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id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wave_theory_of_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wave_theory_of_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Wave theory of light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wave_theory_of_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young's_modulus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young's_modulus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Young's modulus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young's_modulus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vision_and_colour_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vision_and_colour_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vision and colour theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vision_and_colour_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young–Laplace_equation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young–Laplace_equation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Young–Laplace equation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young–Laplace_equation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Young's_equation_and_Young–Dupré_equation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Young's_equation_and_Young–Dupré_equation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Young's equation and Young–Dupré equation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Young's_equation_and_Young–Dupré_equation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_hieroglyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_hieroglyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Egyptian hieroglyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_hieroglyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selected writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Young (scientist)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA_(%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85)" title="توماس يانغ (عالم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس يانغ (عالم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82" title="توماس یانق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توماس یانق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%82" title="থমাস ইয়ং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থমাস ইয়ং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Томас Юнг – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Юнг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Томас Юнг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Томас Юнг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%99%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Томас Йънг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Йънг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="توماس یانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس یانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%98%81" title="토머스 영 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 영" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Թոմաս Յունգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Յունգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="थॉमस यंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थॉमस यंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="תומאס יאנג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס יאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ತಾಮಸ್ ಯಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಾಮಸ್ ಯಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Томас Юнг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Юнг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_Jangs" title="Tomass Jangs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Jangs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%BB)" title="തോമസ് യംഗ് (ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമസ് യംഗ് (ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ტომას იუნგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტომას იუნგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC" title="توماس يونج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس يونج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Томас Янг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Томас Янг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သောမတ် ယန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သောမတ် ယန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(wetenschapper)" title="Thomas Young (wetenschapper) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Young (wetenschapper)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="トマス・ヤング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・ヤング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(forsker)" title="Thomas Young (forsker) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Young (forsker)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ଥୋମାସ ୟଙ୍ଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଥୋମାସ ୟଙ୍ଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Yung" title="Thomas Yung – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Thomas Yung" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_(%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80)" title="ਥਾਮਸ ਯੰਗ (ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਮਸ ਯੰਗ (ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Юнг, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юнг, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(fizik)" title="Thomas Young (fizik) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Young (fizik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Томас Јанг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Јанг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(fysiker)" title="Thomas Young (fysiker) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Young (fysiker)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D)" title="தாமசு யங் (அறிவியலாளர்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமசு யங் (அறிவியலாளர்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="థామస్ యంగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థామస్ యంగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="โทมัส ยัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทมัส ยัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Томас Юнг – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Томас Юнг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Young" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Томас Юнг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Юнг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD)" title="Thomas Young (nhà vật lý) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Young (nhà vật lý)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Young_(sayantista)" title="Thomas Young (sayantista) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas Young (sayantista)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%A8" title="托马斯·杨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托马斯·杨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E5%A3%AB%E6%A5%8A%E6%A0%BC" title="湯瑪士楊格 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="湯瑪士楊格" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%A8" title="托马斯·杨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托马斯·杨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25820#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English polymath (1773–1829)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Young</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Young_by_Briggs_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thomas_Young_by_Briggs_cropped.jpg/250px-Thomas_Young_by_Briggs_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Thomas_Young_by_Briggs_cropped.jpg/500px-Thomas_Young_by_Briggs_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="943" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Perronet_Briggs" title="Henry Perronet Briggs">Henry Perronet Briggs</a>, 1822</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1773-06-13</span>)</span>13 June 1773<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Milverton,_Somerset" title="Milverton, Somerset">Milverton, Somerset</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 May 1829<span style="display:none">(1829-05-10)</span> (aged 55)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">University of Edinburgh Medical School</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge" title="Emmanuel College, Cambridge">Emmanuel College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wave_theory_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave theory of light">Wave theory of light</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_interference_experiment" title="Young's interference experiment">Double-slit experiment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Astigmatism_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astigmatism (eye)">Astigmatism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wetting#The_Young–Dupré_equation_and_spreading_coefficient" title="Wetting">Young–Dupré equation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Helmholtz_theory" title="Young–Helmholtz theory">Young–Helmholtz theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Laplace_equation" title="Young–Laplace equation">Young–Laplace equation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Young_temperament" title="Young temperament">Young temperament</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Young's rule">Young's rule</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Thomas_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Young_Thomas_signature.jpg/250px-Young_Thomas_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Young_Thomas_signature.jpg/300px-Young_Thomas_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="71" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Young</b> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (13 June 1773 – 10 May 1829) was a British <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> who made notable contributions to the fields of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solid_mechanics" title="Solid mechanics">solid mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">musical harmony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>. He was instrumental in the <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs">decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>. </p><p>Young has been described as "<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_Who_Knew_Everything" title="The Last Man Who Knew Everything">The Last Man Who Knew Everything</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work influenced that of <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. Young is credited with establishing <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens'</a> <a href="/wiki/Wave_theory_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave theory of light">wave theory of light</a>, in contrast to the corpuscular theory of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young's work was subsequently supported by the work of <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Augustin-Jean Fresnel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Young belonged to a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Milverton,_Somerset" title="Milverton, Somerset">Milverton, Somerset</a>, where he was born in 1773, the eldest of ten children.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the age of fourteen, Young had learned <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Ge'ez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young began to study medicine in London at <a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Hospital" title="St Bartholomew's Hospital">St Bartholomew's Hospital</a> in 1792, moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">University of Edinburgh Medical School</a> in 1794, and a year later went to <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, Lower Saxony, Germany, where he obtained the degree of doctor of medicine in 1796 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1797 he entered <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge" title="Emmanuel College, Cambridge">Emmanuel College, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year he inherited the estate of his grand-uncle, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brocklesby" title="Richard Brocklesby">Richard Brocklesby</a>, which made him financially independent, and in 1799 he established himself as a physician at 48 <a href="/wiki/Welbeck_Street" title="Welbeck Street">Welbeck Street</a>, London<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (now recorded with a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a>). Young published many of his first academic articles anonymously to protect his reputation as a physician.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1801, Young was appointed professor of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In two years, he delivered 91 lectures. In 1802, he was appointed foreign secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which he had been elected a fellow in 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned his professorship in 1803, fearing that its duties would interfere with his medical practice. His lectures were published in 1807 in the <i>Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy</i> and contain a number of anticipations of later theories.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1811, Young became physician to <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Hospital" title="St George's Hospital">St George's Hospital</a>, and in 1814 he served on a committee appointed to consider the dangers involved in the general introduction of <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas</a> for lighting into London.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1816 he was secretary of a commission charged with ascertaining the precise length of the <a href="/wiki/Seconds_pendulum" title="Seconds pendulum">seconds pendulum</a> (the length of a pendulum whose period is exactly 2 seconds), and in 1818 he became secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Longitude" title="Board of Longitude">Board of Longitude</a> and superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/HM_Nautical_Almanac_Office" title="HM Nautical Almanac Office">HM Nautical Almanac Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few years before his death he became interested in <a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">life insurance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Peacock,_George_1855_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peacock,_George_1855-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1827 he was chosen as one of the eight foreign associates of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year he became a first class corresponding member, living abroad, of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Institute of the Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1828, he was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1804, Young married Eliza Maxwell. They had no children.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young died in his 56th year in London on 10 May 1829, having suffered recurrent attacks of "asthma". His autopsy revealed <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> of the aorta.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was buried in the graveyard of St. Giles Church at <a href="/wiki/Farnborough,_London" title="Farnborough, London">Farnborough</a>, in the county of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> houses a white marble tablet in memory of Young,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bearing an epitaph by <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Gurney" title="Hudson Gurney">Hudson Gurney</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Sacred to the memory of Thomas Young, M.D., Fellow and Foreign Secretary of the Royal Society Member of the National Institute of France; a man alike eminent in almost every department of human learning. Patient of unintermitted labour, endowed with the faculty of intuitive perception, who, bringing an equal mastery to the most abstruse investigations of letters and of science, first established the undulatory theory of light, and first penetrated the obscurity which had veiled for ages the hieroglyphs of Egypt. Endeared to his friends by his domestic virtues, honoured by the World for his unrivalled acquirements, he died in the hopes of the Resurrection of the just. —Born at Milverton, in Somersetshire, 13 June 1773. Died in Park Square, London, 10 May 1829, in the 56th year of his age.</p></blockquote> <p>Young was highly regarded by his friends and colleagues. He was said never to impose his knowledge, but if asked was able to answer even the most difficult scientific question with ease. Although very learned he had a reputation for sometimes having difficulty in communicating his knowledge. It was said by one of his contemporaries that, "His words were not those in familiar use, and the arrangement of his ideas seldom the same as those he conversed with. He was therefore worse calculated than any man I ever knew for the communication of knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though he sometimes dealt with religious topics of history in Egypt and wrote about the history of Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, not much is known about Young's personal religious views.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/George_Peacock_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Peacock (mathematician)">George Peacock</a>'s account, Young never spoke to him about morals, metaphysics or religion, though according to Young's wife, his attitudes showed that "his <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> upbringing had strongly influenced his religious practices."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authoritative sources have described Young in terms of a cultural Christian Quaker.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Gurney" title="Hudson Gurney">Hudson Gurney</a> informed that before his marriage, Young had to join the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, and was baptized later.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gurney stated that Young "retained a good deal of his old creed, and carried to his scriptural studies his habit of inquisition of languages and manners," rather than the habit of proselytism.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the day before his death, Young participated in religious sacraments; as reported in <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a>'s <i>Edinburgh Journal of Science</i>: "After some information concerning his affairs, and some instructions concerning the hierographical papers in his hands, he said that, perfectly aware of his situation, he had taken the sacraments of the church on the day preceding. His religious sentiments were by himself stated to be liberal, though orthodox. He had extensively studied <a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">the Scriptures</a>, of which the precepts were deeply impressed upon his mind from his earliest years; and he evidenced the faith which he professed; in an unbending course of usefulness and rectitude."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wave_theory_of_light">Wave theory of light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wave theory of light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">Wave–particle duality</a></div> <p>In Young's own judgment, of his many achievements the most important was to establish the <a href="/wiki/Wave_theory_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave theory of light">wave theory of light</a> set out by Christiaan Huygens in his <i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Light" title="Treatise on Light">Treatise on Light</a></i> (1690).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To do so, he had to overcome the century-old view, expressed in the venerable Newton's <i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i>, that light is a particle. Nevertheless, in the early 19th century Young put forth a number of theoretical reasons supporting the wave theory of light, and he developed two enduring demonstrations to support this viewpoint. With the <a href="/wiki/Ripple_tank" title="Ripple tank">ripple tank</a> he demonstrated the idea of <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a> in the context of water waves. With <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_interference_experiment" title="Young's interference experiment">Young's interference experiment</a>, the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/Double-slit_experiment" title="Double-slit experiment">double-slit experiment</a>, he demonstrated interference in the context of light as a wave. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young-Thomas-Lectures1807-Plate_XXX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Young-Thomas-Lectures1807-Plate_XXX.jpg/220px-Young-Thomas-Lectures1807-Plate_XXX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Young-Thomas-Lectures1807-Plate_XXX.jpg/330px-Young-Thomas-Lectures1807-Plate_XXX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Young-Thomas-Lectures1807-Plate_XXX.jpg/440px-Young-Thomas-Lectures1807-Plate_XXX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Plate from "Lectures" of 1802 (RI), pub. 1807</figcaption></figure> <p>Young, speaking on 24 November 1803, to the Royal Society of London, began his now-classic description of the historic experiment:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The experiments I am about to relate ... may be repeated with great ease, whenever the sun shines, and without any other apparatus than is at hand to every one.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In his subsequent paper, titled <i>Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics</i> (1804), Young describes an experiment in which he placed a card measuring approximately 0.85 millimetres (0.033 in) in a <a href="/wiki/Beam_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Beam of light">beam of light</a> from a single opening in a window and observed the fringes of colour in the shadow and to the sides of the card. He observed that placing another card in front or behind the narrow strip so as to prevent the light beam from striking one of its edges caused the fringes to disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This supported the contention that light is composed of <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young performed and analysed a number of experiments, including interference of light from reflection off nearby pairs of micrometre grooves, from reflection off thin films of soap and oil, and from <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_rings" title="Newton's rings">Newton's rings</a>. He also performed two important diffraction experiments using fibres and long narrow strips. In his <i>Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts</i> (1807) he gives <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Grimaldi" title="Francesco Maria Grimaldi">Grimaldi</a> credit for first observing the fringes in the shadow of an object placed in a beam of light. Within ten years, much of Young's work was reproduced and then extended by <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Augustin-Jean Fresnel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young's_modulus"><span id="Young.27s_modulus"></span>Young's modulus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Young's modulus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_-_Mathematical_elements_of_natural_philosophy,_2002_-_3933182_F.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Young_-_Mathematical_elements_of_natural_philosophy%2C_2002_-_3933182_F.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Young_-_Mathematical_elements_of_natural_philosophy%2C_2002_-_3933182_F.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Young_-_Mathematical_elements_of_natural_philosophy%2C_2002_-_3933182_F.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Young_-_Mathematical_elements_of_natural_philosophy%2C_2002_-_3933182_F.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Young_-_Mathematical_elements_of_natural_philosophy%2C_2002_-_3933182_F.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Young_-_Mathematical_elements_of_natural_philosophy%2C_2002_-_3933182_F.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="4512" /></a><figcaption>Young's <i>Mathematical Elements of Natural Philosophy</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Young described the characterization of elasticity that came to be known as Young's modulus, denoted as <i>E</i>, in 1807, and further described it in his <i>Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first use of the concept of Young's modulus in experiments was by <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Riccati" title="Giordano Riccati">Giordano Riccati</a> in 1782—predating Young by 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the idea can be traced to a paper by <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> published in 1727, some 80 years before Thomas Young's 1807 paper. </p><p>The Young's modulus relates the stress (pressure) in a body to its associated strain (change in length as a ratio of the original length); that is, stress = <i>E</i> × strain, for a uniaxially loaded specimen. Young's modulus is independent of the component under investigation; that is, it is an inherent material property (the term modulus refers to an inherent material property). Young's Modulus allowed, for the first time, prediction of the strain in a component subject to a known stress (and vice versa). Prior to Young's contribution, engineers were required to apply Hooke's F = kx relationship to identify the deformation (x) of a body subject to a known load (F), where the constant (k) is a function of both the geometry and material under consideration. Finding k required physical testing for any new component, as the F = kx relationship is a function of both geometry and material. Young's Modulus depends only on the material, not its geometry, thus allowing a revolution in engineering strategies. </p><p>Young's problems in sometimes not expressing himself clearly were shown by his own definition of the modulus: "The modulus of the elasticity of any substance is a column of the same substance, capable of producing a pressure on its base which is to the weight causing a certain degree of compression as the length of the substance is to the diminution of its length." When this explanation was put to the Lords of the Admiralty, their clerk wrote to Young saying "Though science is much respected by their Lordships and your paper is much esteemed, it is too learned ... in short it is not understood."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision_and_colour_theory">Vision and colour theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vision and colour theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Young has also been called the founder of physiological optics. In 1793 he explained the mode in which the eye <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">accommodates</a> itself to vision at different distances as depending on change of the curvature of the <a href="/wiki/Lens_(vision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (vision)">crystalline lens</a>; in 1801 he was the first to describe <a href="/wiki/Astigmatism_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astigmatism (eye)">astigmatism</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in his lectures he presented the hypothesis, afterwards developed by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>, (the <a href="/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Helmholtz_theory" title="Young–Helmholtz theory">Young–Helmholtz theory</a>), that colour perception depends on the presence in the retina of three kinds of nerve fibres.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This foreshadowed the modern understanding of <a href="/wiki/Colour_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour vision">colour vision</a>, in particular the finding that the eye does indeed have three colour receptors which are sensitive to different wavelength ranges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young–Laplace_equation"><span id="Young.E2.80.93Laplace_equation"></span>Young–Laplace equation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Young–Laplace equation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1804, Young developed the theory of capillary phenomena on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also observed the constancy of the angle of contact of a liquid surface with a solid, and showed how to deduce from these two principles the phenomena of capillary action. In 1805, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a>, the French philosopher, discovered the significance of meniscus radii with respect to capillary action. </p><p>In 1830, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, the German mathematician, unified the work of these two scientists to derive the <a href="/wiki/Young%E2%80%93Laplace_equation" title="Young–Laplace equation">Young–Laplace equation</a>, the formula that describes the <a href="/wiki/Capillary_pressure" title="Capillary pressure">capillary pressure</a> difference sustained across the interface between two static fluids. </p><p>Young was the first to define the term "energy" in the modern sense.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also did work on the theory of tides paralleling that of Laplace and anticipating more well-known work by <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">Airy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Young's_equation_and_Young–Dupré_equation"><span id="Young.27s_equation_and_Young.E2.80.93Dupr.C3.A9_equation"></span>Young's equation and Young–Dupré equation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Young's equation and Young–Dupré equation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wetting" title="Wetting">Wetting</a></div> <p>Young's equation describes the <a href="/wiki/Contact_angle" title="Contact angle">contact angle</a> of a liquid drop on a plane solid surface as a function of the surface free energy, the interfacial free energy and the surface tension of the liquid. Young's equation was developed further some 60 years later by Dupré to account for thermodynamic effects, and this is known as the Young–Dupré equation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In physiology Young made an important contribution to <a href="/wiki/Haemodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemodynamics">haemodynamics</a> in the Croonian lecture for 1808 on the "Functions of the Heart and Arteries," where he derived a formula for the wave speed of the pulse<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his medical writings included <i>An Introduction to Medical Literature</i>, including a <i>System of Practical Nosology</i> (1813) and <i>A Practical and Historical Treatise on Consumptive Diseases</i> (1815).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Young devised a rule of thumb for determining a child's drug dosage. Young's Rule states that the child dosage is equal to the adult dosage multiplied by the child's age in years, divided by the sum of 12 plus the child's age. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an appendix to his 1796 Göttingen dissertation <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De corporis humani viribus conservatricibus</i></span> there are four pages added proposing a universal phonetic alphabet (so as "not to leave these pages blank"; "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ne vacuae starent hae paginae, libuit e praelectione ante disputationem habenda tabellam literarum universalem raptim describere</i></span>"). It includes 16 "pure" vowel symbols, nasal vowels, various consonants, and examples of these, drawn primarily from French and English. </p><p>In his <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> article "Languages", Young compared the grammar and vocabulary of 400 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a separate work in 1813, he introduced the term <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, 165 years after the Dutch linguist and scholar <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Zuerius_van_Boxhorn" title="Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn">Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn</a> proposed the grouping to which this term refers in 1647. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Egyptian hieroglyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_ancient_Egyptian_scripts" title="Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts">Decipherment of ancient Egyptian scripts</a></div> <p>Young made significant contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Decipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Decipher">decipherment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_in_ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing in ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian writing systems</a>. He started his Egyptology work rather late, in 1813, when the work was already in progress among other researchers. </p><p>He began by using an <a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Egyptian demotic</a> alphabet of 29 letters built up by <a href="/wiki/Johan_David_%C3%85kerblad" title="Johan David Åkerblad">Johan David Åkerblad</a> in 1802 (14 turned out to be incorrect). Åkerblad was correct in stressing the importance of the demotic text in trying to read the inscriptions, but he wrongly believed that demotic was entirely alphabetic.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1814 Young had completely translated the "enchorial" text of the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (using a list with 86 demotic words), and then studied the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">hieroglyphic alphabet</a> but initially failed to recognise that the demotic and hieroglyphic texts were paraphrases and not simple translations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was considerable rivalry between Young and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion" title="Jean-François Champollion">Jean-François Champollion</a> while both were working on hieroglyphic decipherment. At first they briefly cooperated in their work, but later, from around 1815, a chill arose between them. For many years they kept details of their work away from each other. </p><p>Some of Young's conclusions appeared in the famous article "Egypt" he wrote for the 1818 edition of the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Champollion finally published a translation of the hieroglyphs and the key to the grammatical system in 1822, Young (and many others) praised his work. Nevertheless, a year later Young published an <i>Account of the Recent Discoveries in Hieroglyphic Literature and Egyptian Antiquities</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the aim of having his own work recognised as the basis for Champollion's system. </p><p>Young had correctly found the sound value of six hieroglyphic signs, but had not deduced the grammar of the language. Young himself acknowledged that he was somewhat at a disadvantage because Champollion's knowledge of the relevant languages, such as Coptic, was much greater.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several scholars have suggested that Young's true contribution to Egyptology was his decipherment of the demotic script. He made the first major advances in this area; he also correctly identified demotic as being composed by both ideographic and phonetic signs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2000277_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2000277-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, Young felt that Champollion was unwilling to share the credit for the decipherment. In the ensuing controversy, strongly motivated by the political tensions of that time, the British tended to champion Young, while the French mostly championed Champollion. Champollion did acknowledge some of Young's contribution, but rather sparingly. However, after 1826, when Champollion was a curator in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, he did offer Young access to demotic manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, while <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Cornewall_Lewis,_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Cornewall Lewis, 2nd Baronet">Sir George Lewis</a> still doubted Champollion's achievement as late as 1862, others were more accepting. For example, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Stuart_Poole" title="Reginald Stuart Poole">Reginald Poole</a>, and Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Le_Page_Renouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Le Page Renouf">Peter Le Page Renouf</a> both defended Champollion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasson2013_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasson2013-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Young developed <a href="/wiki/Young_temperament" title="Young temperament">Young temperament</a>, a method of tuning musical instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later scholars and scientists have praised Young's work although they may know him only through achievements he made in their fields. His contemporary Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> called him a "truly original genius".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> praised him in the 1931 foreword to an edition of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i>. Other admirers include physicist <a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> and Nobel Physics laureate <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">Philip Anderson</a>. </p><p>Thomas Young's name has been adopted as the name of the London-based <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre" title="Thomas Young Centre">Thomas Young Centre</a>, an alliance of academic research groups engaged in the theory and simulation of materials. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Young_Sound" title="Young Sound">Young Sound</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> was named in his honour by <a href="/wiki/William_Scoresby" title="William Scoresby">William Scoresby</a> (1789–1857).<sup id="cite_ref-cat_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cat-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_writings">Selected writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Selected writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fGMSAAAAIAAJ"><i>A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts</i> (1807, republished 2002 by Thoemmes Press).</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pb-JvNOjDhEC&pg=PA1"><i>Miscellaneous Works of the Late Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S.</i> (1855, 3 volumes, editor John Murray, republished 2003 by Thoemmes Press).</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Volumes I and II of A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1807)"><img alt="Volumes I and II of A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1807)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Young-1.jpg/120px-Young-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Young-1.jpg/250px-Young-1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="5416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Volumes I and II of <i>A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts</i> (1807)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page to volume I of A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1807)"><img alt="Title page to volume I of A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1807)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Young-3.jpg/87px-Young-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Young-3.jpg/130px-Young-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Young-3.jpg/174px-Young-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="4516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page to volume I of <i>A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts</i> (1807)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contents to volume I of A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1807)"><img alt="Contents to volume I of A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1807)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Young-6.jpg/93px-Young-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Young-6.jpg/140px-Young-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Young-6.jpg/186px-Young-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="4965" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Contents to volume I of <i>A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts</i> (1807)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Young-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Title page to volume I of A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1807)"><img alt="Title page to volume I of A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (1807)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Young-7.jpg/120px-Young-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Young-7.jpg/250px-Young-7.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="5007" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Title page to volume I of <i>A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts</i> (1807)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coand%C4%83_effect" title="Coandă effect">Coandă effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_energy" title="History of energy">History of energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists#Y" title="List of Egyptologists">List of Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrahydrophobicity" title="Ultrahydrophobicity">Ultrahydrophobicity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Andrew2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastmanwhoknewev00robi"><i>The Last Man Who Knew Everything: Thomas Young, the Anonymous Genius who Proved Newton Wrong and Deciphered the Rosetta Stone, among Other Surprising Feats</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-134304-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-134304-7"><bdi>978-0-13-134304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Man+Who+Knew+Everything%3A+Thomas+Young%2C+the+Anonymous+Genius+who+Proved+Newton+Wrong+and+Deciphered+the+Rosetta+Stone%2C+among+Other+Surprising+Feats&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-13-134304-7&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastmanwhoknewev00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKipnis1991" class="citation book cs1">Kipnis, Naum S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e7fvAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Principle of Interference of Light</i></a>. Springer. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817623166" title="Special:BookSources/9780817623166"><bdi>9780817623166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Principle+of+Interference+of+Light&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780817623166&rft.aulast=Kipnis&rft.aufirst=Naum+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De7fvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNolte2023" class="citation book cs1">Nolte, David D. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/interference-9780192869760"><i>Interference: The History of Optical Interferometry and the Scientists Who Tamed Light (Oxford University Press, 2023)</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192869760" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192869760"><bdi>978-0192869760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interference%3A+The+History+of+Optical+Interferometry+and+the+Scientists+Who+Tamed+Light+%28Oxford+University+Press%2C+2023%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0192869760&rft.aulast=Nolte&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Finterference-9780192869760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span>pp. 45-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Young_Thomas.html">"Thomas Young"</a>. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Young&rft.pub=School+of+Mathematics+and+Statistics+University+of+St+Andrews%2C+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FYoung_Thomas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Young,_Thomas" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Young, Thomas">Young, Thomas</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 940.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Young%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=940&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Singh" title="Simon Singh">Singh, Simon</a> (October 1999). <a href="/wiki/The_Code_Book" title="The Code Book"><i>The Code Book: The Evolution of Secrecy from Mary, Queen of Scots to Quantum Cryptography</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">207–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49532-5"><bdi>978-0-385-49532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Code+Book%3A+The+Evolution+of+Secrecy+from+Mary%2C+Queen+of+Scots+to+Quantum+Cryptography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1999-10&rft.isbn=978-0-385-49532-5&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831002910/https://www.andrewgasson.co.uk/thomas-young-1773-1829/">"Thomas Young (1773–1829)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Young+%281773%E2%80%931829%29&rft.pub=Andrew+Gasson&rft.date=2016-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrewgasson.co.uk%2Fthomas-young-1773-1829%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFACADYN797T" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=YN797T&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Young, Thomas (YN797T)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. 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Andrew Robinson">Robinson, Andrew</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man_Who_Knew_Everything" title="The Last Man Who Knew Everything"><i>The Last Man Who Knew Everything: Thomas Young, the Anonymous Polymath Who Proved Newton Wrong, Explained How We See, Cured the Sick and Deciphered the Rosetta Stone</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851684946" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851684946"><bdi>978-1851684946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Man+Who+Knew+Everything%3A+Thomas+Young%2C+the+Anonymous+Polymath+Who+Proved+Newton+Wrong%2C+Explained+How+We+See%2C+Cured+the+Sick+and+Deciphered+the+Rosetta+Stone&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1851684946&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rigb.org/our-history/people/ri-professors">"Ri Professors"</a>. Royal Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ri+Professors&rft.pub=Royal+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigb.org%2Four-history%2Fpeople%2Fri-professors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831002017/https://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/about/history/famous//index.cfm?id=9">"THOMAS YOUNG (1773–1829)"</a>. Emmanuel College. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">235–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108028189" title="Special:BookSources/9781108028189"><bdi>9781108028189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Royal+Society%3A+With+Memoirs+of+the+Presidents&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781108028189&rft.aulast=Weld&rft.aufirst=Charles+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfhoeyvuEJI4C%26q%3DThomas%2BYoung%2Bgas%2Blighting%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodOldham1954" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Alexander; Oldham, Frank (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHc6AAAAIAAJ&q=Thomas+Young+HM+Nautical+Almanac+Office&pg=PA308"><i>Thomas Young: Natural Philosopher, 1773-1829</i></a>. 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Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611494679" title="Special:BookSources/9781611494679"><bdi>9781611494679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doctors+of+Another+Calling%3A+Physicians+Who+Are+Known+Best+in+Fields+Other+than+Medicine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781611494679&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=David+K.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3NBAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DThomas%2BYoung%2BRoyal%2BSwedish%2BAcademy%2Bof%2BSciences%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson2006" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Young_Thomas.html">"Thomas Young"</a>. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Young&rft.pub=School+of+Mathematics+and+Statistics+University+of+St+Andrews%2C+Scotland&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FYoung_Thomas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce_FyeWillis_Hurst1997" class="citation cs2">Bruce Fye, W.; Willis Hurst, J. (1997), "Thomas Young", <i>Clinical Cardiology</i>, <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>88, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fclc.4960200119">10.1002/clc.4960200119</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6656136">6656136</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8994746">8994746</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Thomas+Young&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6656136%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8994746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fclc.4960200119&rft.aulast=Bruce+Fye&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Willis+Hurst%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p58: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Austin_Allibone1871" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Austin Allibone (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2MLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2904"><i>A Critical Dictionary of English Literature: And British and American Authors, Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. Containing Thirty Thousand Biographies and Literary Notices, with Forty Indexes of Subjects, Volume 3</i></a>. J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 2904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Dictionary+of+English+Literature%3A+And+British+and+American+Authors%2C+Living+and+Deceased%2C+from+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Middle+of+the+Nineteenth+Century.+Containing+Thirty+Thousand+Biographies+and+Literary+Notices%2C+with+Forty+Indexes+of+Subjects%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=2904&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Samuel+Austin+Allibone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2MLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA2904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodOldham1954" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Alexander; Oldham, Frank (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHc6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA331"><i>Thomas Young Natural Philosopher 1773–1829</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Young+Natural+Philosopher+1773%E2%80%931829&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Oldham%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhHc6AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Peacock's Life of Dr Young" by George Peacock, D.D., F.R.S., etc. Dean of Ely, Lowndean Professor of Astronomy University of Cambridge, etc. quoted in "The Living Age" by E. Littell, Second Series, Volume X, 1855, Littell, Son and Company, Boston.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wood_(physicist)" title="Alexander Wood (physicist)">Wood, Alexander</a>. 2011. <i>Thomas Young: Natural Philosopher 1773–1829</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wood_(physicist)" title="Alexander Wood (physicist)">Wood, Alexander</a>. 2011. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9nLFVjXdEC">Thomas Young: Natural Philosopher 1773–1829</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peacock & Leitch., <i><a href="//archive.org/details/miscellaneouswo00youngoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:miscellaneouswo00youngoog">Miscellaneous works of the late Thomas Young</a></i> (1855), London, J. Murray, p. 516: "he was pre-eminently entitled to the high distinction of a Christian, patriot, and philosopher."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wood_(physicist)" title="Alexander Wood (physicist)">Wood, Alexander</a>. 2011. <i>Thomas Young: Natural Philosopher 1773–1829</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. XVI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wood_(physicist)" title="Alexander Wood (physicist)">Wood, Alexander</a>. 2011. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw9nLFVjXdEC">Thomas Young: Natural Philosopher 1773–1829</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wood_(physicist)" title="Alexander Wood (physicist)">Wood, Alexander</a>. 2011, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewster, David. 1831. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_hSAAAAcAAJ">The Edinburgh Journal of Science</a></i>. Vol. 8, Blackwood. pp. 204;207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/history/young.html">"Thomas Young (1773–1829)"</a>. UC Santa Barbara<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Young+%281773%E2%80%931829%29&rft.pub=UC+Santa+Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geog.ucsb.edu%2F~jeff%2F115a%2Fhistory%2Fyoung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaidar" class="citation web cs1">Haidar, Riad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915001601/https://www.bibnum.education.fr/sites/default/files/71-young-analysis.pdf">"Thomas Young and the wave theory of light"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bibnum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bibnum.education.fr/sites/default/files/71-young-analysis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Young+and+the+wave+theory+of+light&rft.pub=Bibnum&rft.aulast=Haidar&rft.aufirst=Riad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibnum.education.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F71-young-analysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShamos1959" class="citation book cs1">Shamos, Morris (1959). <i>Great Experiments in Physics</i>. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston. pp. <span class="nowrap">96–</span>101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Experiments+in+Physics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Holt+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Shamos&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1804" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Thomas (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7AZGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1">"Bakerian Lecture: Experiments and calculations relative to physical optics"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>94</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1804RSPT...94....1Y">1804RSPT...94....1Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1804.0001">10.1098/rstl.1804.0001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110408369">110408369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Bakerian+Lecture%3A+Experiments+and+calculations+relative+to+physical+optics&rft.volume=94&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110408369%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1804.0001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1804RSPT...94....1Y&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7AZGAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagie1935" class="citation book cs1">Magie, William Francis (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.449479"><i>A Source Book in Physics</i></a>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source+Book+in+Physics&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Magie&rft.aufirst=William+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.449479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span> p. 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both Young and Newton were eventually shown to be partially correct, as neither wave nor particle explanations alone can explain the behaviour of light. See e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.single-molecule.nl/notes/light-waves-and-photons/">http://www.single-molecule.nl/notes/light-waves-and-photons/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309130103/https://www.single-molecule.nl/notes/light-waves-and-photons/">Archived</a> 9 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Thomas1845" class="citation book cs1">Young, Thomas (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fGMSAAAAIAAJ"><i>Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts</i></a>. London: Taylor and Walton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fGMSAAAAIAAJ/page/n141">106</a>. <q>modulus thomas young.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Course+of+Lectures+on+Natural+Philosophy+and+the+Mechanical+Arts&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=London%3A+Taylor+and+Walton&rft.date=1845&rft.au=Young%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_fGMSAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTruesdell,_Clifford_A.1960" class="citation book cs1">Truesdell, Clifford A. (1960). <i>The Rational Mechanics of Flexible or Elastic Bodies, 1638–1788: Introduction to Leonhardi Euleri Opera Omnia, vol. X and XI, Seriei Secundae</i>. Orell Fussli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rational+Mechanics+of+Flexible+or+Elastic+Bodies%2C+1638%E2%80%931788%3A+Introduction+to+Leonhardi+Euleri+Opera+Omnia%2C+vol.+X+and+XI%2C+Seriei+Secundae&rft.pub=Orell+Fussli&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Truesdell%2C+Clifford+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Structures, or Why Things Don't Fall Down" by J. E. Gordon, Penguin Books, 1978.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1801" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Thomas (1801). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3I9JAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23-IA3">"On the mechanics of the eye"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</i>. <b>91</b>: <span class="nowrap">23–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1801RSPT...91...23Y">1801RSPT...91...23Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1801.0004">10.1098/rstl.1801.0004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+mechanics+of+the+eye&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1801.0004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1801RSPT...91...23Y&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3I9JAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA23-IA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_T.1802" class="citation journal cs1">Young, T. (1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1802.0004">"Bakerian Lecture: On the Theory of Light and Colours"</a>. <i>Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond</i>. <b>92</b>: <span class="nowrap">12–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1802.0004">10.1098/rstl.1802.0004</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.+R.+Soc.+Lond.&rft.atitle=Bakerian+Lecture%3A+On+the+Theory+of+Light+and+Colours&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1802.0004&rft.au=Young%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1802.0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Thomas1805" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Thomas (1805). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philtrans01794383">"An Essay on the Cohesion of Fluids"</a>. <i>Phil. Trans</i>. <b>95</b>: <span class="nowrap">65–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1805.0005">10.1098/rstl.1805.0005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/107159">107159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116124581">116124581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phil.+Trans.&rft.atitle=An+Essay+on+the+Cohesion+of+Fluids&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A116124581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F107159%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1805.0005&rft.au=Young%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphiltrans01794383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeber1878" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Wilhelm (1878). "Elektrodynamische Massbestimmungen insbesondere über die Energie der Wechselwirkung". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ueberdenausgang00fechgoog"><i>Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physischen Classe der königlich Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften</i></a>. S. Hirzel. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ueberdenausgang00fechgoog/page/n699">650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elektrodynamische+Massbestimmungen+insbesondere+%C3%BCber+die+Energie+der+Wechselwirkung&rft.btitle=Abhandlungen+der+Mathematisch-Physischen+Classe+der+k%C3%B6niglich+S%C3%A4chsischen+Gesellschaft+der+Wissenschaften&rft.pages=650&rft.pub=S.+Hirzel&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fueberdenausgang00fechgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTijsseling,_A.S.,_Anderson,_A.2008" class="citation book cs1">Tijsseling, A.S., Anderson, A. (2008). <i>Thomas Young's research on fluid transients: 200 years on</i>. BHR Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85598-095-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85598-095-2"><bdi>978-1-85598-095-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Young%27s+research+on+fluid+transients%3A+200+years+on&rft.pub=BHR+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85598-095-2&rft.au=Tijsseling%2C+A.S.%2C+Anderson%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.A.W. Budge, [1893], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/egy/trs/trs04.htm"><i>The Rosetta Stone.</i></a> www.sacred-texts.com p132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young's first publications are as follows: "Letter to the Rev. S. Weston respecting some Egyptian Antiquities". With four copper plates [published under the name of his friend William Rouse Boughton, but written by Young], <i>Archeologia Britannica</i>. London, 1814. Vol. XVIII. P. 59-72; [Anonymous publication], Museum Criticum of Cambridge, Pt. VI., 1815 (this includes the correspondence which took place between Young, <a href="/wiki/Silvestre_de_Sacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Silvestre de Sacy">Silvestre de Sacy</a> and Akerblad)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/egyptians/decipherment_01.shtml">"The Decipherment of Hieroglyphs"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Decipherment+of+Hieroglyphs&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fancient%2Fegyptians%2Fdecipherment_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2000277-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2000277_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdkinsAdkins2000">Adkins & Adkins 2000</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420184428/https://www.greathistorians.com/en/jean-francois-champollion">"Jean-François Champollion"</a>. Great Historians. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greathistorians.com/en/jean-francois-champollion">the original</a> on 20 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Champollion&rft.pub=Great+Historians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreathistorians.com%2Fen%2Fjean-francois-champollion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasson2013-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasson2013_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomasson2013">Thomasson 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuick2010" class="citation book cs1">Buick, Tony (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TKja1yLMLyQC&q=Thomas+Young+Herschel+truly+original+genius&pg=PA81"><i>The Rainbow Sky: An Exploration of Colors in the Solar System and Beyond</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441910530" title="Special:BookSources/9781441910530"><bdi>9781441910530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rainbow+Sky%3A+An+Exploration+of+Colors+in+the+Solar+System+and+Beyond&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781441910530&rft.aulast=Buick&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTKja1yLMLyQC%26q%3DThomas%2BYoung%2BHerschel%2Btruly%2Boriginal%2Bgenius%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cat-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cat_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.geus.dk/geusmap/?mapname=stednavnedb#baslay=baseMapGl&optlay=&extent=549832.8357720698,8582739.868248867,622444.3190166993,8680765.370629115&layers=grl_geus_north_east_higgins_map,grl_ne_higgins_placenames,grl_ne_placenames&filter_1=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D&filter_2=txt_search.part%3D%26placename%3D">Place names, NE Greenland</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Works cited</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsAdkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keysofegyptobses00adki"><i>The Keys of Egypt: The Obsession to Decipher Egyptian Hieroglyphs</i></a>. Harper Collins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019439-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019439-0"><bdi>978-0-06-019439-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keys+of+Egypt%3A+The+Obsession+to+Decipher+Egyptian+Hieroglyphs&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019439-0&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.au=Adkins%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeysofegyptobses00adki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomasson2013" class="citation book cs1">Thomasson, Fredrik (2013). <i>The Life of J. D. Åkerblad: Egyptian Decipherment and Orientalism in Revolutionary Times</i>. BRILL.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+J.+D.+%C3%85kerblad%3A+Egyptian+Decipherment+and+Orientalism+in+Revolutionary+Times&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Thomasson&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarr,_E._Scott1963" class="citation journal cs1">Barr, E. Scott (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ao.osa.org/ViewMedia.cfm?id=13115&seq=0">"Men and Milestones in Optics. II. Thomas Young"</a>. <i>Applied Optics</i>. <b>2</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">639–</span>647. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963ApOpt...2..639B">1963ApOpt...2..639B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FAO.2.000639">10.1364/AO.2.000639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Optics&rft.atitle=Men+and+Milestones+in+Optics.+II.+Thomas+Young&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E639-%3C%2Fspan%3E647&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FAO.2.000639&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1963ApOpt...2..639B&rft.au=Barr%2C+E.+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fao.osa.org%2FViewMedia.cfm%3Fid%3D13115%26seq%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span>- The link is to a pdf version of the paper.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Andrew2005" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438291a">"A Polymath's Dilemma"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>438</b> (7066): 291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..291R">2005Natur.438..291R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438291a">10.1038/438291a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16292291">16292291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4417924">4417924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+Polymath%27s+Dilemma&rft.volume=438&rft.issue=7066&rft.pages=291&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F438291a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4417924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16292291&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.438..291R&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F438291a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Andrew2006" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Andrew (April 2006). "Thomas Young: The Man Who Knew Everything". <i>History Today</i>. <b>56</b>: <span class="nowrap">53–</span>57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Thomas+Young%3A+The+Man+Who+Knew+Everything&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2006-04&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Andrew2006" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastmanwhoknewev00robi"><i>The Last Man Who Knew Everything: Thomas Young, the Anonymous Polymath Who Proved Newton Wrong, Explained How We See, Cured the Sick and Deciphered the Rosetta Stone</i></a>. New York: Pi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-134304-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-134304-7"><bdi>978-0-13-134304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Man+Who+Knew+Everything%3A+Thomas+Young%2C+the+Anonymous+Polymath+Who+Proved+Newton+Wrong%2C+Explained+How+We+See%2C+Cured+the+Sick+and+Deciphered+the+Rosetta+Stone&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pi+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-13-134304-7&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastmanwhoknewev00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2006/09/24/borob16.xml">Reviewed</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> by Nicholas Shakespeare in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001219165200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/"><i>The Telegraph</i></a>, 24 September 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/200611130051">Reviewed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322082257/http://www.newstatesman.com/200611130051">Archived</a> 22 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Michael Bywater in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/"><i>The New Statesman</i></a>, 13 November 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061228224508/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2006%2F11%2F26%2Fborob19.xml">Reviewed</a> by Simon Singh in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001219165200/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/"><i>The Telegraph</i></a>, 26 November 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202174000/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2102-2487627,00.html">Reviewed</a> by Rosemary Hill in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20001027132124/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/"><i>The Times</i></a>, 10 December 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1993741,00.html">Reviewed</a> by PD Smith in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 20 January 2007.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaslow,_Wayne2002" class="citation book cs1">Saslow, Wayne (2002). <i>Electricity, Magnetism, and Light</i>. Toronton: Thomson Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-619455-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-619455-5"><bdi>978-0-12-619455-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electricity%2C+Magnetism%2C+and+Light&rft.place=Toronton&rft.pub=Thomson+Learning&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-12-619455-5&rft.au=Saslow%2C+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span>- Discusses Young's theoretical and experimental work on interference</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodOldham1954" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Alex; Oldham, Frank (1954). <i>Thomas Young</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Young&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Oldham%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung,_Thomas1823" class="citation book cs1">Young, Thomas (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anaccountsomere00youngoog"><i>An Account of Some Recent Discoveries in Hieroglyphical Literature and Egyptian Antiquities</i></a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Account+of+Some+Recent+Discoveries+in+Hieroglyphical+Literature+and+Egyptian+Antiquities&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1823&rft.au=Young%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanaccountsomere00youngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Young+%28scientist%29" class="Z3988"></span> Young's account of his hieroglyphic research. (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01716-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01716-9">978-1-108-01716-9</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Young_(scientist)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Young_(scientist)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young (scientist)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="s:Author:Thomas Young (1773-1829)">Thomas Young</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naadal.com/thomas-young/">Thomas Young, the founder of wave theory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819084250/https://naadal.com/thomas-young/">Archived</a> 19 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/19388">Works by Thomas Young</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25820#P4081" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL1968001A">Works by Thomas Young</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25820#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Young%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Young%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Young%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Young%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Young%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Young%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Young%22%29%20OR%20%28%221773-1829%22%20AND%20Young%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Thomas Young</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<li><a href="/wiki/Monochord" title="Monochord">Monochord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">Reverberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">Soundproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_vibration" title="String vibration">String vibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_resonance" title="Sympathetic resonance">Sympathetic resonance</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A spectrogram of a violin playing a note and then a perfect fifth above it. The shared partials are highlighted by the white dashes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/80px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/120px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/160px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrogram</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark_scale" title="Bark scale">Bark scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_scale" title="Mel scale">Mel scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">Equal-loudness contour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher%E2%80%93Munson_curves" class="mw-redirect" title="Fletcher–Munson curves">Fletcher–Munson curves</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">Audio frequency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">Formant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">Fundamental frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency spectrum">Frequency spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_spectrum" title="Harmonic spectrum">harmonic spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Harmonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inharmonicity" title="Inharmonicity">Inharmonicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_fundamental" title="Missing fundamental">Missing fundamental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_tone" title="Combination tone">Combination tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersenne%27s_laws" title="Mersenne's laws">Mersenne's laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">Overtone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_resonance" title="Acoustic resonance">Resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">Standing wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Node_(physics)" title="Node (physics)">Node</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertone_series" title="Undertone series">Subharmonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acousticians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus_(acoustician)" title="John Backus (acoustician)">John Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Blauert" title="Jens Blauert">Jens Blauert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chladni" title="Ernst Chladni">Ernst Chladni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleen_Hutchins" title="Carleen Hutchins">Carleen Hutchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Melde" title="Franz Melde">Franz Melde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Meyer-Eppler" title="Werner Meyer-Eppler">Werner Meyer-Eppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sauveur" title="Joseph Sauveur">Joseph Sauveur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Van_Holliday" title="D. Van Holliday">D. Van Holliday</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo" title="Echo">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_acoustics" title="Violin acoustics">Violin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12571287f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/032641250">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Young, Thomas <1773-1829 ; egittologo>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V559541">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35625117">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000085423&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1765928">Spain</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007270151505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516398806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Young">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:young.thomas">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500441413">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1019643">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1010046">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118808184.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118808184">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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