Blood Lessons | The Texas Tribune

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Could it happen again?</p> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Experts%20found%20causes%20of%20a%20deadly%20Texas%20City%20refinery%20blast%2010%20years%20ago%2C%20but%20some%20ignored%20lessons.%20http%3A%2F%2Fapps.texastribune.org%2Fblood-lessons%2F&via=texastribune" title="share on Twitter" class="social-share" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-twitter"></i> </a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=154122474650943&display=popup&href=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.texastribune.org%2Fblood-lessons%2F&redirect_uri=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.texastribune.org%2Fblood-lessons%2F" title="share on Facebook" class="social-share" target="_blank"> <i class="fa fa-facebook"></i> </a> <p>Experts found causes of a deadly Texas City refinery blast 10 years ago, but some ignored lessons.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <section class="prose"> <p>Jolted by an earth-shaking boom on that warm Wednesday afternoon, Judith Mantell looked to the Texas City sky. </p> <p>“It was unbelievable. The flames shot more than 70 feet into the air,” she <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FDeadly-blast-rocks-Texas-City-1513328.php&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNHWcU9DCWuacQzJsUa2cXcvm73Q3g">told the <em>Houston Chronicle</em></a> on March 23, 2005, a day now etched in the town’s collective memory. “I’ve never seen flames that high from anything. They were bright orange, with yellow on the side.”</p> <div class="inline-feature"> <h3>Investigative Findings</h3> <ul> <li>At least 58 workers have died at U.S. refineries since March 23, 2005, slightly fewer than the number the decade before. </li> <li>Federal officials have tracked nearly 350 fires at U.S. refineries in the past eight years — about one every week.</li> <li>Some companies continue to put tents and office trailers in danger zones at refineries, despite recommendations to limit the number of workers in harm’s way.</li> <li>The death toll in the worst refinery accident since 2005 was so high because nonessential personnel were left in harm’s way. Seven were killed at a Washington refinery during a maintenance activity that required one operator.</li> <li>Federal regulators lack hard data to accurately track deaths and monitor safety trends within the industry.</li> </ul> </div> <p>Next came high-rising plumes of black smoke, seen by thousands around the Gulf Coast from Clear Lake to Galveston. In town, school children ducked beneath their desks. About 43,000 residents were ordered to shelter in place. Some quickly surmised the source of the debris raining down: BP’s hulking Texas City oil refinery. </p> <p>A cloud of hydrocarbon vapor exploded over the 1,200-acre complex, ripping it apart and shattering windows nearly a mile away. The blast killed 15 workers, injured about 180 and turned the lives of countless others upside down. </p> <p>The town would grieve. BP would restart the refinery, the state’s second largest. And a series of hearings, government and media investigations and legal proceedings in the following years would unearth a long-lasting culture of neglect that put workers and the public in danger. Years of cost cutting and staff downsizing maximized profits while making the refinery a ticking time bomb.</p> </section> <hr class="yellow"/> <section> <div class="flexslider"> <ul class="slides"> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-011.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Brett Coomer, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>Firefighters pour water on the smoldering wreckage of the Texas City BP refinery after the 2005 disaster.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-001.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Melissa Phillip, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>Damaged storage tanks and a destroyed trailer at the blast site days after the explosion.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-002.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Brett Coomer, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>Juanita Ramos, widow of victim Art Ramos, embraces Margaret Jasso three days after the explosion. Art Ramos, 59, was a contracting supervisor working at the refinery.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-003.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Johnny Hanson, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>David Leining, a BP employee, suffered two broken ankles and numerous other injuries in the explosion.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-004.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Carlos Javier Sanchez, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>A refinery employee after news of deaths.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-005.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Carlos Javier Sanchez, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>BP employees await further instructions from officials outside of the refinery just after the explosion.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-006.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Carlos Javier Sanchez, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>A week after the blast, Don Parus of BP tried to keep his composure as he talked to hundreds of BP workers paying their respects to those killed.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-007.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board</p> <p>A devastated mobile unit at the Texas City refinery illustrates the risk associated with temporary structures.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-008.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Steve Campbell, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>Maria Dickinson of Houston places flowers at an unofficial memorial in front of the BP plant after the explosion.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-009.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Carlos Javier Sanchez, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>Josh Biscamp, 16, and his sister Jessica look out of a shattered window at their home near the refinery after the blast.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-010.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Carlos Javier Sanchez, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>Flags fly at half-staff outside the refinery the day after the explosion.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-012.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">James Nielsen, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>A BP employee waits near a safety sign outside the Texas City plant. A memorial service was held at 1:20 p.m. — the exact time of the blast one week before.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-013.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">Steve Ueckert, © Houston Chronicle</p> <p>The damaged refinery one week after the explosion.</p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="big-block slider-image"> <img alt="Texas City Explosion" src="/web/20150324161820im_/http://apps.texastribune.org/blood-lessons/assets/images/slideshow/TexasCity-014.jpg"> </div> <div class="small-block"> <p class="photo-credit">U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board</p> <p>A trailer located in the immediate explosion area near the stack that overflowed was completely destroyed.</p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <hr class="yellow"/> <section class="prose"> <p>“The Texas City disaster was caused by organizational and safety deficiencies at all levels of the BP Corporation,” the federal Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board concluded in its <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csb.gov%2Fassets%2F1%2F19%2FCSBFinalReportBP.pdf&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNFrgD1Ryr88EVM0kKi1_K7L0TJ-MQ">2007 assessment</a>. “Warning signs of a possible disaster were present for several years, but company officials did not intervene effectively to prevent it.”</p> <div class="ad-container box-ad" id="div-gpt-ad-1406570316312-1"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1406570316312-1'); }); </script> </div> <p>Federal health and safety regulators failed to spot those vulnerabilities before it was too late. </p> <p>The accident — now one of the most studied in U.S. history — triggered promises from the industry and regulators to invest in safety. New guidelines, new safety programs and more training came next. </p> <p>But is the industry any safer 10 years after the blast? The Texas Tribune and the <em>Houston Chronicle</em> joined forces to find out. Though no single incident has matched the 2005 devastation, a two-month investigation finds the industry’s overall death toll barely slowed.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="story-container prose"> <hr class="yellow"/> <h2>Timeline: The Aftermath of Texas City</h2> <div id="timeline"> <iframe height="450px" width="100%" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820if_/http://graphics.texastribune.org/graphics/tx-city-ten-years/"></iframe> </div> <hr class="yellow"/> </div> <div class="story-container"> <div class="story-content"> <section class="prose"> <p class="disclosure"> <p><em>Disclosure: BP is a corporate sponsor of The Texas Tribune. A complete list of Tribune donors and sponsors can be viewed <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/http://www.texastribune.org/support-us/donors-and-members/">here</a>.</em></p> </p> </section> <section class="sub-navigation prose no-line"> <h3>More in this feature</h3> <ul> <li><a href="disaster">Anatomy of Disaster</a> Studies pinpointed what went wrong in Texas City, but unsafe conditions persist.</li> <li><a href="survivors">Survivors Remember</a> For two former BP workers, disaster and its aftermath remain vivid.</li> <li><a href="data">A Deadly Industry</a> Assembled data shows how and where refinery workers continue to die.</li> </ul> </section> </div> </div> <div class="story-container"> <div class="story-content prose info"> <h3>About</h3> <p>The Texas Tribune and the <i>Houston Chronicle</i> spent two months examining whether the nation’s oil refineries learned the lessons of the deadly explosion at BP’s Texas City refinery in 2005 — one of the most studied industrial accidents in U.S. history. Stories by Jim Malewitz, Lise Olsen and Mark Collette — with research and assistance from several colleagues — show that the industry's death toll has barely slowed.</p> <h3>Contributors</h3> <h4>The Texas Tribune</h4> <ul> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:jmalewitz@texastribune.org">Jim Malewitz</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">Reporter | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/jmalewitz" target="_blank">@Jmalewitz</a></p> </li> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:jmccullough@texastribune.org">Jolie McCullough</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">News Apps Developer | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/jsmccullou" target="_blank">@jsmccullou</a></p> </li> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:ehershaw@texastribune.org">Eva Hershaw</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">Reporter | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/beets4eva" target="_blank">@beets4eva</a></p> </li> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:jvillanueva@texastribune.org">Jacob Villanueva</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">Creative Director | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/jacobvillanueva" target="_blank">@jacobvillanueva</a></p> </li> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:bhasson@texastribune.org">Ben Hasson</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">Web Designer | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/been_hussln" target="_blank">@been_hussln</a></p> </li> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:ealbracht@texastribune.org">Emily Albracht</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">Graphic Designer | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/emilyalbracht" target="_blank">@EmilyAlbracht</a></p> </li> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:twiseman@texastribune.org">Todd Wiseman</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">Multimedia Producer | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/wisemeister" target="_blank">@Wisemeister</a></p> </li> </ul> <h4>Houston Chronicle</h4> <ul> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:mark.collette@chron.com">Mark Collette</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">Reporter | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/chronMC" target="_blank">@chronMC</a></p> </li> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:lise.olsen@chron.com">Lise Olsen</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">Reporter | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/chrondigger" target="_blank">@chrondigger</a></p> </li> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:mayra.beltran@chron.com">Mayra Beltran</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">Photojournalist | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/https://twitter.com/mayra_beltran" target="_blank">@mayra_beltran</a></p> </li> <li> <p><strong><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324161820/mailto:joyce.lee@chron.com">Joyce Lee</a></strong></p> <p class="handle">News Researcher</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="ad-container banner-ad bottom" id="div-gpt-ad-1406570316312-2"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1406570316312-2'); 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