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South African dissident writer and poet Breyten Breytenbach dies at 85
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class="category js-category"> <a class="" href="/z/612">Africa</a> </div> </div><div class="col-title col-xs-12 col-md-10 pull-right"> <h1 class="title pg-title"> South African dissident writer and poet Breyten Breytenbach dies at 85 </h1> </div><div class="col-publishing-details col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-2 pull-left"> <div class="publishing-details "> <div class="published"> <span class="date" > <time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-24T19:44:55-05:00"> November 24, 2024 7:44 PM </time> </span> </div> <div class="links"> <ul class="links__list links__list--column"> <li class="links__item"> By <a class="links__item-link" href="/author/associated-press/j_-yt" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div><div class="col-lg-12 separator"> <div class="separator"> <hr class="title-line" /> </div> </div><div class="col-multimedia col-xs-12 col-md-10 pull-right"> <div class="cover-media"> <figure class="media-image js-media-expand"> <div class="img-wrap"> <div class="thumb thumb16_9"> <img src="https://gdb.voanews.com/f088be49-d11f-44fc-854e-93f933ce1840_w250_r1_s.jpg" alt="FILE - South African writer and anti-apartheid activist Breyten Breytenbach receives the 2017 Zbigniew Herbert International Literary Award at a ceremony in Warsaw, Poland, May 25, 2017. He died in Paris, his family announced on Nov. 24, 2024." /> </div> <span class="ico ico-fullscreen ico--media-expand ico--rounded"></span> </div> <figcaption> <span class="caption">FILE - South African writer and anti-apartheid activist Breyten Breytenbach receives the 2017 Zbigniew Herbert International Literary Award at a ceremony in Warsaw, Poland, May 25, 2017. He died in Paris, his family announced on Nov. 24, 2024.</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div><div class="col-xs-12 col-md-2 pull-left article-share pos-rel"> <div class="share--box"> <aside class="share flex-column js-share--apply-sticky js-share--expandable js-share--horizontal"> <span class="label label--share">Share</span> <ul class="share__list"> <li class="share__item"> <a href="https://facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3a%2f%2fwww.voanews.com%2fa%2fsouth-african-dissident-writer-and-poet-breyten-breytenbach-dies-at-85%2f7875647.html" data-analytics-text="share_on_facebook" title="Share on Facebook" target="_blank" class="btn btn--rounded btn-facebook js-social-btn"> <span class="ico ico--rounded ico-facebook ico--l"></span> </a> </li> <li class="share__item"> <a 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btn--show-more hidden"> <span class="ico ico--rounded ico-ellipsis ico--s"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </aside> </div> </div> </div> <div class="links"> <p class="link-print visible-md visible-lg buttons p-0"> <button class="btn btn--link btn-print p-t-0" onclick="if (typeof FireAnalyticsTagEvent === 'function') {FireAnalyticsTagEvent({ on_page_event: 'print_story' });}return false" title="(CTRL+P)"> <span class="ico ico-print"></span> <span class="btn__text">Print</span> </button> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="body-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-10 col-lg-10 pull-right"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-8 col-lg-8 pull-left bottom-offset content-offset"> <div id="article-content" class="content-floated-wrap fb-quotable"> <div class="wsw"> <span class="dateline">JOHANNESBURG — </span> <p>South African writer and poet Breyten Breytenbach, a staunch opponent of the former white-minority government's apartheid policy of racial oppression, has died in Paris, his family announced on Sunday. He was 85. </p> <p>Breytenbach was a celebrated wordsmith, a leading voice in literature in Afrikaans — an offshoot of Dutch that was developed by white settlers — and a fierce critic of apartheid that was imposed against the country's Black majority between 1948 and 1990. </p> <p>He moved to Paris but on a clandestine trip to his home country in 1975 he was arrested on allegations that he assisted Nelson Mandela's then-outlawed African National Congress group in its sabotage campaign against the white-minority government. </p> <p>He was convicted of treason and served seven years in prison. French president Francois Mitterrand helped secure his release in 1982. </p> <p>Upon his release, Breytenbach based himself in Paris, becoming a French citizen, and continued his anti-apartheid activism.</p> <p>Breytenbach is best known for "Confessions of an Albino Terrorist," his account of his imprisonment and the events leading to it. </p> <p>His work addressed themes of exile, identity and justice, his family said in a statement on Sunday. </p> <p>"Known for his masterful poetry collections in Afrikaans, as well as autobiographical works such as 'The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist' and 'A Season in Paradise,' he fearlessly addressed themes of exile, identity and justice," his family said in a statement. </p> <p>Breytenbach was a poet, novelist, painter and activist whose work touched on and influenced literature and the arts both domestically and abroad, his family added. </p> <p>He was born in the Western Cape province in 1939 but spent much of his life abroad. </p> <p>He joined Okhela, an ideological wing of South Africa's African National Congress, in exile, but remained deeply connected to his South African roots. </p> <p>He is survived by his wife, Yolande, daughter Daphnée and two grandsons. </p> <p><em>Some information for this report came from Agence France-Presse. </em></p> </div> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-4 pull-left design-top-offset"> <div class="region"> <div class="media-block-wrap" id="wrowblock-6206_21" data-area-id=R1_1> <h2 class="section-head"> More Africa Stories </h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 col-md-12 col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <ul> <li class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12 mb-grid"> <div class="media-block "> <a href="/a/rwanda-backed-rebels-reach-center-of-east-congo-s-2nd-major-city/7976749.html" class="img-wrap img-wrap--t-spac img-wrap--size-3 img-wrap--float" title="Rwanda-backed rebels reach center of east Congo's 2nd major city"> <div class="thumb thumb16_9"> <noscript class="nojs-img"> <img src="https://gdb.voanews.com/0a0b3b54-1d01-4497-f8e7-08dd4a817620_cx13_cy0_cw78_w100_r1.jpg" alt="People walk past an independence square in Bukavu, eastern Congo, Feb. 15, 2025. 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