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lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aljama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%A5ama" title="Alĥama – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alĥama" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljama" title="Aljama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aljama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljama" title="Aljama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aljama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljama" title="Aljama – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Aljama" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljama" title="Aljama – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Aljama" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2636673#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Iberian Moorish and Jewish communities</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the South African political party, see <a href="/wiki/Al_Jama-ah" title="Al Jama-ah">Al Jama-ah</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aljama" title="Special:EditPage/Aljama">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Aljama" title="Talk:Aljama">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aljama" title="Special:EditPage/Aljama">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Aljama%22">"Aljama"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Aljama%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Aljama%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Aljama%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Aljama%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Aljama%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Citation_style plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-citation_style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>has an unclear <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Citation_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation style</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnoting</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Aljama</b></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[alˈxama]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Portuguese:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[alˈʒɐmɐ]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Catalan:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[əʎˈʒamə]</a></span>) is a term of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> origin used in old official documents in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> to designate the self-governing communities of <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> living under <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> rule in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. In some present-day Spanish cities, the name is still applied to the quarters where such communities lived, though they are many centuries gone. </p><p>The Jewish communities of Spain, owing to their social isolation and to the religious and political regulations imposed upon them, had always formed groups apart from the rest of the population. The authority exercised by their own <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> and the system of <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a>-collection by the heads of the congregations for the administration of communal affairs, placed them almost completely without the jurisdiction of the government of the country. As a result, they soon came to be dealt with by the officials not as subjects amenable to the general law of the land, but as collective bodies with special privileges and special duties. </p><p>Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigothic</a> kings imposed a tax not upon each individual Jew or upon the heads of families, but upon the community as a whole, allowing the communal authorities to fix the individual rate of taxation. But both under the Visigoths and under the Moors there was neither regularity in the transactions of the rabbis and elders nor system in the attitude of the government toward the Jewish communities. With the reestablishment of Christian rule, however, the relation between the government and its Jewish subjects gradually became a well-defined one. </p><p>In 1219 and 1284 in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, in 1273 in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, in 1290 at <a href="/wiki/Huete,_Spain" title="Huete, Spain">Huete</a>, and on more than one occasion during those years in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, councils were held of Spanish officials and Jewish representatives for the purpose of establishing a just rate of taxation for Jewish communities, and of devising adequate means for tax-collection. This first official recognition by the government of the Jewish communities as separate bodies led to a still further change in the treatment of the Jewish congregations and in the legislation, both local and national, regarding them. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> of the various districts assumed immediate authority over them, and, in conjunction with Jewish representatives, formed rules which were henceforth to govern the communities. The elections of rabbis and <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">judges</a> were to be held at stated intervals, and the names of these dignitaries submitted to the bishop for approval; there was to be a <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Rabino mayor</i></span> (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Rab de la corte</i></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Crown_rabbi_(Iberia)" title="Crown rabbi (Iberia)">court rabbi</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) for the presentation of communal questions before the proper authorities; and the heads of the congregation were made answerable for the conduct of the community. In all government action, whether local or general, the unit considered was in most cases the community, not the individual Jew. </p><p>The governing authority of the state sometimes nominated a member of the Jewish community to the administrative position of <a href="/wiki/Crown_rabbi_(Iberia)" title="Crown rabbi (Iberia)">crown rabbi</a> to act as intermediary between the aljama and the state. For example in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a>, King <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Aragon" title="John I of Aragon">John I</a> issued edicts in 1386 defining the functions and duties of the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Rab Mayor</i></span>. There were various requirements as to the good character and faith of the person holding the position, as well as a requirement that he live among the entourage of the Court, and thus away from his community, and in constant contact with the Christian majority population. His powers and authorities over the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">aljama</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a>, economic, judicial, and otherwise, were specified.<sup id="cite_ref-Alvarez-2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alvarez-2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_development_of_the_concept">Etymology and development of the concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aljama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and development of the concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>aljama</i> comes from Arabic and refers to the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_mosque" title="Congregational mosque">congregational mosque</a> of a Muslim community, where believers gather to pray <a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">jumu'ah</a>, the communal Friday prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Diccionari_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diccionari-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>aljama</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جامعة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">jāmiʿa</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'gathering' plus the definite article <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">al</i></span>. <i>Jāmiʿa</i> originally meant 'congregation,' 'assembly,' or 'group,' but was, even before the establishment of Spanish rule, applied by the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> to their religious bodies and larger <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, and especially to the Jewish communities in the midst of them, and to the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> and schools which formed the center of all Jewish life. The Christians adopted the term, extending its meaning to designate the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish</a> and Muslim quarters. In some Spanish cities, former Jewish quarters are still known by that name, even though the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Jews were expelled in 1492</a>. </p><p>Very often, for purposes of distinction, such phrases as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Aljama de los Judíos</i></span> 'Aljama of the Jews' and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Aljama de los Moros</i></span> 'Aljama of the Moors' were used. But the circumstance that the Moors of Spain had by the term designated more especially the Jewish community has left its trace in the use of the word in Spanish; for in Spanish literature <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">aljama</i></span>, without any further specification, stands for <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">sanedrín</a></i></span> or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Judería</i></span> (Jewish quarter), or even for Jewish places of worship, in the concrete as well as abstract sense. This use occurs at a very early date. In the "Poem of Alexander", the "Milagros de Nuestra Señora," and the "Duelo de la Virgen" of <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_de_Berceo" title="Gonzalo de Berceo">Gonzalo de Berceo</a>, all of the 13th century, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">aljama</i></span> or <i>alfama</i> is employed to designate the people of ancient <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>; and the historian of the 16th century, Mariana, uses <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">aljama</i></span> for the synagogue: "they devastated their houses and their <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">aljamas</i></span>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tecana_of_Valladolid"><i>Tecana</i> of Valladolid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aljama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tecana of Valladolid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A good example of how much self-government was granted to the Jewish Aljamas is afforded by the "resolution of the meeting", in Spanish called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">tecana</i></span> (from <a href="/wiki/Takkanah" title="Takkanah">takkanah</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תקנה</span></span>), a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word that, like <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sanedrín</i></span>, has been incorporated into Spanish) arrived at by the Aljama of <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> in 1432. The report is written partly in Hebrew and partly in Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a> and is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a> at <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> ("Fonds hébreux," No. 585). </p><p>From this document, it is learned that, at Valladolid, electoral meetings were held by the community every ten years and that the particular meeting of which an account is given in the document took place in the latter part of <a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a> (end of May) and lasted for ten days. The following were some of the matters decided or discussed: </p> <ol><li>The necessity of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud_Torah" title="Talmud Torah">Talmud Torah</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew school</a>, and the rate of taxation for the maintenance of the same, which was decided upon as follows: five <a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">maravedís</a> for each of the cattle killed, and one for each sheep; five maravedis for every flask of wine. Five maravedis were also to be paid by a married couple on their wedding day and by a boy on the day of his <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a>. A tax was also laid upon inheritances, and various other means of revenue were devised. In connection with this question the employment and salary of private or itinerant teachers were discussed.</li> <li>The election of the judges and the rabbi of the court, to which much space is accorded in the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">tecana</i></span>.</li> <li>The attitude of the individual Jew in his relations with the state. This was by far the most critical question discussed. Since permission to decide <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal</a> cases before the government had been granted to Jewish judges, and since "the Christians, though they be well versed in law, know nothing of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish laws</a>," no Jew might plead before a Christian judge, whether <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">religious</a> or civil, except in cases where the taxes and imposts due to the ruler were in litigation, or where special permission was obtained from the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dayan</i></span>, or chief judge of the Aljama. A Jew who arrested another Jew with the aid of a Christian was to be apprehended by the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">dayan</i></span>; for a second offense of the same nature, he was to be branded on the forehead and expelled. A third offense was punishable by death.</li></ol> <p>The ability to impose <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> indicates how broad the Jewish community's autonomy was. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derived_words">Derived words</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aljama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Derived words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <i>aljama</i> are derived: </p> <ul><li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Aljamado</i></span>, adjective and noun, the inhabitant of an <i>aljama</i></li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamía</a></i></span>, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> used by the Jews or Moors, but more specifically the Spanish or <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic language</a> written with Hebrew characters by the Jews, and with <a href="/wiki/Arabic_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic letters">Arabic letters</a> by the Moors</li> <li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Aljamiado</i></span>, adjective and noun, one who speaks or knows the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">aljamía</i></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_unrelated_words">Similar unrelated words</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aljama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Similar unrelated words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Alhama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Alhama (disambiguation)">Alhama</a></i></span> and Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Alfama" title="Alfama">Alfama</a></i></span> derive from Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hammam</a></i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">baths</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>).</li> <li>Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">ra's al-galut</i></span> meaning <a href="/wiki/Exilarch" title="Exilarch">exilarch</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aljama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Alvarez-2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alvarez-2001_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCrespo_Álvarez2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Crespo Álvarez, Macarena (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=209673">"El cargo de Rab Mayor de la Corte según un documento de Juan II fechado en 1450 (The post of <i>Rab Mayor</i> in the Court according to a document of John II issued in 1450)"</a>. <i>Edad Media: Revista de historia (Middle Ages: History Magazine)</i> (in Spanish) (4): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>198. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1138-9621">1138-9621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edad+Media%3A+Revista+de+historia+%28Middle+Ages%3A+History+Magazine%29&rft.atitle=El+cargo+de+Rab+Mayor+de+la+Corte+seg%C3%BAn+un+documento+de+Juan+II+fechado+en+1450+%28The+post+of+Rab+Mayor+in+the+Court+according+to+a+document+of+John+II+issued+in+1450%29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E198&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1138-9621&rft.aulast=Crespo+%C3%81lvarez&rft.aufirst=Macarena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fservlet%2Farticulo%3Fcodigo%3D209673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAljama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diccionari-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diccionari_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMestre_i_CampiSalrach_i_MarésTermes1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mestre i Campi, Jesús; Salrach i Marés, Josep M; Termes, Josep (1998). <i>Diccionari d'Història de Catalunya</i> [<i>Dictionary of the History of Catalonia</i>] (in Catalan). Barcelona: Edicions 62. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-297-3521-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-297-3521-6"><bdi>84-297-3521-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/788979334">788979334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionari+d%27Hist%C3%B2ria+de+Catalunya&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Edicions+62&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F788979334&rft.isbn=84-297-3521-6&rft.aulast=Mestre+i+Campi&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rft.au=Salrach+i+Mar%C3%A9s%2C+Josep+M&rft.au=Termes%2C+Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAljama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aljama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia/Aljama" class="extiw" title="s:Jewish Encyclopedia/Aljama">Aljama</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aljama&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAljama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>William Milwitzky <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1240&letter=A">Aljama</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. That article, in turn references: <ul><li>Francisco Fernandes y Gonzales, in <i>Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia</i>, vii. 156 et seq.;</li> <li>F. Fita, "Acta de Toma de Posesión de Una Aljama Israelita", in <i>Ilustración Católica</i>, Nov. 21, 1880.</li></ul></li> <li><i>Diccionario de la <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a></i>. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=aljama">aljama</a>. There is a <a href="/wiki/Homonymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Homonymy">homonymy</a> with a different etymology meaning 'mosque'.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=aljam%EDa">aljamía</a>.</li></ul></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aljama&oldid=1277024728">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aljama&oldid=1277024728</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_and_Judaism" 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