, even on the French mediterranean side. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Lepelley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Lepelley (page does not exist)">René Lepelley</a> suggests a Scandinavian etymology that would explain the regular and late records of the root <i>Serc-</i> in the documents, according to him, it could be Old Norse <i>serkr</i> "shirt".<sup id="cite_ref-Lepelley_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepelley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup> He compares with the name given to an island or a mountain by Vikings sailing from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>: <i>Hvítserkr</i> cf. <a href="/wiki/Hvitserk" title="Hvitserk">Hvitserk</a>, maybe <a href="/wiki/Mount_Forel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Forel">Mount Forel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lepelley_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepelley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124">: 124 </span></sup> so <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <i>*Serki</i> or Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Serkr</i></span> > <i>Serc</i> could have been a descriptive <a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">landmark</a> for Saxon or Scandinavian sailors. In addition <a href="/wiki/Norman_toponymy" title="Norman toponymy">Norman toponymy</a> reveals a mixture of (Anglo-)Saxon and Old Norse (Old Danish) place name elements. The Old English form of <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">sark</i></span> "shirt" (related to Old Norse <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">serkr</i></span>) is precisely <i>serċ, syrċ</i> > Middle English <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">serk</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">serke</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">sark</i></span> (through the Anglian variant). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carriage_-_Sark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Carriage_-_Sark.jpg/250px-Carriage_-_Sark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Carriage_-_Sark.jpg/330px-Carriage_-_Sark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Carriage_-_Sark.jpg/500px-Carriage_-_Sark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A horse-drawn <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a> on Sark</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient times, Sark was almost certainly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Unelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Unelli">Unelli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic tribe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin_Peninsula" title="Cotentin Peninsula">Cotentin Peninsula</a>. These people were conquered by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> about 56 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>. About three decades later under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Celtica" title="Gallia Celtica">Gallia Celtica</a> was subdivided into three parts, with this area a part of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a>, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>. A later division was named <i>Lugdunensis secunda</i> (<i>Lyonnaise</i> 2nd). A Unelli town, now <a href="/wiki/Coutances" title="Coutances">Coutances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coutances#History" title="Coutances">was named</a> <i>Constantia</i> in 298 by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a>. </p><p>Around 430, the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Coutances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Coutances">bishopric of Coutances</a> (much later under the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Rouen">archbishopric of Rouen</a>), was established in <a href="/wiki/Coutances" title="Coutances">Coutances</a>, having about the same limits as the <i>Lyonnaise</i> 2nd. </p><p>In 933, Sark was included in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>, based on the traditional boundaries of the <i>Lugdunensis secunda</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Rouen">archbishopric of Rouen</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a> in 1066, the island was united with the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">Crown of England</a>. In the thirteenth century, the French <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirate</a> <a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a>, having served <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a>, used Sark as a base of operations. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the island was populated by <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> communities. By the 16th century, however, the island was uninhabited and used by pirates as a refuge and base. In 1565, <a href="/wiki/Helier_de_Carteret" class="mw-redirect" title="Helier de Carteret">Helier de Carteret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ouen,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ouen, Jersey">St. Ouen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, received <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> from <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a> granting him Sark as a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> in perpetuity on condition that he kept the island free of pirates and occupied by at least forty men who were of her <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">English subjects</a> or swore allegiance to the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-BAILII_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAILII-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This he duly did, leasing 40 parcels of land (known as "Tenements") at a low rent to forty families, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ouen,_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Ouen, Jersey">St Ouen</a>, on condition that a house be built and maintained on each parcel and that "the Tenant" provide one man, armed with a <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a>, for the defence of the island. The 40 tenements survive to this day, albeit with minor boundary changes. (In 2015, the 450-year anniversary of this event was commemorated with the construction of a modern <a href="/wiki/Henge_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Henge monument">henge monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sark_Henge" title="Sark Henge">Sark Henge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) A subsequent attempt by the families to establish a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_(Channel_Islands)" title="Bailiff (Channel Islands)">bailiff</a>, as in Jersey, was stopped by the Guernsey authorities who resented any attempt to wrest Sark from their bailiwick.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sark_during_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Sark during the German occupation of the Channel Islands">Sark during the German occupation of the Channel Islands</a></div> <p>In 1844, desperate for funds to continue the operation of the silver mine on the island, the incumbent Seigneur, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_le_Pelley" title="Ernest le Pelley">Ernest le Pelley</a>, obtained <a href="/wiki/The_Crown#Crown_Dependencies" title="The Crown">Crown permission</a> to mortgage Sark's <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> to local <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> John Allaire. After the company running the mine went bankrupt, le Pelley was unable to keep up the <a href="/wiki/Mortgage" title="Mortgage">mortgage</a> payments and, in 1849, his son <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Carey_le_Pelley" title="Pierre Carey le Pelley">Pierre Carey le Pelley</a>, the new Seigneur, was forced to sell the fief to <a href="/wiki/Marie_Collings" title="Marie Collings">Marie Collings</a> for a total of £1,383<sup id="cite_ref-Marr_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marr-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (£6,000 less the sum borrowed and an accumulated interest of £616 and 13s).<sup id="cite_ref-Ewen_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewen-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the island, along with the other Channel Islands, was <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">occupied by German forces</a> between 1940 and 1945. <a href="/wiki/Sark_during_the_German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Sark during the German occupation of the Channel Islands">German military rule on Sark</a> began on 4 July 1940, the day after the Guernsey <i><a href="/wiki/Commandant" title="Commandant">Kommandant</a></i> Major Albrecht Lanz and his interpreter and chief of staff Major Maas visited the island to inform the Dame and Seigneur (<a href="/wiki/Sibyl_Hathaway" title="Sibyl Hathaway">Sibyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hathaway" title="Robert Hathaway">Robert Hathaway</a>) of the new regime. <a href="/wiki/British_Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commandos">British Commandos</a> raided the island several times. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Basalt" title="Operation Basalt">Operation Basalt</a>, during the night of 3–4 October 1942, captured a prisoner, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hardtack_(commando_raid)" title="Operation Hardtack (commando raid)">Hardtack 7</a> was a failed British landing in December 1943. Sark was finally liberated on 10 May 1945, a full day after Guernsey. </p><p>In late August 1990, an unemployed French <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physicist</a> named André Gardes, who believed he was the rightful holder of the Seigneur's title, attempted an invasion of Sark armed with a <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-automatic weapon">semi-automatic weapon</a>. The night Gardes arrived, he put up two posters declaring his intention to take over the island the following day at noon. The following day he started a solo foot patrol in front of the manor, in battle-dress, weapon in hand. While Gardes was sitting on a bench waiting for noon to arrive, the island's volunteer <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable"><i>connétable</i></a> approached the Frenchman and complimented him on the quality of his weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberation_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberation-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardes changed the gun's magazine to illustrate how it worked, allowing the constable to tackle and arrest him. He was given a seven-day sentence, which he served in Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberation_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberation-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caesar_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caesar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardes attempted this again the following year, but was recognized in Guernsey, arrested, and handed over to the French government.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transition_to_new_system_of_government">Transition to new system of government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transition to new system of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Sark_general_election" title="2008 Sark general election">2008 Sark general election</a></div> <p>Billionaire brothers <a href="/wiki/David_and_Frederick_Barclay#Sark_politics" title="David and Frederick Barclay">David and Frederick Barclay</a> had purchased an island within Sark's territorial waters in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-Liberation_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liberation-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the hotels on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Harrell_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Harrell-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1990s, the brothers petitioned the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, France, challenging Sark's inheritance law, which mandated their island be left to David's oldest son. The brothers wanted to will their estate equally to their four children.<sup id="cite_ref-Wall_Street_Journal_–_October_2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wall_Street_Journal_–_October_2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, women in Sark were given equal rights of property inheritance, mainly due to the brothers' influence.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 2008, Sark's parliament (Chief Pleas) was a single chamber consisting of 54 members, comprising the Seigneur, the Seneschal, 40 owners of the tenements and 12 elected deputies. A change to the system was advocated largely by the <a href="/wiki/David_and_Frederick_Barclay#Sark_and_Brecqhou_disputes" title="David and Frederick Barclay">Barclay brothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Harrell_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Harrell-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their premise was that a change was necessary to comply with the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, though it was suggested that their objection was more likely at odds with certain property tax requirements and primogeniture laws affecting their holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_Harrell_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_Harrell-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old system was described as <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> and undemocratic because the tenants were entitled to sit in Chief Pleas as of right.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 January 2008 and 21 February 2008, the Chief Pleas approved a law to reform Chief Pleas as a 30-member chamber, with 28 members elected in island-wide elections, one hereditary member (the Seigneur) and one member (the Seneschal) appointed for life.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reform_law_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reform_law-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a> approved the Sark law reforms on 9 April 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first elections under the new law were held in December 2008 and the new chamber first convened in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Sark residents have complained that the new system is not democratic and have described the powers the new law granted to the Seneschal, an unelected member whose term the new law extended to the duration of his natural life, as imperial or dictatorial. The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal</a> had ruled his powers to be in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his powers were subject to further legal challenges on these grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 the BBC <i><a href="/wiki/Today_(BBC_Radio_4)" title="Today (BBC Radio 4)">Today</a></i> programme reported on local disquiet about the influence on the island of the Barclay brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i> magazine further illustrated the ongoing and escalating tensions between the Barclays and some of the longer-term residents.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 <i><a href="/wiki/Private_Eye" title="Private Eye">Private Eye</a></i> also reported on the situation, following the Barclays' decision to close their vineyard and a number of hotels and shops they own on Sark.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dark_Sky_Community_status">Dark Sky Community status</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dark Sky Community status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2011, the <a href="/wiki/International_Dark-Sky_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="International Dark-Sky Association">International Dark-Sky Association</a> designated Sark as Europe's first Dark Sky Community<sup id="cite_ref-IDA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first Dark Sky Island in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This designation recognises that Sark is sufficiently clear of <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a> to allow naked-eye <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>. Although Sark was aided in its achievement by its location, its historic ban on cars and the fact that there is no public lighting, it was also necessary for local residents to make adjustments, such as re-siting lights, to cut the light pollution. </p><p>The designation was made in January 2011, following an audit by the IDA in 2010. The award is significant in that Sark is the first island community to have achieved this; other Dark-Sky Places have, up to now, been mainly uninhabited areas, and IDA chairman Martin Morgan-Taylor commended Sark residents for their effort.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the designation was granted, Sark Astronomy Society worked to secure funds for an astronomical observatory on the island. In October 2015 Sark's observatory was officially opened by <a href="/wiki/Marek_Kukula" title="Marek Kukula">Marek Kukula</a>, public astronomer from the Royal Observatory Greenwich.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sark-aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sark-aerial.jpg/250px-Sark-aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sark-aerial.jpg/330px-Sark-aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Sark-aerial.jpg/500px-Sark-aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>September 2005 aerial view of Sark. North is to the lower left, <a href="/wiki/Little_Sark" title="Little Sark">Little Sark</a> toward the upper right and <a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a> at bottom right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the second half of the <a href="/wiki/2000s" title="2000s">2000s</a> Sark was considered the last <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal state</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Milmo_2006_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milmo_2006-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the other <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>, it is the last remnant of the former <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a> still belonging to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>. Sark belongs to the Crown in its own right and has an independent relationship with the Crown through the Lieutenant Governor in Guernsey.<sup id="cite_ref-hansard_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansard-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formally, the Seigneur holds it as a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> from the Crown, <a href="/wiki/Enfeoffment" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoffment">reenfeoffing</a> the landowners on the island with their respective parcels. The political consequences of this construction were abolished in recent years, particularly in the reform of the legislative body, Chief Pleas, which took place in 2008. </p><p>Although part of the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a>, Sark is fiscally separate from the rest of the Bailiwick. Together with the islands of Alderney and Guernsey, Sark from time to time approves Bailiwick of Guernsey legislation, which, subject to the approval of all three legislatures, applies in the entire Bailiwick. Legislation cannot be made which applies on Sark without the approval of the Chief Pleas, although recently Chief Pleas has been delegating a number of ordinance-making powers to the States of Guernsey. Such powers are, however, in each case subject to dis-application, or repeal, by the Chief Pleas. By long standing custom, Sark's criminal law has been made by the States of Guernsey, and this custom was put on a statutory basis in Section 4 of the Reform (Sark) Law, 2008, by which Sark delegates criminal law making power to the States of Guernsey. </p><p>Sark has its own <a href="/wiki/UN_M49" title="UN M49">United Nations Standard Country or Area Code for Statistical Use</a> (680). That code is used for statistical processing purposes by the Statistics Division of the United Nations Secretariat.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">ISO 3166-1</a> code element <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CQ</code><sup id="cite_ref-ISO_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been exceptionally reserved to refer to Sark. An “exceptionally reserved” code element does not represent a country name in ISO 3166-1, but is reserved for a particular use at the special request of a national ISO member body, government, or international organization (in this case, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously Sark was represented by <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GG" title="ISO 3166-2:GG">Guernsey's country code</a> (GG). Sark also fought for 20 years to get the .cq <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">country code top-level domain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seigneur">Seigneur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seigneur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seigneur_of_Sark" title="Seigneur of Sark">Seigneur of Sark</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Beaumont,_23rd_Seigneur_of_Sark" title="Christopher Beaumont, 23rd Seigneur of Sark">Christopher Beaumont</a> is the current and twenty-third Seigneur of Sark, having inherited the Seigneurie in 2016. </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sark" title="Constitution of Sark">constitutional reforms of 2008</a>, the Seigneur (or Dame in the case of a woman holding the office) was the head of the government of the Isle of Sark. Many of the laws, particularly those related to inheritance and the rule of the Seigneur, had changed little since their promulgation in 1565 under <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>. For example, the Seigneur held the sole right to keep pigeons or an <a href="/wiki/Neutering" title="Neutering">unspayed</a> dog.<sup id="cite_ref-Caesar_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caesar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter right was repealed in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seigneur remains the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">lord of the manor</a> for the island, subject only to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">liege lord</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RJCO2010_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RJCO2010-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant-Governor of Guernsey</a>, the Seigneur appoints and dismisses Sark's public officers, including the Seneschal, the Prevot, and the Greffier. The Seignuer as chairperson, together with the Seneschal, the Prevot, and the Greffier, comprise a board of trustees for the acquisition, management, and disposition of all property belonging to Chief Pleas. Likewise, the Seigneur has the right to speak at meetings of Chief Pleas, but not to vote, and the right to veto primary legislation before it is presented for <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>. Chief Pleas may nevertheless override this veto by a simple majority of its duly elected counseillers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seneschal">Seneschal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Seneschal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">Seneschal</a> of Sark was the head of the Chief Pleas. From 1583 and 1675 judicial functions were exercised by five elected <a href="/wiki/Jurat" title="Jurat">jurats</a> and a juge, but since 1675 the Seneschal has also been the judge of the island. </p><p>The Seneschal was historically appointed by the Seigneur, but nowadays there is an Appointment Committee consisting of the Seigneur and two other members appointed by the Seigneur.<sup id="cite_ref-Reform_law_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reform_law-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, following the decision of the English Court of Appeal, the Chief Pleas decided to split the dual role of the Seneschal.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, since 2013 the Chief Pleas has elected its own President, who presides in almost all cases. The Seneschal now presides in Chief Pleas only during the election of the President. </p><p>The complete list of all the Seneschals of Sark from 1675 is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ol><li>Pierre Gibault (15/7/1675–1680)</li> <li>Thomas de Beauvoir (1680–1683)</li> <li>Phillipe Dumeresq (1683–1702)</li> <li>Jean Payne (1702–1707)</li> <li>Philippe de Carteret (1707–1744)</li> <li>Henri de Carteret (1744–1752)</li> <li>Phillipe le Masurier (1752–1777)</li> <li>Henri le Masurier (1777–1785)</li> <li>Amice le Couteur (1785–1808)</li> <li>Jean le Couteur (1808–1812)</li> <li>Jean Falle (1812–1830)</li> <li>Elie le Masurier (1830–1841)</li> <li>Philippe Guille (1841–1851)</li> <li>Thomas Godfray (1851–1876)</li> <li>William de Carteret (1876–1881)</li> <li>Abraham Baker (1881–1891)</li> <li>Thomas Godfray (1891–1920)</li> <li>Kenneth Campbell (1920–1922)</li> <li>Ashby Taylor (1922–1925)</li> <li>Frederick de Carteret (1925–1937)</li> <li>William Carré (1937–1945)</li> <li>William Baker (1945–1969)</li> <li>Bernard Jones (1969–1979)</li> <li>Hilary Carré (1979–1985)</li> <li>Lawrence Philip de Carteret (1985–2000)</li> <li>Reginald J. Guille (2000–2013)</li> <li>Jeremy la Trobe-Bateman (2013–2021)</li> <li>Bethan Owen (2021–2022)</li> <li>Victoria Stamps (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenants">Tenants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tenants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sark_Seigneurie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sark_Seigneurie.jpg/250px-Sark_Seigneurie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sark_Seigneurie.jpg/330px-Sark_Seigneurie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sark_Seigneurie.jpg/500px-Sark_Seigneurie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4356" data-file-height="3399" /></a><figcaption>The Seigneurie (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sark&params=49_26.4_N_2_21.7_W_type:isle_scale:10000_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°26.4′N</span> <span class="longitude">2°21.7′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.4400°N 2.3617°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.4400; -2.3617</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Pursuant to the royal <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>, the Seigneur was to keep the island inhabited by at least 40 armed men.<sup id="cite_ref-BAILII_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BAILII-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, from his lands, 39 parcels or <a href="/wiki/Tenement_(law)" title="Tenement (law)">tenements</a>, each sufficient for one family, were subdivided and granted to settlers, the <i>tenants</i>. Later, some of these parcels were dismembered, and parts of the Seigneurial land were sold, creating more parcels. </p><p>Originally each head of a parcel-holding family had the right to vote in Chief Pleas, but in 1604 this right was restricted to the 39 original tenements required by the letters patent, the so-called 'Quarantaine Tenements' (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">quarantaine</i>: a group of forty). The newer parcels mostly did not have the obligation to bear arms. In 1611 the dismemberment of tenements was forbidden, but the order was not immediately followed. </p><p>In Sark, the word <i>tenant</i> is used (and often pronounced as in French) in the sense of <i>feudal landholder</i> rather than the common English meaning of <i>lessee</i>. Originally, the word referred to any landowner, but today it is mostly used for a holder of one of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Quarantaine</i></span> Tenements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_Pleas">Chief Pleas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chief Pleas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Chief Pleas" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chief_Pleas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chief Pleas (disambiguation)">Chief Pleas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sark_July_2011_50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sark_July_2011_50.jpg/250px-Sark_July_2011_50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sark_July_2011_50.jpg/330px-Sark_July_2011_50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Sark_July_2011_50.jpg/500px-Sark_July_2011_50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3340" /></a><figcaption>Meeting place for Chief Pleas and the Court of the Seneschal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sark_Chief_Pleas_Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sark_Chief_Pleas_Seal.svg/250px-Sark_Chief_Pleas_Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sark_Chief_Pleas_Seal.svg/330px-Sark_Chief_Pleas_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sark_Chief_Pleas_Seal.svg/500px-Sark_Chief_Pleas_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the Chief Pleas</figcaption></figure> <p>Chief Pleas (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Chefs Plaids</i>; <a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a>: <i><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">Cheurs Pliaids</i></span></i>) is the parliament of Sark. It consists of eighteen members (<i><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">conseillers</i></span></i>), elected for a period of office of four years. In addition, the Seigneur and a speaker (who is elected by the <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">conseillers</i></span>) are counted as members; but they have no right to vote. The periods of office are shifted, with the period of half the <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">conseillers</i></span> starting in the middle of the periods of the other half. Thus, every second year, nine <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">conseillers</i></span> are elected for the coming four years. The elections are held on the basis of a single multi-member Sark-wide constituency, with the nine candidates receiving most votes being elected. The <i><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9v%C3%B4t" title="Prévôt">Prévôt</a></i></span></i>, the <i><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf"><a href="/wiki/Greffier" title="Greffier">Greffier</a></i></span></i> and the treasurer also attend but are not members; the treasurer may address Chief Pleas on matters of taxation and finance. </p><p>However, if there are not more willing candidates than the numbers of positions to fill (including any casual vacancies), then all candidates are declared elected, without any actual election necessary. This happened both in the <a href="/wiki/2014_Sark_general_election" title="2014 Sark general election">2014</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2016_Sark_general_election" title="2016 Sark general election">2016 elections</a> to the Chief Pleas. The last elections were held on <a href="/wiki/2024_Sark_general_election" title="2024 Sark general election">11 December 2024.</a> </p><p>Until 2008, the Chief Pleas consisted of the tenants, and twelve deputies of the people as the only representation of the majority, an office introduced in 1922. The Seigneur and the <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">Seneschal</a> (who presided) were also members of Chief Pleas. </p><p>Since 2000, Chief Pleas was working on its own reform, responding to internal and international pressures. On 8 March 2006 by a vote of 25–15 Chief Pleas voted for a new legislature of the Seigneur, the Seneschal, fourteen elected landowners and fourteen elected non-landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But it was made plain by the British <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a> that this option was not on the table.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Offered two options for reform involving an elected legislature, one fully elected, one with a number of seats reserved for elected tenants, 56% of the inhabitants expressed a preference for a totally elected legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-Sark_Website_Opinion_Polls_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sark_Website_Opinion_Polls-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the poll, Chief Pleas voted on 4 October 2006 to replace the twelve deputies and forty tenants in Chief Pleas by 28 <i><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">conseillers</i></span></i> elected by universal adult suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision was suspended in January 2007 when it was pointed out to Chief Pleas that the 56% versus 44% majority achieved in the opinion poll did not achieve the 60% majority required for the constitutional change.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The decision was replaced by the proposal that Chief Pleas should consist of sixteen tenants and twelve <i><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">conseillers</i></span></i> both elected by universal adult suffrage from 2008 to 2012 and that a binding referendum should then decide whether this composition should be kept or replaced by 28 <i><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">conseillers</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal was rejected by the Privy Council and the 28 <i><span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">conseiller</i></span></i> option was reinstated in February 2008 and accepted by Privy Council in April 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, Chief Pleas voted to vary the long-standing <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">ban</a> on divorce in the island by extending to the Royal Court of Guernsey power to grant divorces.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, due to a lack of candidates standing for elections, the number of <span title="Norman-language text"><i lang="nrf">conseillers</i></span> was reduced from 28 to 18, with nine elected every two years. </p><p>Bailiwick of Guernsey laws and United Kingdom Acts of Parliament can (the latter as in the case of all the other Channel Islands) be extended to Sark. Normally the consent of Chief Pleas is obtained for this, but the Supreme Court ruled in <i>R v Secretary of State for Justice</i> that it need not be.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sark does not make its own criminal laws;<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the responsibility for making criminal law was assigned to the States of Guernsey by Section 4(3) of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reform_(Sark)_Law_2008&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reform (Sark) Law 2008 (page does not exist)">Reform (Sark) Law 2008</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reform_law_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reform_law-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officers">Officers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The executive officers on the island are: </p> <ul><li>The <b>Seneschal</b> (Chief Judge, formerly also President of Chief Pleas) and Deputy</li> <li>The <b>Prevôt</b> (Sheriff of the Court and of Chief Pleas) and Deputy</li> <li>The <b>Greffier</b> (Clerk) and Deputy</li> <li>The <b>Treasurer</b> (Finances) and Deputy</li> <li>The <b>Connétable</b> (or <a href="/wiki/Constable" title="Constable">Constable</a>) is the senior of two police officers and police administrator and the <a href="/wiki/Vingtenier" class="mw-redirect" title="Vingtenier">Vingtenier</a> is the junior police officer.</li></ul> <p>The Seneschal, Prevôt, and Greffier are chosen by the Seigneur, while the Treasurer, Constable and Vingtenier are elected by Chief Pleas.<sup id="cite_ref-Reform_law_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reform_law-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The list of current Officers of the Island of Sark: </p> <ul><li>Seneschal – Victoria Stamps<sup id="cite_ref-contacts_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contacts-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Deputy Seneschal – Ashley Jarman<sup id="cite_ref-contacts_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contacts-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Prévôt – Kevin Adams<sup id="cite_ref-contacts_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contacts-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Deputy Prévôt – Joanne Godwin<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Greffier – Trevor John Hamon<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Deputy Greffier – Gary Hamon<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li>Treasurer – Sarah Hudson<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Constable –</li> <li>Vingtenier –</li> <li>Speaker of Chief Pleas – Paul Armorgie<sup id="cite_ref-contacts_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contacts-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clameur_de_haro"><i>Clameur de haro</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Clameur de haro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the old laws of the Channel Islands is the old <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> custom of the <i><a href="/wiki/Clameur_de_haro" title="Clameur de haro">clameur de haro</a></i>. Using this legal device, a person can obtain immediate cessation of any action he considers to be an infringement of his rights. At the scene, he must, in front of witnesses, recite the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> in French and cry out <i>"Haro, Haro, Haro! À mon aide mon Prince, on me fait tort!"</i> (<i>"Haro, Haro, Haro! To my aid, my Prince! I am being wronged!"</i>). It should then be registered with the Greffe Office within 24 hours. All actions against the person must then cease until the matter is heard by the Court. The last <i>clameur</i> recorded on Sark was raised in August 2021, this was withdrawn by the claimant in October 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodicals">Periodicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Periodicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2009 a resident of Sark has operated a weekly online newspaper called <i>The Sark Newspaper</i> (earlier: <i>The Sark Newsletter</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publisher is a former longtime employee of the wealthy <a href="/wiki/David_and_Frederick_Barclay" title="David and Frederick Barclay">Barclay brothers</a>, who own the small neighbouring island of <a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication has compared the local government of Sark "to fascist Germany in the 1930s". In 2014 over 50 residents of Sark filed complaints with the police about accusations made by the paper.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2011 a quarterly magazine called <i>Sark Life</i>, which promotes a positive view of the island and welcomes contributions, is published by the Sark-based publishing company <i>Small Island Publishing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sercquiais"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></div> <p>Sercquiais (<i>Sarkese</i>, or sometimes called <i>Sark-French</i>) is a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman language</a> still spoken in 1998 by a few older inhabitants of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Sercquiais_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sercquiais-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its decline has been linked with the arrival of English-speaking miners in 1835, and increased tourism in more recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_financial_services">Tourism and financial services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tourism and financial services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sark's economy depends primarily on tourism and financial services. Sark has had a private company registry since 2017. The <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Financial_Services_Commission" title="Guernsey Financial Services Commission">Guernsey's financial services commission</a> does not register companies based in Sark.<sup id="cite_ref-EconomicPolicy2013_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EconomicPolicy2013-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sark is fiscally autonomous from <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, and consequently has control over how it raises taxes. There are no taxes on income, capital gains or inheritances. There is also no <a href="/wiki/VAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VAT">VAT</a> charged on goods and services, but import duties (Impôts) are charged on some goods brought onto the island at around 70–75% of Guernsey rates. However, the island does levy a Personal Capital Tax, a Property Tax, a Poll Tax ("Landing Tax") on visitors coming to the island, and a Property Transfer Tax (PTT) on residential properties when they are sold. </p><p>The island has its own tax assessor (in 2016, this remained Simon de Carteret),<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who collects the <a href="/wiki/Property_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Property Tax">Property Tax</a>, PTT, and the Personal Capital Tax (direct tax).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the Personal Capital Tax ranges from a minimum of £450, to a maximum of £9,000 or 0.39% per annum (whichever is the lower).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, there were five taxpayers who paid the maximum amount of £6,400 (PCT and Property Tax combined), and six who paid zero tax. Residents over the age of 69 do not pay the PCT. If a resident chooses not to declare the value of their personal assets, they can elect to pay a flat-rate under the <a href="/wiki/Forfaiting" title="Forfaiting">Forfait</a> method. </p><p>In 2006, Property Transfer Tax replaced the feudal <i>Treizième</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This used to be calculated by dividing the purchase price of any of the 30 tenements or 40 freehold properties on Sark by 13. The proceeds from doing this were then paid directly to the <a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">Seigneur</a>. When the Treizième was abolished, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Pleas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Pleas">Chief Pleas</a> introduced an indexed-linked pension of £28,000 per year, payable to the Seigneur. </p><p>An individual is considered to be a resident for tax purposes if they have remained on the island for at least 90 days in any tax year.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sark_Company_Registry">Sark Company Registry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sark Company Registry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sark has no public company registry, and no company law. In January 2017, a private organisation called the "Sark Company Registry" was set up. The project was initially opposed by the Guernsey Financial Services Commission,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that opposition ended with nothing, since no law could prohibit private registration of companies. None of managers of the private registry or any company registered by them was ever sanctioned.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sark generally follows the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">education system of England</a> though this is not strictly adhered to. </p><p>Sark has one school, the Sark School, which takes residents from the ages of 4 to 15. School is divided into four classes. Class 1 takes children from the ages of 4 to 7 (reception to year 2), class 2 caters to 7- to 9-year-olds (year 3 to year 4), class 3 has 9- to 14-year-olds (year 5 to year 9) and the older children attend class 4 (years 10 and 11).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pupils wishing to obtain a <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">GCSE</a> or A-level qualification often finish their education in Guernsey or in England. Since 2006, however, a limited number of GCSEs have been offered to pupils at Sark School.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Population census</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1821 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">488</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1831 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">543</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.07%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1841 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">785</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.75%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1851 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">580</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.98%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1861 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">583</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.05%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1871 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">546</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1881 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">571</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.45%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1891 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">570</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.02%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1901 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">504</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.22%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1911 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">579</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+1.40%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">611</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.54%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1931 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">571</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.67%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1939 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">430</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.48%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1951 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">555</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.15%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1961 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">550</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.09%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1971 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">584</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.60%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2022 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">562</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.08%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Note: Sark figures include Brecqhou<br />Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=83424&p=0">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/5ff82f30-38d7-4ae5-98f1-e93b4ee65820/downloads/ITEM%2000%20-%20P%26F%20Census%202022%20Report%20CENSUS%20REPORT.pdf?ver=1735639335352">Chief Pleas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Birthplace <p><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>1971</th> <th>2022 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sark/Guernsey </td> <td>50% </td> <td>28% </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>Other Channel Islands</td> <td>3%</td> <td>1% </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>Other British Isles</td> <td>40%</td> <td>52% </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>Abroad</td> <td>6%</td> <td>19% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sark_ferry_arrival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sark_ferry_arrival.jpg/220px-Sark_ferry_arrival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sark_ferry_arrival.jpg/330px-Sark_ferry_arrival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sark_ferry_arrival.jpg/440px-Sark_ferry_arrival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3222" data-file-height="2193" /></a><figcaption>The high-speed ferry service from Jersey arriving at Sark</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sark_July_2010_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sark_July_2010_27.jpg/250px-Sark_July_2010_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sark_July_2010_27.jpg/330px-Sark_July_2010_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sark_July_2010_27.jpg/500px-Sark_July_2010_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3086" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption>Street scene in Sark</figcaption></figure> <p>The Isle of Sark Shipping Company operates small ferries from Sark to <a href="/wiki/St_Peter_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter Port">St Peter Port</a>, Guernsey. The service takes 55 minutes for the 9 miles (14 km) crossing.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high-speed passenger ferry is operated in summer by the French company Manche Iles Express to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 12-passenger boat, the <i>Lady Maris II</i>, operates regular services to <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island is a <a href="/wiki/Car-free_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Car-free zone">car-free zone</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the only vehicles allowed are <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">horse-drawn vehicles</a>, bicycles, <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractors</a>, and battery-powered buggies for elderly or disabled people. <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bicycles">Electric bicycles</a> were deregulated in the 2019 Midsummer <a href="/wiki/Chief_Pleas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Pleas">Chief Pleas</a> with the ordinance coming in to force on 4 July 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passengers and goods arriving by ferry from Guernsey are transported from the wharf by tractor-pulled vehicles. </p><p>There is no airport on Sark, and flight over Sark below 2400 ft is prohibited by the <i>Air Navigation (Restriction of Flying) (Guernsey) Regulations 1985</i> (Guernsey 1985/21). The closest airports are <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Airport" title="Guernsey Airport">Guernsey Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Airport" title="Jersey Airport">Jersey Airport</a>. Sark lies directly in line of approach to the runway of Guernsey airport, however, and low-flying<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> aircraft regularly fly over the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_-_Sark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Church_-_Sark.jpg/250px-Church_-_Sark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Church_-_Sark.jpg/330px-Church_-_Sark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Church_-_Sark.jpg/500px-Church_-_Sark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter">St Peter</a>'s Church (<a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In common with the other Channel Islands, Sark is attached to the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Salisbury" title="Diocese of Salisbury">diocese of Salisbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics depend on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Portsmouth" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth">Roman Catholic Diocese of Portsmouth</a> in England. </p><p>Sark has an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> church (St Peter's, built 1820) and a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> church. <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> first proposed a mission to Sark in 1787. Jean de Quetteville of Jersey subsequently began preaching there, initially in a cottage at Le Clos à Geon and then at various houses around Sark. Preachers from Guernsey visited regularly, and in 1796, land was donated by Jean Vaudin, leader of the Methodist community in Sark, for the construction of a chapel, which Jean de Quetteville dedicated in 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1800s there was a small <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> assembly. Its most notable member was the biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_(Guernsey_and_Blackheath)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kelly (Guernsey and Blackheath)">William Kelly</a> (1821–1906). Kelly was then the tutor to the Seigneur's children. </p><p>Supported by the evidence of the names of the <i>tenements</i> of La Moinerie and La Moinerie de Haut, it is believed<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Seigneurie was constructed on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> of Saint <a href="/wiki/Magloire" title="Magloire">Magloire</a>. Magloire had been <a href="/wiki/Samson_of_Dol" title="Samson of Dol">Samson of Dol</a>'s successor as bishop of <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol</a>, but retired and founded a monastery in Sark where he died in the late sixth century. According to the <i>vita</i> of Magloire, the monastery housed 62 <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> and a school for the instruction of the sons of noble families from the <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a>. Magloire's <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> were venerated at the monastery until the mid-ninth century when <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raids rendered Sark unsafe, and the monks departed for Jersey, taking the relics with them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite Sark having its own legislative assembly, Guernsey has sole responsibility for matters of criminal law under the Sark (Reform) Law 2008. For matters of extreme law enforcement the island calls upon the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Guernsey_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Guernsey Police Service">States of Guernsey Police Service</a>. Sark has a small police station and jail, with two (rarely used) cells available.<sup id="cite_ref-Caesar_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caesar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island has several police officers permanently stationed on it, the constable (senior officer), the vingtenier (deputy constable), two assistant constables (former constables), two custody officers (special constables) and several special constables.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sark also has access to police services in Guernsey through the designation of a member of the Guernsey Neighbourhood Policing Team as a dedicated point of contact for Sark constables.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergency_services">Emergency services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Emergency services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_emergency_ambulance_on_Sark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_emergency_ambulance_on_Sark.jpg/250px-The_emergency_ambulance_on_Sark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_emergency_ambulance_on_Sark.jpg/330px-The_emergency_ambulance_on_Sark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/The_emergency_ambulance_on_Sark.jpg/500px-The_emergency_ambulance_on_Sark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2705" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption>Tractor-drawn emergency ambulance on Sark</figcaption></figure> <p>A resident doctor provides healthcare on Sark, and is available to attend accidents and emergencies. The <b>Sark Ambulance Service</b> operates two tractor-drawn ambulances,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is able to treat casualties and transport them to the harbour for transfer onto the Guernsey marine ambulance launch, <i>Flying Christine III</i>, operated by <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Ambulance_and_Rescue_Service" title="Guernsey Ambulance and Rescue Service">Guernsey Ambulance and Rescue Service</a>. A small ambulance station houses the two ambulances. </p><p>Fire and rescue services are provided by an independent and volunteer service established in 1958. Originally named 'Sark Fire Brigade', it is now known as the <b>Sark Fire and Rescue Service</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The services operates two pump tenders and an all-purpose trailer; all three appliances are drawn by tractors owing to the ban on other motor vehicles on Sark. The original fire station was a large garage. Today the service operates from a large purpose-built fire station on La Chasse Marette. </p><p>Lifeboat services are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Lifeboat_Institution" title="Royal National Lifeboat Institution">Royal National Lifeboat Institution</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port_Lifeboat_Station" title="Saint Peter Port Lifeboat Station">Guernsey lifeboat station</a>, supported by the RNLI stations on Jersey and Alderney. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Rugby union in the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Rugby union in the Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sark_football_team" title="Sark football team">Sark football team</a></div> <p>Participation in sport tends towards individual sports rather than team sports, but the population supports a cricket team, a rugby union team and a <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> team.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sark competes in the biennial <a href="/wiki/International_Island_Games_Association" title="International Island Games Association">Island Games</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Sark_football_team" title="Sark football team">Sark football team</a> has participated. The annual Sark to Jersey Rowing Race is contested by teams from both bailiwicks.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hester" title="Carl Hester">Carl Hester</a>, who was brought up in Sark, won a gold medal at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian at the 2012 Summer Olympics">Individual and Team Dressage events</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Sark <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_and_Paralympics_gold_post_boxes" title="2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics gold post boxes">post box was painted gold</a> to celebrate the event. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sark_in_media">Sark in media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sark in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many examples of media taking Sark as an inspiration or setting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norman_literature">Norman literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Norman literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is no record of literature about Sark in Sercquiais, <a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais_literature" title="Jèrriais literature">Jèrriais literature</a> has included writing about Sark; for example by such authors as <a href="/wiki/Edwin_John_Luce" title="Edwin John Luce">Edwin John Luce</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alfred_Grut" title="Thomas Alfred Grut">Thomas Grut</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_F._Le_Feuvre" title="George F. Le Feuvre">George F. Le Feuvre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Denys_Corbet" title="Denys Corbet">Denys Corbet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_literature">English literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: English literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Swinburne</a> wrote a poem, <i>In Sark</i>, which appears in the collection <i>A Century of Roundels</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Sir_Nigel" title="Sir Nigel">Sir Nigel</a></i> (1906) includes a sub-plot where Black Simon of Norwich, a man at arms travelling with Sir Nigel Loring to war, obtains permission from Sir Robert Knolles to go ashore to Sark under cover of darkness. He takes his friend the archer Samkin Alward with him and beheads the (so-called) King of Sark in payment of a wager.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Arthur_Dunkerley" title="William Arthur Dunkerley">John Oxenham</a> wrote <i>Carette of Sark</i> (1907) and <i>The Perilous Lovers</i> (1924), historical novels largely set on Sark. His 1910 novel <i>A Maid of the Silver Sea</i> uses the mines of Little Sark as its setting.</li> <li>The novel <i><a href="/wiki/Mr_Pye" title="Mr Pye">Mr Pye</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Peake" title="Mervyn Peake">Mervyn Peake</a>, is set on Sark. The book has been adapted for radio and television. The TV series, filmed on Sark, starred <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judy_Parfitt" title="Judy Parfitt">Judy Parfitt</a>, and featured a number of islanders. Peake lived on the island for several years as a painter before he began writing. The setting of his best known novels, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gormenghast_(series)" title="Gormenghast (series)">Gormenghast</a></i> series, may have been inspired by Sark.</li> <li><i>Dame of Sark</i>, the memoirs of the 21st Seigneur <a href="/wiki/Sibyl_Mary_Hathaway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibyl Mary Hathaway">Sibyl Mary Hathaway</a>, who was present during the German occupation, were made into a play and television drama of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dame Sibyl also wrote <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maid_of_Sark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maid of Sark (page does not exist)">Maid of Sark</a></i>, an historical romance published in 1939; set in the sixteenth century, it incorporates events related to the defence of the island against the Bretons.</li> <li>The novel <i><a href="/wiki/Appointment_with_Venus" title="Appointment with Venus">Appointment with Venus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jerrard_Tickell" title="Jerrard Tickell">Jerrard Tickell</a> is set on the fictional island of Armorel, which is presumed to be based on Sark. The 1951 <a href="/wiki/Appointment_with_Venus_(film)" title="Appointment with Venus (film)">film</a> of the book used Sark as a principal location.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Hopkins_(novelist)" title="Bill Hopkins (novelist)">Bill Hopkins'</a> 1957 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_and_the_Decay" title="The Divine and the Decay">The Divine and the Decay</a></i> (republished in 1984 under the title <i>The Leap</i>) is set primarily on a fictional island named Vachau. It is believed that Sark was the inspiration for this island. Hopkins went to Sark as part of his research for the novel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Caudwell" title="Sarah Caudwell">Sarah Caudwell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sirens_Sang_of_Murder" title="The Sirens Sang of Murder">The Sirens Sang of Murder</a></i> (1989) is partly set in Sark, and contains references to John Oxenham's <i>The Perilous Lovers</i>.</li> <li><i>The Last Kings of Sark:</i> <i>A Novel</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Rankin-Gee" title="Rosa Rankin-Gee">Rosa Rankin-Gee</a> is a 2015 coming-of-age story set in Sark.</li> <li>The 2016 novel <i>Iron Chamber of Memory</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wright_(author)" title="John C. Wright (author)">John C. Wright</a> is set in Sark.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_literature">French literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: French literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Leblanc" title="Maurice Leblanc">Maurice Leblanc</a>'s horror/mystery novel <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Île aux Trente Cercueils</i></span> (translated in English as <i>The Secret of Sarek</i>) features an island called Sarek, off the coast of Brittany, which bears obvious similarities to Sark. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_music">In music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irish musician, composer and singer <a href="/wiki/Enya" title="Enya">Enya</a>'s 2015 album <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Sky_Island" title="Dark Sky Island">Dark Sky Island</a></i> was inspired by Sark's designation as the first 'dark sky island'. Certain songs on the album, the title track especially, explore the stars, skies and nature.<sup id="cite_ref-HUFFPOST15_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HUFFPOST15-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutch electronic musician <a href="/wiki/Legowelt" title="Legowelt">Legowelt</a> released a three-track 12" single named after the island, "Sark Island Acid", on the American record label <a href="/wiki/L.I.E.S." title="L.I.E.S.">L.I.E.S.</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sark" title="Special:EditPage/Sark">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Sark%22">"Sark"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Sark%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Sark%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Sark%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sark%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Sark%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The 1986 television adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/Mr_Pye" title="Mr Pye">Mr Pye</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Peake" title="Mervyn Peake">Mervyn Peake</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a> was filmed on the island. The original novel is also set on Sark.</li> <li>Sark featured in the 6th episode of the fourth series of <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Statesman_(1987_TV_series)" title="The New Statesman (1987 TV series)">The New Statesman</a></i>, <i>The Irresistible Rise of Alan B'Stard</i>.</li> <li>Part of the seventh episode of the second series of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> television drama <i><a href="/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Door" title="Enemy at the Door">Enemy at the Door</a></i> takes place in Sark. <a href="/wiki/La_Coup%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="La Coupée">La Coupée</a> features in a number of scenes.</li> <li>Sark, and in particular the Gouliot Caves, features in episode 8 of series 3 of the BBC television series <i><a href="/wiki/Coast_(TV_series)" title="Coast (TV series)">Coast</a></i>.</li> <li>Sark was featured in Episode 3 of the 2009 <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Britain_(TV_series)" title="Islands of Britain (TV series)">Islands of Britain</a></i>, presented by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Clunes" title="Martin Clunes">Martin Clunes</a>.</li> <li>Series 7 and 8 of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a> six-episode television series <i><a href="/wiki/An_Island_Parish" title="An Island Parish">An Island Parish</a></i> follows the Anglican priest and Methodist minister on Sark. It was first broadcast in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One of the episodes of <i><a href="/wiki/Bergerac_(TV_series)" title="Bergerac (TV series)">Bergerac</a></i> called "Burnt"<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was mostly filmed on Sark. <i>Bergerac</i> was a Jersey-based BBC and Australia's <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a> detective drama starring <a href="/wiki/John_Nettles" title="John Nettles">John Nettles</a>, filmed between 1981 and 1991. The episode featured a fight on and over the edge of La Coupée.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seigneur_of_Sark" title="Seigneur of Sark">Seigneur of Sark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="Archaeology of the Channel Islands">Archaeology of the Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Morrell_Wilson" title="Philip Morrell Wilson">Philip Morrell Wilson</a> – American, operated the fraudulent Bank of Sark</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Guernsey pound is not a separate currency, but a local issue of standard pound sterling.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The changes were in the <i>Reform (Sark) Law, 2008</i><sup id="cite_ref-Reform_law_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reform_law-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Real Property (Transfer Tax, Charging and Related Provisions) (Sark) Law, 2007</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChief_Pleas2023" class="citation report cs1">Chief Pleas (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/5ff82f30-38d7-4ae5-98f1-e93b4ee65820/downloads/ITEM%2000%20-%20P%26F%20Census%202022%20Report%20CENSUS%20REPORT.pdf?ver=1735639335352">Report on the 2022 Sark Census</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Chief Pleas. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+2022+Sark+Census&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Chief+Pleas&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Chief+Pleas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimg1.wsimg.com%2Fblobby%2Fgo%2F5ff82f30-38d7-4ae5-98f1-e93b4ee65820%2Fdownloads%2FITEM%252000%2520-%2520P%2526F%2520Census%25202022%2520Report%2520CENSUS%2520REPORT.pdf%3Fver%3D1735639335352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISO_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CQ">"ISO 3166: CQ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+3166%3A+CQ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fobp%2Fui%2F%23iso%3Acode%3A3166%3ACQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iana-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iana_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-subtags-templates/CQ.txt">"Registration form for 'CQ'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Registration+form+for+%27CQ%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flang-subtags-templates%2FCQ.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris2018" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Morris, Caroline (11 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/628f88c874f4f647bd6b4617/t/646ddf119771881e3b034066/1684922130048/Constitutional+status+of+Sark-2018+by+Dr+Carolie+Morris.pdf">"Constitutional Status of Sark"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Letter to Policy Development Team, Sark Chief Pleas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Status+of+Sark&rft.date=2018-12-11&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fstatic%2F628f88c874f4f647bd6b4617%2Ft%2F646ddf119771881e3b034066%2F1684922130048%2FConstitutional%2Bstatus%2Bof%2BSark-2018%2Bby%2BDr%2BCarolie%2BMorris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jerseyeveningpost.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jerseyeveningpost.com_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713231800/https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2015/04/09/too-many-people-or-not-enough-jerseys-population-dilemma/">"Too many people – or not enough? Jersey's population dilemma"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Evening_Post" title="Jersey Evening Post">Jersey Evening Post</a></i>. 9 April 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jerseyeveningpost.com/news/2015/04/09/too-many-people-or-not-enough-jerseys-population-dilemma/">the original</a> on 13 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jersey+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=Too+many+people+%E2%80%93+or+not+enough%3F+Jersey%27s+population+dilemma&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjerseyeveningpost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F04%2F09%2Ftoo-many-people-or-not-enough-jerseys-population-dilemma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sark.co.uk">"The official website for the Island of Sark"</a>. Sark Tourism. 23 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/3642/icos23_228.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Glimpse+through+a+Dirty+Window+into+an+Unlit+House%3A+Names+of+Some+North-West+European+Islands&rft.btitle=Names+in+Multi-Lingual%2C+Multi-Cultural+and+Multi-Ethnic+Contact%3A+Proceedings+of+the+23rd+International+Congress+of+Onomastic+Sciences%3A+August+17%E2%80%9222%2C+York+University%2C+Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=York+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55014-521-2&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyorkspace.library.yorku.ca%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10315%2F3642%2Ficos23_228.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoates2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coates" title="Richard Coates">Coates, Richard</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407205627/http://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/3642/icos23_228.pdf#page=8">"A Glimpse through a Dirty Window into an Unlit House: Names of Some North-West European Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Ahrens, Wolfgang; Embleton, Sheila; Lapierre, André (eds.). <i>Names in Multi-Lingual, Multi-Cultural and Multi-Ethnic Contact: Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Onomastic Sciences: August 17‒22, York University, Toronto, Canada</i>. Toronto: York University. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55014-521-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55014-521-2"><bdi>978-1-55014-521-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/3642/icos23_228.pdf#page=8">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Glimpse+through+a+Dirty+Window+into+an+Unlit+House%3A+Names+of+Some+North-West+European+Islands&rft.btitle=Names+in+Multi-Lingual%2C+Multi-Cultural+and+Multi-Ethnic+Contact%3A+Proceedings+of+the+23rd+International+Congress+of+Onomastic+Sciences%3A+August+17%E2%80%9222%2C+York+University%2C+Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=York+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55014-521-2&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyorkspace.library.yorku.ca%2Fxmlui%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10315%2F3642%2Ficos23_228.pdf%23page%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAILII-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BAILII_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BAILII_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Barclay & Ors R (on the application of) v The Seigneur of Sark & Anor</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2008/1354.html">[2008] EWHC 1354 (Admin)</a>, [2008] 3 WLR 867 (18 June 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sark.co.uk/sark-henge-12778/">"Sark: Sark Henge"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sark%3A+Sark+Henge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sark.co.uk%2Fsark-henge-12778%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marr-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marr_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarr1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Marr_(author)" title="James Marr (author)">Marr, James</a> (1984). <i>Guernsey people</i>. Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0850335299" title="Special:BookSources/0850335299"><bdi>0850335299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guernsey+people&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0850335299&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ewen-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ewen_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwenDe_Carteret1969" class="citation book cs1">Ewen, Alfred Harry; De Carteret, Allan Roper (1969). <i>The Fief of Sark</i>. <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Guernsey_Press" title="Guernsey Press">Guernsey Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fief+of+Sark&rft.place=Guernsey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.pub=Guernsey+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ewen&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Harry&rft.au=De+Carteret%2C+Allan+Roper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liberation-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liberation_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberation_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liberation_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaunet1997" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Launet, Edouard (6 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/portrait/1997/12/06/michael-beaumont-70-ans-est-le-seigneur-de-sercq-ile-anglo-normande-deux-richissimes-jumeaux-contest_224306">"Michael Beaumont, 70 ans, est le 'seigneur' de Sercq, île anglo-normande. Deux richissimes jumeaux contestent son paisible féodalisme. Le comte de l'île"</a> [Michael Beaumont, 70, is the 'lord' of Sark, Channel Island. Two extremely wealthy twins contest its peaceful feudalism. The Earl of the Island.]. <i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Michael+Beaumont%2C+70+ans%2C+est+le+%27seigneur%27+de+Sercq%2C+%C3%AEle+anglo-normande.+Deux+richissimes+jumeaux+contestent+son+paisible+f%C3%A9odalisme.+Le+comte+de+l%27%C3%AEle.&rft.date=1997-12-06&rft.aulast=Launet&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fportrait%2F1997%2F12%2F06%2Fmichael-beaumont-70-ans-est-le-seigneur-de-sercq-ile-anglo-normande-deux-richissimes-jumeaux-contest_224306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caesar-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caesar_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caesar_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caesar_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaesar2006" class="citation news cs1">Caesar, Ed (25 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/lost-world-the-last-days-of-feudal-sark-421545.html">"Lost world: the last days of feudal Sark"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Lost+world%3A+the+last+days+of+feudal+Sark&rft.date=2006-10-25&rft.aulast=Caesar&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Flost-world-the-last-days-of-feudal-sark-421545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916043837/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9390711.html">"Grave affair. (Andre Gardes tries to take over Sark in the Channel Islands)"</a>. <i>The Economist (US)</i>. 1 September 1990. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9390711.html">the original</a> on 16 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economist+%28US%29&rft.atitle=Grave+affair.+%28Andre+Gardes+tries+to+take+over+Sark+in+the+Channel+Islands%29&rft.date=1990-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-9390711.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">Subscription required for full article</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metro.co.uk/2008/09/08/weird-fact-of-the-day-that-you-probably-didnt-know-467808/">"Weird Fact of the Day (that you probably didn't know)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metro_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro (website)">Metro.co.uk</a>. 8 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weird+Fact+of+the+Day+%28that+you+probably+didn%27t+know%29&rft.pub=Metro.co.uk&rft.date=2008-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2008%2F09%2F08%2Fweird-fact-of-the-day-that-you-probably-didnt-know-467808%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_Harrell-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Harrell_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Harrell_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_Harrell_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarrell2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Harrell, Eben (17 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1704703,00.html">"A Revolution Not Televised"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Revolution+Not+Televised&rft.date=2008-01-17&rft.aulast=Harrell&rft.aufirst=Eben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1704703%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wall_Street_Journal_–_October_2005-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wall_Street_Journal_–_October_2005_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinger2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Singer, Jason (11 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141121135126/http://www.mathaba.net/news/?x=386652">"On island of Sark, Barclay brothers joust with feudalism"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=London+2012%3A+Team+GB+dressage+team+announced+by+BOA&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2F0%2Folympics%2F18557810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Nouvelle Chronique de Jersey</i>, 24 August 1910</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>La Gazette de Guernesey</i>, 18 July 1925</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Evening_Post" title="Jersey Evening Post">Jersey Evening Post</a></i>, 15 August 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Le Bailliage</i>, 10 September 1892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215060322/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911448,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">"Death of a Dame"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 29 July 1974. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911448,00.html?iid=chix-sphere">the original</a> on 15 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2008</span>. <q>Nearly all 560 subjects of the medieval fiefdom of Sark gathered last week around a gnarled oak tree in their parish churchyard to mourn Dame Sibyl Mary Collings Beaumont Hathaway, 21st Seigneur of Sark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Death+of+a+Dame&rft.date=1974-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C911448%2C00.html%3Fiid%3Dchix-sphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HUFFPOST15-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HUFFPOST15_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrucculieri2015" class="citation web cs1">Brucculieri, Julia (2 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/enya-interview-dark-sky-island_us_562003b3e4b0c5a1ce62a506">"Enya On Her First Album In Seven Years And The Secret To Her Success"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Enya+On+Her+First+Album+In+Seven+Years+And+The+Secret+To+Her+Success&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft.aulast=Brucculieri&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2Fentry%2Fenya-interview-dark-sky-island_us_562003b3e4b0c5a1ce62a506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enya.sk/2015/10/enya-talks-about-dark-sky-island/">"Enya talks about Dark Sky Island – Enya.sk"</a>. <i>enya.sk</i>. 13 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=enya.sk&rft.atitle=Enya+talks+about+Dark+Sky+Island+%E2%80%93+Enya.sk&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenya.sk%2F2015%2F10%2Fenya-talks-about-dark-sky-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/release/2915964-Legowelt-Sark-Island-Acid">"Sark Island Acid"</a>. <i>discogs.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discogs.com&rft.atitle=Sark+Island+Acid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discogs.com%2Frelease%2F2915964-Legowelt-Sark-Island-Acid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nzqzp">"Series 7, An Island Parish"</a>. <i>BBC Two</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Two&rft.atitle=Series+7%2C+An+Island+Parish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb01nzqzp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03qgtzn">"An Island Parish, Series 8 – Sark Winter, Tis the Season"</a>. <i>BBC Two</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Two&rft.atitle=An+Island+Parish%2C+Series+8+%E2%80%93+Sark+Winter%2C+Tis+the+Season&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb03qgtzn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theislandwiki.org/index.php/Bergerac">"Bergerac"</a>. <i>The Island Wiki</i>. 9 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Island+Wiki&rft.atitle=Bergerac&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theislandwiki.org%2Findex.php%2FBergerac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParry2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Parry" title="Jonathan Parry">Parry, Jonathan</a> (18 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n10/jonathan-parry/life-on-sark">"Life on Sark"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>. <b>45</b> (10)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Life+on+Sark&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=10&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv45%2Fn10%2Fjonathan-parry%2Flife-on-sark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2016" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Eric (2016). <i>Operation Basalt: The British Raid on Sark and Hitler's Commando Order</i>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750964364" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750964364"><bdi>978-0750964364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Basalt%3A+The+British+Raid+on+Sark+and+Hitler%27s+Commando+Order&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0750964364&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKursner2015" class="citation book cs1">Kursner, Geoffroy (2015). <i>L'île de Sercq: Histoire du dernier état féodal d'Europe</i>. Éditions du Menhir. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-919403-27-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-919403-27-1"><bdi>978-2-919403-27-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%AEle+de+Sercq%3A+Histoire+du+dernier+%C3%A9tat+f%C3%A9odal+d%27Europe&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Menhir&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-919403-27-1&rft.aulast=Kursner&rft.aufirst=Geoffroy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Henry (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shimajournal.org/issues/v9n1/i.%20Johnson%20Shima%20v9n1%2089-108.pdf">"The Sark/Brecqhou Dyad: Jurisdictional Geographies and Contested Histories"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Shima</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">89–</span>108. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.shimajournal.org/issues/v9n1/i.%20Johnson%20Shima%20v9n1%2089-108.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shima&rft.atitle=The+Sark%2FBrecqhou+Dyad%3A+Jurisdictional+Geographies+and+Contested+Histories&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shimajournal.org%2Fissues%2Fv9n1%2Fi.%2520Johnson%2520Shima%2520v9n1%252089-108.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Henry (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shimajournal.org/issues/v8n1/d.%20Johnson%20Shima%20v8n1%209-33.pdf">"Sark and Brecqhou: Space, Politics and Power"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Shima</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.shimajournal.org/issues/v8n1/d.%20Johnson%20Shima%20v8n1%209-33.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shima&rft.atitle=Sark+and+Brecqhou%3A+Space%2C+Politics+and+Power&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shimajournal.org%2Fissues%2Fv8n1%2Fd.%2520Johnson%2520Shima%2520v8n1%25209-33.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRivett1999" class="citation book cs1">Rivett, Peter J. (1999). <i>Sark: A Feudal Fraud?</i>. Devon: Planetesimal Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9534947-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9534947-2-1"><bdi>0-9534947-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sark%3A+A+Feudal+Fraud%3F&rft.place=Devon&rft.pub=Planetesimal+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-9534947-2-1&rft.aulast=Rivett&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawkes1995" class="citation book cs1">Hawkes, Ken (1995). <i>Sark</i>. Guernsey: Guernsey Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902550-46-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-902550-46-2"><bdi>0-902550-46-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sark&rft.place=Guernsey&rft.pub=Guernsey+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-902550-46-2&rft.aulast=Hawkes&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarbe1984" class="citation book cs1">Karbe, Lars Cassio (1984). <i>Das politische System der Insel Sark. Modelle europäischer Zwergstaaten – die normannische Seigneurie Sark (Sercq)</i>. Frankfurt am Main. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8204-7483-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-8204-7483-8"><bdi>3-8204-7483-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+politische+System+der+Insel+Sark.+Modelle+europ%C3%A4ischer+Zwergstaaten+%E2%80%93+die+normannische+Seigneurie+Sark+%28Sercq%29&rft.pub=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=3-8204-7483-8&rft.aulast=Karbe&rft.aufirst=Lars+Cassio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoysh1982" class="citation book cs1">Coysh, Victor (1982). <i>Sark: The Last Stronghold of Feudalism</i>. Guernsey: Toucan Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sark%3A+The+Last+Stronghold+of+Feudalism&rft.place=Guernsey&rft.pub=Toucan+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Coysh&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1977" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, A. J. (1977). <i>The Constitution of Sark</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Sark&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwende_Carteret1969" class="citation book cs1">Ewen, A. H.; de Carteret, Allan R. (1969). <i>The Fief of Sark</i>. Guernsey: Guernsey Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fief+of+Sark&rft.place=Guernsey&rft.pub=Guernsey+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ewen&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft.au=de+Carteret%2C+Allan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSack1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Sack" title="John Sack">Sack, John</a> (1959). <a href="/wiki/Report_from_Practically_Nowhere" title="Report from Practically Nowhere"><i>Report from Practically Nowhere</i></a>. New York: Curtis Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">26–</span>42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+from+Practically+Nowhere&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Curtis+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFToyne1959" class="citation book cs1">Toyne, S. M. (1959). <i>Sark: A Feudal Survival</i>. Eton, Windsor: The Shakespeare Head Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sark%3A+A+Feudal+Survival&rft.place=Eton%2C+Windsor&rft.pub=The+Shakespeare+Head+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Toyne&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Carteret1956" class="citation book cs1">de Carteret, A. R. (1956). <i>The Story of Sark</i>. London: Peter Owen Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Sark&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Peter+Owen+Limited&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=de+Carteret&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCachemaille1928" class="citation book cs1">Cachemaille, Rev J. L. V. (1928). <i>The Island of Sark</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Island+of+Sark&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Cachemaille&rft.aufirst=Rev+J.+L.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sark&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sark" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sark">Sark</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/120px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sark#Q3405693" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sark">Sark</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sarkgov.co.uk/">Government of Sark webpage</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guernseyroyalcourt.gg/article/3087/Sark">"Sark - Guernsey Royal Court"</a>. <i>guernseyroyalcourt.gg</i>. 4 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guernseyroyalcourt.gg&rft.atitle=Sark+-+Guernsey+Royal+Court&rft.date=2011-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguernseyroyalcourt.gg%2Farticle%2F3087%2FSark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sarkparishchurch.org.uk/">St Peter's Sark</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sark"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sark">"Sark" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sark&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=220&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sark&params=49_25_59_N_2_21_39_W_type:isle_scale:100000_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°25′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">2°21′39″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.43306°N 2.36083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.43306; -2.36083</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burhou" title="Burhou">Burhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Casquets" title="Les Casquets">Les Casquets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortac" title="Ortac">Ortac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9hon_Tower" title="Bréhon Tower">Bréhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caquorobert" title="Caquorobert">Caquorobert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevichon" title="Crevichon">Crevichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm" title="Herm">Herm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jethou" title="Jethou">Jethou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Hanois" title="Les Hanois">Les Hanois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houmets" title="Houmets">Les Houmets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihou" title="Lihou">Lihou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sark</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brecqhou" title="Brecqhou">Brecqhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Motte,_Jersey" title="La Motte, Jersey">La Motte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Dirouilles" title="Les Dirouilles">Les Dirouilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cr%C3%A9hous" title="Écréhous">Les Écréhous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minquiers" title="Minquiers">Les Minquiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierres_de_Lecq" title="Pierres de Lecq">Pierres de Lecq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>See also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Chausey" title="Chausey">Chausey</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries,_territories_and_dependencies_of_the_British_Crown405" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Kingdom_constituents_and_affiliations" title="Template:United Kingdom constituents and affiliations"><abbr title="View this 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Sovereign Base Areas</a>. <sup>2</sup> Partial suspension of sovereignty due to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3405693#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1093" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sark</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>67 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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