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href="../zinc/chemistry.html">Zinc</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item d"><a class="pure-menu-link d" href="../zirconium/chemistry.html">Zirconium</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-open pure-menu-horizontal centre" role="navigation" style="background: #000 url(../_media/elements/discharge/C.png) repeat-y center; background-size:contain;"> <span><a class="pure-menu-heading" href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/webelements/"><img height="30" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements logo"></a> <a class="white" href="./">Carbon - <sub>6</sub>C</a>  <audio id="myAudio_f"> <source src="../_media/elements/snds_f/C.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">Your user agent does not support the HTML5 Audio element. </audio> <button class="pure-button p_button" style=" display: inline;" type="button" onclick="audf_play_pause()"> 🔊  </button> <script> function audf_play_pause() { var myAudiof = document.getElementById("myAudio_f"); if (myAudiof.paused) { myAudiof.play(); } else { myAudiof.pause(); }} </script></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main">  <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <a href="#" class="pure-menu-link pure-menu-heading">▸▸</a> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇬🇧 Carbon</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇺🇦 Вуглець</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇨🇳 碳</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇳🇱 Koolstof</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇫🇷 Carbone</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇩🇪 Kohlenstoff</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇱 פחמן</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇮🇹 Carbonio</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇯🇵 炭素</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇵🇹 Carbono</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇪🇸 Carbono</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇸🇪 Kol</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">🇷🇺 Углерод</li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <div class="google_navbar_positioning"> <form action="https://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-9334432533380510:6223510783"> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="UTF-8"> <input type="text" name="q" size="28"> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search"> </div> </form> <script> </script> </div> </div> </div> <main> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1 pure-u-sm-1-1"> <h1 class="p">Carbon - <sub><small>6</small></sub>C: reactions of elements</h1> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pure-menu-scrollable"> <ul class="pure-menu-list z_menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a href="../carbon/" class="pure-menu-link">▸▸ C Essentials</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/physics.html">Physical properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/atoms.html">Electron shell data</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/atom_sizes.html">Atom sizes</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/electronegativity.html">Electronegativity</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/isotopes.html" >Isotopes and NMR</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/crystal_structure.html">Crystal structure</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/thermochemistry.html">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/history.html">History</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/uses.html">Uses</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/geology.html">Geology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/biology.html">Biology</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/compounds.html">Binary compounds</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/compound_properties.html" >Compound properties</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/chemistry.html">Element reactions</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item p"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="../carbon/contents.html">List all C properties</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="p">Reaction of carbon with air</h2> <p class="p_first">Carbon, as graphite, burns to form gaseous carbon (IV) oxide (carbon dioxide), CO<sub>2</sub>. Diamond is a form of carbon and also burns in air when heated to 600-800°C - an expensive way to make carbon dioxide!</p> <p class="equation">C(s) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → CO<sub>2</sub>(g)</p> <p>When the air or oxygen supply is restricted, incomplete combustion to carbon monoxide, CO, occurs.</p> <p>2C(s) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2CO(g)</p> <p>This reaction is important. In industry, air is blown through hot coke. The resulting gas is called producer gas and is a mixture of carbon monoxide (25%), carbon dioxide (4%), nitrogen (70%), and traces of hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), and oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>).</p> <h2 class="p">Reaction of carbon with water</h2> <p class="p_first">Carbon, either as graphite or diamond does not react with water under normal conditions. Under more forsing conditions, the reaction becomes important. In industry, water is blown through hot coke. The resulting gas is called water gas and is a mixture of hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>, 50%), carbon monoxide (CO, 40%), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>, 5%), nitrogen and methane (N<sub>2</sub> + CH<sub>4</sub>, 5%). It is an important feedstock gas for the chemical industry.</p> <p class="equation">C + H<sub>2</sub>O → CO + H<sub>2</sub></p> <p>This reaction is endothermic (ΔH° = +131.3 kJ mol<sup>-1</sup>; ΔS° = +133.7 J K<sup>-1</sup> mol<sup>-1</sup>) which means that the coke cools down during the reaction. To counteract this, the steam flow is replaced by air to reheat the coke allowing further reaction.</p> <h2 class="p">Reaction of carbon with the halogens</h2> <p class="p_first">Graphite reacts with fluorine, F<sub>2</sub>, at high temperatures to make a mixture of carbon tetrafluoride, CF<sub>4</sub>, together with some C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>6</sub> and C<sub>5</sub>F<sub>12</sub>.</p> <p class="equation">C(s) + excess F<sub>2</sub>(g) → CF<sub>4</sub>(g) + C<sub>2</sub>F<sub>6</sub> + C<sub>5</sub>F<sub>12</sub></p> <p>At room temperatur, the reaction with fluorine is complex. The result is "graphite fluoride", a non-stoichiometric species with formula CF<sub>x</sub> (0.68 < x < 1). This species is black when x is low, silvery at x = 0.9, and colourless when x is about 1.</p> <p>The other halogens appear to not react with graphite.</p> <h2 class="p">Reaction of carbon with acids</h2> <p class="p_first">Graphite reacts with the oxidizing acid hot concentrated nitric acid to form mellitic acid, C<sub>6</sub>(CO<sub>2</sub>H)<sub>6</sub>.</p> <h2 class="p">Reaction of carbon with bases</h2> </main> <div id="footer"> <footer> <div class="footer"> <div class="pure-g"> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Key properties</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/eneg_pauling/">Electronegativity </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/melting_point/">Melting point</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/density/">Density </a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/molar_volume/">Molar volume</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/ionis_energy_1/">Ionization energy (1st)</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/covalent_radius/">Covalent radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/metallic_radius/">Metallic radius</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/periodicity/abund_crust/">Abundance: earth's crust</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Shop</li> <li class="pure-menu-item">Sorry, shop closed</li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Social</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/webelements.periodic.table">Facebook</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://twitter.com/periodic_table">Twitter</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.pinterest.com/periodictable/">Pinterest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="pure-u-1-2 pure-u-sm-1-2 pure-u-lg-1-4 pure-menu custom-restricted-width"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-heading footer_h">Administration</li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/your-privacy/" title="Your privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/about-webelements/" title="About WebElements">About</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/" title="Copyright information about WebElements">Copyright</a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a class="pure-menu-link" href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/acknowledgements/" title="Acknowledgements">Thanks...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <address> <p> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/"><img class="logo_m" src="../_media/icons/logo_60.png" alt="WebElements home" /></a><br /> <strong>WebElements:</strong> THE periodic table on the WWW [<a href="https://www.webelements.com/">www.webelements.com</a>]<br /> <a href="https://www.webelements.com/nexus/webelements-and-copyright/">Copyright </a> 1993-2024 <a href="https://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/">Mark Winter</a> [ <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/chemistry/">The University of Sheffield </a> and WebElements Ltd, UK]. 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