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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legile_refracției"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Legile refracției</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legile_refracției-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efecte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efecte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Efecte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efecte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispersia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispersia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dispersia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispersia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explicația_fizică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explicația_fizică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Explicația fizică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explicația_fizică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tratarea_geometrică" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tratarea_geometrică"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tratarea geometrică</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tratarea_geometrică-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Refracție</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 89 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligbreking" title="Ligbreking – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ligbreking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechung_(Physik)" title="Brechung (Physik) – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brechung (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="የብርሃን ስብረት – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የብርሃን ስብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="انكسار (فيزياء) – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انكسار (فيزياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraici%C3%B3n" title="Refraición – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Refraición" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n_s%C4%B1nmas%C4%B1" title="İşığın sınması – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşığın sınması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Праламленне – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Праламленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peml%C3%A8ngsongan" title="Pemlèngsongan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pemlèngsongan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пречупване – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пречупване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="আলোর প্রতিসরণ – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোর প্রতিসরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3" title="Refracció – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Refracció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="شکانەوەی ڕووناکی – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شکانەوەی ڕووناکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_vln%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Lom vlnění – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lom vlnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Рефракци – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рефракци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plygiant" title="Plygiant – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plygiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktion" title="Refraktion – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Refraktion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brechung_(Physik)" title="Brechung (Physik) – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brechung (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Διάθλαση – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάθλαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakto" title="Refrakto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Refrakto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n" title="Refracción – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Refracción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktsioon" title="Refraktsioon – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Refraktsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errefrakzio" title="Errefrakzio – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errefrakzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC)" title="شکست (امواج) – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکست (امواج)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittuminen" title="Taittuminen – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taittuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9fraction" title="Réfraction – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réfraction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athraonadh" title="Athraonadh – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Athraonadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracci%C3%B3n" title="Refracción – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Refracción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="שבירה – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="अपवर्तन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपवर्तन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Refrakcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksyon" title="Refraksyon – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Refraksyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s" title="Fénytörés – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fénytörés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լույսի անդրադարձում – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լույսի անդրադարձում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiasan" title="Pembiasan – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3sbrot" title="Ljósbrot – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósbrot" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazione" title="Rifrazione – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rifrazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98" title="屈折 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="屈折" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksi" title="Refraksi – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Refraksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рефракция – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рефракция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8" title="ವಕ್ರೀಭವನ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಕ್ರೀಭವನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EC%A0%88" title="굴절 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굴절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Рефракция – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рефракция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractio" title="Refractio – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Refractio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liichtrefraktioun" title="Liichtrefraktioun – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liichtrefraktioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazion" title="Rifrazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rifrazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A" title="ການຫັກລົບ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການຫັກລົບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangos_l%C5%AB%C5%BEis" title="Bangos lūžis – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bangos lūžis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaismas_lau%C5%A1ana" title="Gaismas laušana – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaismas laušana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%88%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Прекршување (физика) – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прекршување (физика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അപവർത്തനം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="अपवर्तन – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अपवर्तन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembiasan" title="Pembiasan – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembiasan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichtbreking" title="Lichtbreking – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lichtbreking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksjon" title="Refraksjon – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Refraksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysbrytning" title="Lysbrytning – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lysbrytning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraccion" title="Refraccion – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Refraccion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabee_darbuu" title="Dabee darbuu – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dabee darbuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC)" title="ਅਪਵਰਤਨ (ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼) – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਪਵਰਤਨ (ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakshion" title="Refrakshion – pidgin nigerian" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Refrakshion" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="pidgin nigerian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrakcja" title="Refrakcja – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Refrakcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrassion" title="Rifrassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Rifrassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Refração – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Refração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Преломление – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Преломление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лом світла – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лом світла" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="अपवर्तनम् (भौतविज्ञानम्) – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अपवर्तनम् (भौतविज्ञानम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifrazzioni" title="Rifrazzioni – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rifrazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelamanje" title="Prelamanje – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prelamanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="වර්තනය – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්තනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Refraction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lom_svetlobe" title="Lom svetlobe – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lom svetlobe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupambuko_rweChiedza" title="Rupambuko rweChiedza – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rupambuko rweChiedza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelamanje_svetlosti" title="Prelamanje svetlosti – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prelamanje svetlosti" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraktion" title="Refraktion – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Refraktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="ஒளி முறிவு – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளி முறிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="వక్రీభవనం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వక్రీభవనం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB" title="การหักเห – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การหักเห" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1lma_(fizik)" title="Kırılma (fizik) – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kırılma (fizik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Заломлення – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Заломлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%81" title="انعطاف – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انعطاف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraksiya" title="Refraksiya – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Refraksiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%BAc_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Khúc xạ – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khúc xạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="ברעכונג – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברעכונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="折射" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirecționat de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Refracția">Refracția</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Refrac%C8%9Bie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Refrac%C8%9Bie.svg/300px-Refrac%C8%9Bie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Refrac%C8%9Bie.svg/450px-Refrac%C8%9Bie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Refrac%C8%9Bie.svg/600px-Refrac%C8%9Bie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Schemă pentru refracția luminii, unde <i>i</i> este unghiul de incidență și <i>r</i> este unghiul de refracție.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Refracția</b> este schimbarea direcției de propagare a unei <a href="/wiki/Und%C4%83" title="Undă">unde</a> la interfața dintre două medii în care unda are viteze de propagare diferite, sau datorită <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradientului</a> local al proprietăților mediului în care se propagă. Fenomenul este cel mai ușor de observat în cazul <a href="/wiki/Lumin%C4%83" title="Lumină">luminii</a>, atunci când aceasta trece dintr-un mediu transparent (<a href="/wiki/Aer" title="Aer">aer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sticl%C4%83" title="Sticlă">sticlă</a> etc.) în altul. Totuși fenomenul se petrece cu toate undele, inclusiv cu cele <a href="/wiki/Sunet" title="Sunet">sonore</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legile_refracției"><span id="Legile_refrac.C8.9Biei"></span>Legile refracției</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legile refracției" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Legile refracției"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legile refracție sunt in număr de două: </p> <ul><li>Raza incidentă, normala (în punctul de incidență) și raza refractată sunt <a href="/wiki/Coplanaritate" title="Coplanaritate">coplanare</a>.</li> <li>Indicele de refracție notat cu <b>n</b> este raportul dintre sinusul unghiului de incidență <b>i</b> si sinusul unghiului de refracție <b>r</b>.</li></ul> <p>Matematic a doua lege se poate scrie: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n={\frac {\sin i}{\sin r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mi>r</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n={\frac {\sin i}{\sin r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ba02618aa6bad55da23007169beea03b6a263838" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.621ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n={\frac {\sin i}{\sin r}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Indicele de refracție al vidului este egal cu unitatea <b><i>n</i> = 1</b>. </p><p>Un caz particular este reflexia totală. (Unghiul minim de incidență <b>i</b> de la care reflexia devine totală, adică unghiul de la care raza nu mai trece in al doilea mediu) </p> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Reflexia_luminii" title="Reflexia luminii">Reflexia luminii</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <p>Legile refracției se aplica și în cazul prismelor. </p> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso">Articol principal: <a href="/wiki/Prism%C4%83_(optic%C4%83)" title="Prismă (optică)">Prismă (optică)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Refraction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Refraction.jpg/240px-Refraction.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Refraction.jpg/360px-Refraction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Refraction.jpg/480px-Refraction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Creionul pare a fi frânt, din cauza refracției luminii la interfața dintre apă și aer.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.png/240px-Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Pencil_in_a_bowl_of_water.png 1.5x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="182" /></a><figcaption>Refracția luminii la interfața apă-aer este responsabilă pentru aparenta discontinuitate a formei obiectului din apă. Este de remarcat faptul că poziția aparentă (marcată <b>Y</b>) este la o adâncime mai mică decât poziția reală (<b>X</b>) a capătului barei).</figcaption></figure> <p>La interfața dintre două medii, în care <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitez%C4%83_de_faz%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viteză de fază — pagină inexistentă">viteza de fază</a> v a undei este diferită, <a href="/wiki/Lungime_de_und%C4%83" title="Lungime de undă">lungimea de undă</a> λ se modifică, unda își schimbă direcția, însă <a href="/wiki/Frecven%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Frecvență">frecvența</a> f rămâne aceeași v=λf. În <a href="/wiki/Optic%C4%83" title="Optică">optică</a>, pentru studiul refracției se folosește noțiunea de <a href="/wiki/Indice_de_refrac%C8%9Bie" title="Indice de refracție">indice de refracție</a>, care este direct legată de viteza de propagare. <a href="/wiki/Lentil%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentilă">Lentilele</a> și <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prism%C4%83_optic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prismă optică — pagină inexistentă">prismele optice</a> se bazează pe fenomenul de refracție pentru a modifica direcția razelor de lumină. </p><p>Odată cu refracția are loc și <a href="/wiki/Reflexie" class="mw-disambig" title="Reflexie">reflexia</a>, adică o parte a energiei undei incidente se întoarce în mediul inițial, după legile obișnuite ale reflexiei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efecte">Efecte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Efecte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Efecte"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cel mai adesea în viața de zi cu zi se poate observa refracția atunci când privim într-un vas cu apă: obiectele par a fi mai aproape de suprafață decât sunt, iar poziția lor pare a se schimba odată cu unghiul din care sunt privite. Pentru a determina poziția unui obiect creierul uman analizează o pereche de raze de lumină venite de la acel obiect, încercând să afle unde se intersectează. De aceea în imaginile alăturate sunt prezentate perechi de raze care se refractă împreună (deși sub un unghi ușor diferit, din cauza unghiurilor de incidență diferite). </p><p>Tot refracția este fenomenul din spatele <a href="/wiki/Curcubeu" title="Curcubeu">curcubeului</a>, ori a mirajelor care apar, de exemplu în deșert, atunci când temperatura aerului variază foarte rapid cu înălțimea. În mod similar, pozițiile reale ale astrelor de pe cer nu sunt cele aparente, mai ales atunci când aceste astre se văd aproape de orizont: intrând în atmosferă pieziș, ele se refractă progresiv din cauza dependenței indicelui de refracție al aerului de altitudine (în principal prin intermediul presiunii). Așa se explică și variația discontinuă a poziției și formei <a href="/wiki/Soare" title="Soare">Soarelui</a> atunci când apune ori răsare. Un fenomen asemănător apare în cazul undelor electromagnetice emise de și către sateliți: în mod normal devierea este nesemnificativă, dar în cazul semnalelor <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> ea trebuie calculată pentru a se putea obține o precizie mai bună a poziției determinate. </p><p>Se poate remarca de asemenea faptul că refracția este similară unei probleme matematice: se dau două puncte, aflate în medii diferite (în sensul că viteza de <a href="/wiki/Deplasare_(geometrie)" title="Deplasare (geometrie)">deplasare</a> prin cele două medii diferă); se cere drumul optim între cele două puncte. Intuitiv, problema poate fi enunțată astfel: o persoană se află pe plajă, și trebuie să ajungă la o baliză aflată în apă (se presupune că linia țărmului este o dreaptă); care este drumul optim (din punct de vedere temporal), ținând cont că pe plajă aleargă mai repede decât înoată în apă?. Desigur că soluția depinde de raportul vitezelor în cele două medii (în cazul luminii acest raport se numește indice de refracție). O rază de lumină care pornește dintr-un punct aflat în unul dintre medii va urma tocmai acest drum optim pentru a ajunge la un punct din celălalt mediu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispersia">Dispersia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Dispersia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Dispersia"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un aspect interesant al refracției luminii este următorul: viteza luminii în diferite medii (altele decât vidul) depinde de <a href="/wiki/Frecven%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Frecvență">frecvență</a>, fenomen numit <i><a href="/wiki/Dispersia_luminii" title="Dispersia luminii">dispersie</a></i> și de aceea lumina se va refracta pe direcții diferite în funcție de frecvență. În acest fel lumina albă poate fi separată în funcție de frecvență cu ajutorul unei <a href="/wiki/Prism%C4%83" class="mw-disambig" title="Prismă">prisme</a> din material transparent, Tot din cauza fenomenului de dispersie comunicațiile prin <a href="/wiki/Fibr%C4%83_optic%C4%83" title="Fibră optică">fibră optică</a> sunt stânjenite: pulsurile de lumină conțin componente de frecvențe diferite care, deși sunt trimise simultan, vor ajunge la celălalt capăt al fibrei ușor decalat în timp, ceea ce înseamnă că pulsurile de lumină vor fi mai lungi la recepție; pentru comunicarea pe distanțe mari, este nevoie de stații releu intermediare pentru refacerea formei pulsurilor. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wellen-Brechung.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wellen-Brechung.png/190px-Wellen-Brechung.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wellen-Brechung.png/285px-Wellen-Brechung.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Wellen-Brechung.png/380px-Wellen-Brechung.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Aplicarea principiului Huygens-Fresnel pentru a explica refracția luminii</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explicația_fizică"><span id="Explica.C8.9Bia_fizic.C4.83"></span>Explicația fizică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Explicația fizică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Explicația fizică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Din punct de vedere fizic, refracția este o consecință a <a href="/wiki/Principiul_Huygens%E2%80%93Fresnel" title="Principiul Huygens–Fresnel">principiului Huygens–Fresnel</a>; acesta afirmă că o undă se propagă din aproape în aproape, punctele de pe frontul de undă fiind niște „surse” secundare - învelitoarea fronturilor de undă ale acestor surse va fi noul front al undei. Considerându-se limita dintre cele două medii ca locul surselor secundare, se poate observa că noul front de undă se va deplasa sub un unghi diferit de unghiul de incidență al frontului de undă original. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Schema_refrac%C5%A3ie.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/thumb/c/c1/Schema_refrac%C5%A3ie.gif/190px-Schema_refrac%C5%A3ie.gif" decoding="async" width="190" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/thumb/c/c1/Schema_refrac%C5%A3ie.gif/285px-Schema_refrac%C5%A3ie.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/c/c1/Schema_refrac%C5%A3ie.gif 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Schema refracției unei raze de lumină</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Total_internal_reflection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Total_internal_reflection.jpg/200px-Total_internal_reflection.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Total_internal_reflection.jpg/300px-Total_internal_reflection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Total_internal_reflection.jpg/400px-Total_internal_reflection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Reflexia totală: față de suprafața curbă a semicilindrului lumina cade perpendicular și nu este deviată, dar pe suprafața interioară are loc refracția totală, din cauza unghiului de incidență și a proprietăților materialului</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Image_dioptre_plan_01b.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Image_dioptre_plan_01b.gif/240px-Image_dioptre_plan_01b.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Image_dioptre_plan_01b.gif/360px-Image_dioptre_plan_01b.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Image_dioptre_plan_01b.gif/480px-Image_dioptre_plan_01b.gif 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Odată cu schimbarea unghiului de observare, se modifică și poziția aparentă a unui obiect în apă: cu cât este privit mai pieziș, obiectul pare a fi aproape de suprafața apei; privit perpendicular pe suprafață, eroarea de apreciere a adâncimii obiectului este minimă, dar nenulă.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Refraction_in_a_ripple_tank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Refraction_in_a_ripple_tank.png" decoding="async" width="187" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>Desen al refracției undelor de pe suprafața unui vas cu apă: linia punctată este normala la linia de schimbare a adâncimii apei: viteza de propagare a valurilor depinde de adâncimea apei, deci va apărea fenomenul de refracție.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tratarea_geometrică"><span id="Tratarea_geometric.C4.83"></span>Tratarea geometrică</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Tratarea geometrică" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Tratarea geometrică"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pentru a putea calcula drumul unei raze de lumină se poate apela la o schemă similară celei alăturate: știind unghiul de incidență și proprietățile celor două medii, se poate calcula unghiul de refracție (unghiul de reflexie este egal cu cel de incidență): <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}=\sin ^{-1}\left({\frac {n_{1}}{n_{2}}}\sin \theta _{1}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{2}=\sin ^{-1}\left({\frac {n_{1}}{n_{2}}}\sin \theta _{1}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/029d2291897f11bdccb0a1cb27912d5b68523fe9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:22.912ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{2}=\sin ^{-1}\left({\frac {n_{1}}{n_{2}}}\sin \theta _{1}\right)}"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82fc209a7c0cd570eba0fa23b5ac94f3c5608b8e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.836ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}\,}"></span> și <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{2}\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{2}\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6a4151403333d2b2982c5757ac54f39328db4dc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.836ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{2}\,}"></span> fiind indicii de refracție ai celor două medii (raportul dintre viteza luminii în vid și viteza luminii în acel mediu). În cazul unui unghi de incidență foarte mare (raza cade foarte pieziș), poate apărea fenomenul de <a href="/wiki/Reflexie_total%C4%83" title="Reflexie totală">reflexie totală</a>: practic toată lumina se reflectă dacă indicele de refracție al mediului de incidență este mai mare. Acest lucru se întâmplă pentru <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta >\theta _{\mathrm {crit} }\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta >\theta _{\mathrm {crit} }\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cad37f1a79ebc8b39384cde0f6c58718a7a4fe6d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.37ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta >\theta _{\mathrm {crit} }\,}"></span> unde <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \theta _{\mathrm {crit} }=\sin ^{-1}\left({\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>sin</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \theta _{\mathrm {crit} }=\sin ^{-1}\left({\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb8f6e641c63fa60e6b29e86deb2502ae49b8d7e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:18.788ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \theta _{\mathrm {crit} }=\sin ^{-1}\left({\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}\right)}"></span>. </p><p>Legea de refracție enunțată mai sus este valabilă doar pentru materiale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izotrop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izotrop — pagină inexistentă">izotrope</a>, nefiind respectată dacă este vorba de materiale anizotrope (cum ar fi unele cristale), unde apare <a href="/wiki/Birefringen%C8%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Birefringența">birefringența</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controversa_Abraham-Minkowski" title="Controversa Abraham-Minkowski">Controversa Abraham-Minkowski</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David W. Ward and Keith A. Nelson: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1367-2630/7/1/213">On the Physical Origins of the Negative Index of Refraction</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup>, <i>New Journal of Physics</i>, <b>7</b>, 213 (2005).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Grigorovici" title="Radu Grigorovici">Radu Grigorovici</a>, Mircea Oncescu, <i>Mărimi și unități în fizică</i>, vol II, Editura Tehnică, București, 1958</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refrac%C8%9Bie&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right;border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9);color:color:var(--color-base, #000);width:230px;padding:2px;spacing:2px;text-align:center;float:right"><div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left:35px;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Refraction?uselang=ro">Refracție</a></b></span></div></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; 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