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href="#Legality_and_comparison_with_suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legality and comparison with suicide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality_and_comparison_with_suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Hinduism_and_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hinduism_and_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In Hinduism and Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hinduism_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Sallekhana</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ساليخانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساليخانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sallekhana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="সল্লেখনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সল্লেখনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salekana" title="Salekana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salekana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سانثارا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سانثارا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhara" title="Santhara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Santhara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="सल्लेखना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सल्लेखना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sallekhana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sallekhana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%A8" title="ಸಲ್ಲೇಖನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಲ್ಲೇಖನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0" title="സന്താര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സന്താര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="संथारा व्रत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संथारा व्रत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="サンターラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンターラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸੰਥਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਥਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сантара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сантара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="சல்லேகனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சல்லேகனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="สัลเลขนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัลเลขนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sallekhana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food and liquids in Jainism</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Nishidhi stone with 14th century old Kannada inscription from Tavanandi forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG/220px-Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG/330px-Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG/440px-Nishidhi_stone_with_14th_century_Old_Kannada_inscription_from_Tavanandi_forest.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><i>Nishidhi</i>, a 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">memorial stone</a> depicting the observance of the vow of <i>Sallekhana</i> with old Kannada inscription. Found at Tavanandi forest, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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#F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd><b>Mahavratas (major vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Anuvratas (further vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a 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class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:1px solid #F5DEB3;border-bottom:1px solid #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism" title="Template:Jainism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism" title="Template talk:Jainism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Sallekhana</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">sallekhanā</i></span>), also known as <i><b>samlehna</b></i>, <i><b>santhara</b></i>, <i><b>samadhi-marana</b></i> or <i><b>sanyasana-marana</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a supplementary vow to the <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">ethical code of conduct</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. It is the religious practice of voluntarily fasting to death by gradually reducing the intake of food and liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is viewed in Jainism as the thinning of human passions and the body,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012115_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012115-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another means of destroying rebirth-influencing <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> by withdrawing all physical and mental activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not considered a suicide by Jain scholars because it is not an act of passion, nor does it employ poisons or weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <i>sallekhana</i> vow, the ritual preparation and practice can extend into years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sallekhana</i> is a vow available to both Jain <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">ascetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">householders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201547_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201547-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historic evidence such as <i>nishidhi</i> engravings suggest <i>sallekhana</i> was observed by both men and women, including queens, in Jain history.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the modern era, death through <i>sallekhana</i> has been a relatively uncommon event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002181_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002181-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is debate about the practice from a <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">right to die</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> viewpoint. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_High_Court" title="Rajasthan High Court">Rajasthan High Court</a> banned the practice, considering it <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> stayed the decision of the Rajasthan High Court and lifted the ban on <i>sallekhana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Milind_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milind-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vow">Vow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Mahavrata"></span>There are Five Great vows prescribed to followers of Jainism; <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></i> (non-violence), <i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i> (not lying), <i><a href="/wiki/Asteya" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya</a></i> (not stealing), <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i> (chastity), and <i><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">non-possession</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol19764_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol19764-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further seven supplementary vows are also prescribed, which include three <i>Gunavratas</i> (merit vows) and four <i>Shiksha vratas</i> (disciplinary vows). The three <i>Gunavratas</i> are: <i>Digvrata</i> (limited movements, limiting one's area of activity), <i>Bhogopabhogaparimana</i> (limiting the use of consumable and non-consumable things), and <i>Anartha-dandaviramana</i> (abstain from purposeless sins). The <i>Shikshavratas</i> include: <i><a href="/wiki/Samayika" class="mw-redirect" title="Samayika">Samayika</a></i> (vow to meditate and concentrate for limited periods), <i>Desavrata</i> (limiting movement and space of activity for limited periods), <i>Prosadhopavāsa</i> (fasting for limited periods), and <i>Atithi-samvibhag</i> (offering food to the ascetic).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201287-91_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201287-91-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol19765_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol19765-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sallekhana</i> is treated as a supplementary to these twelve vows. However, some Jain teachers such as <a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devasena_(Jain_monk)" title="Devasena (Jain monk)">Devasena</a>, Padmanandin, and Vasunandin have included it under <i>Shikshavratas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sallekhana</i> means to properly 'thin out', 'scour out', or 'slender' the passions and the body through gradually abstaining from food and drink.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakar2014174_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakar2014174-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sallekhana</i> is divided into two components: <i>Kashaya Sallekhana</i> (slendering of passions) or <i>Abhayantra Sallekhana</i> (internal slendering) and <i>Kaya Sallekhana</i> (slendering the body) or <i>Bahya Sallekhana</i> (external slendering).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESettar1989113_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESettar1989113-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is described as "facing death voluntarily through fasting".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jain_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain texts">Jain texts</a>, <i>Sallekhana</i> leads to <i>Ahimsa</i> (non-violence or non-injury), as a person observing <i>Sallekhana</i> subjugates the passions, which are the root cause of <i>Himsa</i> (injury or violence).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012116_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012116-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conditions">Conditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sallekhana.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sallekhana as expounded in the Jain text, Ratna Karanda Sravakachara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sallekhana.pdf/page1-220px-Sallekhana.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sallekhana.pdf/page1-330px-Sallekhana.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Sallekhana.pdf/page1-440px-Sallekhana.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption><i>Sallekhana</i> as expounded in the Jain text, <i>Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra</i></figcaption></figure> <p>While <i>Sallekhana</i> is prescribed for both <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">householders</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">ascetics</a>, Jain texts describe conditions when it is appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009181_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009181-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol19767–8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol19767–8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It should not be observed by a householder without the guidance of a Jain ascetic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini1998231_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998231-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sallekhana is always voluntary, undertaken after the public declaration, and never assisted with any chemicals or tools. Fasting causes weight loss due to malnutrition. As death is imminent, the individual discontinues food and water, with full knowledge of colleagues and spiritual counsellor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini200016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, Jains with terminal illness undertake <i>sallekhana</i>, and in these cases, they ask for permission from their spiritual counsellor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201546_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201546-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a successful <i>sallekhana</i>, the death must be with "pure means", voluntary, planned, undertaken with calmness, peace, and joy by which the person accepts the ultimate purification of the body and focuses the mind on spiritual matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201547_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201547-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Sallekhana</i> differs from other forms of ritual deaths recognized in Jainism as appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201548_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other situations consider ritual death preferable to a mendicant breaking his or her <a href="#Mahavrata">Five Great vows</a> (<i>Mahavrata</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201548_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, celibacy is one of the Five vows, and ritual death is considered better than being raped or seduced or if the mendicant community would be defamed. A ritual death under these circumstances by consuming poison is believed to be better, and thus allows for an auspicious rebirth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201548_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The duration of the practice can vary from a few days to years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sixth part of the <i>Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra</i> describes <i>Sallekhana</i> and its procedure<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain191758–64_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain191758–64-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Giving up solid food by degrees, one should take to milk and whey, then giving them up, to hot or spiced water. [Subsequently] giving up hot water also, and observing fasting with full determination, he should give up his body, trying in every possible way to keep in mind the <a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">pancha-namaskara mantra</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra (127–128)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain191758–64_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain191758–64-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Jain texts mention five transgressions (<i>Atichara</i>) of the vow: the desire to be reborn as a human, the desire to be reborn as a divinity, the desire to continue living, the desire to die quickly, and the desire to live a sensual life in the next life. Other transgressions include: recollection of affection for friends, recollection of the pleasures enjoyed, and longing for the enjoyment of pleasures in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991170_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991170-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol197610_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol197610-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2011111_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2011111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="three_forms"></span>The ancient Śvetāmbara Jain text <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a></i>, dated to about 3rd or 2nd century BCE, describes three forms of <i>Sallekhana</i>: the <i>Bhaktapratyakhyana</i>, the <i>Ingita-marana,</i> and the <i>Padapopagamana</i>. In <i>Bhaktapratyakhyana</i>, the person who wants to observe the vow selects an isolated place where he lies on a bed made of straw, does not move his limbs, and avoids food and drink until he dies. In <i>Ingita-marana</i>, the person sleeps on bare ground. He can sit, stand, walk, or move, but avoids food until he dies. In <i>Padapopagamana</i>, a person stands "like a tree" without food and drink until he dies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another variation of <i>Sallekhana</i> is <i>Itvara</i> which consists of voluntarily restricting oneself in a limited space and then fasting to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201548_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201548-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sallekhan%C4%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sallekhana inscription at Shravanbelgola in the 7th century script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sallekhan%C4%81.jpg/220px-Sallekhan%C4%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sallekhan%C4%81.jpg/330px-Sallekhan%C4%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sallekhan%C4%81.jpg/440px-Sallekhan%C4%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="3844" /></a><figcaption>An inscription (No.130) in memory of Vinayadevasena who observed <i>Sallekhana</i>. 7th-century Kannada script. Found at <a href="/wiki/Shravanbelgola" class="mw-redirect" title="Shravanbelgola">Shravanbelgola</a>, Karnataka, India.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doddahundi_Nishidhi_(memorial_stone)_with_old_Kannada_inscription_(869_C.E.).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Doddahundi Nishidhi (memorial stone) with old Kannada inscription (869 CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Doddahundi_Nishidhi_%28memorial_stone%29_with_old_Kannada_inscription_%28869_C.E.%29.JPG/220px-Doddahundi_Nishidhi_%28memorial_stone%29_with_old_Kannada_inscription_%28869_C.E.%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Doddahundi_Nishidhi_%28memorial_stone%29_with_old_Kannada_inscription_%28869_C.E.%29.JPG/330px-Doddahundi_Nishidhi_%28memorial_stone%29_with_old_Kannada_inscription_%28869_C.E.%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Doddahundi_Nishidhi_%28memorial_stone%29_with_old_Kannada_inscription_%28869_C.E.%29.JPG/440px-Doddahundi_Nishidhi_%28memorial_stone%29_with_old_Kannada_inscription_%28869_C.E.%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Doddahundi_nishidhi_inscription" title="Doddahundi nishidhi inscription">Doddahundi nishidhi inscription</a> was raised in honor of <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga</a> King Nitimarga I in 869 CE who observed <i>Sallekhana</i>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KU14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sallekhana place for the monks at Udayagiri hills" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KU14.jpg/220px-KU14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KU14.jpg/330px-KU14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/KU14.jpg/440px-KU14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The chamber for the ascetics to observe <i>Sallekhana</i> at <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_and_Khandagiri_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves">Udayagiri</a> hills, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textual">Textual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Textual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81r%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Ācārāṅga Sūtra">Ācārāṅga Sūtra</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th century BCE</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1st century BCE</span>) describes <a href="#three_forms">three forms</a> of the practice. Early <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> text <i>Shravakaprajnapti</i> notes that the practice is not limited to ascetics. The <a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81khy%C4%81praj%C3%B1apti" title="Vyākhyāprajñapti">Bhagavati Sūtra</a> (2.1) also describes <i>Sallekhana</i> in great detail, as it was observed by Skanda Katyayana, an ascetic of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>. The 4th-century text <i><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaranda_%C5%9Br%C4%81vak%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra">Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra</a></i> and the Śvetāmbara text <i>Nava-pada-prakarana</i> also provide detailed descriptions. The <i>Nava-pada-prakarana</i> mentions seventeen methods of "voluntarily chosen death", of which it approves only three as consistent with the teachings of Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice is also mentioned in the 2nd century CE <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam-era</a> poem <i>Sirupanchamoolam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Panchashaka</i> makes only a cursory mention of the practice and it is not described in <i>Dharmabindu</i>—both texts by <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th century</span>). In the 9th century text "<a href="/wiki/%C4%80di_pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Ādi purāṇa">Ādi purāṇa</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jinasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinasena">Jinasena</a> the <a href="#three_forms">three forms</a> are described. <i>Yashastilaka</i> by <a href="/wiki/Somadeva_Suri" title="Somadeva Suri">Somadeva</a> (10th century) also describes the practice. Other writers like Vaddaradhane (10th century) and Lalitaghate also describe the <i>Padapopagamana</i>, one of its forms. <a href="/wiki/Hemchandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemchandra">Hemchandra</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 11th century</span>) describes it in a short passage despite his detailed coverage of the observances of householders (<i>Shravakachara</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></i>, "a householder willingly or voluntarily adopts <i>Sallekhana</i> when death is very near."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol197610_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol197610-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the medieval era Jain text, <i><a href="/wiki/Puru%C5%9F%C4%81rthasiddhyup%C4%81ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Puruşārthasiddhyupāya">Puruşārthasiddhyupāya</a></i>, both the ascetics and the householder should "court voluntarily death at the end of life", thinking that only sallekhana is a pious death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012112–115_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012112–115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Silappadikaram</i> (Epic of the Anklet) by the Jain prince-turned-monk, Ilango Adigal, mentions <i>Sallekhana</i> by the Jain nun, Kaundi Adigal.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archeological">Archeological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archeological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">memorial stone</a> or footprint is erected to commemorate the death of a person who observed <i>Sallekhana</i>. This is known as <i>Nishidhi</i>, <i>Nishidige</i> or <i>Nishadiga</i>. The term is derived from the Sanskrit root <i>Sid</i> or <i>Sad</i> which means "to attain" or "waste away".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These <i>Nishidhis</i> detail the names, dates, the duration of the vow, and other austerities performed by the person who observed the vow. The earliest <i>Nishidhis</i> (6th to 8th century) mostly have an inscription on the rock without any symbols. This style continued until the 10th century when footprints were added alongside the inscription. After the 11th century, <i>Nishidhis</i> are inscribed on slabs or pillars with panels and symbols. These slabs or pillars were frequently erected in <i><a href="/wiki/Mandapa" title="Mandapa">mandapa</a></i>s (pillared pavilions), near <i><a href="/wiki/Basadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basadi">basadi</a></i> (temples), or sometimes as an inscription on the door frame or pillars of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Shravanabelgola" class="mw-redirect" title="Shravanabelgola">Shravanabelgola</a> in Karnataka, ninety-three <i>Nishidhis</i> are found ranging from circa the 6th century to the 19th century. Fifty-four of them belong to the period circa the 6th to the 8th century. It is believed that a large number of <i>Nishidhis</i> at Shravanabelgola follow the earlier tradition. Several inscriptions after 600 CE record that <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BCE</span>) and his teacher <a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a> observed the vow atop <a href="/wiki/Chandragiri_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandragiri Hill">Chandragiri Hill</a> at Sharavnabelagola. Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">R. K. Mookerji</a> consider the accounts unproven, but plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMookerji198839–41_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMookerji198839–41-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol197619–20_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol197619–20-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An undated <a href="/wiki/Doddahundi_nishidhi_inscription" title="Doddahundi nishidhi inscription">inscription</a> in old <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a> is found on the <i>Nishidhi</i> from Doddahundi near <a href="/wiki/Tirumakudalu_Narasipura" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirumakudalu Narasipura">Tirumakudalu Narasipura</a> in Karnataka. Historians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Faithfull_Fleet" title="John Faithfull Fleet">J. F. Fleet</a>, <a href="/wiki/I._K._Sarma" class="mw-redirect" title="I. K. Sarma">I. K. Sarma</a>, and E.P. Rice have dated it to 840 or 869 CE by its textual context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice198213_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice198213-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memorial stone has a unique depiction in <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> of the ritual death (<i>Sallekhana</i>) of King Ereganga Nitimarga I (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 853–869</span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a>. It was raised by the king's son Satyavakya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma199217_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma199217-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1992204_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1992204-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Shravanabelgola, the Kuge Brahmadeva pillar has a <i>Nishidhi</i> commemorating Marasimha, another Western Ganga king. An inscription on the pillar in front of Gandhavarna Basadi commemorates Indraraja, the grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> King Krishna III, who died in 982 after observing the vow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscriptions in South India suggest <i>sallekhana</i> was originally an ascetic practice that later extended to Jain householders. Its importance as an ideal death in the spiritual life of householders ceased by about the 12th century. The practice was revived in 1955 by the Digambara monk Acharya Santisagara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sallekhana</i> is a respected practice in the <a href="/wiki/Jain_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain community">Jain community</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakar2014173_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakar2014173-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has not been a "practical or general goal" among <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a> Jains for many years. It was revived among <a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, Acharya <a href="/wiki/Shantisagar" title="Shantisagar">Shantisagar</a>, a Digambara monk took the vow because of his inability to walk without help and his weak eye-sight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol197698_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol197698-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol1976100_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol1976100-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol1976104_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol1976104-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, Acharya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidyanand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidyanand (page does not exist)">Vidyanand</a>, another Digambara monk, took a twelve-year-long vow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006353_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2006353-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1800 and 1992, at least 37 instances of <i>Sallekhana</i> are recorded in Jain literature. There were 260 and 90 recorded Sallekhana deaths among Śvetāmbara and Digambara Jains respectively between 1993 and 2003. According to Jitendra Shah, the Director of L D Institute of Indology in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, an average of about 240 Jains practice <i>Sallekhana</i> each year in India. Most of them are not recorded or noticed.<sup id="cite_ref-iex_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iex-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistically, <i>Sallekhana</i> is undertaken both by men and women of all economic classes and among the educationally forward Jains. It is observed more often by women than men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun2008913–924_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun2008913–924-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality_and_comparison_with_suicide">Legality and comparison with suicide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legality and comparison with suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jain texts make a clear distinction between the <i>Sallekhana</i> and suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapple1993102_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple1993102-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its dualistic theology differentiates between soul and matter. The soul is reborn in the Jain belief based on accumulated karma, how one dies contributes to the karma accumulation, and a pious death reduces the negative karmic attachments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201546–48_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201546–48-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPechilisRaj201390_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPechilisRaj201390-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preparation for <i>sallekhana</i> must begin early, much before the approach of death, and when death is imminent, the vow of <i>Sallekhana</i> is observed by progressively denying the body and the passions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012114–115_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012114–115-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The comparison of <i>Sallekhana</i> with suicide is debated since the early time of Jainism. The early Buddhist Tamil epic <i>Kundalakesi</i> compared it to suicide. It is refuted in the contemporary Tamil Jain literature such as in <i>Neelakesi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Professor S. A. Jain cites differences between the motivations behind suicide and those behind Sallekhana to distinguish them:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is argued that it is suicide since there is voluntary severance of life etc. No, it is not suicide, as there is no passion. Without attachment etc, there is no passion in this undertaking. A person who kills himself by means of poison, weapon, etc, swayed by attachment, aversion or infatuation, commits suicide. But he who practices holy death is free from desire, anger, and delusion. Hence it is not suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012116–117_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012116–117-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a>, a Jainist scholar, wrote in 1934: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Soul is a simple substance and as such immortal. Death is for compounds whose dissolution is termed disintegration and death is when it has reference to a living organism, that is a compound of spirit and matter. By dying in the proper way will is developed, and it is a great asset for the future life of the soul, which, as a simple substance, will survive bodily dissolution and death. The true idea of <i>Sallekhana</i> is only this when death does appear at last one should know how to die, that is one should die like a man, not like a beast, bellowing and panting and making vain efforts to avoid the unavoidable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain1934179_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain1934179-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Modern-era Indian activists have questioned this rationale, calling the voluntary choice of death an evil similar to <a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a>, and have attempted to legislate and judicially act against this religious custom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201547–48_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201547–48-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 21 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, 1950, guarantees the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> to all persons within the territory of India and its states. In <i>Gian Kaur vs The State Of Punjab</i>, the state high court ruled, "... 'right to life' is a natural right embodied in Article 21 but suicide is an unnatural termination or extinction of life and, therefore, incompatible and inconsistent with the concept of the right to life".<sup id="cite_ref-GK1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GK1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Nikhil Soni vs Union of India</i> (2006), a case filed in the <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_High_Court" title="Rajasthan High Court">Rajasthan High Court</a>, citing the <i><a href="/wiki/Aruna_Shanbaug_case" title="Aruna Shanbaug case">Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug vs Union Of India</a></i> case related to <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_India" title="Euthanasia in India">euthanasia</a>, and the <i>Gian Kaur</i> case, argued, "No person has a right to take his own life consciously, as the right to life does not include the right to end the life voluntarily." So the petitioner cited <i>Sallekhana</i> as suicide and thus punishable under Section 309 (attempt to commit suicide).<sup id="cite_ref-NK2003_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NK2003-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case also extended to those who helped facilitate the deaths of individuals observing <i>Sallekhana,</i> finding they were culpable under Section 306 (abetment of suicide) with aiding and abetting an act of suicide. It was also argued that <i>Sallekhana</i> "serves as a means of coercing widows and elderly relatives into taking their own lives".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun2008913–924_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun2008913–924-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt to commit suicide was a crime under <a href="/wiki/Section_309_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code" title="Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code">Section 309</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, the Jain community argued that prohibiting the practice is a violation of their <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">freedom of religion</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental right">fundamental right</a> guaranteed by Article 15 and Article 25 of the Constitution of India.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NK2003_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NK2003-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun2008913–924_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun2008913–924-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book <i>Sallekhana Is Not Suicide</i> by former Justice <a href="/wiki/T._K._Tukol" title="T. K. Tukol">T. K. Tukol</a> was widely cited in the court<sup id="cite_ref-NK2003_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NK2003-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which opined that "<i>Sallekhana</i> as propounded in the Jaina scriptures is not suicide."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol1976Preface_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol1976Preface-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rajasthan High Court stated that "[The Constitution] does not permit nor include under Article 21 the right to take one's own life, nor can it include the right to take life as an essential religious practice under Article 25 of the Constitution". It further added that it is not established that <i>Sallekhana</i> is an essential practise of Jainism and therefore not covered by Article 25 (1). So the High Court banned the practice in August 2015 making it punishable under Sections 306 (abetment of suicide) and 309 (attempt to commit suicide).<sup id="cite_ref-IBNlive_2015_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBNlive_2015-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the Jain community held nationwide protest marches against the ban on <i>Sallekhana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advocate Suhrith Parthasarathy criticised the judgement of the High Court and wrote, "<i>Sallekhana</i> is not an exercise in trying to achieve an unnatural death, but is rather a practice intrinsic to a person's ethical choice to live with dignity until death." He also pointed out that the Supreme Court in the <i>Gian Kaur</i> case explicitly recognises the right to live with human dignity within the ambit of the right to life. He further cited that the Supreme Court wrote in the said case, "[The right to life] may include the right of a dying man to also <a href="/wiki/Die_with_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Die with dignity">die with dignity</a> when his life is ebbing out. But the right to die with dignity at the end of life is not to be confused or equated with the right to die an unnatural death curtailing the natural span of life."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GK1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GK1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 August 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> admitted the petition by Akhil Bharat Varshiya Digambar Jain Parishad and granted leave. It stayed the decision of the High Court and lifted the ban on the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Milind_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milind-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2017, the Indian parliament decriminalised suicide by passing the <a href="/wiki/Mental_Healthcare_Act,_2017" title="Mental Healthcare Act, 2017">Mental Healthcare Act, 2017</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:451_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:451-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Hinduism_and_Buddhism">In Hinduism and Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Hinduism and Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are similar practices in other religions, like <a href="/wiki/Prayopavesa" title="Prayopavesa">Prayopavesa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimms2016167_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimms2016167-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sokushinbutsu" title="Sokushinbutsu">Sokushinbutsu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201616_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201616-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient and medieval scholars of Indian religions discussed suicide, and a person's right to voluntarily choose death. Suicide is approved by Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind_Sharma1988102_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind_Sharma1988102-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011208_footnote_7_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011208_footnote_7-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those who have renounced the world (<a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">sannyasi</a>, sadhu, yati, bhikshu), the Indian texts discuss when ritual choice of death is appropriate and what means of voluntarily ending one's life are appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011207–229_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011207–229-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa_Upanishads" title="Sannyasa Upanishads">Sannyasa Upanishads</a></i>, for example, discuss many methods of religious death, such as slowing then stopping the consumption of foods and drinks to death (similar to <i>sallekhana</i>), walking into a river and drowning, entering fire, a path of the heroes, and the Great Journey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011208–223_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011208–223-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars disagree whether "voluntary religious death" discussed in <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> is the same as other forms of suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992134_footnote_18_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992134_footnote_18-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle197819–44_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle197819–44-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sallekhana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva (Jainism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death in Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Moksha (Jainism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism#Sacraments" title="Catharism">Catharist <i>endura</i></a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Somasundaram, <i>Sallekhana</i> is allowed in Jainism when normal religious life is not possible because of old age, extreme calamities, famine, incurable disease or when a person is nearing their death.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> are two major sects of Jainism. See <a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Jain schools and branches</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The heroic path is explained as dying in a <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">just battle</a> on the side of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> (right, good), and equivalent. The Great Journey is walking north without eating till one dies of exhaustion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992134_footnote_18_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992134_footnote_18-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar practise known as <i>Vadakirutthal</i> (literally facing north) was prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> in Tamilnadu. It is mentioned in Tamil anthologies such as in <i>Puranaanooru</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSundara" class="citation web cs1">Sundara, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228111226/https://www.isjs.in/sites/isjs.in/files/docs/Nishidhi%20Stones%20by%20A.%20Sundara.pdf">"Nishidhi Stones and the ritual of Sallekhana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International School for Jain Studies</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isjs.in/sites/isjs.in/files/docs/Nishidhi%20Stones%20by%20A.%20Sundara.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+School+for+Jain+Studies&rft.atitle=Nishidhi+Stones+and+the+ritual+of+Sallekhana&rft.aulast=Sundara&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisjs.in%2Fsites%2Fisjs.in%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2FNishidhi%2520Stones%2520by%2520A.%2520Sundara.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002179–181_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 179–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012115-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012115_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012">Vijay K. Jain 2012</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201547-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201547_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201547_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattin2015">Battin 2015</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002181-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002181_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milind-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milind_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milind_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhatwai2015" class="citation cs2">Ghatwai, Milind (2 September 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-jain-religion-and-the-right-to-die-by-santhara">"The Jain religion and the right to die by Santhara"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160222075226/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-jain-religion-and-the-right-to-die-by-santhara/">archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=The+Jain+religion+and+the+right+to+die+by+Santhara&rft.date=2015-09-02&rft.aulast=Ghatwai&rft.aufirst=Milind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fthe-jain-religion-and-the-right-to-die-by-santhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol19764-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol19764_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTukol1976">Tukol 1976</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201287-91-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain201287-91_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012">Vijay K. Jain 2012</a>, p. 87-91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol19765-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol19765_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTukol1976">Tukol 1976</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pravin K. Shah, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/12vows.htm">Twelve Vows of Layperson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511072328/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/12vows.htm">Archived</a> 11 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jainism Literature Center, Harvard University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991166_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1991">Williams 1991</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKakar2014174-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKakar2014174_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKakar2014">Kakar 2014</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESettar1989113-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESettar1989113_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSettar1989">Settar 1989</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012116-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2012116_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012">Vijay K. Jain 2012</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiley2009181-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiley2009181_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiley2009">Wiley 2009</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol19767–8-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol19767–8_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTukol1976">Tukol 1976</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998231-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini1998231_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaini1998">Jaini 1998</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini200016-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaini200016_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJaini2000">Jaini 2000</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201546-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201546_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattin2015">Battin 2015</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomasundaramMurthyRaghavan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Somasundaram, Ottilingam; Murthy, AG Tejus; Raghavan, DVijaya (1 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5270277">"Jainism – Its relevance to psychiatric practice; with special reference to the practice of Sallekhana"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Psychiatry</i>. <b>58</b> (4): 471–474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.196702">10.4103/0019-5545.196702</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5270277">5270277</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28197009">28197009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Jainism+%E2%80%93+Its+relevance+to+psychiatric+practice%3B+with+special+reference+to+the+practice+of+Sallekhana&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=471-474&rft.date=2016-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5270277%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28197009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0019-5545.196702&rft.aulast=Somasundaram&rft.aufirst=Ottilingam&rft.au=Murthy%2C+AG+Tejus&rft.au=Raghavan%2C+DVijaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5270277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattin201548-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201548_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201548_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201548_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattin201548_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattin2015">Battin 2015</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMascarenhas2015" class="citation cs2">Mascarenhas, Anuradha (25 August 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/doc-firm-on-santhara-despite-hc-ban-i-too-want-a-beautiful-death">"Doc firm on Santhara despite HC ban: I too want a beautiful death"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151204114602/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/doc-firm-on-santhara-despite-hc-ban-i-too-want-a-beautiful-death/">archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Doc+firm+on+Santhara+despite+HC+ban%3A+I+too+want+a+beautiful+death&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft.aulast=Mascarenhas&rft.aufirst=Anuradha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-others%2Fdoc-firm-on-santhara-despite-hc-ban-i-too-want-a-beautiful-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain191758–64-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain191758–64_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChampat_Rai_Jain191758–64_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1917">Champat Rai Jain 1917</a>, pp. 58–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991170-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1991170_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams1991">Williams 1991</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETukol197610-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol197610_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETukol197610_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTukol1976">Tukol 1976</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2011111-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVijay_K._Jain2011111_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2011">Vijay K. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Silent+march+by+Jains+against+Rajasthan+High+Court+order+on+%27Santhara%27&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fsilent-march-by-jains-against-rajasthan-high-court-order-on-santhara%2Farticleshow%2F48652929.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParthasarathy2015" class="citation cs2">Parthasarathy, Suhrith (24 August 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-flawed-reasoning-in-the-santhara-ban/article7572183.ece">"The flawed reasoning in the Santhara ban"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114053258/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-flawed-reasoning-in-the-santhara-ban/article7572183.ece">archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=The+flawed+reasoning+in+the+Santhara+ban&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft.aulast=Parthasarathy&rft.aufirst=Suhrith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fthe-flawed-reasoning-in-the-santhara-ban%2Farticle7572183.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand2015" class="citation cs2">Anand, Utkarsh (1 September 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/supreme-court-stays-rajasthan-high-court-order-on-santhara">"Supreme Court stays Rajasthan High Court order declaring 'Santhara' illegal"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905144803/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/supreme-court-stays-rajasthan-high-court-order-on-santhara/">archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+stays+Rajasthan+High+Court+order+declaring+%27Santhara%27+illegal&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.aulast=Anand&rft.aufirst=Utkarsh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-others%2Fsupreme-court-stays-rajasthan-high-court-order-on-santhara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/content/498291/sc-allows-jains-fast-unto.html">"SC allows Jains to fast unto death"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Press_Trust_of_India" title="Press Trust of India">Press Trust of India</a>, 31 August 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913031944/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/498291/sc-allows-jains-fast-unto.html">archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=SC+allows+Jains+to+fast+unto+death&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F498291%2Fsc-allows-jains-fast-unto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajagopal2016" class="citation cs2">Rajagopal, Krishnadas (28 March 2016) [1 September 2015], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-lifts-stay-on-santhara-ritual-of-jains/article7600851.ece">"Supreme Court lifts stay on Santhara ritual of Jains"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161130095531/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-lifts-stay-on-santhara-ritual-of-jains/article7600851.ece">archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+lifts+stay+on+Santhara+ritual+of+Jains&rft.date=2016-03-28&rft.aulast=Rajagopal&rft.aufirst=Krishnadas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fsupreme-court-lifts-stay-on-santhara-ritual-of-jains%2Farticle7600851.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:451-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:451_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mental-health-bill-decriminalising-suicide-passed-by-parliament/">"Mental health bill decriminalising suicide passed by Parliament"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 27 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327160250/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/mental-health-bill-decriminalising-suicide-passed-by-parliament/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Mental+health+bill+decriminalising+suicide+passed+by+Parliament&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fmental-health-bill-decriminalising-suicide-passed-by-parliament%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/175248.pdf"><i>THE MENTAL HEALTHCARE ACT, 2017</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Delhi: The Gazette of India. 7 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421194814/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/175248.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+MENTAL+HEALTHCARE+ACT%2C+2017&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=The+Gazette+of+India&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegazette.nic.in%2FWriteReadData%2F2017%2F175248.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimms2016167-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimms2016167_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTimms2016">Timms 2016</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes201616-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes201616_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayes2016">Hayes 2016</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvind_Sharma1988102-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvind_Sharma1988102_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvind_Sharma1988">Arvind Sharma 1988</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011208_footnote_7-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011208_footnote_7_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2011">Olivelle 2011</a>, p. 208 footnote 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011207–229-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011207–229_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2011">Olivelle 2011</a>, pp. 207–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011208–223-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2011208–223_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2011">Olivelle 2011</a>, pp. 208–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992134_footnote_18-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992134_footnote_18_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1992134_footnote_18_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1992">Olivelle 1992</a>, pp. 134 footnote 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle197819–44-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle197819–44_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1978">Olivelle 1978</a>, pp. 19–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprockhoff1979" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sprockhoff, Joachim Friedrich (1979). "Die Alten im alten Indien Ein Versuch nach brahmanischen Quellen". <i>Saeculum</i> (in German). <b>30</b> (4). Bohlau Verlag: 374–433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7788%2Fsaeculum.1979.30.4.374">10.7788/saeculum.1979.30.4.374</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170777592">170777592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saeculum&rft.atitle=Die+Alten+im+alten+Indien+Ein+Versuch+nach+brahmanischen+Quellen&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=374-433&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7788%2Fsaeculum.1979.30.4.374&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170777592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sprockhoff&rft.aufirst=Joachim+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattin2015" class="citation cs2">Battin, Margaret Pabst (11 September 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XX-ECgAAQBAJ"><i>The Ethics of Suicide: Historical Sources</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938582-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938582-9"><bdi>978-0-19-938582-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Suicide%3A+Historical+Sources&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938582-9&rft.aulast=Battin&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Pabst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXX-ECgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Whitny_Braun" title="Whitny Braun">Braun, Whitny</a> (1 December 2008), "Sallekhana: The ethicality and legality of religious suicide by starvation in the Jain religious community", <i>Medicine and Law</i>, <b>27</b> (4): 913–24, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0723-1393">0723-1393</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19202863">19202863</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicine+and+Law&rft.atitle=Sallekhana%3A+The+ethicality+and+legality+of+religious+suicide+by+starvation+in+the+Jain+religious+community&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=913-24&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19202863&rft.issn=0723-1393&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Whitny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple1993" class="citation cs2">Chapple, Christopher (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qsGXnA8RfgwC"><i>Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions</i></a>, State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-9877-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-9877-8"><bdi>0-7914-9877-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonviolence+to+Animals%2C+Earth%2C+and+Self+in+Asian+Traditions&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7914-9877-8&rft.aulast=Chapple&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqsGXnA8RfgwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas, Paul</a> (2002) [1992], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Jains</i></a> (Second ed.), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X"><bdi>0-415-26605-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-26605-X&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8iAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlügel2006" class="citation cs2">Flügel, Peter, ed. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U2cDn8bNbXAC"><i>Studies in Jaina History and Culture</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-00853-9"><bdi>978-0-203-00853-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Jaina+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-203-00853-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU2cDn8bNbXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hayes" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick J. Hayes">Hayes, Patrick J.</a>, ed. (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48AnCwAAQBAJ"><i>Miracles: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Supernatural Events from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-599-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-599-2"><bdi>978-1-61069-599-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miracles%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+People%2C+Places%2C+and+Supernatural+Events+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-599-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48AnCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1917" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Jain, Champat Rai</a> (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheRatnaKarandaSravakachara"><i>The Ratna Karanda Sravakachara</i></a>, The Central Jaina Publishing House, <q><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ratna+Karanda+Sravakachara&rft.pub=The+Central+Jaina+Publishing+House&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Champat+Rai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheRatnaKarandaSravakachara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampat_Rai_Jain1934" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Jain, Champat Rai</a> (1934), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62WHoAEACAAJ"><i>Jainism and World Problems: Essays and Addresses</i></a>, Jaina Parishad, <q><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+and+World+Problems%3A+Essays+and+Addresses&rft.pub=Jaina+Parishad&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Champat+Rai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62WHoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.A._Jain1992" class="citation cs2">Jain, Prof. S. A. (1992) [First edition 1960], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT"><i>Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi)</i></a> (Second ed.), Jwalamalini Trust</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reality+%28English+Translation+of+Srimat+Pujyapadacharya%27s+Sarvarthasiddhi%29&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Jwalamalini+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Prof.+S.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FReality_JMT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2011" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC"><i>Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra</i></a> (1st ed.), <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>: Vikalp Printers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-2-1"><bdi>978-81-903639-2-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acharya+Umasvami%27s+Tattvarthsutra&rft.place=Uttarakhand&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Vikalp+Printers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-903639-2-1&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzLmx9bvtglkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijay_K._Jain2012" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC"><i>Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation</i></a>, Vikalp Printers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-4-5"><bdi>978-81-903639-4-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acharya+Amritchandra%27s+Purushartha+Siddhyupaya%3A+Realization+of+the+Pure+Self%2C+With+Hindi+and+English+Translation&rft.pub=Vikalp+Printers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-903639-4-5&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4iyUu4Fc2-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Jaini, Padmanabh S.</a> (1998) [1979], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C"><i>The Jaina Path of Purification</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1578-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1578-5"><bdi>81-208-1578-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jaina+Path+of+Purification&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-208-1578-5&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwE6v6ahxHi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Jaini, Padmanabh S.</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC"><i>Collected Papers On Jaina Studies</i></a> (First ed.), <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1691-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1691-9"><bdi>81-208-1691-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+On+Jaina+Studies&rft.place=Delhi&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-208-1691-9&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPggiM7y1aYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakar2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Kakar" title="Sudhir Kakar">Kakar, Sudhir</a> (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bHTAAwAAQBAJ">"A Jain Tradition of Liberating the Soul by Fasting Oneself"</a>, <i>Death and Dying</i>, Penguin UK, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-797-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-797-4"><bdi>978-93-5118-797-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Jain+Tradition+of+Liberating+the+Soul+by+Fasting+Oneself&rft.btitle=Death+and+Dying&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-797-4&rft.aulast=Kakar&rft.aufirst=Sudhir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbHTAAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Radha_Kumud_Mukherjee" title="Radha Kumud Mukherjee">Mookerji, Radha Kumud</a> (1988) [first published in 1966], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C"><i>Chandragupta Maurya and his times</i></a> (4th ed.), <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0433-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0433-3"><bdi>81-208-0433-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chandragupta+Maurya+and+his+times&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-208-0433-3&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radha+Kumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di-y6ZUheQH8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1978" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a> (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512163451/http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN"><i>Ritual suicide and the rite of renunciation</i></a> [<i>Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens und Archiv für Indische Philosophie Wien</i>], vol. 22, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=12770846">the original</a> on 12 May 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+suicide+and+the+rite+of+renunciation&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D12770846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC"><i>The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536137-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536137-7"><bdi>978-0-19-536137-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samnyasa+Upanisads%3A+Hindu+Scriptures+on+Asceticism+and+Renunciation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536137-7&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfB8uneM7q1cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TecNS3Vi2F4C"><i>Ascetics and Brahmins: Studies in Ideologies and Institutions</i></a>, Anthem Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-432-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-432-7"><bdi>978-0-85728-432-7</bdi></a>, <q>In spite of the general rule forbidding suicide, Buddhist literature abounds with instances of religious suicide</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ascetics+and+Brahmins%3A+Studies+in+Ideologies+and+Institutions&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-432-7&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTecNS3Vi2F4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPechilisRaj2013" class="citation cs2">Pechilis, Karen; Raj, Selva J. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C"><i>South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today</i></a>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44851-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44851-2"><bdi>978-0-415-44851-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Religions%3A+Tradition+and+Today&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44851-2&rft.aulast=Pechilis&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Raj%2C+Selva+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaubzRxh-U0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1982" class="citation cs2">Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921], <i>A History of Kanarese Literature</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0063-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0063-0"><bdi>81-206-0063-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Kanarese+Literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=81-206-0063-0&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=E.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarma1992" class="citation cs2">Sarma, I.K. (1992), <i>Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-560686-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-560686-8"><bdi>0-19-560686-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+the+Gangas+of+Karnataka&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-560686-8&rft.aulast=Sarma&rft.aufirst=I.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettar1989" class="citation cs2">Settar, S (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vmc3vs5Ija0C"><i>Inviting Death</i></a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08790-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08790-7"><bdi>90-04-08790-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inviting+Death&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=90-04-08790-7&rft.aulast=Settar&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvmc3vs5Ija0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvind_Sharma1988" class="citation cs2">Sharma, Arvind (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJmWgz2mv5oC&pg=PR11"><i>Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays</i></a>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81208-046-47" title="Special:BookSources/978-81208-046-47"><bdi>978-81208-046-47</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sati%3A+Historical+and+Phenomenological+Essays&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81208-046-47&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJmWgz2mv5oC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimms2016" class="citation cs2">Timms, Olinda (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wo8tDAAAQBAJ"><i>Biomedical Ethics</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-312-4416-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-312-4416-6"><bdi>978-81-312-4416-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biomedical+Ethics&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-312-4416-6&rft.aulast=Timms&rft.aufirst=Olinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWo8tDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTukol1976" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/T._K._Tukol" title="T. K. Tukol">Tukol, Justice T. K.</a> (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DN0cAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sallekhanā is Not Suicide</i></a> (1st ed.), <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>: L. D. Institute of Indology</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sallekhan%C4%81+is+Not+Suicide&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=L.+D.+Institute+of+Indology&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Tukol&rft.aufirst=Justice+T.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDN0cAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiley2009" class="citation cs2">Wiley, Kristi L. (2009) [1949], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cIhCCwAAQBAJ"><i>The A to Z of Jainism</i></a>, vol. 38, <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6337-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-6337-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Kristi+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcIhCCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1991" class="citation cs2">Williams, Robert (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LLKcrIJ6oscC"><i>Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Mediaeval Śrāvakācāras</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0775-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0775-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Yoga%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Mediaeval+%C5%9Ar%C4%81vak%C4%81c%C4%81ras&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0775-4&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLLKcrIJ6oscC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASallekhana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallekhana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cgu.edu/news/2014/11/whitny-braun-and-sallekhana/">Sallekhana as a religious right</a>, Whitny Braun, Claremont Graduate University (2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/09/02/436820789/fasting-to-the-death-is-it-a-religious-rite-or-suicide">Fasting To The Death: Is It A Religious Rite Or Suicide?</a>, National Public Radio (2015)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px_Jainism_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Template:Jainism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jainism_topics" title="Template talk:Jainism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jainism 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href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Vows" title="Five Vows">Five Vows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_epistemology" title="Jain epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jñāna</a></li></ul></li> <li>Jaina logic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekāntavāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siddhashila" title="Siddhashila">Siddhashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Jainism)" title="Naraka (Jainism)">Naraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Jainism)" title="Deva (Jainism)">Heavenly beings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Asrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mokṣa</i></span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Jainism" title="Death in Jainism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashaya_(Jainism)" title="Kashaya (Jainism)">Kashaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Sangha">Mula Sangha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balatkara_Gana" title="Balatkara Gana">Balatkara Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtha_Sangha" title="Kashtha Sangha">Kashtha Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_Panth" title="Taran Panth">Taran Panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bispanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bispanthi">Bispanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_Terapanth" title="Digambara Terapanth">Terapanth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yapaniya">Yapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji_Panth" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanji Panth">Kanji Panth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murtipujaka" title="Murtipujaka">Murtipujaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaccha" title="Gaccha">Gaccha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharatara_Gaccha" title="Kharatara Gaccha">Kharatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Gaccha" title="Tapa Gaccha">Tapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristutik_Gaccha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tristutik Gaccha">Tristutik</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sth%C4%81nakav%C4%81s%C4%AB" title="Sthānakavāsī">Sthānakavāsī</a></li> <li>Terapanth</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sallekhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Jainism" title="Fasting in Jainism">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals" title="Jain rituals">Rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_festivals" title="Jain festivals">Festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshamavani" title="Kshamavani">Kshamavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamastakabhisheka" title="Mahamastakabhisheka">Mahamastakabhisheka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upadhan" title="Upadhan">Upadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratikramana" title="Pratikramana">Pratikramana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Scriptures">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkhandagama" class="mw-redirect" title="Shatkhandagama">Shatkhandagama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasayapahuda" title="Kasayapahuda">Kasayapahuda</a></li> <li>Mantra <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Namokar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptamimamsa" title="Aptamimamsa">Aptamimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhachakra" title="Siddhachakra">Siddhachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandavarta" title="Nandavarta">Nandavarta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_dreams_in_Jainism" title="Auspicious dreams in Jainism">Auspicious dreams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Ascetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara_monk" title="Digambara monk">Digambara monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryika" title="Aryika">Aryika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshullak" title="Kshullak">Kshullak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattavali" title="Pattavali">Pattavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_(Jainism)" title="Acharya (Jainism)">Acharya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Balbir" title="Nalini Balbir">Nalini Balbir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colette_Caillat" title="Colette Caillat">Colette Caillat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandabai" title="Chandabai">Chandabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Cort" title="John E. Cort">John E. Cort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Paul Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Hermann Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champat_Rai_Jain" title="Champat Rai Jain">Champat Rai Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampan%C4%81" title="Hampanā">Hampa Nagarajaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Patil" title="Bal Patil">Bal Patil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinendra_Varni" title="Jinendra Varni">Jinendra Varni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain_communities" title="Jain communities">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">Śrāvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarak" title="Sarak">Sarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Jain" title="Tamil Jain">Tamil</a></li> <li>Organisations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambar_Jain_Mahasabha" title="Digambar Jain Mahasabha">Digambar Jain Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwa_Jain_Sangathan" title="Vishwa Jain Sangathan">Vishwa Jain Sangathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAINA" title="JAINA">JAINA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_India" title="Jainism in India">India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Bundelkhand" title="Jainism in Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Delhi" title="Jainism in Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Goa" title="Jainism in Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Gujarat" title="Jainism in Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Haryana" title="Jainism in Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Karnataka" title="Jainism in Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_North_Karnataka" title="Jainism in North Karnataka">North</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Kerala" title="Jainism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Maharashtra" title="Jainism in Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Mumbai" title="Jainism in Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Rajasthan" title="Jainism in Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="Jainism in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jainism in Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Overseas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Africa" title="Jainism in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Belgium" title="Jainism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Canada" title="Jainism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Europe" title="Jainism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Jainism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Japan" title="Jainism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Pakistan" title="Jainism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Singapore" title="Jainism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Jainism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Jainism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Non-creationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Dynasties and empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santara_dynasty" title="Santara dynasty">Santara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1ca-Parame%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhi" title="Pañca-Parameṣṭhi">Pañca-Parameṣṭhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratima_(Jainism)" title="Pratima (Jainism)">Pratima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Śalākāpuruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavasarana" title="Samavasarana">Samavasarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kalyanaka" title="Panch Kalyanaka">Panch Kalyanaka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa" title="Statue of Ahimsa">Statue of Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_art" title="Jain art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigoda" title="Nigoda">Nigoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_terms_and_concepts" title="Jain terms and concepts">Jain terms and concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differences_in_Jainism" title="Sexual differences in Jainism">Sexual differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">List of Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_temples" title="List of Jain temples">List of Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jain_monks" title="List of Jain monks">List of Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Digambar_Jain_ascetics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Digambar Jain ascetics">List of Digambar Jain ascetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics List (index)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F5DEB3;;width:1%">Navboxes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gods" title="Template:Jain Gods">Gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Agamas" title="Template:Jain Agamas">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_Gurus" title="Template:Jain Gurus">Monks & nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Jain_writers" title="Template:Modern Jain writers">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples" title="Template:Jain temples">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_temples_in_North_America" title="Template:Jain temples in North America">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Jain_centres_in_West_Bengal" title="Template:Jain centres in West Bengal">Bengal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F5DEB3;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Death" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Death" title="Template:Death"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Death" title="Template talk:Death"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Death" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Death"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Death" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cell_death" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Cell death</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">Necrosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulative_necrosis" title="Coagulative necrosis">Coagulative necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquefactive_necrosis" title="Liquefactive necrosis">Liquefactive necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">Gangrenous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseous_necrosis" title="Caseous necrosis">Caseous necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_necrosis" title="Fat necrosis">Fat necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrinoid_necrosis" title="Fibrinoid necrosis">Fibrinoid necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_necrosis" title="Temporal lobe necrosis">Temporal lobe necrosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activation-induced_cell_death" title="Activation-induced cell death">AICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anoikis" title="Anoikis">Anoikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">Autophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_apoptosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic apoptosis">Intrinsic apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necroptosis" title="Necroptosis">Necroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraptosis" title="Paraptosis">Paraptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthanatos" title="Parthanatos">Parthanatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">Phenoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoapoptosis" title="Pseudoapoptosis">Pseudoapoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroptosis" title="Pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">Autolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoschizis" title="Autoschizis">Autoschizis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschar" title="Eschar">Eschar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenic_cell_death" title="Immunogenic cell death">Immunogenic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_cell_death" title="Ischemic cell death">Ischemic cell death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyknosis" title="Pyknosis">Pyknosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyorrhexis" title="Karyorrhexis">Karyorrhexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyolysis" title="Karyolysis">Karyolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotic_catastrophe" title="Mitotic catastrophe">Mitotic catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_gene" title="Suicide gene">Suicide gene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_death" title="Accidental death">Accidental death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">Autopsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">Brain death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brainstem_death" title="Brainstem death">Brainstem death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_death" title="Clinical death">Clinical death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_on_arrival" title="Dead on arrival">DOA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Death by natural causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_rattle" title="Death rattle">Death rattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthanasia" title="Dysthanasia">Dysthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_sign" title="Lazarus sign">Lazarus sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_syndrome" title="Lazarus syndrome">Lazarus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death#Medical_declaration" title="Legal death">Medical declaration of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_donation" title="Organ donation">Organ donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_illness" title="Terminal illness">Terminal illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_death" title="Manner of death">Unnatural death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Death-related_lists" title="Category:Death-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">Causes of death by rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deaths_by_year" title="Lists of deaths by year">Notable deaths by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_expressions_related_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="List of expressions related to death">Expressions related to death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_disasters_by_death_toll" title="List of natural disasters by death toll">Natural disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_cause_of_death" title="Lists of people by cause of death">People by cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_premature_obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of premature obituaries">Premature obituaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventable_causes_of_death" title="Preventable causes of death">Preventable causes of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unusual deaths">Unusual deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_dishonor_the_dead" title="List of ways people dishonor the dead">List of ways people dishonor the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ways_people_honor_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ways people honor the dead">List of ways people honor the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthday_effect" title="Birthday effect">Birthday effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality" title="Excess mortality">Excess mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gompertz%E2%80%93Makeham_law_of_mortality" title="Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality">Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_death" title="Maternal death">Maternal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_mortality_in_fiction" title="Maternal mortality in fiction">Maternal mortality in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromort" title="Micromort">Micromort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">Mortality rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk_adjusted_mortality_rate" title="Risk adjusted mortality rate">RAMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortality_salience" title="Mortality salience">Mortality salience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinatal_mortality" title="Perinatal mortality">Perinatal mortality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Body</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallor_mortis" title="Pallor mortis">Pallor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livor_mortis" title="Livor mortis">Livor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algor_mortis" title="Algor mortis">Algor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">Rigor mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrefaction" title="Putrefaction">Putrefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletonization" title="Skeletonization">Skeletonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryopreservation" title="Cryopreservation">Cryopreservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropreservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropreservation">Neuropreservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(bone)" title="Maceration (bone)">Maceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastination" title="Plastination">Plastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosection" title="Prosection">Prosection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disposal_of_human_corpses" title="Disposal of human corpses">Disposal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">Burial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_burial" title="Natural burial">Natural burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_burial" title="Sky burial">Sky burial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">Dismemberment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excarnation" title="Excarnation">Excarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promession" title="Promession">Promession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_hydrolysis_(body_disposal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline hydrolysis (body disposal)">Resomation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beating_heart_cadaver" title="Beating heart cadaver">Beating heart cadaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_donation" title="Body donation">Body donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaveric_spasm" title="Cadaveric spasm">Cadaveric spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_birth" title="Coffin birth">Coffin birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_erection" title="Death erection">Death erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissection" title="Dissection">Dissection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">Gibbeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmortem_caloricity" title="Postmortem caloricity">Postmortem caloricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_interval" title="Post-mortem interval">Post-mortem interval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other aspects</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">Carrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Consciousness after death">Consciousness after death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Death_customs" title="Category:Death customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration_of_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Desecration of graves">Desecration of graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_oblivion" title="Eternal oblivion">Eternal oblivion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_examiner" title="Medical examiner">Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Internet" title="Death and the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_midwife" title="Death midwife">Midwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">Mourning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_mourning" title="Online mourning">Online mourning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">Obituary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">Palingenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">Vigil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paranormal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_studies" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reincarnation_research" title="Template:Reincarnation research">Reincarnation research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">Cause of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_death" title="Civil death">Civil death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">Coroner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-qualified_jury" title="Death-qualified jury">Death-qualified jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_certificate" title="Death certificate">Death certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_death" title="Presumption of death">Declared death <i>in absentia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_row" title="Death row">Death row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_declaration" title="Dying declaration">Dying declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquest" title="Inquest">Inquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_death" title="Legal death">Legal death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">Necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_dying" title="Prohibition of dying">Prohibition of dying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicious_death" title="Suspicious death">Suspicious death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Death_tech&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Death tech (page does not exist)">Death tech</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Tech" class="extiw" title="pt:Death Tech">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_pathology" title="Forensic pathology">Forensic pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_director" title="Funeral director">Funeral director</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_science" title="Mortuary science">Mortuary science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_death" title="Cell death">Necrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_chemistry" title="Post-mortem chemistry">Post-mortem chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratinomy" title="Biostratinomy">Biostratinomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatology" title="Thanatology">Thanatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_burial_money" title="Chinese burial money">Chinese burial money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coins_for_the_dead" title="Coins for the dead">Coins for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_tourism" title="Dark tourism">Dark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anniversary" title="Death anniversary">Death anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_anxiety" title="Death anxiety">Death anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_death_deities" title="List of death deities">Death deity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Personification of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying-and-rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying-and-rising deity">Dying-and-rising god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Death camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_education" title="Death education">Death education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_from_laughter" title="Death from laughter">Death from laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_hoax" title="Death hoax">Death hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_knell" title="Death knell">Death knell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_messenger" title="Death messenger">Death messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_notification" title="Death notification">Death notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_panel" title="Death panel">Death panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthotonic_death_pose" title="Opisthotonic death pose">Death pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-positive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-positive movement">Death-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">Death threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_trajectory" title="Death trajectory">Death trajectory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignified_death" title="Dignified death">Dignified death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_death" title="Hierarchy of death">Hierarchy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longevity" title="Longevity">Longevity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Death" title="Museum of Death">Museum of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophilia" title="Necrophilia">Necrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrophobia" title="Necrophobia">Necrophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_death" title="Philosophy of death">Philosophy of death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thanabot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thanabot (page does not exist)">Thanabot</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief_bot" class="extiw" title="ca:Grief bot">ca</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanatosensitivity" title="Thanatosensitivity">Thanatosensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Death" title="Category:Death">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, 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