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Following the Italian Renaissance, new stylistic norms for modern ‘classical windows’ had to be invented. Building a new classical repertoire drew on existing traditions in fenestration as local builders throughout Europe struggled with the constraints of varying climatic conditions, customs and physical resources in pursuit of a broader vision of an international classical revival. With the Renaissance, the architectural emphasis shifted towards secular design and, as the classical revival gained momentum, a quest for a cultured lifestyle commensurate with the new architecture increased demand for sophisticated fenestration systems in civil architecture. The movement coincided with a period of dramatic climate change, the so-called Little Ice Age (c. 1450 – c.1850), adding urgency to the campaign for transforming fenestration practice. By the late seventeenth century, Northern European builders had developed appropriate indigenous ‘classical’ window forms for their respective societies – functional products sophisticated enough to form the basis of new architectural styles: northern classical traditions that rivalled (and in some respects, surpassed) those created in Italy. Their achievement was embodied in the two flagships of the movement: the Franco-Italian folding casement (the ‘French window’), and the English mechanical sliding window (the ‘sash window’).</p><hr /> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="tabs-2"> <p class="bookdesc">Hentie Louw qualified as an architect at Pretoria University, Republic of South Africa, before leaving for Europe in 1972. He holds postgraduate degrees in architectural history from the Universities of Newcastle and Oxford, both in the UK, and taught architecture fulltime at Newcastle University until retirement. He combined research in architectural and construction history with teaching and the promotion of all three subject areas nationally and internationally. He served as President of the European Association of Architectural Education (1993-5) and Chairman of the Construction History Society (2002-6). He is a chartered member of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London.</p> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="tabs-3"> <div class="bookreview"><p class="bookreviewtext">There are currently no reviews for this title. 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var data = { brands: myarr }; function createContent() { var brand, productType, color, size; var items = ''; // dynamically create content for (var i=0, len1 = data.brands.length; i < len1; i++) { brand = data.brands[i]; for (var j=0, len2 = data.productTypes.length; j < len2; j++) { productType = data.productTypes[j]; for (var l=0, len3 = data.colors.length; l < len3; l++) { color = data.colors[l]; for (var k=0, len4 = data.sizes.length; k < len4; k++) { size = data.sizes[k]; var itemHtml = '<div class="item ' + brand + ' ' + productType + ' ' + color + ' ' + size + '">' + '<p>' + brand + '</p>' + '<p>' + productType + '</p>' + '<p>' + size + '</p>' + '</div>'; items += itemHtml; } } } } $container.append( items ); } function getComboFilter( filters ) { var i = 0; var comboFilters = []; var message = []; for ( var prop in filters ) { message.push( filters[ prop ].join(' ') ); var filterGroup = filters[ prop ]; // skip to next filter group if it doesn't have any values if ( !filterGroup.length ) { continue; } if ( i === 0 ) { // copy to new array comboFilters = filterGroup.slice(0); } else { var filterSelectors = []; // copy to fresh array var groupCombo = comboFilters.slice(0); // [ A, B ] // merge filter Groups for (var k=0, len3 = filterGroup.length; k < len3; k++) { for (var j=0, len2 = groupCombo.length; j < len2; j++) { filterSelectors.push( groupCombo[j] + filterGroup[k] ); // [ 1, 2 ] } } // apply filter selectors to combo filters for next group comboFilters = filterSelectors; } i++; } var comboFilter = comboFilters.join(', '); return comboFilter; } function manageCheckbox( $checkbox ) { var checkbox = $checkbox[0]; var group = $checkbox.parents('.option-set').attr('data-group'); // create array for filter group, if not there yet var filterGroup = filters[ group ]; if ( !filterGroup ) { filterGroup = filters[ group ] = []; } var isAll = $checkbox.hasClass('all'); // reset filter group if the all box was checked if ( isAll ) { delete filters[ group ]; if ( !checkbox.checked ) { checkbox.checked = 'checked'; } } // index of var index = $.inArray( checkbox.value, filterGroup ); if ( checkbox.checked ) { var selector = isAll ? 'input' : 'input.all'; $checkbox.siblings( selector ).removeAttr('checked'); if ( !isAll && index === -1 ) { // add filter to group filters[ group ].push( checkbox.value ); } } else if ( !isAll ) { // remove filter from group filters[ group ].splice( index, 1 ); // if unchecked the last box, check the all if ( !$checkbox.siblings('[checked]').length ) { $checkbox.siblings('input.all').attr('checked', 'checked'); } } } }); </script> </body> </html>