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<span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Draconian constitution</b>, or <b>Draco's code</b>, was a written <a href="/wiki/Law_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Law code">law code</a> enforced by <a href="/wiki/Draco_(lawgiver)" title="Draco (lawgiver)">Draco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> near the end of the 7th century BC; its composition started around 621 BC. It was written in response to the unjust interpretation and modification of <a href="/wiki/Oral_law" title="Oral law">oral law</a> by Athenian aristocrats.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As most societies in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> codified basic law during the mid-seventh century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athenian oral law was manipulated by the aristocracy<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the emergence of Draco's code. Around 621 BC the people of Athens commissioned Draco to devise a written law code and constitution, giving him the title of the first legislator of Athens. The literate could read the code at a central location accessible to anyone. This enactment of a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> was an early manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Can't find this article or even journal online (September 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Draconian constitution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Republicaiton_of_Draco_Law_on_homicide_-_408-409_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Republicaiton_of_Draco_Law_on_homicide_-_408-409_BC.jpg/200px-Republicaiton_of_Draco_Law_on_homicide_-_408-409_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Republicaiton_of_Draco_Law_on_homicide_-_408-409_BC.jpg/300px-Republicaiton_of_Draco_Law_on_homicide_-_408-409_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Republicaiton_of_Draco_Law_on_homicide_-_408-409_BC.jpg/400px-Republicaiton_of_Draco_Law_on_homicide_-_408-409_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3713" data-file-height="5397"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Republication of Draco's law on homicide (408–409 BC)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 620 BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Draco_(lawgiver)" title="Draco (lawgiver)">Draco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data">Athenian aristocracy<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">To resolve unequal accessibility to the acquirement of legal knowledge of oral law by replacing such with a written constitution<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Suffrage"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Suffrage</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Council_and_assembly"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Council and assembly</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#In_Constitution_of_the_Athenians"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">In <i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Setting"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Setting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Prytanes"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Prytanes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Relationships_among_Athenian_officials"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Relationships among Athenian officials</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Draco's_position"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Draco's position</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The need for written laws began with the unequal access to legal knowledge of the aristocracy as compared with the general populace; the established laws of Athens were inefficiently formulated in the spoken language and often modified and re-evaluated. The aristocratic exploitation of this system began during the mid-seventh century BC, and laws were often amended to benefit the aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This triggered <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">feuds</a> by families ignorant of the law in an attempt to obtain justice.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To minimize the incidence of these feuds, the governing aristocratic families of Athens decided to abandon their concealed system of legal proposals and amendments and promulgate them to Athenian society in writing. They authorized Draco, an aristocratic legislator,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to construct the written constitution, and he began to write the text around 621 BC. To promulgate the new constitution, its text was inscribed on displaying devices.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Draconian constitution was accessible to the literate. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Areopagus_from_the_Acropolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Areopagus_from_the_Acropolis.jpg/220px-Areopagus_from_the_Acropolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2332"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Areopagus_from_the_Acropolis.jpg/220px-Areopagus_from_the_Acropolis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Areopagus_from_the_Acropolis.jpg/330px-Areopagus_from_the_Acropolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Areopagus_from_the_Acropolis.jpg/440px-Areopagus_from_the_Acropolis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Draco introduced the concepts of intentional and unintentional <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with both crimes adjudicated at the <a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since murder cases were tried by the state, feuds as a form of justice became illegal. The homicide laws were the only laws retained by the early-6th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Solonian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Solonian Constitution">Solonian Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And Draco himself, they say, being asked why he made death the penalty for most offences, replied that in his opinion the lesser ones deserved it, and for the greater ones no heavier penalty could be found.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Life of Solon</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Although the full Draconian constitution no longer exists, severe punishments were reportedly meted out to those convicted of offenses as minor as stealing an apple.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may have been only one penalty, execution, for all convicted violators of the Draconian constitution<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the laws were said to be written in blood instead of ink.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These legends have become part of the English language, with the adjective "draconian" referring to unusually harsh punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Suffrage">Suffrage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Suffrage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplites</a> were entitled to participate in political life;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they could vote and hold minor state official positions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To hold higher positions, property was required. Hoplites with debt-free property valued at ten <a href="/wiki/Mina_(unit)" title="Mina (unit)">minas</a> or more could serve as an <a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">eponymous archon</a> or a Treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Athenian <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategoi</a></i> (generals) and <i><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(cavalry_officer)" title="Hipparchus (cavalry officer)">hipparchoi</a></i> (cavalry commanders) were chosen from those holding unencumbered property worth at least 100 minas with offspring over 10 years of age who were born in <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">wedlock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four hundred and one Council members were chosen by lot from hoplites at least 30 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No one could be elected by lot more than once to serve on the council until the Council "cast the lot afresh": again included every eligible individual for the next Council when everyone had served a turn.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Election to political positions in Athens was based on <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for the Areopagus, which consisted of retired <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Council_and_assembly"><span class="anchor" id="The_Council_and_the_Assembly"></span>Council and assembly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Council and assembly" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>The council was another concept Draco introduced to Athenian government in his constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Aristotle's <i>Constitution of the Athenians</i>, the council was vaguely characterized as a <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assembly was another Athenian magistracy which was described in detail by Aristotle.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Council or Assembly members who were absent from a meeting were fined,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the fines proportionate to social class. If the absent member was from the <i>pentacosiomedimnus</i> class, they were fined three <a href="/wiki/Ancient_drachma" title="Ancient drachma">drachmas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knights were fined two drachmas,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>zeugites</i> one drachma.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_Constitution_of_the_Athenians"><span class="anchor" id="Controversial_matters_of_Aristotle's_description_of_the_Draconian_constitution_in_''Constitution_of_the_Athenians''"></span>In <i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Constitution of the Athenians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting"><span class="anchor" id="Setting_of_the_development_of_the_Draconian_constitution"></span>Setting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Setting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Aristotle's timeline of the Draconian constitution is characterized by the vague phrase "not very long after": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Such, then, is the relative chronological precedence of these offices. At that time the nine Archons did not all live together. The King occupied the building now known as the Boculium, near the Prytaneum, as may be seen from the fact that even to the present day the marriage of the King's wife to Dionysus takes place there. The Archon lived in the Prytaneum, the Polemarch in the Epilyceum. The latter building was formerly called the Polemarcheum, but after Epilycus, during his term of office as Polemarch, had rebuilt it and fitted it up, it was called the Epilyceum. The Thesmothetae occupied the Thesmotheteum. In the time of Solon, however, they all came together into the Thesmotheteum. They had power to decide cases finally on their own authority, not, as now, merely to hold a preliminary hearing. Such then was the arrangement of the magistracies. The Council of Areopagus had as its constitutionally assigned duty the protection of the laws; but in point of fact it administered the greater and most important part of the government of the state, and inflicted personal punishments and fines summarily upon all who misbehaved themselves. This was the natural consequence of the facts that the Archons were elected under qualifications of birth and wealth, and that the Areopagus was composed of those who had served as Archons; for which latter reason the membership of the Areopagus is the only office which has continued to be a life-magistracy to the present day. </p><p>Such was, in outline, the first constitution, but not very long after the events above recorded, in the archonship of Aristaichmus, Draco enacted his ordinances. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></i> chapters 3 and 4, translated by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_G._Kenyon" title="Frederic G. Kenyon">Frederic G. Kenyon</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Given the founding of Athens by <a href="/wiki/Cecrops_I" title="Cecrops I">Cecrops I</a> and its first constitution in 1556 BC, its legal framework would have functioned for over 900 years before Draco codified the laws and drafted his constitution around 620 BC. Therefore, subsequently, commentators assume that the phrase "not very long after" refers instead to the more-recent <a href="/wiki/Cylonian_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylonian affair">Cylonian affair</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prytanes">Prytanes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prytanes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Aristotle's undefined use of "Prytanes" refers to a number of Athenian state positions during and after the development of the Draconian constitution: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Such was, in outline, the first constitution, but not very long after the events above recorded, in the archonship of Aristaichmus, Draco enacted his ordinances. Now his constitution had the following form. The franchise was given to all who could furnish themselves with a military equipment. The nine Archons and the Treasurers were elected by this body from persons possessing an unencumbered property of not less than ten minas, the less important officials from those who could furnish themselves with a military equipment, and the generals [Strategi] and commanders of the cavalry [Hipparchi] from those who could show an unencumbered property of not less than a hundred minas, and had children born in lawful wedlock over ten years of age. These officers were required to hold to bail the Prytanes, the Strategi, and the Hipparchi of the preceding year until their accounts had been audited, taking four securities of the same class as that to which the Strategi and the Hipparchi belonged.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Aristotle, <i>Constitution of the Athenians</i> chapter 4, translated by Frederic G. Kenyon</cite></div></blockquote> <p>"Prytanes" later referred to the fifty members of the council, although their only other appearance in the context of the Draconian constitution was in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' account of the Cylonian affair (where the "Prytanes of Naucrari" are mentioned). This may have occurred due to Herodotus' (a <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorian</a>) habit of referring to the first magistrates of Dorian cities as "Prytanes of Naucrari" and conflating them with the first magistrates of Athens (the Archons). <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>' more-detailed version also refers to Herodotus' "Prytanes of Naucrari." He wrote: "Those to whom the people had confided the keeping of the citadel, seeing the partisans of Cylon perish at the feet of the statue of Minerva, caused them to go out of the citadel, promising them that no harm would be done to them." As Thucydides had mentioned in his account of the Cylonian affair, the nine Archons were the people entrusted with the citadel.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_among_Athenian_officials"><span class="anchor" id="Grammatical_ambiguity_of_relation_between_concurrent_Athenian_officials_and_preceding_officials"></span>Relationships among Athenian officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationships among Athenian officials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A relationship between current officials and the Prytanes, <i>strategoi</i> and <i>hipparchoi</i> of the preceding year concerning financial securities is a controversial text in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Text" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Classical Text">Oxford Classical Text</a> edition of Aristotle's <i>Constitution of the Athenians</i>, translated by Frederic G. Kenyon: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These officers were required to hold to bail the Prytanes, the Strategi, and the Hipparchi of the preceding year until their accounts had been audited, taking four securities of the same class as that to which the Strategi and the Hipparchi belonged.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Aristotle, <i>Constitution of the Athenians</i>, chapter 4 (Kenyon translation)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draco's_position"><span id="Draco.27s_position"></span>Draco's position</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Draco's position" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Until the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Aristotle's <i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>, Draco was not considered a <a href="/wiki/Political_reformer" class="mw-redirect" title="Political reformer">political reformer</a>. Although the Draconian constitution is not mentioned by contemporary historians, his position as a political and constitutional reformer and a lawgiver was emphasized by Aristotle (despite the repeal of most of his laws, except those governing <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>). </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>references not in line with pertaining guideline <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:INCITE">WP:INCITE</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Draconian_constitution" title="Special:EditPage/Draconian constitution">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBinkert" class="citation web cs1">Binkert, Peter J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717105820/http://chars.lin.oakland.edu/lin109/Handouts/Greek/greeklaw.html">"Ancient Greek Legal System"</a>. Oakland University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chars.lin.oakland.edu/lin109/Handouts/Greek/greeklaw.html">the original</a> on 2013-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Legal+System&rft.pub=Oakland+University&rft.aulast=Binkert&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchars.lin.oakland.edu%2Flin109%2FHandouts%2FGreek%2Fgreeklaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html">"The Athenian Constitution"</a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Part 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>Such was, in outline, the first constitution, but not very long after the events above recorded, in the archonship of Aristaichmus, Draco enacted his ordinances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Athenian+Constitution&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The result of the institution of the Draconian constitution resulted as such, becoming its essential, consequential purpose of existence and incorporation: "The rulers decided that all the cruel laws they had passed whenever the impulse seized them should be arranged in a single plainly stated system; thus, at least, the nobles could no longer twist the laws as they willed; and a poor man might know what the law really was, and so avoid breaking it unconsciously." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisHome1913" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Edward S.; Home, Charles F. (1913). "What is Draconian Law?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/The_Story_of_the_Greatest_Nations_and_the_Worlds_Famous_Events_Vol_1/whatisd_bei.html"><i>The Story of the Greatest Nations and the World's Famous Events</i></a>. Vol. 1 – via Public Bookshelf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Draconian+Law%3F&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Greatest+Nations+and+the+World%27s+Famous+Events&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rft.au=Home%2C+Charles+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicbookshelf.com%2Fpublic_html%2FThe_Story_of_the_Greatest_Nations_and_the_Worlds_Famous_Events_Vol_1%2Fwhatisd_bei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisHome1913" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Edward S.; Home, Charles F. (1913). "What is Draconian Law?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/The_Story_of_the_Greatest_Nations_and_the_Worlds_Famous_Events_Vol_1/whatisd_bei.html"><i>The Story of the Greatest Nations and the World's Famous Events</i></a>. Vol. 1 – via Public Bookshelf. <q>... the nobles could no longer twist the laws as they willed ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Draconian+Law%3F&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Greatest+Nations+and+the+World%27s+Famous+Events&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rft.au=Home%2C+Charles+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicbookshelf.com%2Fpublic_html%2FThe_Story_of_the_Greatest_Nations_and_the_Worlds_Famous_Events_Vol_1%2Fwhatisd_bei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinkert" class="citation web cs1">Binkert, Peter J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717105820/http://chars.lin.oakland.edu/lin109/Handouts/Greek/greeklaw.html">"Ancient Greek Legal System"</a>. Oakland University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chars.lin.oakland.edu/lin109/Handouts/Greek/greeklaw.html">the original</a> on 2013-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-28</span></span>. <q>It was not until the middle of the seventh century BC that the Greeks first began to establish official laws.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Legal+System&rft.pub=Oakland+University&rft.aulast=Binkert&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchars.lin.oakland.edu%2Flin109%2FHandouts%2FGreek%2Fgreeklaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGascoigne" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bamber_Gascoigne" title="Bamber Gascoigne">Gascoigne, Bamber</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/plaintexthistories.asp?historyid=ac45">"History of Athens"</a>. <i>HistoryWorld</i>. <q>Not only do the aristocratic families of Attica hold nearly all political power ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryWorld&rft.atitle=History+of+Athens&rft.aulast=Gascoigne&rft.aufirst=Bamber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2Fplaintexthistories.asp%3Fhistoryid%3Dac45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span> (The text is set in context during the time of aristocracy of the state of Athens before the establishment of the Draconian constitution, so before circa 620 BC.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernandez2021" class="citation journal cs1">Fernandez, Nicole (22 November 2021). "Draconian Constitution". <i>MovingBackwards</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MovingBackwards&rft.atitle=Draconian+Constitution&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft.aulast=Fernandez&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1920" class="citation thesis cs1">Smith, Frederick Danesbury (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/athenianpolitic00smitgoog/page/n18/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Athenian Political Commissions</i></a> (Thesis). University of Chicago. p. 11. <q>The distinctive privilege which the nobles had always enjoyed was the exclusive knowledge and administration of the laws. They were, then, open to the charge of exercising this privilege in their own favor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Athenian+Political+Commissions&rft.inst=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Danesbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fathenianpolitic00smitgoog%2Fpage%2Fn18%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinkert" class="citation web cs1">Binkert, Peter J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717105820/http://chars.lin.oakland.edu/lin109/Handouts/Greek/greeklaw.html">"Ancient Greek Legal System"</a>. Oakland University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chars.lin.oakland.edu/lin109/Handouts/Greek/greeklaw.html">the original</a> on 2013-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-28</span></span>. <q>Murders were settled by members of the victim's family, who would then go and kill the murderer. This often began endless blood feuds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Legal+System&rft.pub=Oakland+University&rft.aulast=Binkert&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchars.lin.oakland.edu%2Flin109%2FHandouts%2FGreek%2Fgreeklaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1920" class="citation thesis cs1">Smith, Frederick Danesbury (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/athenianpolitic00smitgoog/page/n18/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Athenian Political Commissions</i></a> (Thesis). University of Chicago. p. 12. <q>He was elected as one of the nine archons, but was not the archon eponymous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Athenian+Political+Commissions&rft.inst=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Danesbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fathenianpolitic00smitgoog%2Fpage%2Fn18%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2018" class="citation web cs1">Gill, N. S. (19 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/solons-reforms-democracy-121062">"Solon's Reforms and the Rise of Democracy in Athens"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Axones' and 'kyrbeis' are names given to structures that contained the law codes of Draco and Solon in ancient Athens during the Archaic Age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Solon%27s+Reforms+and+the+Rise+of+Democracy+in+Athens&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fsolons-reforms-democracy-121062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span> These two terms are debated in specificity to their materialistic structure and functionality. The following quote describes both terms: "Robertson says [describes such information in "Solon's Axones and Kyrbeis, and the Sixth-Century Background" (Figs. 1–2), <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>, (2nd quarter, 1986), pp. 147–176] axones and kyrbeis were not names for the same thing: the axones were revolving wooden beams, while kyrbeis were standing pillars in the Royal Stoa" (Gill, op. cit.) The following describes the term "axone" particularly: "These beams were called axones, a word meaning 'axles', because the ends of each beam were pivoted and placed within a frame in such a way that they could be rotated." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSickinger1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sickinger, James (Fall 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17723%2Faarc.62.2.g817417023661u02">"Literacy, Documents, and Archives in the Ancient Athenian Democracy"</a>. <i>The American Archivist</i>. <b>62</b> (2): 229–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17723%2Faarc.62.2.g817417023661u02">10.17723/aarc.62.2.g817417023661u02</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Archivist&rft.atitle=Literacy%2C+Documents%2C+and+Archives+in+the+Ancient+Athenian+Democracy&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-246&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17723%2Faarc.62.2.g817417023661u02&rft.aulast=Sickinger&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17723%252Faarc.62.2.g817417023661u02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2018" class="citation web cs1">Gill, N. S. (19 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/solons-reforms-democracy-121062">"Solon's Reforms and the Rise of Democracy in Athens"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>Another result of the codification of laws by Draco – and the only part that remained part of the legal code – was the introduction of the concept of 'intention to murder'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Solon%27s+Reforms+and+the+Rise+of+Democracy+in+Athens&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=N.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fsolons-reforms-democracy-121062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians Part 4</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. MIT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2020</span> – via Massachusetts Institute of Technology. <q>Any person who felt himself wronged might lay an information before the Council of Areopagus, on declaring what law was broken by the wrong done to him.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians+Part+4&rft.pub=MIT&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Bernard. <i>Solon: The Lawmaker of Athens</i>. p. 25. <q>We know nothing about what Drakon's [Draco's] nomoi were. Solon repealed all of the nomoi of Drakon except for one about Homicide, and the Athenians quickly forgot them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solon%3A+The+Lawmaker+of+Athens&rft.pages=25&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustyn" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Augustyn, Adam; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/170684/Draconian-laws">"Draconian laws"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Draconian laws were most noteworthy for their harshness ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Draconian+laws&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Augustyn&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F170684%2FDraconian-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Bernard. <i>Solon: The Lawmaker of Athens</i>. p. 25. <q>Athenians later said that Drakon [Draco] gave the death penalty for most crimes, even for stealing fruit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solon%3A+The+Lawmaker+of+Athens&rft.pages=25&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustyn" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Augustyn, Adam; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/170684/Draconian-laws">"Draconian laws"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>... they were said to be written in blood, rather than ink.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Draconian+laws&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Augustyn&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F170684%2FDraconian-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Bernard. <i>Solon: The Lawmaker of Athens</i>. p. 25. <q>The English word 'draconian', meaning very harsh, comes from his [Draco's] name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solon%3A+The+Lawmaker+of+Athens&rft.pages=25&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>The franchise was given to all who could furnish themselves with military equipment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwell2003" class="citation web cs1">Blackwell, Christopher W. (24 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoa.org/projects/demos/article_democracy_development?page=3&greekEncoding=UnicodeC">"The Development of Athenian Democracy"</a>. <i>Demos</i>. Stoa Consortium. Page 3: "A Reformer and a Tyrant". <q>According to Aristotle's description of these laws, the new Constitution gave political rights to those Athenians 'who bore arms', in other words, those Athenians wealthy enough to afford the bronze armor and weapons of a hoplite.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Demos&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Athenian+Democracy&rft.pages=Page+3%3A+%22A+Reformer+and+a+Tyrant%22&rft.date=2003-01-24&rft.aulast=Blackwell&rft.aufirst=Christopher+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoa.org%2Fprojects%2Fdemos%2Farticle_democracy_development%3Fpage%3D3%26greekEncoding%3DUnicodeC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>... the less important officials from those who could furnish themselves with a military equipment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>The nine Archons and the Treasurers were elected by this body from persons possessing an unencumbered property of not less than ten minas ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>... and the generals [Strategi] and commanders of the cavalry [Hipparchi] from those who could show an unencumbered property of not less than a hundred minas, and had children born in lawful wedlock over ten years of age.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>Both for this [the Council] and for the other magistracies the lot was cast among those who were over thirty years of age...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>... and no one might hold office twice until every one else had had his turn, after which they were to cast the lot afresh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 3 – via MIT. <q>Both for this and for the other magistracies the lot was cast ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+3&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 3 – via MIT. <q>... and that the Areopagus was composed of those who had served as Archons; for which latter reason the membership of the Areopagus is the only office which has continued to be a life-magistracy to the present day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+3&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 3 – via MIT. <q>There was also to be a Council, consisting of four hundred and one members, elected by lot from among those who possessed the franchise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+3&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>Both for this [the Council] and for the other magistracies the lot was cast among those who were over thirty years of age ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The mere mention of description of the Assembly is contributed towards a statement outlining the penalization of dismissing a sitting of the Council or the Assembly: "If any member of the Council failed to attend when there was a sitting of the Council or of the Assembly, he paid a fine ..." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>If any member of the Council failed to attend when there was a sitting of the Council or of the Assembly, he paid a fine ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>... he [the absent Council or Assembly member] paid a fine, to the amount of three drachmas if he was a Pentacosiomedimnus ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>... two [two drachmas] if he [absent Council or Assembly member] was a Knight ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. Part 4 – via MIT. <q>... and One [one drachma] if he [absent Council or Assembly member] was a Zeugites ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.pages=Part+4&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/athenian_const.1.1.html"><i>Constitution of the Athenians</i></a>. Translated by Kenyon, Frederic G. – via MIT. <q>Each tribe was divided into three Trittyes [=Thirds], with twelve Naucraries in each; and the Naucraries had officers of their own, called Naucrari, whose duty it was to superintend the current receipts and expenditure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Athenians&rft.au=Aristotle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fathenian_const.1.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Draconian_constitution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2023" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz, Winfried (2023). <i>Leges Draconis et Solonis (LegDrSol). Eine neue Edition der Gesetze Drakons und Solons mit Übersetzung und historischer Einordnung</i>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-13361-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-13361-6"><bdi>978-3-515-13361-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leges+Draconis+et+Solonis+%28LegDrSol%29.+Eine+neue+Edition+der+Gesetze+Drakons+und+Solons+mit+%C3%9Cbersetzung+und+historischer+Einordnung&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-515-13361-6&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Winfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADraconian+constitution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Драконови закони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Драконови закони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Դրակոնյան օրենքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դրակոնյան օրենքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undang-undang_Drakon" title="Undang-undang Drakon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Undang-undang Drakon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="חוקת דרקון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוקת דרקון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಡ್ರಾಕೋನಿಯನ್ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡ್ರಾಕೋನಿಯನ್ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetten_van_Draco" title="Wetten van Draco – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wetten van Draco" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Законы Дракона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Законы Дракона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Драконски закони – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Драконски закони" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="திராகோனியன் அரசியலமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திராகோனியன் அரசியலமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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