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id="toc-Early_Kushans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diverse_cultural_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diverse_cultural_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diverse cultural influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diverse_cultural_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Territorial expansion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Territorial_expansion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Territorial expansion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Territorial_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kushan_fortresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushan_fortresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Kushan fortresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushan_fortresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kujula_Kadphises_(c._30_–_c._80)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kujula_Kadphises_(c._30_–_c._80)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kujula Kadphises (c. 30 – c. 80)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kujula_Kadphises_(c._30_–_c._80)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vima_Taktu_or_Sadashkana_(c._80_–_c._95)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vima_Taktu_or_Sadashkana_(c._80_–_c._95)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vima Taktu or Sadashkana (c. 80 – c. 95)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vima_Taktu_or_Sadashkana_(c._80_–_c._95)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vima_Kadphises_(c._95_–_c._127)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vima_Kadphises_(c._95_–_c._127)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Vima Kadphises (c. 95 – c. 127)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vima_Kadphises_(c._95_–_c._127)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanishka_I_(c._127_–_c._150)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanishka_I_(c._127_–_c._150)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Kanishka I (c. 127 – c. 150)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanishka_I_(c._127_–_c._150)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Huvishka_(c._150_–_c._190)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Huvishka_(c._150_–_c._190)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Huvishka (c. 150 – c. 190)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Huvishka_(c._150_–_c._190)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasudeva_I_(c._190_–_c._230)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasudeva_I_(c._190_–_c._230)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Vasudeva I (c. 190 – c. 230)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasudeva_I_(c._190_–_c._230)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vāsishka_(c._247_–_c._267)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vāsishka_(c._247_–_c._267)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Vāsishka (c. 247 – c. 267)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vāsishka_(c._247_–_c._267)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Little_Kushans_(AD_270_–_350)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Little_Kushans_(AD_270_–_350)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Little Kushans (AD 270 – 350)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Little_Kushans_(AD_270_–_350)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kushan_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushan_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kushan deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushan_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kushans_and_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushans_and_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kushans and Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushans_and_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kushan_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushan_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kushan art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kushan_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kushan art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kushan_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kushan_monetary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushan_monetary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Kushan monetary system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushan_monetary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contacts_with_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contacts_with_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Contacts with Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contacts_with_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contacts_with_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contacts_with_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Contacts with China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contacts_with_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Decline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Decline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kushano-Sassanians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushano-Sassanians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Kushano-Sassanians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushano-Sassanians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Little_Kushans"_and_Gupta_suzerainty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Little_Kushans"_and_Gupta_suzerainty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>"Little Kushans" and Gupta suzerainty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Little_Kushans"_and_Gupta_suzerainty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sasanian,_Kidarite_and_Alchon_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sasanian,_Kidarite_and_Alchon_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sasanian, Kidarite and Alchon invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sasanian,_Kidarite_and_Alchon_invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kushan Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuschana" title="Kuschana – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kuschana" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscan_R%C4%ABce" title="Cuscan Rīce – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cuscan Rīce" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الكوشانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الكوشانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_kush%C3%A1n" title="Imperiu kushán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu kushán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fan_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Kuşan dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kuşan dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="کوشان ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوشان ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="কুষাণ সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুষাণ সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusyan" title="Kusyan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kusyan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Kushan Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kushan Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Ҡушан батшалығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡушан батшалығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кушанскае царства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кушанскае царства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кушанскае царства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кушанскае царства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кушанска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кушанска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_Kushan" title="Impalaeriezh Kushan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh Kushan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Kuixan" title="Imperi Kuixan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Kuixan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85%C4%95" title="Кушан патшалăхĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кушан патшалăхĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Kušánská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kušánská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuschana" title="Kuschana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kuschana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1aani_riik" title="Kušaani riik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kušaani riik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Αυτοκρατορία των Κοσσανών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία των Κοσσανών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_kush%C3%A1n" title="Imperio kushán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio kushán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Dana_imperio" title="Kuŝana imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuŝana imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusan" title="Kusan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kusan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="شاهنشاهی کوشانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاهنشاهی کوشانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_kouchan" title="Empire kouchan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire kouchan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Cuxano" title="Imperio Cuxano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Cuxano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EC%83%A8_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="쿠샨 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠샨 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քուշանական պետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քուշանական պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="कुषाण राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुषाण राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1ansko_Carstvo" title="Kušansko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kušansko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Kushan" title="Kekaisaran Kushan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Kushan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Кушанты паддзахад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кушанты паддзахад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BAsjanaveldi%C3%B0" title="Kúsjanaveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kúsjanaveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Kusana" title="Impero Kusana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Kusana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אימפריית קושאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אימפריית קושאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಕುಷಾಣ ರಾಜವಂಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುಷಾಣ ರಾಜವಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ქუშანის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქუშანის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Кушан патшалығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кушан патшалығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Кушан падышалыгы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кушан падышалыгы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Cossanum" title="Imperium Cossanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperium Cossanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1%C4%81nu_valsts" title="Kušānu valsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kušānu valsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1ano_imperija" title="Kušano imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kušano imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Cuxan" title="Impero Cuxan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Impero Cuxan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kus%C3%A1n_Birodalom" title="Kusán Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kusán Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കുശാനസാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കുശാനസാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperu_Kushan" title="Imperu Kushan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Imperu Kushan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="कुषाण साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कुषाण साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Kushan" title="Empayar Kushan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Kushan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Кушаны хаант улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кушаны хаант улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="ကူရှန်အင်ပါယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကူရှန်အင်ပါယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushana" title="Kushana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kushana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="कुषाण साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुषाण साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E6%9C%9D" title="クシャーナ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クシャーナ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushriket" title="Kushriket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kushriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusjanriket" title="Kusjanriket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kusjanriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_koshan" title="Empèri koshan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri koshan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AF" title="କୁଶାଣ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ଯ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୁଶାଣ ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ଯ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushon_podsholigi" title="Kushon podsholigi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kushon podsholigi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕੁਸ਼ਾਣ ਸਲਤਨਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਸ਼ਾਣ ਸਲਤਨਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="کوشان سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوشان سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کوشانيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوشانيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_Kuszan%C3%B3w" title="Państwo Kuszanów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo Kuszanów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Cuchana" title="Império Cuchana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Cuchana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_Ku%C8%99an" title="Imperiul Kușan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul Kușan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Кушанское царство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кушанское царство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mperu_Kushan" title="Mperu Kushan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mperu Kushan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුෂාණ අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kushan Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1ansko_cesarstvo" title="Kušansko cesarstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kušansko cesarstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Кушанско царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кушанско царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1anska_Monarhija" title="Kušanska Monarhija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kušanska Monarhija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%A1an-valtakunta" title="Kušan-valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kušan-valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan" title="Kushan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kushan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="குசானப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குசானப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="కుషాణులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కుషాణులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="จักรวรรดิกุษาณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิกุษาณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Шоҳаншоҳии Кушонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шоҳаншоҳии Кушонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಕುಶಾನೆರು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕುಶಾನೆರು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fan_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Kuşan İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuşan İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9Fan_d%C3%B6wleti" title="Kuşan döwleti – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kuşan döwleti" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Кушанське царство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кушанське царство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="کوشان سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوشان سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Qu%C3%BD_S%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đế quốc Quý Sương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Quý Sương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyo_Kushan" title="Imperyo Kushan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Imperyo Kushan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="贵霜帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贵霜帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C" title="貴霜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貴霜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="貴霜帝國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貴霜帝國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">30–375 AD empire in Central and South Asia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os 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.ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kushan Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">कुषाणसाम्राज्यम्</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>)</span><br /><span title="Bactrian-language text"><span lang="xbc">Κοϸανο</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">30–375</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of India in the 2nd century AD showing the extent of the Kushan Empire (in green) during the reign of Kanishka. Most historians consider the empire to have variously extended as far east as the middle Ganges plain,[1] to Varanasi in the eastern Gangetic plain,[2][3] or probably even Pataliputra.[4][5]"><img alt="A map of India in the 2nd century AD showing the extent of the Kushan Empire (in green) during the reign of Kanishka. Most historians consider the empire to have variously extended as far east as the middle Ganges plain,[1] to Varanasi in the eastern Gangetic plain,[2][3] or probably even Pataliputra.[4][5]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg/270px-Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg/405px-Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg/540px-Joppen_1907_India_in_the_2nd_Century_A.D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="3736" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">A map of India in the 2nd century AD showing the extent of the Kushan Empire (in green) during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>. Most historians consider the empire to have variously extended as far east as the middle Ganges plain,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Varanasi in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plain">Gangetic plain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or probably even <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AADC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AADC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Puruṣapura</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Takṣaśilā</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathurā</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Greek</a> (official until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 127</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Bactrian_2000_p._133_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Bactrian_2000_p._133-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a><sup id="cite_ref-The_Bactrian_2000_p._133_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Bactrian_2000_p._133-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (official from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 127</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_Prakrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhari Prakrit">Gandhari Prakrit</a><sup id="cite_ref-SAW_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAW-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Hybrid <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><sup id="cite_ref-SAW_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAW-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201061_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201061-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden199256_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199256-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kushanas (<a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emperor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 30–80 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> <small>(first)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 350–375 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kipunada" title="Kipunada">Kipunada</a> <small>(last)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> unites <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> tribes into a confederation </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hepthalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepthalites">Hepthalites</a><sup id="cite_ref-lcwb2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcwb2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">375</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500,000 km<sup>2</sup> (970,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushan Coinage">Kushan dinara</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png/20px-Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png/30px-Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png/40px-Map_of_the_Indo-Greeks.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Map_of_the_Indo-Parthians.png/20px-Map_of_the_Indo-Parthians.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Map_of_the_Indo-Parthians.png/30px-Map_of_the_Indo-Parthians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Map_of_the_Indo-Parthians.png/40px-Map_of_the_Indo-Parthians.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png/20px-Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png/30px-Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png/40px-Map_of_the_Indo-Scythians.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg/20px-Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg/30px-Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg/40px-Map_of_the_Northern_Satraps_%28Northern_Sakas%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Satraps" title="Northern Satraps">Northern Satraps</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png/20px-Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png/30px-Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png/40px-Map_of_the_Western_Satraps.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png/20px-Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png/30px-Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png/40px-Map_of_the_Maha-Meghavahanas.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maha-meghavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-meghavahanas">Maha-meghavahanas</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/20px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/30px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/40px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Map_of_the_Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom.svg/20px-Map_of_the_Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Map_of_the_Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom.svg/30px-Map_of_the_Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Map_of_the_Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom.svg/40px-Map_of_the_Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4257" data-file-height="2148" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Vindhyatabi" title="Nagas of Vindhyatabi">Nagas of Vindhyatabi</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kidarite_Tamga.png/20px-Kidarite_Tamga.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kidarite_Tamga.png/30px-Kidarite_Tamga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kidarite_Tamga.png/40px-Kidarite_Tamga.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kushan Empire</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 375</span> AD)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> empire formed by the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> territories in the early 1st century. It spread to encompass much of what is now <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iran" title="Eastern Iran">Eastern Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200929,_318–350_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200929,_318–350-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Saketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saketa">Saketa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Varanasi_district" title="Varanasi district">Varanasi</a>, where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan emperor <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka the Great">Kanishka the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kushans were most probably one of five branches of the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> confederation,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-liu156_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu156-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European peoples">Indo-European</a> nomadic people of possible <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a> origin,<sup id="cite_ref-Narain_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narain-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith_380_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith_380-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pulleyblank_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulleyblank-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCHAC_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCHAC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who migrated from northwestern China (Xinjiang and Gansu) and settled in ancient Bactria.<sup id="cite_ref-liu156_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu156-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founder of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a>, followed Iranian and Greek cultural ideas and iconography after the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> tradition and was a follower of the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two later Kushan kings, <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_II" title="Vasudeva II">Vasudeva II</a>, were also patrons of Hinduism. The Kushans in general were also great patrons of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and, starting with Emperor Kanishka, they employed elements of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> in their pantheon.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They played an important role in the spread of Buddhism to Central Asia and China, ushering in a period of relative peace for 200 years, sometimes described as "<a href="/wiki/Pax_Kushana" title="Pax Kushana">Pax Kushana</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kushans possibly used the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> initially for administrative purposes but soon began to use the Eastern Iranian <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian language</a>. Kanishka sent his armies north of the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> mountains. A direct road from <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> to China remained under Kushan control for more than a century, encouraged travel across the Karakoram, and facilitated the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">spread of Mahayana Buddhism</a> to China. The Kushan dynasty had diplomatic contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Persia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aksumite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksumite Empire">Aksumite Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> of China. The Kushan Empire was at the center of trade relations between the Roman Empire and China: according to <a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a>, "for a time, the Kushana Empire was the centerpoint of the major civilizations".<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_India_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_India-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While much philosophy, art, and science was created within its borders, the only textual record of the empire's history today comes from inscriptions and accounts in other languages, particularly Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200936_and_notes_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200936_and_notes-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kushan Empire fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms in the 3rd century AD, which fell to the Sasanians invading from the west and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a>, Bactria, and Gandhara. In the 4th century, the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</a>, another Indian dynasty, also pressed from the east. The last of the Kushan and Kushano-Sasanian kingdoms were eventually overwhelmed by invaders from the north, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lcwb2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcwb2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg/170px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg/255px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg/340px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> nobleman and priest over a fire altar. <a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Noin-Ula">Noin-Ula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Chinese sources describe the <i>Guìshuāng</i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:貴霜">貴霜</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>: <i>*kuj-s [s]raŋ</i>), <i>i.e.</i> the Kushans, as one of the five aristocratic tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars believe that the Yuezhi were a people of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European peoples">Indo-European</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Narain_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narain-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roux_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roux-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specifically <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a> origin of the Yuezhi is often suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-Narain_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narain-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith_380_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith_380-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pulleyblank_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pulleyblank-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOIC_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOIC-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCHAC_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCHAC-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008270–297_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008270–297-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> origin, has also been suggested by some scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Enoki_1994_171–183_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enoki_1994_171–183-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yuezhi were described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Great_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Great Historian">Records of the Great Historian</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> as living in the grasslands of eastern Xinjiang and northwestern part of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, in the northwest of modern-day China, until their King was beheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> (匈奴) who were also at war with China, which eventually forced them to migrate west in 176–160 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five tribes constituting the Yuezhi are known in Chinese history as <i>Xiūmì</i> (休密), <i>Guìshuāng</i> (貴霜), <i>Shuāngmǐ</i> (雙靡), <i>Xìdùn</i> (肸頓), and <i>Dūmì</i> (都密). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koshanoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koshanoy.jpg/220px-Koshanoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koshanoy.jpg/330px-Koshanoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Koshanoy.jpg/440px-Koshanoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> "KO<a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">Ϸ</a><a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">Ϸ</a>ANO" (<i>Koshshano</i>, "Kushan") in <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (with the addition of the letter <a href="/wiki/Sho_(letter)" title="Sho (letter)">Ϸ</a>, "<i>Sh</i>") on a coin of the first known Kushan ruler <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> (1st century AD).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Yuezhi reached the Hellenic kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactria">Greco-Bactria</a> (in northern Afghanistan and Uzbekistan) around 135 BC. The displaced Greek dynasties resettled to the southeast in areas of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> (in present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan) and the <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus</a> basin (in present-day Pakistan and India), occupying the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, Kushan emperors regularly used the dynastic name <i>ΚΟϷΑΝΟ</i> ("Koshano") on their coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-JMR7_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMR7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> inscription of the statue of <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a>, refer to the Kushan Emperor as <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg/16px-Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg/32px-Gupta_allahabad_ku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="394" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_gujarat_ssaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_gujarat_ssaa.jpg/12px-Gupta_gujarat_ssaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_gujarat_ssaa.jpg/18px-Gupta_gujarat_ssaa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Gupta_gujarat_ssaa.jpg/24px-Gupta_gujarat_ssaa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="557" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_nn.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gupta_ashoka_nn.svg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_nn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gupta_ashoka_nn.svg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_nn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Gupta_ashoka_nn.svg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_nn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, <i>Ku-ṣā-ṇa</i> ("Kushana").<sup id="cite_ref-JMR7_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMR7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some later Indian literary sources referred to the Kushans as <i>Turushka</i>, a name which in later Sanskrit sources<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was confused with <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turk</a>, "probably due to the fact that <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tukharistan</a> passed into the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">western Turks</a> in the seventh century".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink200257_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink200257-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/John_M._Rosenfield" title="John M. Rosenfield">John M. Rosenfield</a>, <i>Turushka</i>, <i>Tukhāra</i> or <i>Tukhāra</i> are variations of the word <i>Tokhari</i> in Indian writings.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, according to Wink, "nowadays no historian considers them to be Turkish-Mongoloid or "Hun", although there is no doubt about their Central-Asian origin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink200257_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink200257-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Kushans">Early Kushans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Kushans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Kushan portraits</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalchayan_Prince_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kalchayan_Prince_portrait.jpg/121px-Kalchayan_Prince_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kalchayan_Prince_portrait.jpg/182px-Kalchayan_Prince_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Kalchayan_Prince_portrait.jpg/242px-Kalchayan_Prince_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2179" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Head of a <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> prince (<a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a> palace, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraios_coin_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heraios_coin_portrait.jpg/173px-Heraios_coin_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heraios_coin_portrait.jpg/260px-Heraios_coin_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heraios_coin_portrait.jpg/346px-Heraios_coin_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The first king to call himself "Kushan" on his coinage: <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> (AD 1–30)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg/143px-Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg/215px-Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg/286px-Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1464" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Kushan devotee (2nd century AD). <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (detail)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_Empire_Vima_Kadphises_Circa_CE_100-127,_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kushan_Empire_Vima_Kadphises_Circa_CE_100-127%2C_portrait.jpg/151px-Kushan_Empire_Vima_Kadphises_Circa_CE_100-127%2C_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kushan_Empire_Vima_Kadphises_Circa_CE_100-127%2C_portrait.jpg/227px-Kushan_Empire_Vima_Kadphises_Circa_CE_100-127%2C_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Kushan_Empire_Vima_Kadphises_Circa_CE_100-127%2C_portrait.jpg/302px-Kushan_Empire_Vima_Kadphises_Circa_CE_100-127%2C_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Portrait of Kushan emperor <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a>, AD 100-127</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Some traces remain of the presence of the Kushans in the area of Bactria and <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a> in the 2nd-1st century BC, where they had displaced the <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a>, who moved further south.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological structures are known in <a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a> (a monumental temple), and in the palace of <a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a>. On the ruins of ancient Hellenistic cities such as <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a>, the Kushans are known to have built fortresses. Various sculptures and friezes from this period are known, representing horse-riding archers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200662_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200662-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, significantly, men such as the <a href="/wiki/File:Kalchayan_Prince_profile.jpg" title="File:Kalchayan Prince profile.jpg">Kushan prince of Khalchayan</a> with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cranial_deformation" title="Artificial cranial deformation">artificially deformed skulls</a>, a practice well attested in nomadic Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200615_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200615-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RSC_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Khalchayan sculptural scenes are also thought to depict the Kushans fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these portrayals, the Yuezhis are shown with a majestic demeanour, whereas the Sakas are typically represented with side-whiskers, and more or less grotesque facial expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-KA_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese first referred to these people as the Yuezhi and said they established the Kushan Empire, although the relationship between the Yuezhi and the Kushans is still unclear. <a href="/wiki/Ban_Gu" title="Ban Gu">Ban Gu</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> tells us the Kushans (Kuei-shuang) divided up Bactria in 128 BC. <a href="/wiki/Fan_Ye_(historian)" title="Fan Ye (historian)">Fan Ye</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Later Han">Book of Later Han</a></i> "relates how the chief of the Kushans, Ch'iu-shiu-ch'ueh (the Kujula Kadphises of coins), founded by means of the submission of the other Yueh-chih clans the Kushan Empire."<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest documented ruler, and the first one to proclaim himself as a Kushan ruler, was <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a>. He calls himself a "<a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactria">Greek</a> on his coins, and also exhibits skull deformation. He may have been an ally of the Greeks, and he shared the same style of coinage. Heraios may have been the father of the first Kushan emperor Kujula Kadphises.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Later_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Later Han">Book of Later Han</a></i> chronicles then gives an account of the formation of the Kushan empire based on a report made by the Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Ban_Yong" title="Ban Yong">Ban Yong</a> to the Chinese Emperor <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 125</span>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>More than a hundred years later [than the conquest of Bactria by the Yuezhi], the prince [<i>xihou</i>] of Guishuang (<a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a>) established himself as king, and his dynasty was called that of the Guishuang (Kushan) King. He invaded Anxi (Indo-Parthia), and took the Gaofu (<a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>) region. He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puda (<a href="/wiki/Kapisi_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapisi (city)">Paktiya</a>) and Jibin (<a href="/wiki/Kapisi_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapisi (city)">Kapisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>). Qiujiuque (Kujula Kadphises) was more than eighty years old when he died. His son, Yangaozhen [probably <a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vema Tahk</a> (tu) or, possibly, his brother <a href="/wiki/Sada%E1%B9%A3ka%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaṣkaṇa">Sadaṣkaṇa</a> ], became king in his place. He defeated <a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(India)" title="Tianzhu (India)">Tianzhu</a> [North-western India] and installed Generals to supervise and lead it. The Yuezhi then became extremely rich. All the kingdoms call [their king] the Guishuang [Kushan] king, but the Han call them by their original name, Da Yuezhi.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Book of Later Han</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200929_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200929-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChavannes1907190–192_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavannes1907190–192-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diverse_cultural_influences">Diverse cultural influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diverse cultural influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1st century BC, the <i>Guishuang</i> (Ch: 貴霜) gained prominence over the other Yuezhi tribes, and welded them into a tight confederation under commander Kujula Kadphises.<sup id="cite_ref-CWH_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWH-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Guishuang</i> was adopted in the West and modified into <i>Kushan</i> to designate the confederation, although the Chinese continued to call them <i>Yuezhi</i>. </p><p>Gradually wresting control of the area from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Scythian</a> tribes, the Kushans expanded south into the region traditionally known as <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> (an area primarily in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pothohar_Plateau" title="Pothohar Plateau">Pothowar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> region) and established twin capitals in <a href="/wiki/Begram" class="mw-redirect" title="Begram">Begram</a><sup id="cite_ref-Starr,_p._53_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr,_p._53-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</a>, then known as Kapisa and Pushklavati respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-CWH_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWH-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kushan_script.jpg/300px-Kushan_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kushan_script.jpg/450px-Kushan_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kushan_script.jpg/600px-Kushan_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> (narrow columns) with Kushan script (wide columns)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kushans adopted elements of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> culture of Bactria. They adopted the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> to suit their own language (with the additional development of the letter Þ "sh", as in "Kushan") and soon began minting coinage on the Greek model. On their coins they used Greek language legends combined with Pali legends (in the <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> script), until the first few years of the reign of Kanishka. After the middle of Kanishka's reign, they used Kushan language legends (in an adapted Greek script), combined with legends in Greek (Greek script) and legends in Prakrit (Kharoshthi script). </p><p>Interestingly there is evidence for the collaboration between Greek populations and the Kushans in the 2nd century AD. Apparently the main architect of the Kushan temple at <a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a> was a Greek named Palamedes. A Greek inscription has been found which could be read as: ΔΙΑ ΠΑΛΑΜΕΔΟΥΣ, i.e. <i>dia Palamedous</i>, meaning "through or by Palamedes". This proves that Hellenistic populations still remained in Bactria up into the Kushan era, and also explains how the Greek alphabet could have been applied to the Bactrian language.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/250px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/375px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/500px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Early gold coin of Kanishka I with Greek language legend and Hellenistic divinity <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>. (c. AD 120).<br /><b>Obverse:</b> Kanishka standing, clad in heavy Kushan coat and long boots, flames emanating from shoulders, holding a standard in his left hand, and making a sacrifice over an altar. Greek legend:<div class="center">ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΝ ΚΑΝΗ<i>Ϸ</i>ΚΟΥ<br /><i>Basileus Basileon Kanishkoy</i><br />"[Coin] of Kanishka, king of kings".</div><b>Reverse:</b> Standing Helios in Hellenistic style, forming a benediction gesture with the right hand. Legend in Greek script:<div class="center">ΗΛΙΟΣ <i>Helios</i></div>Kanishka monogram (<i>tamgha</i>) to the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kushans "adopted many local beliefs and customs, including <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and the two rising religions in the region, the Greek cults and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Starr,_p._53_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starr,_p._53-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time of <a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a>, many Kushans started adopting aspects of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> culture, and like the Egyptians, they absorbed the strong remnants of the Greek culture of the Hellenistic Kingdoms, becoming at least partly <a href="/wiki/Hellenise" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenise">Hellenised</a>. The great Kushan emperor <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a>, embraced <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, a sect of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, as surmised by coins minted during the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following Kushan emperors represented a wide variety of faiths including <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Buddhism</a>, Zoroastrianism and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Hindu Shaivism</a>. </p><p>The rule of the Kushans linked the seagoing trade of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> with the commerce of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> through the long-civilized <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>. At the height of the dynasty, the Kushans loosely ruled a territory that extended to the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> through present-day <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CWH_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWH-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The loose unity and comparative peace of such a vast expanse encouraged long-distance trade, brought Chinese silks to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and created strings of flourishing urban centers.<sup id="cite_ref-CWH_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWH-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_expansion">Territorial expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Territorial expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire.png/220px-Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire.png/330px-Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire.png/440px-Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Kushan territories (full line) and maximum extent of Kushan control under <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka the Great">Kanishka the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent of Kushan control is notably documented in the <a href="/wiki/Rabatak_inscription" title="Rabatak inscription">Rabatak inscription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AADC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AADC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-decipherment_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decipherment-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern expansion into the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> is mainly suggested by coin finds and Chinese chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-SKK_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKK-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Rosenfield notes that archaeological evidence of a Kushan rule of long duration is present in an area stretching from Surkh Kotal, <a href="/wiki/Begram" class="mw-redirect" title="Begram">Begram</a>, the summer capital of the Kushans, <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, the capital under Kanishka I, <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>, the winter capital of the Kushans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kushans introduced for the first time a form of governance which consisted of <i>Kshatrapas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a>:<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg/13px-Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg/26px-Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="557" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/13px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/26px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gupta_ashoka_p.svg/11px-Gupta_ashoka_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gupta_ashoka_p.svg/17px-Gupta_ashoka_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gupta_ashoka_p.svg/22px-Gupta_ashoka_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, <i>Kṣatrapa</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satraps</a>") and <i>Mahakshatrapa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a>:<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/13px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/26px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_ashoka_h.svg/13px-Gupta_ashoka_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_ashoka_h.svg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gupta_ashoka_h.svg/26px-Gupta_ashoka_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg/13px-Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg/26px-Gupta_ashoka_kss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="557" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/13px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/26px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gupta_ashoka_p.svg/11px-Gupta_ashoka_p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gupta_ashoka_p.svg/17px-Gupta_ashoka_p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Gupta_ashoka_p.svg/22px-Gupta_ashoka_p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span>, <i>Mahakṣatrapa</i>, "Great <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satraps</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA188_188]_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA188_188]-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other areas of probable rule include <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezm</a> and its capital city of <a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kausambi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kausambi">Kausambi</a> (excavations of <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad University">Allahabad University</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> (inscriptions with names and dates of Kushan kings),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> (imitation of Kushan coins, and large Kushan hoards).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasia_2nd_century_and_Kushan_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eurasia_2nd_century_and_Kushan_Empire.jpg/220px-Eurasia_2nd_century_and_Kushan_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eurasia_2nd_century_and_Kushan_Empire.jpg/330px-Eurasia_2nd_century_and_Kushan_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eurasia_2nd_century_and_Kushan_Empire.jpg/440px-Eurasia_2nd_century_and_Kushan_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the four empires of Eurasia in the 2nd century AD. "For a time, the Kushan Empire was the centerpoint of the major civilizations".<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_India_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_India-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kushan <a href="/wiki/Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasions">invasions</a> in the 1st century AD had been given as an explanation for the <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a> toward <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> according to proponents of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a> theory by 20th-century Indian <a href="/wiki/Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalists">nationalists</a>. However, there is no evidence to support this hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The <a href="/wiki/Rabatak_inscription" title="Rabatak inscription">Rabatak inscription</a>, discovered in 1993, confirms the account of the Hou Hanshu, <a href="/wiki/Weil%C3%BCe" title="Weilüe">Weilüe</a>, and inscriptions dated early in the Kanishka era (incept probably AD 127), that large Kushan dominions expanded into the heartland of northern India in the early 2nd century AD.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Long and confusing sentence (probably because of bad grammer) (July 2021)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup> Lines 4 to 7 of the inscription describe the cities which were under the rule of Kanishka,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among which six names are identifiable: <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundina" title="Kundina">Kundina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saketa">Saketa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kausambi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kausambi">Kausambi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Champa,_Chhattisgarh" title="Champa, Chhattisgarh">Champa</a> (although the text is not clear whether Champa was a possession of Kanishka or just beyond it).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-decipherment_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decipherment-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b201_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b201-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhist text <i>Śrīdharmapiṭakanidānasūtra</i>—known via a Chinese translation made in AD 472—refers to the conquest of Pataliputra by Kanishka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA258_258]_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA258_258]-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2nd century stone inscription by a Great Satrap named <a href="/wiki/Rupiamma" title="Rupiamma">Rupiamma</a> was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Pauni" title="Pauni">Pauni</a>, south of the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada river">Narmada river</a>, suggesting that Kushan control extended this far south, although this could alternatively have been controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg/220px-Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg/330px-Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg/440px-Bengal._Samatata._Coin_of_Vira_Jadamarah_imitative_of_Kushan_coinage_of_Kanishka_I._Circa_2nd-3rd_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Eastern reach as far as <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a> coinage of king Vira Jadamarah, in imitation of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_coinage" title="Kushan coinage">Kushan coinage</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a>. The text of the legend is a meaningless imitation. <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, circa 2nd-3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Samatata_coin_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samatata_coin-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the East, as late as the 3rd century AD, decorated coins of Huvishka were dedicated at <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> together with other gold offerings under the "Enlightenment Throne" of the Buddha, suggesting direct Kushan influence in the area during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins of the Kushans are found in abundance as far as <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, and the ancient Bengali state of <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a> issued coins copied from the coinage of Kanishka I, although probably only as a result of commercial influence.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Samatata_coin_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samatata_coin-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins in imitation of Kushan coinage have also been found abundantly in the eastern state of <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the West, the Kushan state covered the <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Pārata state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan (Pakistan)">Balochistan</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> was known for the Kushan Buddhist city of <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northward, in the 1st century AD, the <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> sent an army to the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> to support the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, which had been resisting the Chinese invasion of the region, but they retreated after minor encounters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045–46_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045–46-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2nd century AD, the Kushans under Kanishka made various forays into the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, where they had various contacts with the Chinese. Kanishka held areas of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> apparently corresponding to the ancient regions held by the <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yüeh-zhi</a>, the possible ancestors of the Kushan. There was Kushan influence on coinage in <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarkent County">Yarkand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hotan" title="Hotan">Khotan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SKK_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKK-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chinese chronicles, the Kushans (referred to as <a href="/wiki/Da_Yuezhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Yuezhi">Da Yuezhi</a> in Chinese sources) requested, but were denied, a <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> princess, even though they had sent presents to the Chinese court. In retaliation, they marched on Ban Chao in AD 90 with a force of 70,000 but were defeated by the smaller Chinese force. Chinese chronicles relate battles between the Kushans and the Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b201_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b201-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yuezhi retreated and paid tribute to the Chinese Empire. The regions of the Tarim Basin were all ultimately conquered by <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a>. Later, during the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_An_of_Han" title="Emperor An of Han">Yuánchū</a> period (AD 114–120), the Kushans sent a military force to install Chenpan, who had been a hostage among them, as king of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200943_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200943-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kushan_fortresses">Kushan fortresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kushan fortresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several Kushan fortresses are known, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, which were often rebuilt on top of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> fortifications, as in <a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DVR_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVR-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often characterised by arrow-shaped <a href="/wiki/Loophole_(firearm)" title="Loophole (firearm)">loopholes</a> for archers.<sup id="cite_ref-DVR_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVR-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kampir_Tepe_archeological_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kushan fortress of Kampir Tepe"><img alt="The Kushan fortress of Kampir Tepe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kampir_Tepe_archeological_site.jpg/180px-Kampir_Tepe_archeological_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kampir_Tepe_archeological_site.jpg/269px-Kampir_Tepe_archeological_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kampir_Tepe_archeological_site.jpg/359px-Kampir_Tepe_archeological_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Kushan fortress of <a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayaz_Kala_(Khorezm,_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan)_(5608879653).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fortress of Ayaz Kala"><img alt="The fortress of Ayaz Kala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ayaz_Kala_%28Khorezm%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285608879653%29.jpg/180px-Ayaz_Kala_%28Khorezm%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285608879653%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ayaz_Kala_%28Khorezm%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285608879653%29.jpg/270px-Ayaz_Kala_%28Khorezm%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285608879653%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ayaz_Kala_%28Khorezm%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285608879653%29.jpg/360px-Ayaz_Kala_%28Khorezm%2C_Ouzb%C3%A9kistan%29_%285608879653%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3425" data-file-height="2283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayaz Kala">Ayaz Kala</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_152.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The fortress of Shahr-e Zuhak.[80]"><img alt="The fortress of Shahr-e Zuhak.[80]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_152.jpg/175px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_152.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_152.jpg/263px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_152.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_152.jpg/351px-Fran%C3%A7oise_Foliot_-_Afghanistan_152.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13084" data-file-height="8960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The fortress of Shahr-e Zuhak.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Staircase,_Surkh_Kotal,_2%E2%80%934_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The temple and fortress of Surkh Kotal"><img alt="The temple and fortress of Surkh Kotal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Staircase%2C_Surkh_Kotal%2C_2%E2%80%934_century_CE.jpg/177px-Staircase%2C_Surkh_Kotal%2C_2%E2%80%934_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Staircase%2C_Surkh_Kotal%2C_2%E2%80%934_century_CE.jpg/265px-Staircase%2C_Surkh_Kotal%2C_2%E2%80%934_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Staircase%2C_Surkh_Kotal%2C_2%E2%80%934_century_CE.jpg/354px-Staircase%2C_Surkh_Kotal%2C_2%E2%80%934_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="1807" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The temple and fortress of <a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kushan rulers are recorded for a period of about three centuries, from circa 30 CE to circa 375 CE, until the invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>. They ruled around the same time as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Satavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahanas">Satavahanas</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> rulers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kujula_Kadphises_(c._30_–_c._80)"><span id="Kujula_Kadphises_.28c._30_.E2.80.93_c._80.29"></span>Kujula Kadphises (c. 30 – c. 80)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kujula Kadphises (c. 30 – c. 80)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="backgroundcolor:#DEB887"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan emperors</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">30 CE–350 CE</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/177px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/266px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/354px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg/82px-Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg/123px-Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg/164px-Kushan_devotee_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">1–30 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">50–90 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">90–113 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">113–127 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka I</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">127–151 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">151–190 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">190–230 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_II" title="Kanishka II">Kanishka II</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">230–247 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sishka" title="Vāsishka">Vāsishka</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">247–267 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_III" title="Kanishka III">Kanishka III</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">267–270 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_II" title="Vasudeva II">Vasudeva II</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">270–300 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Mahi_(Kushan)" title="Mahi (Kushan)">Mahi</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">300–305 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Shaka_(Kushan)" title="Shaka (Kushan)">Shaka</a></td><td style="background-color:#F5DEB3;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">305–335 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Kipunada" title="Kipunada">Kipunada</a></td><td style="background-color:#FFEBCD;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">335–350 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kushan_rulers" title="Template:Kushan rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kushan_rulers" title="Template talk:Kushan rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kushan_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kushan rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...the prince [elavoor] of Guishuang, named thilac [Kujula Kadphises], attacked and exterminated the four other xihou. He established himself as king, and his dynasty was called that of the Guishuang [Kushan] King. He invaded Anxi [Indo-Parthia] and took the Gaofu [Kabul] region. He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puda [Paktiya] and Jibin [Kapisha and Gandhara]. Qiujiuque [Kujula Kadphises] was more than eighty years old when he died."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Hou Hanshu</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200929_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200929-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>These conquests by <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> probably took place sometime between AD 45 and 60 and laid the basis for the Kushan Empire which was rapidly expanded by his descendants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kujula issued an extensive series of coins and fathered at least two sons, <a href="/wiki/Sadashkana" title="Sadashkana">Sadaṣkaṇa</a> (who is known from only two inscriptions, especially the Rabatak inscription, and apparently never ruled), and seemingly Vima Takto.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kujula Kadphises was the great-grandfather of Kanishka.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vima_Taktu_or_Sadashkana_(c._80_–_c._95)"><span id="Vima_Taktu_or_Sadashkana_.28c._80_.E2.80.93_c._95.29"></span>Vima Taktu or Sadashkana (c. 80 – c. 95)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vima Taktu or Sadashkana (c. 80 – c. 95)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a> (Ancient Chinese: 閻膏珍 <i>Yangaozhen</i>) is mentioned in the Rabatak inscription (another son, Sadashkana, is mentioned in an inscription of Senavarman, the King of Odi). He was the predecessor of Vima Kadphises, and Kanishka I. He expanded the Kushan Empire into the northwest of South Asia. The Hou Hanshu says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"His son, Yangaozhen [probably Vema Tahk (tu) or, possibly, his brother Sadaṣkaṇa], became king in his place. He defeated Tianzhu [North-western India] and installed Generals to supervise and lead it. The Yuezhi then became extremely rich. All the kingdoms call [their king] the Guishuang [Kushan] king, but the Han call them by their original name, Da Yuezhi."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hou Hanshu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200929_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200929-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vima_Kadphises_(c._95_–_c._127)"><span id="Vima_Kadphises_.28c._95_.E2.80.93_c._127.29"></span>Vima Kadphises (c. 95 – c. 127)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vima Kadphises (c. 95 – c. 127)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> (Kushan language: Οοημο Καδφισης) was a Kushan emperor from around AD 95–127, the son of Sadashkana and the grandson of Kujula Kadphises, and the father of Kanishka I, as detailed by the Rabatak inscription.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Vima Kadphises added to the Kushan territory by his conquests in Bactria. He issued an extensive series of coins and inscriptions. He issued gold coins in addition to the existing copper and silver coinage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kanishka_I_(c._127_–_c._150)"><span id="Kanishka_I_.28c._127_.E2.80.93_c._150.29"></span>Kanishka I (c. 127 – c. 150)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kanishka I (c. 127 – c. 150)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Mathura statue of Kanishka</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:386px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_enhanced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kanishka_enhanced.jpg/238px-Kanishka_enhanced.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kanishka_enhanced.jpg/357px-Kanishka_enhanced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kanishka_enhanced.jpg/476px-Kanishka_enhanced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3053" data-file-height="4954" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a> in long coat and boots, holding a <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">mace</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sword" title="Sword">sword</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a>. An inscription runs along the bottom of the coat.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:43px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg/238px-Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg/357px-Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg/476px-Kanishka_statue_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="243" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The inscription is in middle <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>:<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/10px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="532" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/8px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/16px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/10px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/8px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/16px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/10px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg/8px-Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="8" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg/16px-Gupta_allahabad_dhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/8px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/16px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/10px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gupta_ashoka_v.svg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_v.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gupta_ashoka_v.svg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_v.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg/10px-Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_pu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="437" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/10px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></sub> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></sup><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/21px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/28px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></sub><br /><i>Mahārāja Rājadhirāja Devaputra Kāṇiṣka</i><br />"The Great King, King of Kings, Son of God, Kanishka".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathura_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura art">Mathura art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura Museum">Mathura Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The rule of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka the Great</a>, fourth Kushan king, lasted for about 23 years from c. AD 127.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his accession, Kanishka ruled a huge territory (virtually all of northern India), south to Ujjain and Kundina and east beyond Pataliputra, according to the Rabatak inscription: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the year one, it has been proclaimed unto India, unto the whole realm of the governing class, including Koonadeano (Kaundiny, <a href="/wiki/Kundina" title="Kundina">Kundina</a>) and the city of Ozeno (Ozene, <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>) and the city of Zageda (<a href="/wiki/Saketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saketa">Saketa</a>) and the city of Kozambo (<a href="/wiki/Kausambi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kausambi">Kausambi</a>) and the city of Palabotro (<a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>) and as far as the city of Ziri-tambo (<a href="/wiki/Sri-Champa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri-Champa">Sri-Champa</a>), whatever rulers and other important persons (they might have) he had submitted to (his) will, and he had submitted all India to (his) will.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rabatak inscription, Lines 4–8</cite></div></blockquote> <p>His territory was administered from two capitals: Purushapura (now <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, in northern India. He is also credited (along with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raja_Dab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raja Dab (page does not exist)">Raja Dab</a>) for building the massive, ancient <a href="/wiki/Fort_at_Bathinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort at Bathinda">Fort at Bathinda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Bathinda" title="Qila Mubarak, Bathinda">Qila Mubarak</a>), in the modern city of <a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (India)">Punjab</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Kushans also had a summer capital in <a href="/wiki/Bagram" title="Bagram">Bagram</a> (then known as Kapisa), where the "Begram Treasure", comprising works of art from Greece to China, has been found. According to the Rabatak inscription, Kanishka was the son of Vima Kadphises, the grandson of Sadashkana, and the great-grandson of Kujula Kadphises. Kanishka's era is now generally accepted to have begun in 127 on the basis of Harry Falk's ground-breaking research.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2001121–136_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2001121–136-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2004167–176_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2004167–176-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kanishka's era was used as a calendar reference by the Kushans for about a century, until the decline of the Kushan realm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Huvishka_(c._150_–_c._190)"><span id="Huvishka_.28c._150_.E2.80.93_c._190.29"></span>Huvishka (c. 150 – c. 190)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Huvishka (c. 150 – c. 190)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> (Kushan: Οοηϸκι, "Ooishki") was a Kushan emperor from the death of Kanishka (assumed on the best evidence available to be in 150) until the succession of <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> about thirty years later. His rule was a period of retrenchment and consolidation for the Empire. In particular he devoted time and effort early in his reign to the exertion of greater control over the city of Mathura.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vasudeva_I_(c._190_–_c._230)"><span id="Vasudeva_I_.28c._190_.E2.80.93_c._230.29"></span>Vasudeva I (c. 190 – c. 230)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vasudeva I (c. 190 – c. 230)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> (Kushan: Βαζοδηο "Bazodeo", Chinese: 波調 "Bodiao") was the last of the "Great Kushans". Named inscriptions dating from year 64 to 98 of Kanishka's era suggest his reign extended from at least AD 191 to 225. He was the last great Kushan emperor, and the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a> as far as northwestern India, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sasanians">Indo-Sasanians</a> or <i>Kushanshahs</i> in what is nowadays Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwestern India from around AD 240.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kushan Empire is located in South Asia"><img alt="Kushan Empire is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;">South Asia<br />350 CE</span></div><div id="annotation_75x25" style="position:absolute; left:75px; top:25px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rectangle_(plain).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rectangle_%28plain%29.svg/55px-Rectangle_%28plain%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rectangle_%28plain%29.svg/83px-Rectangle_%28plain%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rectangle_%28plain%29.svg/110px-Rectangle_%28plain%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span></div><div id="annotation_90x80" style="position:absolute; 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left:130px; top:192px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">PALLAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_85x44" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:44px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#006400FF">LITTLE<br />KUSHANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x90" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (tribe)"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">LICCHAVIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_75x115" style="position:absolute; 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left:215px; top:98px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">KAMARUPA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x113" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:113px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GAUDA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_215x125" style="position:absolute; left:215px; top:125px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">SAMATATAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_238x108" style="position:absolute; left:238px; top:108px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Davaka_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Davaka Kingdom"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">DAVAKA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x5" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:5px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites"><span style="color:#006400FF">KIDARITES</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_95x140" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:140px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Abhira_dynasty" title="Abhira dynasty"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ABHIRAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x155" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:155px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Vakatakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakatakas"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">VAKATAKAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x100" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:100px; font-size:9px; font-weight:bold; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GUPTA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x20" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:20px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom"><span style="color:#006400FF">KUSHANO-<br />SASANIANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_10x70" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sakastan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Sakastan (Sasanian province)"><span style="color:#006400FF">SAKASTAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x85" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:85px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Turan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Turan (Sasanian province)"><span style="color:#006400FF">TURAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x100" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran"><span style="color:#006400FF">MAKRAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_3x45" style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:45px; font-size:9px; font-weight:bold; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire"><span style="color:#006400FF">SASANIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of the Little Kushans in the northwestern part of the subcontinent, and contemporary South Asian polities circa 350 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vāsishka_(c._247_–_c._267)"><span id="V.C4.81sishka_.28c._247_.E2.80.93_c._267.29"></span>Vāsishka (c. 247 – c. 267)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vāsishka (c. 247 – c. 267)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sishka" title="Vāsishka">Vāsishka</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sishka" title="Vāsishka">Vāsishka</a> was a Kushan emperor who seems to have had a 20-year reign following <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_II" title="Kanishka II">Kanishka II</a>. His rule is recorded at <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and as far south as Sanchi (near <a href="/wiki/Vidisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidisa">Vidisa</a>), where several inscriptions in his name have been found, dated to the year 22 (the Sanchi inscription of "Vaksushana" – i.e., Vasishka Kushana) and year 28 (the Sanchi inscription of Vasaska – i.e., Vasishka) of a possible second Kanishka era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b203_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b203-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Little_Kushans_(AD_270_–_350)"><span id="Little_Kushans_.28AD_270_.E2.80.93_350.29"></span>Little Kushans (AD 270 – 350)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Little Kushans (AD 270 – 350)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following territorial losses in the west (<a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> lost to the <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a>), and in the east (loss of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>), several "Little Kushans" are known, who ruled locally in the area of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> with their capital at <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_II" title="Vasudeva II">Vasudeva II</a> (270 – 300), <a href="/wiki/Mahi_(Kushan)" title="Mahi (Kushan)">Mahi</a> (300 – 305), <a href="/wiki/Shaka_(Kushan)" title="Shaka (Kushan)">Shaka</a> (305 – 335) and <a href="/wiki/Kipunada" title="Kipunada">Kipunada</a> (335 – 350).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b203_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b203-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They probably were vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, until the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> destroyed the last remains of Kushan rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b203_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b203-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kushan_deities">Kushan deities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kushan deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumara,_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg/170px-Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg/255px-Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg/340px-Kumara%2C_The_Divine_General_LACMA_M.85.279.3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Kumara/<a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> with a Kushan devotee, 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara,_omaggio_di_un_re_kushana_al_bodhisattva,_II-III_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gandhara%2C_omaggio_di_un_re_kushana_al_bodhisattva%2C_II-III_sec.JPG/220px-Gandhara%2C_omaggio_di_un_re_kushana_al_bodhisattva%2C_II-III_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gandhara%2C_omaggio_di_un_re_kushana_al_bodhisattva%2C_II-III_sec.JPG/330px-Gandhara%2C_omaggio_di_un_re_kushana_al_bodhisattva%2C_II-III_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gandhara%2C_omaggio_di_un_re_kushana_al_bodhisattva%2C_II-III_sec.JPG/440px-Gandhara%2C_omaggio_di_un_re_kushana_al_bodhisattva%2C_II-III_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>Kushan prince, said to be <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a>, making a donation to a <a href="/wiki/Boddhisattva" class="mw-redirect" title="Boddhisattva">Boddhisattva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Showing_Shiva_Linga_Worshipped_by_Saka_Devotees_-_Kushan_Period_-_Dampier_Nagar_-_ACCN_36-2661_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5614.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Relief_Showing_Shiva_Linga_Worshipped_by_Saka_Devotees_-_Kushan_Period_-_Dampier_Nagar_-_ACCN_36-2661_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5614.JPG/220px-Relief_Showing_Shiva_Linga_Worshipped_by_Saka_Devotees_-_Kushan_Period_-_Dampier_Nagar_-_ACCN_36-2661_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5614.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Relief_Showing_Shiva_Linga_Worshipped_by_Saka_Devotees_-_Kushan_Period_-_Dampier_Nagar_-_ACCN_36-2661_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5614.JPG/330px-Relief_Showing_Shiva_Linga_Worshipped_by_Saka_Devotees_-_Kushan_Period_-_Dampier_Nagar_-_ACCN_36-2661_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5614.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Relief_Showing_Shiva_Linga_Worshipped_by_Saka_Devotees_-_Kushan_Period_-_Dampier_Nagar_-_ACCN_36-2661_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5614.JPG/440px-Relief_Showing_Shiva_Linga_Worshipped_by_Saka_Devotees_-_Kushan_Period_-_Dampier_Nagar_-_ACCN_36-2661_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5614.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> <a href="/wiki/Linga" class="mw-redirect" title="Linga">Linga</a> worshipped by Kushan devotees, circa 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kushan religious <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a> is extremely varied, as revealed by their coins that were made in gold, silver, and copper. These coins contained more than thirty different gods, belonging mainly to their own Iranian, as well as Greek and Indian worlds as well. Kushan coins had images of Kushan Kings, Buddha, and figures from the Indo-Aryan and Iranian pantheons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201047_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201047-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek deities, with Greek names are represented on early coins. During Kanishka's reign, the language of the coinage changes to <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> (though it remained in Greek script for all kings). After Huvishka, only two divinities appear on the coins: <i>Ardoxsho</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Oesho" title="Oesho">Oesho</a></i> (see details below).<sup id="cite_ref-AHH327_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHH327-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iranian entities depicted on coinage include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ardoxsho" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardoxsho">Ardoxsho</a></i> (Αρδοχþο): <a href="/wiki/Ashi_Vanghuhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashi Vanghuhi">Ashi Vanghuhi</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_king_Huvishka_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kushan_king_Huvishka_coin.jpg/30px-Kushan_king_Huvishka_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kushan_king_Huvishka_coin.jpg/45px-Kushan_king_Huvishka_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kushan_king_Huvishka_coin.jpg/60px-Kushan_king_Huvishka_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashaeixsho" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashaeixsho">Ashaeixsho</a></i> (Aþαειχþo, "Best righteousness"): <a href="/wiki/Asha_Vahishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Asha Vahishta">Asha Vahishta</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg/30px-Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg/45px-Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg/60px-Huvishka_with_Ashaiexsho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atsho" class="mw-redirect" title="Atsho">Athsho</a></i> (Αθþο, "The Royal fire"): <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a><sup id="cite_ref-AHH327_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHH327-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_Athsho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Huvishka_with_Athsho.jpg/30px-Huvishka_with_Athsho.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Huvishka_with_Athsho.jpg/45px-Huvishka_with_Athsho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Huvishka_with_Athsho.jpg/60px-Huvishka_with_Athsho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pharro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharro">Pharro</a></i> (Φαρρο, "Royal splendour"): <a href="/wiki/Khwarenah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarenah">Khwarenah</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka._Circa_CE_152-192_diademed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Huvishka._Circa_CE_152-192_diademed.jpg/30px-Huvishka._Circa_CE_152-192_diademed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Huvishka._Circa_CE_152-192_diademed.jpg/45px-Huvishka._Circa_CE_152-192_diademed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Huvishka._Circa_CE_152-192_diademed.jpg/60px-Huvishka._Circa_CE_152-192_diademed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Lrooaspa</i> (Λροοασπο): <a href="/wiki/Drvaspa" title="Drvaspa">Drvaspa</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_the_Kushan_king_Kanishka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coin_of_the_Kushan_king_Kanishka.jpg/30px-Coin_of_the_Kushan_king_Kanishka.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coin_of_the_Kushan_king_Kanishka.jpg/45px-Coin_of_the_Kushan_king_Kanishka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Coin_of_the_Kushan_king_Kanishka.jpg/60px-Coin_of_the_Kushan_king_Kanishka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Manaobago</i> (Μαναοβαγο): <a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA324_324]_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA324_324]-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_with_Manaobago.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka I with Manaobago."><img alt="Kanishka I with Manaobago." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kanishka_I_with_Manaobago.jpg/30px-Kanishka_I_with_Manaobago.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kanishka_I_with_Manaobago.jpg/45px-Kanishka_I_with_Manaobago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kanishka_I_with_Manaobago.jpg/60px-Kanishka_I_with_Manaobago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="1294" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Mao</i> (Μαο, the Lunar deity): <a href="/wiki/Mah" title="Mah">Mah</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_Mao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Huvishka_with_Mao.jpg/30px-Huvishka_with_Mao.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Huvishka_with_Mao.jpg/45px-Huvishka_with_Mao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Huvishka_with_Mao.jpg/60px-Huvishka_with_Mao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Mithro</i> and variants (Μιθρο, Μιιρο, Μιορο, Μιυρο): <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_with_Miiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka I with Miiro"><img alt="Kanishka I with Miiro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kanishka_I_with_Miiro.jpg/30px-Kanishka_I_with_Miiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kanishka_I_with_Miiro.jpg/45px-Kanishka_I_with_Miiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kanishka_I_with_Miiro.jpg/60px-Kanishka_I_with_Miiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="950" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Mozdooano</i> (Μοζδοοανο, "Mazda the victorious?"): <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Mazda *vana</a><sup id="cite_ref-AHH327_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHH327-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kanishka_depicting_Mozdoano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Kanishka depicting Mozdoano."><img alt="Coin of Kanishka depicting Mozdoano." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coin_of_Kanishka_depicting_Mozdoano.jpg/30px-Coin_of_Kanishka_depicting_Mozdoano.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coin_of_Kanishka_depicting_Mozdoano.jpg/45px-Coin_of_Kanishka_depicting_Mozdoano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coin_of_Kanishka_depicting_Mozdoano.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Kanishka_depicting_Mozdoano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Bactrian_goddess)" title="Nana (Bactrian goddess)">Nana</a></i> (Νανα, Ναναια, Ναναϸαο): variations of pan-Asiatic <i>Nana</i>, Sogdian <i>Nny</i>, <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a><sup id="cite_ref-AHH327_95-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHH327-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_with_Nana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka I with Nana"><img alt="Kanishka I with Nana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kanishka_I_with_Nana.jpg/30px-Kanishka_I_with_Nana.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kanishka_I_with_Nana.jpg/45px-Kanishka_I_with_Nana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kanishka_I_with_Nana.jpg/60px-Kanishka_I_with_Nana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Oado</i> (Οαδο): <a href="/wiki/Vata-Vayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vata-Vayu">Vata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_and_Oado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka I and Oado"><img alt="Kanishka I and Oado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kanishka_I_and_Oado.jpg/30px-Kanishka_I_and_Oado.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kanishka_I_and_Oado.jpg/45px-Kanishka_I_and_Oado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kanishka_I_and_Oado.jpg/60px-Kanishka_I_and_Oado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Oaxsho</i> (Oαxþo): "Oxus"</li> <li><i>Ooromozdo</i> (Οορομοζδο): <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg/30px-Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg/45px-Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg/60px-Huvihska_with_Ahuramazda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%C5%99lagno" class="mw-redirect" title="Ořlagno">Ořlagno</a></i> (Οραλαγνο): <a href="/wiki/Verethragna" title="Verethragna">Verethragna</a>, the Iranian god of war <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kanisha_I_showing_Verethragna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coin_of_Kanisha_I_showing_Verethragna.jpg/30px-Coin_of_Kanisha_I_showing_Verethragna.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coin_of_Kanisha_I_showing_Verethragna.jpg/45px-Coin_of_Kanisha_I_showing_Verethragna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coin_of_Kanisha_I_showing_Verethragna.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Kanisha_I_showing_Verethragna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishti">Rishti</a></i> (Ριϸτι, "Uprightness"): <a href="/wiki/Arshtat" title="Arshtat">Arshtat</a><sup id="cite_ref-AHH327_95-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHH327-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_Rishti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Huvishka_with_Rishti.jpg/30px-Huvishka_with_Rishti.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Huvishka_with_Rishti.jpg/45px-Huvishka_with_Rishti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Huvishka_with_Rishti.jpg/60px-Huvishka_with_Rishti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="382" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaoreoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaoreoro">Shaoreoro</a></i> (Ϸαορηορο, "Best royal power", Archetypal ruler): <a href="/wiki/Khshathra_Vairya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khshathra Vairya">Khshathra Vairya</a><sup id="cite_ref-AHH327_95-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHH327-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_and_Shaoreoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Huvishka_and_Shaoreoro.jpg/30px-Huvishka_and_Shaoreoro.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Huvishka_and_Shaoreoro.jpg/45px-Huvishka_and_Shaoreoro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Huvishka_and_Shaoreoro.jpg/60px-Huvishka_and_Shaoreoro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Tiero</i> (Τιερο): <a href="/wiki/Tishtrya" title="Tishtrya">Tir</a></li></ul> <p>Representation of entities from Greek mythology and Hellenistic syncretism are: </p> <ul><li><i>Zaoou</i> (Ζαοου):<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kujula_Kadphises_with_Zeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Kujula Kadphises. Obv Kujula seated cross legged facing, Kharoshti legend: Kuyula Kadaphasa Kushanasa. Rev Zeus on the reverse, Greek legend: ΚΟΖΟΛΑ XOPANOY ZAOOY."><img alt="Coin of Kujula Kadphises. Obv Kujula seated cross legged facing, Kharoshti legend: Kuyula Kadaphasa Kushanasa. Rev Zeus on the reverse, Greek legend: ΚΟΖΟΛΑ XOPANOY ZAOOY." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kujula_Kadphises_with_Zeus.jpg/30px-Kujula_Kadphises_with_Zeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kujula_Kadphises_with_Zeus.jpg/45px-Kujula_Kadphises_with_Zeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kujula_Kadphises_with_Zeus.jpg/60px-Kujula_Kadphises_with_Zeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Ēlios</i> (Ηλιος): <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/30px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/45px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/60px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Ēphaēstos</i> (Ηφαηστος): <a href="/wiki/Hephaistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephaistos">Hephaistos</a></li> <li><i>Oa nēndo</i> (Οα νηνδο): <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_Nike.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huvishka with Nike"><img alt="Huvishka with Nike" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Huvishka_with_Nike.jpg/30px-Huvishka_with_Nike.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Huvishka_with_Nike.jpg/45px-Huvishka_with_Nike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Huvishka_with_Nike.jpg/60px-Huvishka_with_Nike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Salēnē</i> (Ϲαληνη):<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I._Circa_AD_127-151._Monolingual_Greek_issue._Main_mint_in_Baktria_Early_phase._Obverse_BACI%CE%9B%D0%84YC_BACI%CE%9B%D0%84%CF%89N_KANH%C3%9EKOY,_Reverse_CA%CE%9BHNH_to_right,_Selene,_wearing_lunar_horns.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka with Selene"><img alt="Kanishka with Selene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kanishka_I._Circa_AD_127-151._Monolingual_Greek_issue._Main_mint_in_Baktria_Early_phase._Obverse_BACI%CE%9B%D0%84YC_BACI%CE%9B%D0%84%CF%89N_KANH%C3%9EKOY%2C_Reverse_CA%CE%9BHNH_to_right%2C_Selene%2C_wearing_lunar_horns.jpg/30px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kanishka_I._Circa_AD_127-151._Monolingual_Greek_issue._Main_mint_in_Baktria_Early_phase._Obverse_BACI%CE%9B%D0%84YC_BACI%CE%9B%D0%84%CF%89N_KANH%C3%9EKOY%2C_Reverse_CA%CE%9BHNH_to_right%2C_Selene%2C_wearing_lunar_horns.jpg/45px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kanishka_I._Circa_AD_127-151._Monolingual_Greek_issue._Main_mint_in_Baktria_Early_phase._Obverse_BACI%CE%9B%D0%84YC_BACI%CE%9B%D0%84%CF%89N_KANH%C3%9EKOY%2C_Reverse_CA%CE%9BHNH_to_right%2C_Selene%2C_wearing_lunar_horns.jpg/60px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="831" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Anēmos</i> (Ανημος): <a href="/wiki/Anemos" class="mw-redirect" title="Anemos">Anemos</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A43_Kouchan_Kanishka_4unit_1ar_(8300885384).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A43_Kouchan_Kanishka_4unit_1ar_%288300885384%29.jpg/30px-A43_Kouchan_Kanishka_4unit_1ar_%288300885384%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A43_Kouchan_Kanishka_4unit_1ar_%288300885384%29.jpg/45px-A43_Kouchan_Kanishka_4unit_1ar_%288300885384%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A43_Kouchan_Kanishka_4unit_1ar_%288300885384%29.jpg/60px-A43_Kouchan_Kanishka_4unit_1ar_%288300885384%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Ērakilo</i> (Ηρακιλο): <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar,_Kushan_Empire,_Depiction_of_Hercules,_152-192_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg/30px-Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg/45px-Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg/60px-Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Sarapo</i> (Ϲαραπο): the Greco-Egyptian god <a href="/wiki/Sarapis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarapis">Sarapis</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_seated_god_Serapis_(%22Sarapo%22).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Huvishka_with_seated_god_Serapis_%28%22Sarapo%22%29.jpg/30px-Huvishka_with_seated_god_Serapis_%28%22Sarapo%22%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Huvishka_with_seated_god_Serapis_%28%22Sarapo%22%29.jpg/45px-Huvishka_with_seated_god_Serapis_%28%22Sarapo%22%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Huvishka_with_seated_god_Serapis_%28%22Sarapo%22%29.jpg/60px-Huvishka_with_seated_god_Serapis_%28%22Sarapo%22%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="388" /></a></span></li></ul> <p>The Indic entities represented on coinage include:<sup id="cite_ref-MA_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Boddo</i> (Βοδδο): the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/30px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/45px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Shakamano Boddho</i> (Ϸακαμανο Βοδδο): <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_and_Buddha_Sakyamuni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka I and Buddha Sakyamuni"><img alt="Kanishka I and Buddha Sakyamuni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kanishka_I_and_Buddha_Sakyamuni.jpg/30px-Kanishka_I_and_Buddha_Sakyamuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kanishka_I_and_Buddha_Sakyamuni.jpg/45px-Kanishka_I_and_Buddha_Sakyamuni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Kanishka_I_and_Buddha_Sakyamuni.jpg/60px-Kanishka_I_and_Buddha_Sakyamuni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Metrago Boddo</i> (Μετραγο Βοδδο): the bodhisattava <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Kanishka with the Bodhisattva Maitreya "Metrago Boudo"."><img alt="Coin of Kanishka with the Bodhisattva Maitreya "Metrago Boudo"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg/30px-Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg/45px-Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg/60px-Kanishka_I_with_Maitreya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Maaseno</i> (Μαασηνο): <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Mahāsena</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg/30px-Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg/45px-Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg/60px-Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="369" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_Maasena_and_attendants.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huvishka with Maasena and attendants"><img alt="Huvishka with Maasena and attendants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Huvishka_with_Maasena_and_attendants.jpg/30px-Huvishka_with_Maasena_and_attendants.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Huvishka_with_Maasena_and_attendants.jpg/45px-Huvishka_with_Maasena_and_attendants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Huvishka_with_Maasena_and_attendants.jpg/60px-Huvishka_with_Maasena_and_attendants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Skando-Komaro</i> (Σκανδο-kομαρο): <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Skanda</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kumara</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huvishka with Skando-Komaro and Bizago"><img alt="Huvishka with Skando-Komaro and Bizago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg/30px-Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg/45px-Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg/60px-Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Bizago</i>: <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%9B%C4%81kha" class="mw-redirect" title="Viśākha">Viśākha</a><sup id="cite_ref-MA_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Huvishka with Skando-Komaro and Bizago"><img alt="Huvishka with Skando-Komaro and Bizago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg/30px-Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg/45px-Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg/60px-Huvishka_with_Skando-Komaro_and_Bizago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></li> <li><i>Ommo</i>: <a href="/wiki/Um%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Umā">Umā</a>, the consort of Siva.<sup id="cite_ref-MA_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MA-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_with_Ommo_and_Oesho.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coinage of Kushan ruler Huvishka with, on the reverse, the divine couple Ommo ("ΟΜΜΟ", Umā) holding lotus flower, and Oesho ("ΟΗϷΟ", Shiva) with four arms holding attributes. Circa 150-180 CE."><img alt="Coinage of Kushan ruler Huvishka with, on the reverse, the divine couple Ommo ("ΟΜΜΟ", Umā) holding lotus flower, and Oesho ("ΟΗϷΟ", Shiva) with four arms holding attributes. Circa 150-180 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Huvishka_with_Ommo_and_Oesho.jpg/30px-Huvishka_with_Ommo_and_Oesho.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Huvishka_with_Ommo_and_Oesho.jpg/45px-Huvishka_with_Ommo_and_Oesho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Huvishka_with_Ommo_and_Oesho.jpg/60px-Huvishka_with_Ommo_and_Oesho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oesho" title="Oesho">Oesho</a></i> (Οηϸο): long considered to represent Indic <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti197656-59_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti197656-59-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sino-platonic.org_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sino-platonic.org-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200741–53_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200741–53-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also identified as <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> <a href="/wiki/Vayu-Vata" title="Vayu-Vata">Vayu</a> conflated with Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_Oesho_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Huvishka_Oesho_coin.jpg/30px-Huvishka_Oesho_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Huvishka_Oesho_coin.jpg/45px-Huvishka_Oesho_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Huvishka_Oesho_coin.jpg/60px-Huvishka_Oesho_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></li> <li>Two copper coins of Huvishka bear a "Ganesa" legend, but instead of depicting the typical <a href="/wiki/Theriomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theriomorphic">theriomorphic</a> figure of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, have a figure of an archer holding a full-length bow with string inwards and an arrow. This is typically a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>, but in the case of these two coins is generally assumed to represent Shiva.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Images of Kushan worshippers</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ZeusSerapisOhrmazdWithWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kushan worshipper with Zeus/Serapis/Ohrmazd, Bactria, 3rd century AD.[103]"><img alt="Kushan worshipper with Zeus/Serapis/Ohrmazd, Bactria, 3rd century AD.[103]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ZeusSerapisOhrmazdWithWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg/132px-ZeusSerapisOhrmazdWithWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ZeusSerapisOhrmazdWithWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg/198px-ZeusSerapisOhrmazdWithWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/ZeusSerapisOhrmazdWithWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg/264px-ZeusSerapisOhrmazdWithWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kushan worshipper with Zeus/Serapis/Ohrmazd, Bactria, 3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PharroAndWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kushan worshipper with Pharro, Bactria, 3rd century AD.[103]"><img alt="Kushan worshipper with Pharro, Bactria, 3rd century AD.[103]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PharroAndWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg/130px-PharroAndWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PharroAndWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg/195px-PharroAndWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PharroAndWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg/260px-PharroAndWorshipperBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kushan worshipper with <a href="/wiki/Pharro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharro">Pharro</a>, Bactria, 3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ShivaOeshoBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kushan worshipper with Shiva/Oesho, Bactria, 3rd century AD.[103]"><img alt="Kushan worshipper with Shiva/Oesho, Bactria, 3rd century AD.[103]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ShivaOeshoBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg/133px-ShivaOeshoBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ShivaOeshoBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg/199px-ShivaOeshoBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/ShivaOeshoBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg/266px-ShivaOeshoBactria3rdCenturyCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1097" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kushan worshipper with Shiva/Oesho, Bactria, 3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva-Oesho_wall_painting,_Kushan,_3rd_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shiva-Oesho wall painting with fragment of a worshipper, Bactria, 3rd century AD.[104]"><img alt="Shiva-Oesho wall painting with fragment of a worshipper, Bactria, 3rd century AD.[104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shiva-Oesho_wall_painting%2C_Kushan%2C_3rd_century_CE.jpg/110px-Shiva-Oesho_wall_painting%2C_Kushan%2C_3rd_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shiva-Oesho_wall_painting%2C_Kushan%2C_3rd_century_CE.jpg/165px-Shiva-Oesho_wall_painting%2C_Kushan%2C_3rd_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shiva-Oesho_wall_painting%2C_Kushan%2C_3rd_century_CE.jpg/220px-Shiva-Oesho_wall_painting%2C_Kushan%2C_3rd_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2928" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>-Oesho wall painting with fragment of a worshipper, Bactria, 3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Deities on Kushan coinage and seals</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MahasenaHuvishka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahasena on a coin of Huvishka"><img alt="Mahasena on a coin of Huvishka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MahasenaHuvishka.jpg/151px-MahasenaHuvishka.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MahasenaHuvishka.jpg/226px-MahasenaHuvishka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/MahasenaHuvishka.jpg/302px-MahasenaHuvishka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="1879" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mahasena on a coin of Huvishka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoinOfHuvishkaWithOisho.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Four-faced Oesho"><img alt="Four-faced Oesho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CoinOfHuvishkaWithOisho.JPG/160px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithOisho.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CoinOfHuvishkaWithOisho.JPG/240px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithOisho.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CoinOfHuvishkaWithOisho.JPG/320px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithOisho.JPG 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Four-faced Oesho</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoinOfHuvishkaWithRishtiAsRoma.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rishti or Riom[105][106]"><img alt="Rishti or Riom[105][106]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CoinOfHuvishkaWithRishtiAsRoma.JPG/163px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithRishtiAsRoma.JPG" decoding="async" width="109" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CoinOfHuvishkaWithRishtiAsRoma.JPG/245px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithRishtiAsRoma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/CoinOfHuvishkaWithRishtiAsRoma.JPG/326px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithRishtiAsRoma.JPG 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rishti or Riom<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manaobago.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Manaobago"><img alt="Manaobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manaobago.JPG/162px-Manaobago.JPG" decoding="async" width="108" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manaobago.JPG/243px-Manaobago.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manaobago.JPG/323px-Manaobago.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Manaobago</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoinOfHuvishkaWithPharro.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharro"><img alt="Pharro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CoinOfHuvishkaWithPharro.JPG/154px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithPharro.JPG" decoding="async" width="103" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CoinOfHuvishkaWithPharro.JPG/231px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithPharro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/CoinOfHuvishkaWithPharro.JPG/307px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithPharro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="649" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pharro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 103.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoinOfHuvishkaWithArdochsho.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ardochsho"><img alt="Ardochsho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/CoinOfHuvishkaWithArdochsho.JPG/155px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithArdochsho.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/CoinOfHuvishkaWithArdochsho.JPG/232px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithArdochsho.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/CoinOfHuvishkaWithArdochsho.JPG/310px-CoinOfHuvishkaWithArdochsho.JPG 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ardochsho</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KanihkaIOishoShiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oesho or Shiva"><img alt="Oesho or Shiva" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/KanihkaIOishoShiva.jpg/152px-KanihkaIOishoShiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/KanihkaIOishoShiva.jpg/228px-KanihkaIOishoShiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/KanihkaIOishoShiva.jpg/304px-KanihkaIOishoShiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oesho or Shiva</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KanihkaIOishoShivaCoin2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oesho or Shiva with bull"><img alt="Oesho or Shiva with bull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/KanihkaIOishoShivaCoin2.jpg/151px-KanihkaIOishoShivaCoin2.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/KanihkaIOishoShivaCoin2.jpg/226px-KanihkaIOishoShivaCoin2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/KanihkaIOishoShivaCoin2.jpg/302px-KanihkaIOishoShivaCoin2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="1661" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oesho or Shiva with bull</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SkandaAndVisakhaHuvishkaCoin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skanda and Visakha"><img alt="Skanda and Visakha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SkandaAndVisakhaHuvishkaCoin.jpg/151px-SkandaAndVisakhaHuvishkaCoin.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SkandaAndVisakhaHuvishkaCoin.jpg/226px-SkandaAndVisakhaHuvishkaCoin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/SkandaAndVisakhaHuvishkaCoin.jpg/302px-SkandaAndVisakhaHuvishkaCoin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1891" data-file-height="1879" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skanda and Visakha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AdshoCarnelianSeal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kushan Carnelian seal representing the "ΑΔϷΟ" (adsho Atar), with triratana symbol left, and Kanishka the Great's dynastic mark right"><img alt="Kushan Carnelian seal representing the "ΑΔϷΟ" (adsho Atar), with triratana symbol left, and Kanishka the Great's dynastic mark right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/AdshoCarnelianSeal.jpg/161px-AdshoCarnelianSeal.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/AdshoCarnelianSeal.jpg/241px-AdshoCarnelianSeal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/AdshoCarnelianSeal.jpg/321px-AdshoCarnelianSeal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1694" data-file-height="1583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kushan <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a> seal representing the "ΑΔϷΟ" (<i>adsho</i> Atar), with <a href="/wiki/Triratana" class="mw-redirect" title="Triratana">triratana</a> symbol left, and Kanishka the Great's dynastic mark right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Kanishka I, with a depiction of the Buddha and legend "Boddo" in Greek script"><img alt="Coin of Kanishka I, with a depiction of the Buddha and legend "Boddo" in Greek script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/315px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/472px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg/629px-Coin_of_Kanishka_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a>, with a depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and legend "Boddo" in Greek script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinar,_Kushan_Empire,_Depiction_of_Hercules,_152-192_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herakles."><img alt="Herakles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg/320px-Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg/480px-Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg/640px-Dinar%2C_Kushan_Empire%2C_Depiction_of_Hercules%2C_152-192_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Herakles.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Kujula_Kadphises.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha"><img alt="Buddha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coin_of_Kujula_Kadphises.jpg/292px-Coin_of_Kujula_Kadphises.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Coin_of_Kujula_Kadphises.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="218" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wima_Kadphises.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Vima Kadphises. Deity Oesho on the reverse, thought to be Shiva,[99][100][107] or the Zoroastrian Vayu.[108]"><img alt="Coin of Vima Kadphises. Deity Oesho on the reverse, thought to be Shiva,[99][100][107] or the Zoroastrian Vayu.[108]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wima_Kadphises.jpg/300px-Wima_Kadphises.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wima_Kadphises.jpg/450px-Wima_Kadphises.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Wima_Kadphises.jpg/600px-Wima_Kadphises.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="651" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a>. Deity <a href="/wiki/Oesho" title="Oesho">Oesho</a> on the reverse, thought to be <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sino-platonic.org_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sino-platonic.org-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200741–53_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200741–53-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Zoroastrian <a href="/wiki/Vayu-Vata" title="Vayu-Vata">Vayu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kushans_and_Buddhism">Kushans and Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kushans and Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution,_Simpson_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg/220px-Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg/330px-Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg/440px-Ahin_Posh_stupa_reconstitution%2C_Simpson_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ahin_Posh" title="Ahin Posh">Ahin Posh</a> stupa was dedicated in the 2nd century AD under the Kushans, and contained coins of Kushan and Roman Emperors.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg/220px-Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg/330px-Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg/440px-Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4039" /></a><figcaption>Early Mahayana Buddhist triad. From left to right, a Kushan devotee, <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avalokitesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokitesvara">Avalokitesvara</a>, and a Buddhist monk. 2nd–3rd century, <a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield1967[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidudnBkQhzHH4CpgPT97_p._451,_Figure_105]_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield1967[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidudnBkQhzHH4CpgPT97_p._451,_Figure_105]-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Kushans inherited the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Buddhist">Greco-Buddhist</a> traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> they replaced, and their patronage of Buddhist institutions allowed them to grow as a commercial power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201042_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201042-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the mid-1st century and the mid-3rd century, Buddhism, patronised by the Kushans, extended to China and other Asian countries through the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kanishka is renowned in Buddhist tradition for having convened a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Councils#The_fourth_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Councils">great Buddhist council</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>. Along with his predecessors in the region, the Indo-Greek king <a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a> (Milinda) and the Indian emperors <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Vardhana</a>, Kanishka is considered by Buddhism as one of its greatest benefactors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the 1st century AD, Buddhist books were being produced and carried by monks, and their trader patrons. Also, monasteries were being established along these land routes that went from China and other parts of Asia. With the development of Buddhist books, it caused a new written language called Gandhara. Gandhara consists of eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. Scholars are said to have found many Buddhist scrolls that contained the Gandhari language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201058_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201058-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reign of Huvishka corresponds to the first known epigraphic evidence of the Buddha <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a>, on the bottom part of a 2nd-century statue which has been found in Govindo-Nagar, and now at the <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a> Museum. The statue is dated to "the 28th year of the reign of Huvishka", and dedicated to "Amitabha Buddha" by a family of merchants. There is also some evidence that Huvishka himself was a follower of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism. A <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> manuscript fragment in the <a href="/wiki/Schoyen_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Schoyen Collection">Schøyen Collection</a> describes Huvishka as one who has "set forth in the Mahāyāna."<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 12th century historical chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a></i> mentions in detail the rule of the Kushan kings and their benevolence towards Buddhism:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA199_199–200]_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA199_199–200]-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VDM_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then there ruled in this very land the founders of cities called after their own appellations the three kings named <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vashishka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashishka">Juska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kaniska</a> (...) These kings albeit belonging to the Turkish race found refuge in acts of piety; they constructed in Suskaletra and other places <a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">monasteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Caityas</a> and similar edificies. During the glorious period of their regime the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> was for the most part an appanage of the Buddhists who had acquired lustre by renunciation. At this time since the Nirvana of the blessed <a href="/wiki/Sakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakyamuni">Sakya Simha</a> in this terrestrial world one hundred fifty years, it is said, had elapsed. And a Bodhisattva was in this country the sole supreme ruler of the land; he was the illustrious <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> who dwelt in Sadarhadvana.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a></i> (I168-I173)<sup id="cite_ref-VDM_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kushan_art">Kushan art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kushan art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kushan_art" title="Kushan art">Kushan art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">Art of Mathura</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_prince_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kushan_prince_portrait.jpg/151px-Kushan_prince_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kushan_prince_portrait.jpg/227px-Kushan_prince_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Kushan_prince_portrait.jpg/302px-Kushan_prince_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2087" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara,_testa_di_bodhisattva,_190-210_dc_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gandhara%2C_testa_di_bodhisattva%2C_190-210_dc_ca..JPG/133px-Gandhara%2C_testa_di_bodhisattva%2C_190-210_dc_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gandhara%2C_testa_di_bodhisattva%2C_190-210_dc_ca..JPG/200px-Gandhara%2C_testa_di_bodhisattva%2C_190-210_dc_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gandhara%2C_testa_di_bodhisattva%2C_190-210_dc_ca..JPG/266px-Gandhara%2C_testa_di_bodhisattva%2C_190-210_dc_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1784" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Portrait of a Kushan prince from <a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a> (left), and head of a Gandhara <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattava" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhisattava">Bodhisattava</a> (right), said to have similar characteristics (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BR_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The art and culture of Gandhara, at the crossroads of the Kushan hegemony, developed the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> and are the best known expressions of Kushan influences to Westerners. Several direct depictions of Kushans are known from Gandhara, where they are represented with a tunic, belt and trousers and play the role of devotees to the Buddha, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> and future Buddha Maitreya.<sup id="cite_ref-BR_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Benjamin Rowland, the first expression of Kushan art appears at <a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a> at the end of the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-BR_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a>, and possibly from the art of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nysa</a>, and clearly has similarities with the later <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Art of Gandhara</a>, and may even have been at the origin of its development.<sup id="cite_ref-BR_123-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowland particularly draws attention to the similarity of the ethnic types represented at Khalchayan and in the art of Gandhara, and also in the style of portraiture itself.<sup id="cite_ref-BR_123-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Rowland find a great proximity between <a href="/wiki/File:KushanHead.jpg" title="File:KushanHead.jpg">the famous head of a Yuezhi prince</a> from Khalchayan, and the head of Gandharan <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a>, giving the example of the Gandharan head of a Bodhisattva in the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BR_123-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarity of the Gandhara Bodhisattva with the portrait of the Kushan ruler <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> is also striking.<sup id="cite_ref-BR_123-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rowland the Bactrian art of Khalchayan thus survived for several centuries through its influence in the art of Gandhara, thanks to the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BR_123-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Kushan Empire, many images of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> share a strong resemblance to the features of Greek, Syrian, Persian and Indian figures. These Western-looking stylistic signatures often include heavy drapery and curly hair,<sup id="cite_ref-BMA_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMA-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing a composite (the Greeks, for example, often possessed curly hair).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the Kushans took control of the area of <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a> as well, the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mathura" title="Art of Mathura">Art of Mathura</a> developed considerably, and free-standing statues of the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> came to be mass-produced around this time, possibly encouraged by doctrinal changes in Buddhism allowing to depart from the <a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">aniconism</a> that had prevailed in the Buddhist sculptures at Mathura, <a href="/wiki/Bharhut" title="Bharhut">Bharhut</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> from the end of the 2nd century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-RS439_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS439-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artistic cultural influence of kushans declined slowly due to Hellenistic Greek and Indian influences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA202_202]_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA202_202]-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center" style="font-size: 90%"> <li class="gallerycaption"><b>Dated Buddhist statuary under the Kushans</b></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka I: Kosambi Bodhisattva, inscribed "Year 2 of Kanishka" (AD 129).[120]"><img alt="Kanishka I: Kosambi Bodhisattva, inscribed "Year 2 of Kanishka" (AD 129).[120]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg/136px-Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg/204px-Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg/272px-Standing_Bodhisattva_Dedicated_by_Buddhamitra_Year_2_of_Kanishka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Kosambi" title="Kosambi">Kosambi</a> Bodhisattva, inscribed "Year 2 of Kanishka" (AD 129).<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka I: Bala Bodhisattva, Sarnath, inscribed "Year 3 of Kanishka" (AD 130).[121]"><img alt="Kanishka I: Bala Bodhisattva, Sarnath, inscribed "Year 3 of Kanishka" (AD 130).[121]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg/177px-Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg/267px-Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg/355px-Bodhisattva_dedicated_by_Bhikshu_Bala_at_Sarnath_123_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a>:<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Bala_Bodhisattva" title="Bala Bodhisattva">Bala Bodhisattva</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, inscribed "Year 3 of Kanishka" (AD 130).<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants,_Mathura.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka I: Kimbell seated Bodhisattva, with inscription "Year 4 of Kanishka" (AD 131).[note 7][122][123] Another similar statue has "Year 32 of Kanishka".[124]"><img alt="Kanishka I: Kimbell seated Bodhisattva, with inscription "Year 4 of Kanishka" (AD 131).[note 7][122][123] Another similar statue has "Year 32 of Kanishka".[124]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg/268px-Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg/402px-Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg/535px-Kimbell_seated_Buddha_with_attendants%2C_Mathura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3924" data-file-height="3740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a>:<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Kimbell_seated_Bodhisattva" title="Kimbell seated Bodhisattva">Kimbell seated Bodhisattva</a></i>, with inscription "Year 4 of Kanishka" (AD 131).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another similar statue has "Year 32 of Kanishka".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka I: Buddha from Loriyan Tangai with inscription mentioning the "year 318" of the Yavana era (AD 143).[125]"><img alt="Kanishka I: Buddha from Loriyan Tangai with inscription mentioning the "year 318" of the Yavana era (AD 143).[125]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg/137px-Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg/207px-Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg/275px-Loriya_Tangai_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka I">Kanishka I</a>:<br />Buddha from <a href="/wiki/Loriyan_Tangai" title="Loriyan Tangai">Loriyan Tangai</a> with inscription mentioning the "year 318" of the <a href="/wiki/Yavana_era" title="Yavana era">Yavana era</a> (AD 143).<sup id="cite_ref-PC_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hashtnagar_Buddha_and_piedestal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vasudeva I: Hashtnagar Buddha and its piedestal, inscribed with "year 384" of the Yavana era (c. AD 209).[125]"><img alt="Vasudeva I: Hashtnagar Buddha and its piedestal, inscribed with "year 384" of the Yavana era (c. AD 209).[125]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hashtnagar_Buddha_and_piedestal.jpg/115px-Hashtnagar_Buddha_and_piedestal.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hashtnagar_Buddha_and_piedestal.jpg/172px-Hashtnagar_Buddha_and_piedestal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hashtnagar_Buddha_and_piedestal.jpg/230px-Hashtnagar_Buddha_and_piedestal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3752" data-file-height="8320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Hashtnagar" title="Hashtnagar">Hashtnagar</a> Buddha and its piedestal, inscribed with "year 384" of the <a href="/wiki/Yavana_era" title="Yavana era">Yavana era</a> (c. AD 209).<sup id="cite_ref-PC_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamane_Dheri_sculpture_Year_89.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vasudeva I: Mamane Dheri Buddha, inscribed with "Year 89", probably of the Kanishka era (AD 216).[125]"><img alt="Vasudeva I: Mamane Dheri Buddha, inscribed with "Year 89", probably of the Kanishka era (AD 216).[125]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mamane_Dheri_sculpture_Year_89.jpg/235px-Mamane_Dheri_sculpture_Year_89.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mamane_Dheri_sculpture_Year_89.jpg/353px-Mamane_Dheri_sculpture_Year_89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mamane_Dheri_sculpture_Year_89.jpg/470px-Mamane_Dheri_sculpture_Year_89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a>:<br />Mamane Dheri Buddha, inscribed with "Year 89", probably of the <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a> era (AD 216).<sup id="cite_ref-PC_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hariti_(Gandhara).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanishka II: Statue of Hariti from Skarah Dheri, Gandhara, "Year 399" of the Yavana era (AD 244).[125]"><img alt="Kanishka II: Statue of Hariti from Skarah Dheri, Gandhara, "Year 399" of the Yavana era (AD 244).[125]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hariti_%28Gandhara%29.jpg/126px-Hariti_%28Gandhara%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hariti_%28Gandhara%29.jpg/189px-Hariti_%28Gandhara%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hariti_%28Gandhara%29.jpg/252px-Hariti_%28Gandhara%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_II" title="Kanishka II">Kanishka II</a>:<br />Statue of <a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hariti</a> from Skarah Dheri, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, "Year 399" of the Yavana era (AD 244).<sup id="cite_ref-PC_133-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PC-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kushan_monetary_system">Kushan monetary system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kushan monetary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kushan_coinage" title="Kushan coinage">Kushan coinage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalverzin_Tepe_gold_ingots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dalverzin_Tepe_gold_ingots.jpg/220px-Dalverzin_Tepe_gold_ingots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dalverzin_Tepe_gold_ingots.jpg/330px-Dalverzin_Tepe_gold_ingots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dalverzin_Tepe_gold_ingots.jpg/440px-Dalverzin_Tepe_gold_ingots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Kushan gold ingots, from the <a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a> treasure, 1st century CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kushans used gold ingots as part of their monetary system, as shown by the gold treasure discovered in 1972 in <a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SPL68_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPL68-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main objects from the treasure were circular and parallelepipedic ingots, followed by various decorative objects and jewellery items.<sup id="cite_ref-SPL68_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPL68-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circular ingots used to be progressively cut up as needed, depending on the amount required for a transaction.<sup id="cite_ref-SPL68_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPL68-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, the parallelepipedic ingots were used to stock wealth in a not-divisible form; these ingots bear inscriptions in <a href="/wiki/Kharoshthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharoshthi">Kharoshthi</a> mentioning their weight and the god <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a> (protector of contractual relations)<sup id="cite_ref-SPL68_134-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPL68-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These ingots are all attributed to the monetary system of the Kushan Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-SPL68_134-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPL68-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coinage of the Kushans was abundant and an important tool of propaganda in promoting each Kushan ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the names for Kushan coins was <i><a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">Dinara</a></i>, which ultimately came from the Roman name <i><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coinage of the Kushans was copied as far as the <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a> in the west, and the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> to the east. The coinage of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> was also initially derived from the coinage of the Kushan Empire, adopting its weight standard, techniques and designs, following the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> in the northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RM_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RM-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imagery on Gupta coins then became more Indian in both style and subject matter compared to earlier dynasties, where Greco-Roman and Persian styles were mostly followed.<sup id="cite_ref-RM_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RM-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has long been suggested that the gold contained in Kushan coins was ultimately of Roman origin, and that Roman coins were imported as a consequence of trade and melted in India to mint Kushan coins. However, a recent <a href="/wiki/Archaeometallurgy" title="Archaeometallurgy">archaeometallurgical study</a> of trace elements through proton activation analysis has shown that Kushan gold contains high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, which rules out the hypothesis of a Roman provenance. To this day, the origin of Kushan gold remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contacts_with_Rome">Contacts with Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contacts with Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Roman coinage among the Kushans</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg/154px-TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg/231px-TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg/308px-TrajanCoinAhinposhBuddhistMonasteryAfghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Coin of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, found together with coins of Kanishka the Great at the <a href="/wiki/Ahin_Posh" title="Ahin Posh">Ahin Posh</a> Monastery</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg/130px-Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg/195px-Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg/260px-Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="918" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Kushan ring with inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, with portraits of Roman rulers <a href="/wiki/Septimus_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Septimus Severus">Septimus Severus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus._AD_193-211._Indian_imitation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Septimius_Severus._AD_193-211._Indian_imitation.jpg/288px-Septimius_Severus._AD_193-211._Indian_imitation.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Septimius_Severus._AD_193-211._Indian_imitation.jpg/432px-Septimius_Severus._AD_193-211._Indian_imitation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Septimius_Severus._AD_193-211._Indian_imitation.jpg/576px-Septimius_Severus._AD_193-211._Indian_imitation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Indian imitation of a coin of Septimius Severus. AD 193-211</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Several Roman sources describe the visit of ambassadors from the Kings of Bactria and India during the 2nd century, probably referring to the Kushans.<sup id="cite_ref-RML131_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RML131-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, speaking of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Emperor Hadrian</a> (117–138) tells:<sup id="cite_ref-RML131_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RML131-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BegramGladiator.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BegramGladiator.JPG/170px-BegramGladiator.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BegramGladiator.JPG/255px-BegramGladiator.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BegramGladiator.JPG/340px-BegramGladiator.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Greco-Roman <a href="/wiki/Gladiator" title="Gladiator">gladiator</a> on a glass vessel, Begram, 2nd century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Reges Bactrianorum legatos ad eum, amicitiae petendae causa, supplices miserunt</i> "The kings of the Bactrians sent supplicant ambassadors to him, to seek his friendship."<sup id="cite_ref-RML131_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RML131-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Also in 138, according to <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a> (<i>Epitome</i>‚ XV, 4), and <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> (<i>Praef.</i>, 7), <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, successor to Hadrian, received some Indian, Bactrian, and <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyrcanian">Hyrcanian</a> ambassadors.<sup id="cite_ref-RML131_143-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RML131-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Kushan coins have an effigy of "Roma", suggesting a strong level of awareness and some level of diplomatic relations.<sup id="cite_ref-RML131_143-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RML131-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The summer capital of the Kushan Empire in Begram has yielded a considerable amount of goods imported from the Roman Empire—in particular, various types of glassware. The Chinese described the presence of Roman goods in the Kushan realm: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Precious things from <i>Da Qin</i> [the Roman Empire] can be found there [in Tianzhu or Northwestern India], as well as fine <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> cloths, fine wool carpets, perfumes of all sorts, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_candy" title="Sugar candy">sugar candy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, and black salt."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hou Hanshu<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200931_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200931-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a>, a client of Rome and ruler of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>, is known to have traded with the Kushan Empire, goods being sent by sea and through the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contacts_with_China">Contacts with China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Contacts with China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kushan Empire is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Kushan Empire is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire_(large).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire_%28large%29.png/300px-Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire_%28large%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire_%28large%29.png/450px-Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire_%28large%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire_%28large%29.png/600px-Map_of_the_Kushan_Empire_%28large%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="1839" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_278x03" style="position:absolute; left:278px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/100_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="100 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">100</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_120x115" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:115px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">WESTERN<br />SATRAPS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_99x100" style="position:absolute; left:99px; top:100px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">INDO-<br />PARTHIANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_51x136" style="position:absolute; 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left:135px; top:59px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">WUSUN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x63" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:63px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jushi_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jushi kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">Jushi</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x75" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:75px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">LOULAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x74" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Ordos<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_245x60" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>DONGHU</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_177x27" style="position:absolute; left:177px; top:27px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tashtyk_culture" title="Tashtyk culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Tashtyk</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_182x40" style="position:absolute; left:182px; top:40px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kokel_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokel Culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Kokel</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x65" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:65px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KANGJU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_148x82" style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:82px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khotan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Khotan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_147x35" style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:35px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dinlings" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinlings"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Dinlings</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x42" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:42px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sarmatians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x82" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:82px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ROMAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_58x87" style="position:absolute; left:58px; top:87px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PARTHIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x83" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:83px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KUSHAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x135" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:135px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SATAVA-<br />HANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_205x145" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">FUNAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x94" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:94px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">HAN<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x50" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:50px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#4F311CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">XIONGNU</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Kushan Empire and contemporary polities in continental Asia circa 100 AD.</div></div></div> <p>During the 1st and 2nd century AD, the Kushan Empire expanded militarily to the north, putting them at the center of the profitable Central Asian commerce. They are related to have collaborated militarily with the Chinese against nomadic incursion, particularly when they allied with the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> general <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a> against the Sogdians in 84, when the latter were trying to support a revolt by the king of Kashgar.<sup id="cite_ref-de_crespigny_2007_5-6_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_crespigny_2007_5-6-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 85, they also assisted the Chinese general in an attack on <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, east of the Tarim Basin. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Kushan coinage in China</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KanishkaICoinFoundInKhotan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KanishkaICoinFoundInKhotan.jpg/99px-KanishkaICoinFoundInKhotan.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KanishkaICoinFoundInKhotan.jpg/149px-KanishkaICoinFoundInKhotan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/KanishkaICoinFoundInKhotan.jpg/198px-KanishkaICoinFoundInKhotan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A bronze coin of Kanishka the Great found in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:97px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lead_Ingot_with_Characters,_Gansu_Provincial_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lead_Ingot_with_Characters%2C_Gansu_Provincial_Museum.jpg/185px-Lead_Ingot_with_Characters%2C_Gansu_Provincial_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lead_Ingot_with_Characters%2C_Gansu_Provincial_Museum.jpg/278px-Lead_Ingot_with_Characters%2C_Gansu_Provincial_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Lead_Ingot_with_Characters%2C_Gansu_Provincial_Museum.jpg/370px-Lead_Ingot_with_Characters%2C_Gansu_Provincial_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3909" data-file-height="2057" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> inscriptions on lead ingot, using barbarous Greek alphabet in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushans</a>, excavated in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, 1st–2nd century AD. <a href="/wiki/Gansu_Provincial_Museum" title="Gansu Provincial Museum">Gansu Provincial Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In recognition for their support to the Chinese, the Kushans requested a Han princess, but were denied,<sup id="cite_ref-de_crespigny_2007_5-6_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_crespigny_2007_5-6-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torday1997-393_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torday1997-393-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even after they had sent presents to the Chinese court. In retaliation, they marched on Ban Chao in 86 with a force of 70,000, but were defeated by a smaller Chinese force.<sup id="cite_ref-de_crespigny_2007_5-6_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_crespigny_2007_5-6-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-torday1997-393_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-torday1997-393-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yuezhi retreated and paid tribute to the Chinese Empire during the reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_He_of_Han_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor He of Han China">He of Han</a> (89–106). </p><p>The Kushans are again recorded to have sent presents to the Chinese court in 158–159 during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Huan_of_Han" title="Emperor Huan of Han">Emperor Huan of Han</a>. </p><p>Following these interactions, cultural exchanges further increased, and Kushan Buddhist missionaries, such as <a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokaksema</a>, became active in the Chinese capital cities of <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, where they particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work. They were the first recorded promoters of Hinayana and Mahayana scriptures in China, greatly contributing to the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kushano-Sassanians">Kushano-Sassanians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kushano-Sassanians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Sasanian control of the Western Kushans</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_on_the_Naqsh-e_Rustam_Bahram_II_panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_on_the_Naqsh-e_Rustam_Bahram_II_panel.jpg/162px-Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_on_the_Naqsh-e_Rustam_Bahram_II_panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_on_the_Naqsh-e_Rustam_Bahram_II_panel.jpg/243px-Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_on_the_Naqsh-e_Rustam_Bahram_II_panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_on_the_Naqsh-e_Rustam_Bahram_II_panel.jpg/324px-Hormizd_I_Kushanshah_on_the_Naqsh-e_Rustam_Bahram_II_panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1997" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I Kushanshah</a> (AD 277–286), king of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sasanians">Indo-Sasanians</a>, maintained <a href="/wiki/Sasanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian">Sasanian</a> rule in former Kushan territories of the northwest. <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> panel.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:112px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peroz_I_Kushanshah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Peroz_I_Kushanshah.jpg/222px-Peroz_I_Kushanshah.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Peroz_I_Kushanshah.jpg/333px-Peroz_I_Kushanshah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Peroz_I_Kushanshah.jpg/444px-Peroz_I_Kushanshah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The Kushano-Sasanians imitated the Kushans in some of their Bactrian coinage. Coin of Sasanian ruler <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I Kushanshah</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrian script">Bactrian</a> legend around "Peroz the Great Kushan King"</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> in 225, the Kushan empire split into western and eastern halves. The Western Kushans (in Afghanistan) were soon subjugated by the Persian <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> and lost <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> to them. The Sassanian king <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> (240–270) claims in his <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a> inscription possession of the territory of the Kushans (Kūšān šahr) as far as "Purushapura" (<a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>), suggesting he controlled <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> and areas as far as the <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Kush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Kush">Hindu-Kush</a> or even south of it:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b202–203_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b202–203-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I, the Mazda-worshipping lord, Shapur, king of kings of Iran and An-Iran... (I) am the Master of the Domain of Iran (Ērānšahr) and possess the territory of Persis, Parthian... Hindestan, the Domain of the Kushan up to the limits of Paškabur and up to Kash, Sughd, and Chachestan.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Shapur_I%27s_inscription_at_the_Ka%27ba-ye_Zartosht" title="Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht">Shapur I's inscription at the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b202–203_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b202–203-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This is also confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a> inscription in modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b202–203_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b202–203-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sasanians deposed the Western dynasty and replaced them with Persian vassals known as the <a href="/wiki/Kushansha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushansha">Kushanshas</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> on their coinage: KΟÞANΟ ÞAΟ <i>Koshano Shao</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b204_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b204-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <a href="/wiki/Indo-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sasanians">Indo-Sasanians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a>. The Kushano-Sasanians ultimately became very powerful under <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I Kushanshah</a> (277–286) and rebelled against the Sasanian Empire, while continuing many aspects of the Kushan culture, visible in particular in their titulature and their coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b200–210_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b200–210-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Little_Kushans"_and_Gupta_suzerainty"><span id=".22Little_Kushans.22_and_Gupta_suzerainty"></span>"Little Kushans" and Gupta suzerainty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: "Little Kushans" and Gupta suzerainty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Gupta control over the Eastern Kushans</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daivaputra_Shaahi_Shaahaanu_Shaahi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Daivaputra_Shaahi_Shaahaanu_Shaahi.jpg/258px-Daivaputra_Shaahi_Shaahaanu_Shaahi.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Daivaputra_Shaahi_Shaahaanu_Shaahi.jpg/387px-Daivaputra_Shaahi_Shaahaanu_Shaahi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Daivaputra_Shaahi_Shaahaanu_Shaahi.jpg/516px-Daivaputra_Shaahi_Shaahaanu_Shaahi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="223" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_de.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gupta_allahabad_de.svg/22px-Gupta_allahabad_de.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gupta_allahabad_de.svg/33px-Gupta_allahabad_de.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gupta_allahabad_de.svg/44px-Gupta_allahabad_de.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_v.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/13px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gupta_allahabad_v.svg/26px-Gupta_allahabad_v.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_pu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gupta_allahabad_pu.jpg/13px-Gupta_allahabad_pu.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gupta_allahabad_pu.jpg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_pu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gupta_allahabad_pu.jpg/26px-Gupta_allahabad_pu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="453" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/23px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg/30px-Gupta_ashoka_tr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="523" /></a></span></sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg/13px-Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg/26px-Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="562" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg/15px-Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg/23px-Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg/30px-Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="652" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg/13px-Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg/26px-Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="562" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg/13px-Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg/26px-Gupta_allahabad_haa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="336" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_nu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_nu.jpg/17px-Gupta_allahabad_nu.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_nu.jpg/26px-Gupta_allahabad_nu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gupta_allahabad_nu.jpg/34px-Gupta_allahabad_nu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="568" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg/13px-Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg/20px-Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg/26px-Gupta_allahabad_ssa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="562" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg/15px-Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg/23px-Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg/30px-Gupta_allahabad_hi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="652" /></a></span><br />The expression <i>Devaputra Shāhi Shāhānu Shāhi</i> in Middle <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad pillar">Allahabad pillar</a> (Line 23), claimed by <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> to be under his dominion.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:130px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samudra_Gandhara_coin,_Punjabi_mint_Circa_CE_350-375.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Samudra_Gandhara_coin%2C_Punjabi_mint_Circa_CE_350-375.jpg/258px-Samudra_Gandhara_coin%2C_Punjabi_mint_Circa_CE_350-375.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Samudra_Gandhara_coin%2C_Punjabi_mint_Circa_CE_350-375.jpg/387px-Samudra_Gandhara_coin%2C_Punjabi_mint_Circa_CE_350-375.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Samudra_Gandhara_coin%2C_Punjabi_mint_Circa_CE_350-375.jpg/516px-Samudra_Gandhara_coin%2C_Punjabi_mint_Circa_CE_350-375.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Coin minted in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> area with the name "Samudra" (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gupta_ashoka_s.svg/13px-Gupta_ashoka_s.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gupta_ashoka_s.svg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_s.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gupta_ashoka_s.svg/26px-Gupta_ashoka_s.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_mu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gupta_allahabad_mu.jpg/11px-Gupta_allahabad_mu.jpg" decoding="async" width="11" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gupta_allahabad_mu.jpg/17px-Gupta_allahabad_mu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Gupta_allahabad_mu.jpg/22px-Gupta_allahabad_mu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_dr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gupta_allahabad_dr.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_dr.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gupta_allahabad_dr.jpg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_dr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gupta_allahabad_dr.jpg/24px-Gupta_allahabad_dr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="482" /></a></span> <i>Sa-mu-dra</i>), thought to be the Gupta ruler <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>. These coins imitate those of the last Kushan ruler <a href="/wiki/Kipunada" title="Kipunada">Kipunada</a>, and precede the coinage of the first <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite Huns</a> in northwestern India. Circa 350-375.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Eastern Kushan kingdom, also known as the "Little Kushans", was based in the Punjab. Around 270 their territories on the Gangetic plain became independent under local dynasties such as the <a href="/wiki/Yaudheyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaudheyas">Yaudheyas</a>. Then in the mid-4th century they were subjugated by the Gupta Empire under <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HCCA166_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCCA166-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad pillar">Allahabad pillar</a> Samudragupta proclaims that the <i>Dēvaputra-Shāhi-Shāhānushāhi</i> (referring to the last Kushan rulers, being a deformation of the Kushan regnal titles <i>Devaputra</i>, <i>Shao</i> and <i>Shaonanoshao</i>: "Son of God, King, King of Kings") are now under his dominion, and that they were forced to "self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HCCA166_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCCA166-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that by the time of the Allahabad inscription the Kushans still ruled in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, but under the suzerainty of the Gupta Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-HCCA166_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCCA166-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numimastics indicate that the coinage of the Eastern Kushans was much weakened: silver coinage was abandoned altogether, and gold coinage was debased. This suggests that the Eastern Kushans had lost their central trading role on the trade routes that supplied luxury goods and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HCCA166_156-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCCA166-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Buddhist art of Gandhara</a> continued to flourish, and cities such as <a href="/wiki/Sirsukh" title="Sirsukh">Sirsukh</a> near <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> were established.<sup id="cite_ref-HCCA166_156-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCCA166-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sasanian,_Kidarite_and_Alchon_invasions"><span id="Sasanian.2C_Kidarite_and_Alchon_invasions"></span>Sasanian, Kidarite and Alchon invasions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sasanian, Kidarite and Alchon invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></div> <p>In the east around 350, Shapur II regained the upper hand against the <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> and took control of large territories in areas now known as <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, possibly as a consequence of the destruction of the Kushano-Sasanians by the <a href="/wiki/Chionites" class="mw-redirect" title="Chionites">Chionites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a85_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a85-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kushano-Sasanian still ruled in the north. Important finds of Sasanian coinage beyond the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a> only start with the reigns of Shapur II (r.309-379) and <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> (r.383-388), suggesting that the expansion of Sasanian control beyond the Indus was the result of the wars of Shapur II "with the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Chionites</a> and Kushans" in 350-358 as described by <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They probably maintained control until the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> under their ruler <a href="/wiki/Kidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidara">Kidara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AG_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AG-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 360 a <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite Hun</a> named <a href="/wiki/Kidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidara">Kidara</a> overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a> and remnants of the old Kushan dynasty, and established the <a href="/wiki/Kidarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidarite Kingdom">Kidarite Kingdom</a>. The Kushan style of Kidarite coins indicates they claimed Kushan heritage. The Kidarite seem to have been rather prosperous, although on a smaller scale than their Kushan predecessors. East of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, the former eastern territories of the Kushans were controlled by the mighty <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The remnants of Kushan culture under the Kidarites in the northwest were ultimately wiped out in the end of the 5th century by the invasions of the <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> (sometimes considered as a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a>), and later the <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most recent list of rulers with dates is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1</span> – 30), first king to call himself "Kushan" on his coinage <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraios_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Heraios_coin.jpg/50px-Heraios_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Heraios_coin.jpg/75px-Heraios_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Heraios_coin.jpg/100px-Heraios_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>"Great Kushans";</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90</span>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg/50px-Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg/75px-Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg/100px-Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 113</span>), alias Soter Megas or "Great Saviour." <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Vima_Takto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Coin_of_Vima_Takto.jpg/50px-Coin_of_Vima_Takto.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Coin_of_Vima_Takto.jpg/75px-Coin_of_Vima_Takto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Coin_of_Vima_Takto.jpg/100px-Coin_of_Vima_Takto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="230" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 113</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 127</span>) First great Kushan Emperor <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vima_Kadphises_with_ithyphallic_Shiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vima_Kadphises_with_ithyphallic_Shiva.jpg/50px-Vima_Kadphises_with_ithyphallic_Shiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vima_Kadphises_with_ithyphallic_Shiva.jpg/75px-Vima_Kadphises_with_ithyphallic_Shiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vima_Kadphises_with_ithyphallic_Shiva.jpg/100px-Vima_Kadphises_with_ithyphallic_Shiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="573" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka the Great">Kanishka the Great</a> (127 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 151</span>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/50px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/75px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg/100px-Kanishka_I_Greek_legend_and_Helios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 151</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190</span>) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg/50px-Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg/75px-Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg/100px-Huvishka_Maaseno.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="369" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 230</span>) Last great Kushan Emperor <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VASUDEVA_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/VASUDEVA_I.jpg/50px-VASUDEVA_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/VASUDEVA_I.jpg/75px-VASUDEVA_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/VASUDEVA_I.jpg/100px-VASUDEVA_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="467" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_II" title="Kanishka II">Kanishka II</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 230</span> – 247) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_KanishkaII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coin_of_KanishkaII.jpg/50px-Coin_of_KanishkaII.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coin_of_KanishkaII.jpg/75px-Coin_of_KanishkaII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coin_of_KanishkaII.jpg/100px-Coin_of_KanishkaII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashishka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashishka">Vashishka</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 247</span> – 267) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasishka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasishka.jpg/50px-Vasishka.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasishka.jpg/75px-Vasishka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasishka.jpg/100px-Vasishka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>"Little Kushans";</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_III" title="Kanishka III">Kanishka III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 267</span> – 270) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanishka_III_Circa_AD_267-270.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kanishka_III_Circa_AD_267-270.jpg/50px-Kanishka_III_Circa_AD_267-270.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kanishka_III_Circa_AD_267-270.jpg/75px-Kanishka_III_Circa_AD_267-270.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Kanishka_III_Circa_AD_267-270.jpg/100px-Kanishka_III_Circa_AD_267-270.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_II" title="Vasudeva II">Vasudeva II</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 270</span> – 300) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_VasudevaII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coin_of_VasudevaII.jpg/50px-Coin_of_VasudevaII.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coin_of_VasudevaII.jpg/75px-Coin_of_VasudevaII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Coin_of_VasudevaII.jpg/100px-Coin_of_VasudevaII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi_(Kushan)" title="Mahi (Kushan)">Mahi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span> – 305)<sup id="cite_ref-Katariya_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katariya-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahi_Kushan_4th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mahi_Kushan_4th_century_CE.jpg/50px-Mahi_Kushan_4th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mahi_Kushan_4th_century_CE.jpg/75px-Mahi_Kushan_4th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mahi_Kushan_4th_century_CE.jpg/100px-Mahi_Kushan_4th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_(Kushan)" title="Shaka (Kushan)">Shaka</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 305</span> – 335)<sup id="cite_ref-Katariya_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katariya-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_Empire_Shaka_Circa_AD_325-345.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kushan_Empire_Shaka_Circa_AD_325-345.jpg/50px-Kushan_Empire_Shaka_Circa_AD_325-345.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kushan_Empire_Shaka_Circa_AD_325-345.jpg/75px-Kushan_Empire_Shaka_Circa_AD_325-345.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kushan_Empire_Shaka_Circa_AD_325-345.jpg/100px-Kushan_Empire_Shaka_Circa_AD_325-345.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipunada" title="Kipunada">Kipunada</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 335</span> – 350)<sup id="cite_ref-Katariya_162-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katariya-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kipunada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kipunada.jpg/50px-Kipunada.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kipunada.jpg/75px-Kipunada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kipunada.jpg/100px-Kipunada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#fcc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kushans" title="Template:Kushans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kushans" title="Template talk:Kushans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kushans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kushans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kushan_EmpireEmperors,_territories_and_chronology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan Empire</a><br /><small>Emperors, territories and chronology</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; width:100%; margin:2px 0 0 0; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates</th> <th>Western <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th> <th>Western <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a><br /></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bajaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaur">Bajaur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Western Punjab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Eastern Punjab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">INDO-SCYTHIAN KINGDOM</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#cdcdcd"><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">INDO-GREEK KINGDOM</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">INDO-SCYTHIAN Northern Satraps</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 BCE – 10 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">Indo-Scythian dynasty of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Apracharajas" title="Apracharajas">APRACHARAJAS</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vijayamitra" title="Vijayamitra">Vijayamitra</a><br />(ruled 12 BCE – 15 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Liaka_Kusulaka" title="Liaka Kusulaka">Liaka Kusulaka</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Patika_Kusulaka" title="Patika Kusulaka">Patika Kusulaka</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zeionises" title="Zeionises">Zeionises</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Kharahostes" title="Kharahostes">Kharahostes</a><br />(ruled 10 BCE– 10 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Mujatria" title="Mujatria">Mujatria</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#cdcdcd"><i><a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Strato_III" title="Strato III">Strato III</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Hagana_(Satrap)" title="Hagana (Satrap)">Hagana</a> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="9"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">10-20CE </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Indravasu" title="Indravasu">Indravasu</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">INDO-PARTHIAN KINGDOM</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Gondophares" title="Gondophares">Gondophares</a></i> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Rajuvula" title="Rajuvula">Rajuvula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">20–30 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#fc9"><i><a href="/wiki/Ubouzanes" title="Ubouzanes">Ubouzanes</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Pakores" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakores">Pakores</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Vispavarma" title="Vispavarma">Vispavarma</a><br />(ruled <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 0</span>–20 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><i><a href="/wiki/Sarpedones" title="Sarpedones">Sarpedones</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Bhadayasa" title="Bhadayasa">Bhadayasa</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Sodasa" title="Sodasa">Sodasa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">30-40 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#fcc"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">KUSHAN EMPIRE</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50</span>–90)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Indravarma" title="Indravarma">Indravarma</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><i><a href="/wiki/Abdagases" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdagases">Abdagases</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">40–45 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#fcc"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Aspavarma" title="Aspavarma">Aspavarma</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><i><a href="/wiki/Gadana" title="Gadana">Gadana</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">45–50 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#fcc"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Sasan_(Apraca)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasan (Apraca)">Sasan</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fc9"><i><a href="/wiki/Sases" title="Sases">Sases</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">50–75 CE </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#fcc"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">75–100 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">Indo-Scythian dynasty of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">WESTERN SATRAPS</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chashtana" title="Chashtana">Chastana</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#fcc"><i><a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90</span>–113)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd">... </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">100–120 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Abhiraka" title="Abhiraka">Abhiraka</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#fcc"><i><a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 113</span>–127)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">120 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Bhumaka" title="Bhumaka">Bhumaka</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nahapana" title="Nahapana">Nahapana</a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">PARATARAJAS</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yolamira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yolamira (page does not exist)">Yolamira</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#fcc"><i><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka I</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 127</span>–151)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fcc">Great Satrap <a href="/wiki/Kharapallana" title="Kharapallana">Kharapallana</a><br />and Satrap <a href="/wiki/Vanaspara" title="Vanaspara">Vanaspara</a><br />for <i><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka I</a></i> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#fcc"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">130–230 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Jayadaman" title="Jayadaman">Jayadaman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudradaman_I" title="Rudradaman I">Rudradaman I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Damajadasri_I" title="Damajadasri I">Damajadasri I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Jivadaman" title="Jivadaman">Jivadaman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasimha_I" title="Rudrasimha I">Rudrasimha I</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isvaradatta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isvaradatta (page does not exist)">Isvaradatta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasimha_I" title="Rudrasimha I">Rudrasimha I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Jivadaman" title="Jivadaman">Jivadaman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasena_I_(Saka_king)" title="Rudrasena I (Saka king)">Rudrasena I</a><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="1"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagamira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagamira (page does not exist)">Bagamira</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas#Rulers" title="Paratarajas">Arjuna</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hvaramira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hvaramira (page does not exist)">Hvaramira</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirahvara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirahvara (page does not exist)">Mirahvara</a><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#fcc"> <p><a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 151</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190</span> – 230)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">230–250 CE </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#adcdcd"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samghadaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samghadaman (page does not exist)">Samghadaman</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Damasena" title="Damasena">Damasena</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Damajadasri_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damajadasri II (page does not exist)">Damajadasri II</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viradaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viradaman (page does not exist)">Viradaman</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasodaman_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasodaman I (page does not exist)">Yasodaman I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Vijayasena" title="Vijayasena">Vijayasena</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Damajadasri_III" title="Damajadasri III">Damajadasri III</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasena_II" title="Rudrasena II">Rudrasena II</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visvasimha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visvasimha (page does not exist)">Visvasimha</a> </p> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miratakhma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miratakhma (page does not exist)">Miratakhma</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kozana" title="Kozana">Kozana</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhimarjuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhimarjuna (page does not exist)">Bhimarjuna</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koziya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koziya (page does not exist)">Koziya</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Datarvharna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datarvharna (page does not exist)">Datarvharna</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Datarvharna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datarvharna (page does not exist)">Datarvharna</a><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background-color:#ddcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sasanians">KUSHANO-SASANIANS</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I_Kushanshah" title="Ardashir I Kushanshah">Ardashir I</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 230</span> – 250)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II_Kushanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardashir II Kushanshah">Ardashir II</a> (?-245)<br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1" style="background-color:#fcc"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kanishka_II" title="Kanishka II">Kanishka II</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 230</span> – 247)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">250–280 </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ddcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I</a>, "Kushanshah" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – 265)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I</a>, "Kushanshah" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 265</span> – 295)<br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#fcc"> <p><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sishka" title="Vāsishka">Vāsishka</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 247</span> – 267)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_III" title="Kanishka III">Kanishka III</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 267</span> – 270)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">280–300 </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Bhratadarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhratadarman">Bhratadarman</a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Datayola_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Datayola II (page does not exist)">Datayola II</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ddcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd II Kushanshah">Hormizd II</a>, "Kushanshah" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 295</span> – 300) </p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fcc"><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_II" title="Vasudeva II">Vasudeva II</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 267</span> – 300)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="4" style="background-color:#fc3"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">GUPTA EMPIRE</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_I" title="Chandragupta I">Chandragupta I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_II" title="Chandragupta II">Chandragupta II</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">300–320 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Visvasena" title="Visvasena">Visvasena</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Rudrasimha_II" title="Rudrasimha II">Rudrasimha II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jivadaman" title="Jivadaman">Jivadaman</a><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ddcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Peroz_II_Kushanshah" title="Peroz II Kushanshah">Peroz II</a>, "Kushanshah" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span> – 325) </p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fcc"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahi_(Kushan)" title="Mahi (Kushan)">Mahi</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span>–305)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <a href="/wiki/Shaka_(Kushan)" title="Shaka (Kushan)">Shaka</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 305</span> – 335)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">320–388 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Yasodaman_II" title="Yasodaman II">Yasodaman II</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudradaman_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudradaman II (page does not exist)">Rudradaman II</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudrasena_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudrasena III (page does not exist)">Rudrasena III</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Simhasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Simhasena">Simhasena</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudrasena_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudrasena IV (page does not exist)">Rudrasena IV</a><br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#ddcdcd"> <p><a href="/wiki/Varahran_I_Kushanshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Varahran I Kushanshah">Varahran I</a> (325–350)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> Sassanid king and "Kushanshah" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350</span>) </p> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#fcc"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kipunada" title="Kipunada">Kipunada</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 335</span> – 350)<sup id="cite_ref-KKSK_166-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1">388–396 CE </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#adcdcd"><a href="/wiki/Rudrasimha_III" title="Rudrasimha III">Rudrasimha III</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#DEB887"><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">KIDARITES invasion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="text-align:left"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the dated inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Rukhana_reliquary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukhana reliquary">Rukhana reliquary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Salomon1996" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Salomon (July–September 1996). "An Inscribed Silver Buddhist Reliquary of the Time of King Kharaosta and Prince Indravarman". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>116</b> (3): 418–452 [442]. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605147">605147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=An+Inscribed+Silver+Buddhist+Reliquary+of+the+Time+of+King+Kharaosta+and+Prince+Indravarman&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=418-452+442&rft.date=1996-07%2F1996-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Richard+Salomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Salomon1995" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Salomon (1995) [Published online: 9 Aug 2010]. "A Kharosthī Reliquary Inscription of the Time of the Apraca Prince Visnuvarma". <i>South Asian Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 27–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666030.1995.9628492">10.1080/02666030.1995.9628492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Kharosth%C4%AB+Reliquary+Inscription+of+the+Time+of+the+Apraca+Prince+Visnuvarma&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-32&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02666030.1995.9628492&rft.au=Richard+Salomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KKSK-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_166-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongewardCribb2014" class="citation book cs1">Jongeward, David; Cribb, Joe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11049999"><i>Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan</i></a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kushan%2C+Kushano-Sasanian%2C+and+Kidarite+Coins+A+Catalogue+of+Coins+From+the+American+Numismatic+Society+by+David+Jongeward+and+Joe+Cribb+with+Peter+Donovan&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Jongeward&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Cribb%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11049999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a>, another Tocharian-speaking kingdom (with <a href="/wiki/Kucha#Etymology" title="Kucha">a related etymology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_China" title="Iranians in China">Iranians in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_script" title="Kushan script">Kushan script</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_Bactrian_2000_p._133-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Bactrian_2000_p._133_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Bactrian_2000_p._133_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Kushans at first retained the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a> for administrative purposes but soon began to use Bactrian. The Bactrian <a href="/wiki/Rabatak_inscription" title="Rabatak inscription">Rabatak inscription</a> (discovered in 1993 and deciphered in 2000) records that the Kushan king <a href="/wiki/Kanishka_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanishka the Great">Kanishka the Great</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 127 AD</span>), discarded Greek (Ionian) as the language of administration and adopted Bactrian ("Arya language").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2001133_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2001133-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Pali word <i>vaṃśa</i> (dynasty) affixed to <i>Gushana</i> (Kushana), i.e. Gushana-vaṃśa (Kushan dynasty) appears on a dedicatory inscription at <a href="/wiki/Mankiala" title="Mankiala">Manikiala stupa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield1967[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidudnBkQhzHH4CpgPA7_7_&_8]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield1967[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidudnBkQhzHH4CpgPA7_7_&_8]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It began about 127 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2001121–136_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2001121–136-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2004167–176_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2004167–176-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200929,_33,_368–371_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200929,_33,_368–371-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the 12th century historical chronicle from <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a></i>, describes the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> Kushans as <i>Turushka</i> (तुरुष्क).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-decipherment-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-decipherment_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-decipherment_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the analysis of <a href="#CITEREFSims-WilliamsCribb1995–1996">Sims-Williams & Cribb (1995–1996)</a>, specialists of the field, who had a central role in the decipherment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a translation of the full text of the Rabatak inscription see: <a href="#CITEREFMukherjee1995">Mukherjee (1995)</a>. This translation is quoted in: <a href="#CITEREFGoyal2005">Goyal (2005)</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seated Buddha with inscription starting with <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_m.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/10px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gupta_ashoka_m.svg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_haa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="532" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/8px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg" decoding="async" width="8" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/12px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg/16px-Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/10px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/15px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Gupta_ashoka_j.svg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_j.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/16px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/32px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_kaa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_nni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></sup><sub><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/13px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/20px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg/26px-Gupta_ashoka_ssk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="510" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/16px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg/32px-Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></sub><sup><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg/12px-Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg/24px-Gupta_ashoka_sam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></sup><b><big>𑁕</big></b> <i>Maharajasya Kanishkasya Sam 4</i> "Year 4 of the Great King Kanishka".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Βασιλεία Κοσσανῶν</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>: <span lang="xbc">Κοϸανο</span>, <span title="Bactrian-language romanization"><i lang="xbc-Latn">Košano</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कुषाण</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kuṣāṇa</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a>: 𑀓𑀼𑀱𑀸𑀡, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kuṣāṇa</i></span><i>; <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">BHS</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Guṣāṇa Vaṃśa</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a>: <span lang="xpr" dir="rtl">𐭊𐭅𐭔𐭍 𐭇𐭔𐭕𐭓</span>, [Kušan Xšaθr] <span style="color:#d33">Error: [undefined] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: no text (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:貴霜">貴霜</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guìshuāng</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-JMR7_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JMR7-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomila_Thapar2004" class="citation book cs1">Romila Thapar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&pg=PA221"><i>Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24225-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24225-8"><bdi>978-0-520-24225-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+India%3A+From+the+Origins+to+AD+1300&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24225-8&rft.au=Romila+Thapar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-5irrXX0apQC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_Stein2010" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA86"><i>A History of India</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-2351-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY4zdTDwMAQC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Robb2011" class="citation book cs1">Peter Robb (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=PA55"><i>A History of India</i></a>. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34549-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-34549-2"><bdi>978-0-230-34549-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Macmillan+International+Higher+Education&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-34549-2&rft.au=Peter+Robb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQ-2VH1LO_EC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_KulkeDietmar_Rothermund2016" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xYelDQAAQBAJ"><i>A History of India</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-24212-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-24212-3"><bdi>978-1-317-24212-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-24212-3&rft.au=Hermann+Kulke&rft.au=Dietmar+Rothermund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxYelDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AADC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AADC_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AADC_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_CastroHope2005" class="citation book cs1">Di Castro, Angelo Andrea; Hope, Colin A. (2005). "The Barbarisation of Bactria". <i>Cultural Interaction in Afghanistan c 300 BCE to 300 CE</i>. Melbourne: Monash University Press. pp. 1–18, map visible online page 2 of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascs.org.au/news/ascs33/DI%20CASTRO.pdf">Hestia, a Tabula Iliaca and Poseidon's trident</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1876924393" title="Special:BookSources/978-1876924393"><bdi>978-1876924393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Barbarisation+of+Bactria&rft.btitle=Cultural+Interaction+in+Afghanistan+c+300+BCE+to+300+CE&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=1-18%2C+map+visible+online+page+2+of+Hestia%2C+a+Tabula+Iliaca+and+Poseidon%27s+trident&rft.pub=Monash+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1876924393&rft.aulast=Di+Castro&rft.aufirst=Angelo+Andrea&rft.au=Hope%2C+Colin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2001133-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2001133_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalk2001">Falk 2001</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield1967[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidudnBkQhzHH4CpgPA7_7_&_8]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield1967[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidudnBkQhzHH4CpgPA7_7_&_8]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenfield1967">Rosenfield 1967</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA7">7 & 8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAW-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAW_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAW_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurmMühlhäuslerTryon2011" class="citation book cs1">Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (11 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA952"><i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-081972-4"><bdi>978-3-11-081972-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas%3A+Vol+I%3A+Maps.+Vol+II%3A+Texts&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft.isbn=978-3-11-081972-4&rft.aulast=Wurm&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler%2C+Peter&rft.au=Tryon%2C+Darrell+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlFW1BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi2007">Bopearachchi 2007</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201061-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201061_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2010">Liu 2010</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199256-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden199256_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lcwb2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lcwb2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lcwb2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215230002/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0005)">"Afghanistan: Central Asian and Sassanian Rule, ca. 150 B.C.-700 A.D."</a> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0005)">the original</a> on 15 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+Central+Asian+and+Sassanian+Rule%2C+ca.+150+B.C.-700+A.D.&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Baf0005%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 222. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjwsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F369%2F381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taagepera132-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taagepera132_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1979" class="citation journal cs1">Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_History" title="Social Science History">Social Science History</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3/4): 132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1170959">10.2307/1170959</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1170959">1170959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Size+and+Duration+of+Empires%3A+Growth-Decline+Curves%2C+600+B.C.+to+600+A.D.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=132&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1170959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1170959%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JMR7-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JMR7_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMR7_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JMR7_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenfield1967">Rosenfield 1967</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA7">7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous" class="citation web cs1">Anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707162312/http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm">"The History of Pakistan: The Kushans"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kushan.org/general/other/part1.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Pakistan%3A+The+Kushans&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kushan.org%2Fgeneral%2Fother%2Fpart1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hD9AxsfuV-wC"><i>Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World. The mission of Sung-Yun and Hwei-Săng [by Hsüan-chih Yang] Ta-T'ang si-yu-ki. Books 1–5</i></a>. Translated by Samuel Beal. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Si-Yu-Ki%3A+Buddhist+Records+of+the+Western+World.+The+mission+of+Sung-Yun+and+Hwei-S%C4%83ng+%5Bby+Hs%C3%BCan-chih+Yang%5D+Ta-T%27ang+si-yu-ki.+Books+1%E2%80%935&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhD9AxsfuV-wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200929,_318–350-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200929,_318–350_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill 2009</a>, pp. 29, 318–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2001121–136-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2001121–136_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2001121–136_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalk2001">Falk 2001</a>, pp. 121–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalk2004167–176-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2004167–176_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFalk2004167–176_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFalk2004">Falk 2004</a>, pp. 167–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200929,_33,_368–371-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200929,_33,_368–371_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill 2009</a>, pp. 29, 33, 368–371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunion2007" class="citation book cs1">Runion, Meredith L. (2007). <i>The history of Afghanistan</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33798-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33798-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Yuezhi people conquered Bactria in the second century BCE. and divided the country into five chiefdoms, one of which would become the Kushan Empire. Recognizing the importance of unification, these five tribes combined under the one dominate Kushan tribe, and the primary rulers descended from the Yuezhi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Afghanistan&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33798-7&rft.aulast=Runion&rft.aufirst=Meredith+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liu156-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liu156_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liu156_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2001" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Xinru (2001). "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia". In Adas, Michael (ed.). <i>Agricultural and pastoral societies in ancient and classical history</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-832-9"><bdi>978-1-56639-832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Overland+Trade+and+Cultural+Interactions+in+Eurasia&rft.btitle=Agricultural+and+pastoral+societies+in+ancient+and+classical+history&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-832-9&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narain-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Narain_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narain_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Narain_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarain1990">Narain 1990</a>, pp. 152–155 "[W]e must identify them [Tocharians] with the Yueh-chih of the Chinese sources... [C]onsensus of scholarly opinion identifies the Yueh-chih with the Tokharians... [T]he Indo-European ethnic origin of the Yuehchih = Tokharians is generally accepted... Yueh-chih = Tokharian people... Yueh-chih = Tokharians..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith_380-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith_380_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith_380_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 380 "The identity of the Tokharoi and Yüeh-chih people is quite certain, and has been clear for at least half a century, though this has not become widely known outside the tiny number of philologists who work on early Central Eurasian and early Chinese history and linguistics."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulleyblank-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pulleyblank_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pulleyblank_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPulleyblank1966">Pulleyblank 1966</a>, pp. 9–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOIC-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOIC_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallory1997">Mallory 1997</a>, pp. 591–593 "[T]he Tocharians have frequently been identified in Chinese historical sources as a people known as the Yuezhi..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCHAC-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCHAC_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCHAC_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoeweShaughnessy1999">Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999</a>, pp. 87–88 "Pulleyblank has identified the Yuezhi... Wusun... the Dayuan... the Kangju... and the people of Yanqi... all names occurring in the Chinese historical sources for the Han dynasty, as Tocharian speakers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDani,_Ahmad_HasanMasson,_V._M.Harmatta,_J.Puri,_Baij_Nath1992–2005" class="citation book cs1">Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, V. M.; Harmatta, J.; Puri, Baij Nath; Etemadi, G. F.; Litvinskiĭ, B. A. (1992–2005). <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia</i>. Paris: UNESCO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000097871">310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-102719-0" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-102719-0"><bdi>92-3-102719-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28186754">28186754</a>. <q>Contrary to earlier assumptions, which regarded Kujula Kadphises as Buddhist on the basis of this epithet [dharmasthita- "steadfast in the Law"], it is now clear from the wording of a Mathura inscription, in which Huvishka bears the same epithet satyadharmasthita that the kingdom was conferred upon him by Sarva and Scamdavira (Candavira), that is, he was a devotee of Siva.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1992%2F2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28186754&rft.isbn=92-3-102719-0&rft.au=Dani%2C+Ahmad+Hasan&rft.au=Masson%2C+V.+M.&rft.au=Harmatta%2C+J.&rft.au=Puri%2C+Baij+Nath&rft.au=Etemadi%2C+G.+F.&rft.au=Litvinski%C4%AD%2C+B.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><br />The Mathura inscription in question is documented in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/mathura-inscriptions">Lüders 1961, p.138ff</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2015" class="citation book cs1">Grenet, Frantz (2015). "Zoroastrianism among the Kushans". In Falk, Harry (ed.). <i>Kushan histories. Literary sources and selected papers from a symposium at Berlin, December 5 to 7, 2013</i>. Bremen: Hempen Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zoroastrianism+among+the+Kushans&rft.btitle=Kushan+histories.+Literary+sources+and+selected+papers+from+a+symposium+at+Berlin%2C+December+5+to+7%2C+2013&rft.place=Bremen&rft.pub=Hempen+Verlag&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrovandiHirata2005" class="citation journal cs1">Aldrovandi, Cibele; Hirata, Elaine (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/buddhism-pax-kushana-and-grecoroman-motifs-pattern-and-purpose-in-gandharan-iconography/2D71B3DA60DB2549959DA7BDE49B9E69">"Buddhism, Pax Kushana and Greco-Roman motifs: pattern and purpose in Gandharan iconography"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>79</b> (304): 306–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00114103">10.1017/S0003598X00114103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161505956">161505956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Buddhism%2C+Pax+Kushana+and+Greco-Roman+motifs%3A+pattern+and+purpose+in+Gandharan+iconography&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=304&rft.pages=306-315&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161505956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00114103&rft.aulast=Aldrovandi&rft.aufirst=Cibele&rft.au=Hirata%2C+Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fbuddhism-pax-kushana-and-grecoroman-motifs-pattern-and-purpose-in-gandharan-iconography%2F2D71B3DA60DB2549959DA7BDE49B9E69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_India-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_India_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_India_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou2003" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT111"><i>A Brief History of India</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594777943" title="Special:BookSources/9781594777943"><bdi>9781594777943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781594777943&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlwoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200936_and_notes-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200936_and_notes_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill 2009</a>, p. 36 and notes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Silk Road</i>. <b>10</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+on+Bactrian+Embroidery+from+Textiles+Found+at+Noyon+uul%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol10%2FSilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancfort2020" class="citation journal cs1">Francfort, Henri-Paul (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45042820">"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"</a>. <i>Journal des Savants</i>: 26–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+Savants&rft.atitle=Sur+quelques+vestiges+et+indices+nouveaux+de+l%27hell%C3%A9nisme+dans+les+arts+entre+la+Bactriane+et+le+Gandh%C4%81ra+%28130+av.+J.-C.-100+apr.+J.-C.+environ%29&rft.pages=26-27&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Francfort&rft.aufirst=Henri-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45042820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/HD/kush/hd_kush.htm">"Kushan Empire (ca. 2nd century B.C.–3rd century A.D.) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kushan+Empire+%28ca.+2nd+century+B.C.%E2%80%933rd+century+A.D.%29+%26%23124%3B+Thematic+Essay+%26%23124%3B+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2FTOAH%2FHD%2Fkush%2Fhd_kush.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roux-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roux_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1997">Roux 1997</a>, p. 90 "They are, by almost unanimous opinion, Indo-Europeans, probably the most oriental of those who occupied the steppes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008270–297-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2008270–297_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2008">Mallory & Mair 2008</a>, pp. 270–297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enoki_1994_171–183-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enoki_1994_171–183_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994">Enoki, Koshelenko & Haidary 1994</a>, pp. 171–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe1979" class="citation book cs1">Loewe, Michael A.N. (1979). "Introduction". In Hulsewé, Anthony François Paulus (ed.). <i>China in Central Asia: The Early Stage: 125 BC – AD 23; an Annotated Translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty</i>. Brill. pp. 1–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05884-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05884-2"><bdi>978-90-04-05884-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=China+in+Central+Asia%3A+The+Early+Stage%3A+125+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+23%3B+an+Annotated+Translation+of+Chapters+61+and+96+of+the+History+of+the+Former+Han+Dynasty&rft.pages=1-70&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05884-2&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee1920" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Gauranga Nath (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenisminancie00bane"><i>Hellenism in ancient India</i></a>. Calcutta: Published by the Author; New York: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenisminancie00bane/page/92">92</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenism+in+ancient+India&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Calcutta%3A+Published+by+the+Author%3B+New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Gauranga+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellenisminancie00bane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink200257-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink200257_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink200257_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink2002">Wink 2002</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandit1935" class="citation book cs1">Pandit, Ranjit Sitaram (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n65"><i>River Of Kings (rajatarangini)</i></a>. pp. I168–I173. <q>Then there ruled in this very land the founders of cities called after their own appellations the three kings named <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vashishka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashishka">Juska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kaniska</a> (...) These kings albeit belonging to the Turkish race found refuge in acts of piety; they constructed in Suskaletra and other places <a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">monasteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Caityas</a> and similar edificies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+Of+Kings+%28rajatarangini%29&rft.pages=I168-I173&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Pandit&rft.aufirst=Ranjit+Sitaram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.530051%2Fpage%2Fn65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenfield1967">Rosenfield 1967</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA8">8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalchayan#prettyPhoto%5bcontent%5d/0/"><i>KHALCHAYAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>. Figure 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KHALCHAYAN+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=Figure+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkhalchayan%23prettyPhoto%5Bcontent%5D%2F0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/32">31-32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200662-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200662_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLebedynsky2006">Lebedynsky 2006</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200615-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebedynsky200615_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLebedynsky2006">Lebedynsky 2006</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSC-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RSC_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedorov2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fedorov, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006154907/http://orientalnumismaticsociety.org/JONS/Files/ONS_181.pdf">"On the origin of the Kushans with reference to numismatic and anthropological data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oriental Numismatic Society</i>. <b>181</b> (Autumn): 32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orientalnumismaticsociety.org/JONS/Files/ONS_181.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oriental+Numismatic+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+the+Kushans+with+reference+to+numismatic+and+anthropological+data&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=Autumn&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Fedorov&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forientalnumismaticsociety.org%2FJONS%2FFiles%2FONS_181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KA-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KA_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KA_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullaev2007" class="citation journal cs1">Abdullaev, Kazim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6864202">"Nomad Migration in Central Asia (in After Alexander: Central Asia before Islam)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the British Academy</i>. <b>133</b>: 89. <q>The knights in chain-mail armour have analogies in the Khalchayan reliefs depicting a battle of the Yuezhi against a Saka tribe (probably the Sakaraules). Apart from the chain-mail armour worn by the heavy cavalry of the enemies of the Yuezhi, the other characteristic sign of these warriors is long side-whiskers (...) We think it is possible to identify all these grotesque personages with long side-whiskers as enemies of the Yuezhi and relate them to the Sakaraules (...) Indeed these expressive figures with side-whiskers differ greatly from the tranquil and majestic faces and poses of the Yuezhi depictions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+British+Academy&rft.atitle=Nomad+Migration+in+Central+Asia+%28in+After+Alexander%3A+Central+Asia+before+Islam%29&rft.volume=133&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Abdullaev&rft.aufirst=Kazim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6864202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200929-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200929_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200929_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200929_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill 2009</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChavannes1907190–192-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChavannes1907190–192_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChavannes1907">Chavannes 1907</a>, pp. 190–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CWH-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CWH_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CWH_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CWH_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CWH_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2015" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Craig (16 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LAFuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT477"><i>The Cambridge World History: Volume 4, A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE–900 CE</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 477 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29830-5"><bdi>978-1-316-29830-5</bdi></a>. <q>It is generally agreed that the Kushans were one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History%3A+Volume+4%2C+A+World+with+States%2C+Empires+and+Networks+1200+BCE%E2%80%93900+CE&rft.pages=477+ff&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-316-29830-5&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLAFuCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starr,_p._53-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starr,_p._53_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starr,_p._53_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2013" class="citation book cs1">Starr, S. Frederick (2013). <i>Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Enlightenment%3A+Central+Asia%27s+Golden+Age+from+the+Arab+Conquest+to+Tamerlane&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=S.+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suchandra Ghosh. (2012). Revisiting Kushana Dynastic Sanctuaries. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>, 72nd Session, Patiala, Delhi. 212-219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienPress2002" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Patrick Karl; Press, Oxford University (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA46"><i>Atlas of World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0"><bdi>978-0-19-521921-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+History&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521921-0&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Karl&rft.au=Press%2C+Oxford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffZy5tDjaUkC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoyal2005">Goyal 2005</a>, p. 93. "The Rabatak inscription claims that in the year 1 Kanishka I's authority was proclaimed in India, in all the satrapies and in different cities like Koonadeano (Kundina), Ozeno (<a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>), Kozambo (Kausambi), Zagedo (<a href="/wiki/Saketa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saketa">Saketa</a>), Palabotro (<a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>), and Ziri-Tambo (Janjgir-Champa). These cities lay to the east and south of Mathura, up to which locality Wima had already carried his victorious arm. Therefore they must have been captured or subdued by Kanishka I himself."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mukherjee, B.N. (1995). "The Great Kushana Testament". <i>Indian Museum Bulletin</i>. Calcutta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Museum+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Great+Kushana+Testament&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=B.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKK-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKK_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKK_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribb1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Cribb, Joe (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33275660">"The Sino-Kharosthi coins of Khotan part 2"</a>. <i>Numismatic Chronicle</i>. pp. 129–152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numismatic+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+Sino-Kharosthi+coins+of+Khotan+part+2&rft.pages=129-152&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33275660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1(g). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=145%2C+map+XIV.1%28g%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield199341_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenfield1993">Rosenfield 1993</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA188_188]-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA188_188]_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSailendra_Nath_Sen1999">Sailendra Nath Sen 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA188">188</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasham1968" class="citation book cs1">Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA414"><i>Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960</i></a>. Brill Archive. p. 414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+on+the+Date+of+Kani%E1%B9%A3ka%3A+Submitted+to+the+Conference+on+the+Date+of+Kani%E1%B9%A3ka%2C+London%2C+20-22+April+1960&rft.pages=414&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Basham&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dks4UAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenfield1993">Rosenfield 1993</a>, p. 41. "Malwa and Maharashtra, for which it is speculated that the Kushans had an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Kshatrapas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kshatrapas">Western Kshatrapas</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1981" class="citation book cs1">Hall, D.G.E. (1981). <i>A History of South-East Asia, Fourth Edition</i>. Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-24163-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-24163-0"><bdi>0-333-24163-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South-East+Asia%2C+Fourth+Edition&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-333-24163-0&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=D.G.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoyal2005">Goyal 2005</a>, p. 93. "The Rabatak inscription claims that in the year 1 Kanishka I's authority was proclaimed in India, in all the satrapies and in different cities like Koonadeano (Kundina), Ozeno (Ujjain), Kozambo (Kausambi), Zagedo (Saketa), Palabotro (Pataliputra) and Ziri-Tambo (Janjgir-Champa). These cities lay to the east and south of Mathura, up to which locality Wima had already carried his victorious arm. Therefore they must have been captured or subdued by Kanishka I himself."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sims-Williams" title="Nicholas Sims-Williams">Sims-Williams, Nicholas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610192252/http://www.gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hkum/bactrian.html">"Bactrian Documents from Ancient Afghanistan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~hkum/bactrian.html">the original</a> on 10 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bactrian+Documents+from+Ancient+Afghanistan&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2F~hkum%2Fbactrian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b201-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b201_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b201_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017b">Rezakhani 2017b</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA258_258]-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA258_258]_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuri1999">Puri 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA258">258</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee1988" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Bratindra Nath (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ig1uAAAAMAAJ"><i>The rise and fall of the Kushāṇa Empire</i></a>. Firma KLM. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836423938" title="Special:BookSources/9780836423938"><bdi>9780836423938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+the+Kush%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+Empire&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Firma+KLM&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780836423938&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Bratindra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dig1uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samatata_coin-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samatata_coin_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samatata_coin_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=3412701&page=1&partId=1">"Samatata coin"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=Samatata+coin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D3412701%26page%3D1%26partId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British Museum display, Asian Art room.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2011" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Nitish (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TI8GQioaoL4C&pg=PT39"><i>Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</i></a>. Penguin UK. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-530-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-530-5"><bdi>978-81-8475-530-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-530-5&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTI8GQioaoL4C%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C83R2wM0caIC"><i>Numismatic Digest</i></a>. Numismatic Society of Bombay. 2012. p. 29. <q>As far as gold coins in Bengal are concerned it was Samatata or South-eastern Bengal which issued gold coins ... This trend of imitating Kushan gold continued and had major impact on the currency pattern of this south-eastern zone.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numismatic+Digest&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Numismatic+Society+of+Bombay&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC83R2wM0caIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay1982" class="citation book cs1">Ray, N. R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_gW2AAAAIAAJ"><i>Sources of the History of India: Bihar, Orissa, Bengal, Manipur, and Tripura</i></a>. Institute of Historical Studies. p. 194. <q>A large number of Kushan and Puri Kushan coins have been discovered from different parts of Orissa. Scholars have designated the Puri Kushan coins as the Oriya Kushan coins. Though the coins are the imitations of Kushan coins they have been abundantly found from different parts of Orissa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+the+History+of+India%3A+Bihar%2C+Orissa%2C+Bengal%2C+Manipur%2C+and+Tripura&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Institute+of+Historical+Studies&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=N.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_gW2AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045–46-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset197045–46_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200943-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200943_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill 2009</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DVR-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DVR_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DVR_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRUSANOV1994" class="citation journal cs1">RUSANOV, D. V. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048772">"The Fortification of Kampir-Tepe: A Reconstruction"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i>. <b>8</b>: 155–160. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048772">24048772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Fortification+of+Kampir-Tepe%3A+A+Reconstruction&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=155-160&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24048772%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=RUSANOV&rft.aufirst=D.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24048772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRtveladze2019" class="citation book cs1">Rtveladze, E (2019). <i>Alexandria on the Oxus - Kampir Tepe: A fortress city on the Oxus shore</i>. Tashkent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandria+on+the+Oxus+-+Kampir+Tepe%3A+A+fortress+city+on+the+Oxus+shore&rft.place=Tashkent&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Rtveladze&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2022" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jonathan L. (8 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=asR9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><i>Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present</i></a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-019-4"><bdi>978-1-78914-019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+History+from+1260+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.isbn=978-1-78914-019-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DasR9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri1965" class="citation book cs1">Puri, Baij Nath (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxZuAAAAMAAJ"><i>India under the Kushāṇas</i></a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+under+the+Kush%C4%81%E1%B9%87as&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Baij+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxZuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bracey, Robert (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32448882">"The Date of Kanishka since 1960"</a>. <i>Indian Historical Review</i>. <b>44</b> (1): 21–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0376983617694717">10.1177/0376983617694717</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149016806">149016806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Kanishka+since+1960&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-61&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0376983617694717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149016806%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bracey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32448882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 25, 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=25%2C+145&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b203-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b203_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b203_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b203_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017b">Rezakhani 2017b</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenfield1967">Rosenfield 1967</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA57">57</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshakGrenet2006" class="citation journal cs1">Marshak, Boris; Grenet, Frantz (2006). "Une peinture kouchane sur toile". <i>Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</i>. <b>150</b> (2): 957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcrai.2006.87101">10.3406/crai.2006.87101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Inscriptions+et+Belles-Lettres&rft.atitle=Une+peinture+kouchane+sur+toile&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=957&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcrai.2006.87101&rft.aulast=Marshak&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft.au=Grenet%2C+Frantz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201047-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201047_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2010">Liu 2010</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHH327-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHH327_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHH327_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHH327_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHH327_95-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHH327_95-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHH327_95-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1999">Harmatta 1999</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA327">327–328</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2001" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA83"><i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23902-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23902-8"><bdi>978-0-415-23902-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoroastrians%3A+Their+Religious+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23902-8&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da6gbxVfjtUEC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA324_324]-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmatta1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidDguGWP0vGY8CpgPA324_324]_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1999">Harmatta 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA324">324</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongewardCribb2014" class="citation book cs1">Jongeward, David; Cribb, Joe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817081146/http://numismatics.org/pocketchange/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/KushanCoinageIntro.pdf"><i>Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York: THE AMERICAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. p. Front page illustration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://numismatics.org/pocketchange/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/KushanCoinageIntro.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kushan%2C+Kushano-Sasanian%2C+and+Kidarite+Coins+A+Catalogue+of+Coins+From+the+American+Numismatic+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Front+page+illustration&rft.pub=THE+AMERICAN+NUMISMATIC+SOCIETY&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Jongeward&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Cribb%2C+Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnumismatics.org%2Fpocketchange%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2FKushanCoinageIntro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/C_1922-0213-64">"Kujula Kadphises coin"</a>. <i>The British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Museum&rft.atitle=Kujula+Kadphises+coin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fcollection%2Fobject%2FC_1922-0213-64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniAsimovLitvinskyZhang1994" class="citation book cs1">Dani, A. H.; Asimov, M. S.; Litvinsky, B. A.; Zhang, Guang-da; Samghabadi, R. Shabani; Bosworth, C. E. (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9U6RlVVjpakC&pg=PA321"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A</i></a>. UNESCO. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102846-5"><bdi>978-92-3-102846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Development+of+Sedentary+and+Nomadic+Civilizations%2C+700+B.+C.+to+A&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102846-5&rft.aulast=Dani&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft.au=Asimov%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Litvinsky%2C+B.+A.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Guang-da&rft.au=Samghabadi%2C+R.+Shabani&rft.au=Bosworth%2C+C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9U6RlVVjpakC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77"><i>The Cambridge Shorter History of India</i></a>. CUP Archive. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Shorter+History+of+India&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_48AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA199"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA377"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MA-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MA_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MA_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MA_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1999">Harmatta 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DguGWP0vGY8C&pg=PA326">326</a>. "Also omitted is the ancient Iranian war god Orlagno, whose place and function are occupied by a group of Indian war gods, Skando (Old Indian Skanda), Komaro (Old Indian Kumara), Maaseno (Old Indian Mahāsena), Bizago (Old Indian Viśākha), and even Ommo (Old Indian Umā), the consort of Siva. Their use as reverse types of Huvishka I is clear evidence for the new trends in religious policy of the Kushan king, which was possibly influenced by enlisting Indian warriors into the Kushan army during the campaign against Pataliputra."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti197656-59-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaramamurti197656-59_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivaramamurti1976">Sivaramamurti 1976</a>, p. 56-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sino-platonic.org-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sino-platonic.org_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sino-platonic.org_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeschner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Loeschner, Hans (July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp227_kanishka_stupa_casket.pdf">"The Stūpa of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>. <b>227</b>: 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+St%C5%ABpa+of+the+Kushan+Emperor+Kanishka+the+Great&rft.volume=227&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2012-07&rft.aulast=Loeschner&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp227_kanishka_stupa_casket.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200741–53-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200741–53_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200741–53_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi2007">Bopearachchi 2007</a>, pp. 41–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims-Williams" class="citation book cs1">Sims-Williams, Nicolas. "Bactrian Language". <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 3. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bactrian+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.aulast=Sims-Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi2003">Bopearachchi 2003</a>. Cites H. Humbach, 1975, p.402-408. K.Tanabe, 1997, p.277, M.Carter, 1995, p.152. J.Cribb, 1997, p.40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/327832">"Panel fragment with the god Shiva/Oesho"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panel+fragment+with+the+god+Shiva%2FOesho&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F327832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1908" class="citation journal cs1">Fleet, J.F. (1908). "The Introduction of the Greek Uncial and Cursive Characters into India". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>1908</b>: 179, note 1. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25210545">25210545</a>. <q>The reading of the name of the deity on this coin is very much uncertain and disputed (Riom, Riddhi, Rishthi, Rise....)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+the+Greek+Uncial+and+Cursive+Characters+into+India&rft.volume=1908&rft.pages=179%2C+note+1&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25210545%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrava1985" class="citation book cs1">Shrava, Satya (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_1EaAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Kushāṇa Numismatics</i></a>. Pranava Prakashan. p. 29. <q>The name Riom as read by Gardner, was read by Cunningham as Ride, who equated it with Riddhi, the Indian goddess of fortune. F.W. Thomas has read the name as Rhea</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kush%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+Numismatics&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Pranava+Prakashan&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Shrava&rft.aufirst=Satya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_1EaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perkins, J. (2007). Three-headed Śiva on the Reverse of Vima Kadphises's Copper Coinage. South Asian Studies, 23(1), 31–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzwilliam_Museum1992" class="citation book cs1">Fitzwilliam Museum (1992). Errington, Elizabeth (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan</i></a>. Ancient India and Iran Trust. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780951839911" title="Special:BookSources/9780951839911"><bdi>9780951839911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossroads+of+Asia%3A+transformation+in+image+and+symbol+in+the+art+of+ancient+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Ancient+India+and+Iran+Trust&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780951839911&rft.au=Fitzwilliam+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpfLpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenfield1967[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidudnBkQhzHH4CpgPT97_p._451,_Figure_105]-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenfield1967[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidudnBkQhzHH4CpgPT97_p._451,_Figure_105]_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenfield1967">Rosenfield 1967</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PT97">p. 451, Figure 105</a>: "Figure 105: Image pedestal with Sakyamuni flanked by Bodhisattvas and devotees. Shotorak."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201042-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201042_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2010">Liu 2010</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu201058-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu201058_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2010">Liu 2010</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neelis, Jason. <i>Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks.</i> 2010. p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA199_199–200]-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA199_199–200]_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSailendra_Nath_Sen1999">Sailendra Nath Sen 1999</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA199">199–200</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VDM-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VDM_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDM_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2016" class="citation book cs1">Mahajan, V.D (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TJlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA330"><i>Ancient India</i></a>. S. Chand Publishing. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5253-132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5253-132-5"><bdi>978-93-5253-132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=S.+Chand+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-5253-132-5&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=V.D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TJlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandit1935" class="citation book cs1">Pandit, Ranjit Sitaram (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.530051/page/n65"><i>River Of Kings (rajatarangini)</i></a>. p. I168–I173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=River+Of+Kings+%28rajatarangini%29&rft.pages=I168-I173&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Pandit&rft.aufirst=Ranjit+Sitaram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.530051%2Fpage%2Fn65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BR-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BR_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BR_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BR_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BR_123-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BR_123-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BR_123-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BR_123-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BR_123-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1971" class="citation journal cs1">Rowland, Benjamin (1971). "Graeco-Bactrian Art and Gandhāra: Khalchayan and the Gandhāra Bodhisattvas". <i>Archives of Asian Art</i>. <b>25</b>: 29–35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6637">0066-6637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111029">20111029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Graeco-Bactrian+Art+and+Gandh%C4%81ra%3A+Khalchayan+and+the+Gandh%C4%81ra+Bodhisattvas&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=29-35&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20111029%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-6637&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMA-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BMA_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham_Museum_of_Art2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_of_Art" title="Birmingham Museum of Art">Birmingham Museum of Art</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artsbma.org"><i>Birmingham Museum of Art: guide to the collection</i></a>. [Birmingham, Ala]: Birmingham Museum of Art. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904832-77-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904832-77-5"><bdi>978-1-904832-77-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birmingham+Museum+of+Art%3A+guide+to+the+collection&rft.place=%5BBirmingham%2C+Ala%5D&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Birmingham+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-904832-77-5&rft.au=Birmingham+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartsbma.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS439-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RS439_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman2019" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MFnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA439"><i>The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 439–440. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691185385" title="Special:BookSources/9780691185385"><bdi>9780691185385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Experience+of+India%3A+From+Alexander+to+the+Indo-Greeks&rft.pages=439-440&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780691185385&rft.aulast=Stoneman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MFnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA202_202]-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailendra_Nath_Sen1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWk4_ICH_g1ECpgPA202_202]_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSailendra_Nath_Sen1999">Sailendra Nath Sen 1999</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA202">202</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1935" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, N. N. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofka035153mbp"><i>Early History of Kausambi</i></a>. Allahabad Law Journal Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/earlyhistoryofka035153mbp#page/n25/mode/2up">xxi</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+Kausambi&rft.pages=xxi&rft.pub=Allahabad+Law+Journal+Press&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fearlyhistoryofka035153mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndica/Epigraphia_Indica#page/n235/mode/2up">Epigraphia Indica 8 p.179</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kimbellart.org/collection/ap-198606">"<i>Seated Buddha with Two Attendants</i>, A.D. 82"</a>. Kimbell Art Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seated+Buddha+with+Two+Attendants%2C+A.D.+82&rft.pub=Kimbell+Art+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kimbellart.org%2Fcollection%2Fap-198606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsian_Civilisations_Museum_(Singapore)2007" class="citation book cs1">Asian Civilisations Museum (Singapore) (2007). Krishnan, Gauri Parimoo (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c-ny6Kmvu6cC"><i>The Divine Within: Art & Living Culture of India & South Asia</i></a>. World Scientific Pub. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810567057" title="Special:BookSources/9789810567057"><bdi>9789810567057</bdi></a>. <q>The Buddhist Triad, from Haryana or Mathura, Year 4 of Kaniska (ad 82). Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Within%3A+Art+%26+Living+Culture+of+India+%26+South+Asia&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Pub&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789810567057&rft.au=Asian+Civilisations+Museum+%28Singapore%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc-ny6Kmvu6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrendt2007" class="citation book cs1">Behrendt, Kurt A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ3eCZVlT48C"><i>The Art of Gandhara in the Metropolitan Museum of Art</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 48, Fig. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588392244" title="Special:BookSources/9781588392244"><bdi>9781588392244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Gandhara+in+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pages=48%2C+Fig.+18&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781588392244&rft.aulast=Behrendt&rft.aufirst=Kurt+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJ3eCZVlT48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PC-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PC_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PC_133-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhi2017" class="citation book cs1">Rhi, Juhyung (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/Final%20e-version%20Problems%20of%20Chronology%20in%20Gandharan%20Art.pdf"><i>Problems of Chronology in Gandharan. Positioning Gandharan Buddhas in Chronology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: Archaeopress Archaeology. pp. 35–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Chronology+in+Gandharan.+Positioning+Gandharan+Buddhas+in+Chronology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=35-51&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Archaeology&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Rhi&rft.aufirst=Juhyung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carc.ox.ac.uk%2FPublicFiles%2Fmedia%2FFinal%2520e-version%2520Problems%2520of%2520Chronology%2520in%2520Gandharan%2520Art.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPL68-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SPL68_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPL68_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPL68_134-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPL68_134-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPL68_134-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlyasov2022" class="citation book cs1">Ilyasov, Djangar (2022). <i>Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan</i>. Paris: Louvre Editions. pp. 68–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Ilyasov&rft.aufirst=Djangar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2019" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sudipta (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHN_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA205"><i>Ganges: The Many Pasts of an Indian River</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300119169" title="Special:BookSources/9780300119169"><bdi>9780300119169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ganges%3A+The+Many+Pasts+of+an+Indian+River&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780300119169&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sudipta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHN_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanaja1983" class="citation book cs1">Vanaja, R. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DVdmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indian Coinage</i></a>. National Museum. <q>Known by the term <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">Dinars</a> in early Gupta inscriptions, their gold coinage was based on the weight standard of the Kushans i.e. 8 gms/120 grains. It was replaced in the time of <a href="/wiki/Skandagupta" title="Skandagupta">Skandagupta</a> by a standard of 80 ratis or 144 grains.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Coinage&rft.pub=National+Museum&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Vanaja&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDVdmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1997" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA31"><i>The Gupta Empire</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804401" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804401"><bdi>9788120804401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gupta+Empire&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788120804401&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuYXDB2gIYbwC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gupta inscriptions using the term "Dinara" for money: No 5-9, 62, 64 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleet1960" class="citation book cs1">Fleet, John Faithfull (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.463254/page/n229"><i>Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inscriptions+Of+The+Early+Gupta+Kings+And+Their+Successors&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=John+Faithfull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.463254%2Fpage%2Fn229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RM-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RM_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RM_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMookerji1997" class="citation book cs1">Mookerji, Radhakumud (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA30"><i>The Gupta Empire</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120804401" title="Special:BookSources/9788120804401"><bdi>9788120804401</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gupta+Empire&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788120804401&rft.aulast=Mookerji&rft.aufirst=Radhakumud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuYXDB2gIYbwC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2014" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1c1UIEVH9gC&pg=PA82"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438109961" title="Special:BookSources/9781438109961"><bdi>9781438109961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Asian+Civilizations&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781438109961&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1c1UIEVH9gC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPal1986" class="citation book cs1">Pal, Pratapaditya (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa"><i>Indian Sculpture. Volume I: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700</i></a></span>. Los Angeles County Museum of Art with University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa/page/73">73</a>, 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520059917" title="Special:BookSources/9780520059917"><bdi>9780520059917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sculpture.+Volume+I%3A+Circa+500+B.C.-A.D.+700&rft.pages=73%2C+78&rft.pub=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art+with+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780520059917&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.aufirst=Pratapaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiansculpturec00losa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReden2019" class="citation book cs1">Reden, Sitta (2 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H_UEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT505"><i>Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies: Volume 1: Contexts</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-060494-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-060494-8"><bdi>978-3-11-060494-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ancient+Afro-Eurasian+Economies%3A+Volume+1%3A+Contexts&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2019-12-02&rft.isbn=978-3-11-060494-8&rft.aulast=Reden&rft.aufirst=Sitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH_UEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RML131-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RML131_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RML131_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RML131_143-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RML131_143-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RML131_143-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2010" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Raoul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gzJf1KgqrWQC&pg=PA131"><i>Rome and the Distant East: Trade Routes to the Ancient Lands of Arabia, India and China</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847252357" title="Special:BookSources/9781847252357"><bdi>9781847252357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Distant+East%3A+Trade+Routes+to+the+Ancient+Lands+of+Arabia%2C+India+and+China&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781847252357&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Raoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgzJf1KgqrWQC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200931-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200931_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill 2009</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllerbrock2021" class="citation book cs1">Ellerbrock, Uwe (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFEXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61"><i>The Parthians: The Forgotten Empire</i></a>. Routledge. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-35848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-35848-3"><bdi>978-1-000-35848-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parthians%3A+The+Forgotten+Empire&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-35848-3&rft.aulast=Ellerbrock&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFEXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_crespigny_2007_5-6-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_crespigny_2007_5-6_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_crespigny_2007_5-6_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_crespigny_2007_5-6_146-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">de Crespigny, Rafe. (2007). <i>A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)</i>. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. page 5-6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-15605-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-15605-4">90-04-15605-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Han_ingot_imprints_with_barbarous_Greek_inscriptions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Eastern_Han_ingot_imprints_with_barbarous_Greek_inscriptions.jpg/30px-Eastern_Han_ingot_imprints_with_barbarous_Greek_inscriptions.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Eastern_Han_ingot_imprints_with_barbarous_Greek_inscriptions.jpg/45px-Eastern_Han_ingot_imprints_with_barbarous_Greek_inscriptions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Eastern_Han_ingot_imprints_with_barbarous_Greek_inscriptions.jpg/60px-Eastern_Han_ingot_imprints_with_barbarous_Greek_inscriptions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="402" /></a></span> Joe Cribb, 1974, "Chinese lead ingots with barbarous Greek inscriptions in Coin Hoards" pp.76–8 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/33859218/Chinese_lead_ingots_with_barbarous_Greek_inscriptions_in_Coin_Hoards_vol.IV_London_1978_pp.76-8?auto=download">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gansumuseum.com/dc/viewall-92.html">"安息铅币（正面、背面）"</a>. <i>www.gansumuseum.com</i>. Gansu Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gansumuseum.com&rft.atitle=%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E9%93%85%E5%B8%81%EF%BC%88%E6%AD%A3%E9%9D%A2%E3%80%81%E8%83%8C%E9%9D%A2%EF%BC%89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gansumuseum.com%2Fdc%2Fviewall-92.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-torday1997-393-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-torday1997-393_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-torday1997-393_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Torday, Laszlo. (1997). <i>Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History</i>. Durham: The Durham Academic Press. page 393. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900838-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-900838-03-6">1-900838-03-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b202–203-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b202–203_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b202–203_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b202–203_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017b">Rezakhani 2017b</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b204-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b204_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017b">Rezakhani 2017b</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b200–210-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017b200–210_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017b">Rezakhani 2017b</a>, pp. 200–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2011" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA38"><i>The First Spring: The Golden Age of India</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670084784" title="Special:BookSources/9780670084784"><bdi>9780670084784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Spring%3A+The+Golden+Age+of+India&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780670084784&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dte1sqTzTxD8C%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErringtonCurtis2007" class="citation book cs1">Errington, Elizabeth; Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x2cuAQAAIAAJ"><i>From Persepolis to the Punjab: Exploring Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan</i></a>. British Museum Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714111650" title="Special:BookSources/9780714111650"><bdi>9780714111650</bdi></a>. <q>In the Punjab the stylistic progression of the gold series from Kushan to Kidarite is clear: imitation staters were issued first in the name of Samudragupta, then by Kirada, "Peroz" and finally Kidara</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Persepolis+to+the+Punjab%3A+Exploring+Ancient+Iran%2C+Afghanistan+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780714111650&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Vesta+Sarkhosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx2cuAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribb2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cribb, Joe (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38112559">"The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence"</a>. <i>Coins, Art and Chronology II</i>: 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coins%2C+Art+and+Chronology+II&rft.atitle=The+Kidarites%2C+the+numismatic+evidence&rft.pages=101&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38112559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCCA166-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCCA166_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCCA166_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCCA166_156-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCCA166_156-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCCA166_156-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniLitvinskyZamir_Safi1996">Dani, Litvinsky & Zamir Safi 1996</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA165">165</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA166">166</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lines 23-24 of the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad pillar">Allahabad pillar</a> inscription of Samudragupta: "Self-surrender, offering (their own) daughters in marriage and a request for the administration of their own districts and provinces through the Garuḍa badge, by the Dēvaputra-Shāhi-Shāhānushāhi and the Śaka lords and by (rulers) occupying all Island countries, such as Siṁhala and others."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCribbSingh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Cribb, Joe; Singh, Karan (Winter 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36983254">"Two Curious Kidarite Coin Types From 3rd Century Kashmir"</a>. <i>JONS</i>. <b>230</b>: 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JONS&rft.atitle=Two+Curious+Kidarite+Coin+Types+From+3rd+Century+Kashmir&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=230&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Singh%2C+Karan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36983254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a85-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERezakhani2017a85_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRezakhani2017a">Rezakhani 2017a</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AG-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AG_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AG_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1965" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Amalananda (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0NA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA787"><i>Taxila</i></a>. CUP Archive. pp. 790–791.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxila&rft.pages=790-791&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Amalananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0NA3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KKSK-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KKSK_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongewardCribb2014" class="citation book cs1">Jongeward, David; Cribb, Joe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11049999"><i>Kushan, Kushano-Sasanian, and Kidarite Coins A Catalogue of Coins From the American Numismatic Society by David Jongeward and Joe Cribb with Peter Donovan</i></a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kushan%2C+Kushano-Sasanian%2C+and+Kidarite+Coins+A+Catalogue+of+Coins+From+the+American+Numismatic+Society+by+David+Jongeward+and+Joe+Cribb+with+Peter+Donovan&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Jongeward&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Cribb%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11049999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katariya-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katariya_162-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katariya_162-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katariya_162-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7TpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">The Glorious History of Kushana Empire, Adesh Katariya, 2012, p.69</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_India" title="Category:History of India">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of <span class="fn org label">India</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg/200px-Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg/300px-Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg/400px-Bhutesvara_Yakshis_Mathura_reliefs_2nd_century_CE_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="2418" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a>, c. 500,000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a> 7570 – 6200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhusi" title="Jhusi">Jhusi</a> 7106 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a> 7000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> 7000 – 2600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Indian Neolithic</a> 3000 – 1000 BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Post Indus Valley Period<br />(Cemetery H Culture)</a>, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic civilization</a>, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru kingdom</a>, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rigvedic tribes">Early Vedic period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Rise of Śramaṇa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Later Vedic Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Spread of Jainism – Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Rise of Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadratha Dynasty">Brihadratha Dynasty</a> 1700 – 682 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanka Dynasty">Haryanka Dynasty</a> 544 – 413 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaishunaga Dynasty">Shaishunaga Dynasty</a> 413 – 345 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Dynasty</a>, 345 – 322 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>, c. 600 – 345 BCE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Maurya Dynasty</a>, 322 – 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 320 BCE - 280 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Dynasty</a>, 185 – 73 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Dynasty</a>, 73 – 28 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam period</a> 300 BCE – 400 CE</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan Dynasty</a>, c. 30 – c. 375 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Dynasty</a>, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Dynasty</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Early medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>, 275 CE - 897 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya Dynasty">Chalukya Dynasty</a>, 543 – 753 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 590 CE - 920 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Harsha's Dynasty</a>, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkota_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkota Empire">Karakota Dynasty</a>, c. 724 – c. 760 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Arab Invasion</a>, c. 738 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a>, c. 760 – c. 973 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakuta Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Chola Dynasty</a>, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">2nd Chalukya Dynasty</a>, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, 1206 – 1526 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodhi Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a>, 1251 – 1618 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>, 1336 – 1646 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, 1342 – 1576 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1526 – 1540 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, 1538/40 – 1556 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1556 – 1857 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, 1857 – 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, 1858 – 1947 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement"> Independence Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Independent India</a>, 1947 CE – present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, 1947 – 1950 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>, 1950 CE – present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline of Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties in Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent">Linguistic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architectural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India#History" title="Religion in India">History of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Musical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper Currency History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and Technology History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">List of Inventions and Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Naval History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_India" title="List of wars involving India">Wars involving India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_India" title="Template:History of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_India" title="Template talk:History of 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History of <span class="fn org label">Afghanistan</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miracle_at_Shravasti_Guimet_MG18692.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Miracle_at_Shravasti_Guimet_MG18692.jpg/200px-Miracle_at_Shravasti_Guimet_MG18692.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Miracle_at_Shravasti_Guimet_MG18692.jpg/300px-Miracle_at_Shravasti_Guimet_MG18692.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Miracle_at_Shravasti_Guimet_MG18692.jpg/400px-Miracle_at_Shravasti_Guimet_MG18692.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2200–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2100–1800 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_kingdom" title="Gandhara kingdom">Gandhara kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500–535 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 728–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 550–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 330–312 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 312–150 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 305–180 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 256–125 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 180–90 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 155–80? BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 135 BC – 248 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_kingdom" title="Indo-Parthian kingdom">Indo-Parthian kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 20 BC – 50? AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 230–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarite kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 320–465</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rob" title="Kingdom of Rob">Rob</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 380–560</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 410–557</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 484–711</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 565–879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chaghaniyan" title="Principality of Chaghaniyan">Principality of Chaghaniyan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 7th–8th centuries</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 652–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–669</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 660–842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zunbils" title="Zunbils">Zunbils</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 680–870</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lawik_dynasty" title="Lawik dynasty">Lawik</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">750-977</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 750–821</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 863–900</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 875–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 963–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> before 879–1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1215–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Mongol Invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1219–1226</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1226–1245</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1224–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kartids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1245–1381</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghuns</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1520–1591</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1501–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1510–1709</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kunduz_Khanate" title="Kunduz Khanate">Kunduz Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> ?–1859</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1709–1738</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_Sultanate_of_Herat" title="Sadozai Sultanate of Herat">Sadozai Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1716–1732</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1738–1747</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maimana_Khanate" title="Maimana Khanate">Maimana Khanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1747–1892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Herat_(1793%E2%80%931863)" title="Herat (1793–1863)">Herat</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1793–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Qandahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Qandahar">Principality of Qandahar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1818–1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1823–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Saqqawist Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1926–1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">Daoud coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1973–1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1978–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1990_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Afghan coup d'état attempt">Tanai coup attempt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1992–1996</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">Islamic Emirate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1996–2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">US invasion</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Interim_Administration" title="Afghan Interim Administration">Interim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transitional_Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan">Transitional Administration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2001–2004</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">politics</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2004–2021</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Islamic Emirate</a> (reinstated)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">since</span> 2021</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachosia" title="Arachosia">Arachosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(region)" title="Aria (region)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabulistan" title="Kabulistan">Kabulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafiristan" title="Kafiristan">Kafiristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushanshahr" title="Kushanshahr">Kushanshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of Afghanistan">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Afghanistan" title="Political violence in Afghanistan">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Afghanistan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Afghanistan" title="Name of Afghanistan">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Afghanistan" title="List of years in Afghanistan">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">List of heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wars in Afghanistan">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Afghanistan" title="List of wars involving Afghanistan">List of wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Afghanistan">Hinduism history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_and_Buddhist_heritage_of_Afghanistan" title="Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan">Hindu and Buddhist heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Muslim conquests</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:History of Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" 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screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvari2007" class="citation book cs1">Avari, Burjor (2007). <i>India: The Ancient Past</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35616-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35616-9"><bdi>978-0-415-35616-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+The+Ancient+Past&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35616-9&rft.aulast=Avari&rft.aufirst=Burjor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2009). <i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-2994-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2994-1&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Benjamin" title="Craig Benjamin">Benjamin, Craig</a> (2007). <i>The Yuezhi: Origin, Migration and the Conquest of Northern Bactria</i>. ISD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52429-0"><bdi>978-2-503-52429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yuezhi%3A+Origin%2C+Migration+and+the+Conquest+of+Northern+Bactria&rft.pub=ISD&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-503-52429-0&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Osmund_Bopearachchi" title="Osmund Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi, Osmund</a> (2003). <i>De l'Indus à l'Oxus, Archéologie de l'Asie Centrale</i> (in French). Lattes: Association imago-musée de Lattes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-9516679-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-9516679-2-2"><bdi>2-9516679-2-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+l%27Indus+%C3%A0+l%27Oxus%2C+Arch%C3%A9ologie+de+l%27Asie+Centrale&rft.place=Lattes&rft.pub=Association+imago-mus%C3%A9e+de+Lattes&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2-9516679-2-2&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi2007" class="citation book cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund (2007). "Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans". 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Revised Edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08166-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08166-9">0-231-08166-9</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-08167-7">0-231-08167-7</a> (pbk.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (2002). <i>Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th-13th centuries</i>. BRILL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%3A+The+Slavic+Kings+and+the+Islamic+conquest%2C+11th-13th+centuries&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher1968" class="citation book cs1">Zürcher, E. (1968). "The Yüeh-chih and Kaniṣka in the Chinese sources". In Basham, A. L. (ed.). <i>Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 346–393.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Y%C3%BCeh-chih+and+Kani%E1%B9%A3ka+in+the+Chinese+sources&rft.btitle=Papers+on+the+Date+of+Kani%E1%B9%A3ka&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=346-393&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonmannHalfmannKorobzowBobomulloev2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bonmann, Svenja; Halfmann, Jakob; Korobzow, Natalie; Bobomulloev, Bobomullo (12 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-968X.12269">"A Partial Decipherment of the Unknown Kushan Script"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i>. <b>121</b> (2): 293–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-968X.12269">10.1111/1467-968X.12269</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259851498">259851498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=A+Partial+Decipherment+of+the+Unknown+Kushan+Script&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=293-329&rft.date=2023-07-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-968X.12269&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259851498%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bonmann&rft.aufirst=Svenja&rft.au=Halfmann%2C+Jakob&rft.au=Korobzow%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Bobomulloev%2C+Bobomullo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1467-968X.12269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kushan_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/325483/Kushan-dynasty">Kushan dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/kush/hd_kush.htm">Metropolitan Museum capsule history</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204064550/http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/kushan/kushan.html">New documents help fix controversial Kushan dating</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 4 February 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/indo_scythians/i.html">Coins of the Kushans on wildwinds.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20130207084302/http://home.comcast.net/~pankajtandon/home.html">Antique Indian Coins</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived 7 February 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kushan.org/">Brief Guide to Kushan History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040925185831/http://www.kushan.org/">Archived</a> 25 September 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coinindia.com/galleries-kushan.html">The CoinIndia Online Catalogue of Kushan Coins</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kushan.org/">Dedicated resource to study of Kushan Empire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040925185831/http://www.kushan.org/">Archived</a> 25 September 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanresearch.org/pdf/2000-2002/vol05%20N2final.pdf">imalayan and Central Asian Studies: Journal of Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation Volume 5 Issue 2</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">Ancient Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Trans-Jaxartes steppes</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="13"><i>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3500–2500 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="13">(Eastern migration of the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>,as far as the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="12" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400–2000 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Goddess,_Western_Central_Asia,_Bronze_Age_Bactria,_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE,_chlorite_and_limestone,_Miho_Museum,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/35px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/53px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/70px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2138" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–1900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo Culture">Andronovo Culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tomyris" title="Tomyris">Tomyris</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunkha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan culture</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazyryk Culture">Pazyryk Culture</a>)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/30px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/45px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/60px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><big><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–256 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big>Hellenistic Period</big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander I</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>256–160 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="8"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Laoshang" title="Laoshang">Laoshang</a><br /><br /><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic tribes">Hunnic tribes</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Eucratides" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucratides">Eucratides</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">141 BCE–30 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Arseiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Arseiles">Arseiles</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapadbizes" title="Sapadbizes">Sapadbizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">30 –224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><big><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka I</a> <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">224–350 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I_Kushanshah" title="Ardashir I Kushanshah">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd II Kushanshah">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_II_Kushanshah" title="Peroz II Kushanshah">Peroz II</a> <a href="/wiki/Varahran_Kushanshah" title="Varahran Kushanshah">Varahran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></big></b><br />Wanunkhur </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">320 CE–467 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></big></b><br />Yosada <a href="/wiki/Kirada" title="Kirada">Kirada</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_(Kidarite)" title="Peroz (Kidarite)">Peroz</a> <a href="/wiki/Kidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidara">Kidara</a> <a href="/wiki/Grumbates" title="Grumbates">Grumbates</a> Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) <a href="/wiki/Goboziko" class="mw-redirect" title="Goboziko">Goboziko</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">370 CE–540 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Khingila" class="mw-redirect" title="Khingila">Khingila</a> <a href="/wiki/Javukha" title="Javukha">Javukha</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehama" title="Mehama">Mehama</a> Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman <a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">440 CE–560 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a> Kun-khi Ghadfar </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–625 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a></big></b><br />(vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> 657–742)<br /><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Heshana_Khagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshana Khagan">Heshana Khagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">625 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a> Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Bolun_Cabgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbis Bolun Cabgu">Irbis Bolun Cabgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a> <a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Ashina Helu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>651–673 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>673–751 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></big></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East">Rulers of the Ancient Near-East</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia" title="Template:Ancient India and Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia" title="Template talk:Ancient India and Central Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient India and Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India_and_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India and Central Asia">Ancient India and Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology and prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranians" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranians">Proto-Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Indo-Aryan migration theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swat_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat culture">Swat culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" title="Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">Genetics and archaeogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_horse_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the horse in South Asia">History of the horse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical peoples and clans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakaldwipiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakaldwipiya">Sakaldwipiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakdvipa" title="Shakdvipa">Shakdvipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ry%C4%81varta" title="Āryāvarta">Āryāvarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians_in_Indian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythians in Indian literature">Indo-Scythians in Indian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttaramadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttaramadra">Uttaramadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakuru" title="Uttarakuru">Uttarakuru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template talk:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKushan+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25979#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25979#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25979#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27864767">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118640275">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kushans"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85073498">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567066">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kušánská říše"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0149508&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548474205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118640275">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Uttarakhand" title="Template talk:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Uttarakhand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Uttarakhand" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">State capitals</a>: legislative: <b><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></b> (winter); <b><a href="/wiki/Bhararisain" title="Bhararisain">Bhararisain</a></b> (summer); judicial: <b><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttarakhand" title="Government of Uttarakhand">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uttarakhand_state_symbols" title="List of Uttarakhand state symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Day" title="Uttarakhand Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Uttarakhand" title="Emblem of Uttarakhand">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Devabhumi_Matribhumi" title="Uttarakhand Devabhumi Matribhumi">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyameva_Jayate" title="Satyameva Jayate">Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of governors of Uttarakhand">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Council_of_Ministers" title="Uttarakhand Council of Ministers">Council of Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uttarakhand_ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Uttarakhand ministries">Cabinets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_secretaries_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of chief secretaries of Uttarakhand">Chief Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gazette" title="Uttarakhand Gazette">Gazette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agencies_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of agencies of the government of Uttarakhand">Agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_departments_of_the_government_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of departments of the government of Uttarakhand">Departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Disaster_Response_Force_(Uttarakhand)" title="State Disaster Response Force (Uttarakhand)">Disaster Response Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Fire_and_Emergency_Services" title="Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services">Fire and Emergency Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Provincial_Armed_Constabulary" title="Uttarakhand Provincial Armed Constabulary">Provincial Armed Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Forest_Department" title="Uttarakhand Forest Department">Forest Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Police" title="Uttarakhand Police">Police Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Public_Service_Commission" title="Uttarakhand Public Service Commission">Public Service Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Civil_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Civil Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Police_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Police Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Police Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Forest_Service_(Uttarakhand)" title="Provincial Forest Service (Uttarakhand)">Provincial Forest Service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="History of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_opposition_in_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Leader of the Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judiciary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="Uttarakhand High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Uttarakhand_High_Court" title="List of judges of the Uttarakhand High Court">Judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bar Council of Uttarakhand">Bar Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lok_Adalat" title="Uttarakhand Lok Adalat">Lok Adalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lokayukta" title="Uttarakhand Lokayukta">Lokayukta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttarakhand" title="History of Uttarakhand">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakuru" title="Uttarakuru">Uttarakuru kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas">Paurava kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasa Janapada kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval<br />kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom#Rulers_of_Garhwal" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Panwar dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">Kumaon Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Katyuri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Raika Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonial<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceded_and_Conquered_Provinces" title="Ceded and Conquered Provinces">Ceded and Conquered Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Presidency" title="Agra Presidency">Agra Presidency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Crown<br />rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="United Provinces (1937–1950)">United Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />Uttarakhand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rampur_Tiraha_firing_case" title="Rampur Tiraha firing case">Rampur Tiraha firing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Reorganisation_Act,_2000" title="Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000">Bifurcation of Uttar Pradesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Uttarakhand" title="Geography of Uttarakhand">Geography<br />and<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geological<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Great Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Himalayas" title="Garhwal Himalayas">Garhwal Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of mountain peaks of Uttarakhand">Mountain peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugyals" title="Bugyals">Bugyals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_Kumaon_hills" title="Lakes of Kumaon hills">Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhabar" title="Bhabar">Bhabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_subalpine_conifer_forests" title="Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests">Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_pine_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical pine forests">Himalayan subtropical pine forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Himalayan_broadleaf_forests" title="Western Himalayan broadleaf forests">Western Himalayan broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_subtropical_broadleaf_forests" title="Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests">Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai%E2%80%93Duar_savanna_and_grasslands" title="Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands">Terai–Duar savanna and grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of people from Uttarakhand">Ethnic<br />groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_people" title="Garhwali people">Garhwalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_people" title="Kumaoni people">Kumaonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_people" title="Jaunsari people">Jaunsaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoksa_people" title="Bhoksa people">Buksas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">Tibeto-Burmans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhotiyas_of_Uttarakhand" title="Bhotiyas of Uttarakhand">Bhotiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukas" title="Shaukas">Shaukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_people" title="Raji people">Rajis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_people" title="Jad people">Jads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banrawats" title="Banrawats">Banrawats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">Scheduled Castes<br />and<br /> Scheduled Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Castes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Castes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Castes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scheduled_Tribes_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Scheduled Tribes in Uttarakhand">Scheduled Tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spoken</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangani" title="Bangani">Bangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rongpo_language" title="Rongpo language">Rongpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byangsi_language" title="Byangsi language">Byangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudangsi_language" title="Chaudangsi language">Chaudangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmiya_language" title="Darmiya language">Darmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji_language" title="Raji language">Raji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawat_language" title="Rawat language">Rawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jad_language" title="Jad language">Jad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Uttarakhand" title="Administrative divisions of Uttarakhand">Administrative<br /> divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of tehsils of Uttarakhand">Tehsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_local_bodies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of urban local bodies in Uttarakhand">Urban Local Bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipal_corporations_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of municipal corporations in Uttarakhand">Municipal Corporations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parganas_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of parganas of Uttarakhand">Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_community_development_blocks_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of community development blocks of Uttarakhand">Community Development Blocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_movement" title="Uttarakhand movement">Statehood movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uttarakhand_political_crisis" title="2016 Uttarakhand political crisis">2016 political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Elections in Uttarakhand">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_elections_in_Uttarakhand" title="Local elections in Uttarakhand">Local elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_constituencies_of_the_Uttarakhand_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of former constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly">Former constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliamentary_constituencies_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of parliamentary constituencies in Uttarakhand">Parliamentary constituencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rajya_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Rajya Sabha members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lok_Sabha_members_from_Uttarakhand" title="List of Lok Sabha members from Uttarakhand">Lok Sabha members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Uttarakhand" title="Tourism in Uttarakhand">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" title="List of World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_and_Valley_of_Flowers_National_Parks" title="Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks">Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_India" title="List of Ramsar sites in India">Ramsar Wetland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asan_Barrage" title="Asan Barrage">Asan Barrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Monuments_of_National_Importance_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Monuments of National Importance in Uttarakhand">Monuments of National Importance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_State_Protected_Monuments_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of State Protected Monuments in Uttarakhand">State Protected Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of Hindu temples in Uttarakhand">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Dehradun" title="List of tourist attractions in Dehradun">Tourist attractions in Dehradun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chota_Char_Dham" title="Chota Char Dham">Chardham<br />circuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri" title="Gangotri">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri" title="Yamunotri">Yamunotri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamunotri_Temple" title="Yamunotri Temple">Yamunotri Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath" title="Badrinath">Badrinath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badrinath_Temple" title="Badrinath Temple">Badrinath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath" title="Kedarnath">Kedarnath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath Temple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapta_Badri" title="Sapta Badri">Sapta Badri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_Prayag" title="Panch Prayag">Panch Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomukh" title="Gomukh">Gomukh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_India" title="List of national parks of India">National<br />parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangotri_National_Park" title="Gangotri National Park">Gangotri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Pashu_Vihar_National_Park" title="Govind Pashu Vihar National Park">Govind Pashu Vihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" title="Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi_National_Park" title="Nanda Devi National Park">Nanda Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaji_National_Park" title="Rajaji National Park">Rajaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Flowers_National_Park" title="Valley of Flowers National Park">Valley of Flowers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_Association_of_Uttarakhand" title="Cricket Association of Uttarakhand">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand cricket team">Men's cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_women%27s_cricket_team" title="Uttarakhand women's cricket team">Women's cricket team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_State_Football_Association" title="Uttarakhand State Football Association">Association football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_football_team" title="Uttarakhand football team">Men's football team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_International_Cricket_Stadium,_Dehradun" title="Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun">Cricket Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Sports_Stadium" title="Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium">Olympic Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap_Sports_College" title="Maharana Pratap Sports College">Sports College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Uttarakhand" title="Outline of Uttarakhand">Other<br />topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transport <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of airports in Uttarakhand">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Highway" title="Char Dham Highway">Char Dham Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_Dham_Railway" title="Char Dham Railway">Char Dham Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Metro" title="Uttarakhand Metro">Dehradun–Haridwar–Rishikesh Metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uttarakhand" title="Music of Uttarakhand">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Uttarakhand">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_cuisine" title="Kumaoni cuisine">Kumaoni cuisine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uttarakhand" title="Economy of Uttarakhand">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uttarakhand" title="Education in Uttarakhand">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Board_of_School_Education" title="Uttarakhand Board of School Education">School Education Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Uttarakhand" title="List of institutions of higher education in Uttarakhand">Institutes of higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_awards_and_decorations" title="List of civil awards and decorations">Awards and decorations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Ratna" title="Uttarakhand Ratna">Uttarakhand Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Gaurav_Samman" title="Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman">Uttarakhand Gaurav Samman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Uttarakhand" title="List of districts of Uttarakhand">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_division" title="Kumaon division">Kumaon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almora_district" title="Almora district">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bageshwar_district" title="Bageshwar district">Bageshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champawat_district" title="Champawat district">Champawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital_district" title="Nainital district">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh_district" title="Pithoragarh district">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udham_Singh_Nagar_district" title="Udham Singh Nagar district">Udham Singh Nagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_division" title="Garhwal division">Garhwal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamoli_district" title="Chamoli district">Chamoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun_district" title="Dehradun district">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_district" title="Haridwar district">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Garhwal_district" title="Pauri Garhwal district">Pauri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraprayag_district" title="Rudraprayag district">Rudraprayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehri_Garhwal_district" title="Tehri Garhwal district">Tehri Garhwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarkashi_district" title="Uttarkashi district">Uttarkashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Uttarakhand_by_population" title="List of cities in Uttarakhand by population">Major<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldwani" title="Haldwani">Haldwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roorkee" title="Roorkee">Roorkee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashipur,_Uttarakhand" title="Kashipur, Uttarakhand">Kashipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrapur,_Uttarakhand" title="Rudrapur, Uttarakhand">Rudrapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotdwar" title="Kotdwar">Kotdwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramnagar,_Nainital" title="Ramnagar, Nainital">Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithoragarh" title="Pithoragarh">Pithoragarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar,_Uttarakhand" title="Srinagar, Uttarakhand">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tehri" title="New Tehri">New Tehri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoorie" title="Mussoorie">Mussoorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almora" title="Almora">Almora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri" title="Pauri">Pauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&oldid=1256454077">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kushan_Empire&oldid=1256454077</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kushan_Empire" title="Category:Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Category:Ancient history of Afghanistan">Ancient history of Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_history_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Ancient history of Pakistan">Ancient history of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Indian_monarchies" title="Category:Ancient Indian monarchies">Ancient Indian monarchies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Category:Buddhism in Afghanistan">Buddhism in Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="Category:History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Category:History of Buddhism in Pakistan">History of Buddhism in Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynasties_of_India" title="Category:Dynasties of India">Dynasties of 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href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_establishments_in_India" title="Category:1st-century establishments in India">1st-century establishments in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:375_disestablishments" title="Category:375 disestablishments">375 disestablishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:4th-century_disestablishments_in_India" title="Category:4th-century disestablishments in India">4th-century disestablishments in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nomadic_empires" title="Category:Nomadic empires">Nomadic empires</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bactrian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing 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