CINXE.COM
ᶹ — Wikipédia
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>ᶹ — Wikipédia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )frwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","janvier","février","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","août","septembre","octobre","novembre","décembre"],"wgRequestId":"80081abe-44e4-4830-9c8f-ea1cf9653988","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"ᶹ","wgTitle":"ᶹ","wgCurRevisionId":219742032,"wgRevisionId":219742032,"wgArticleId":15928286,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Article utilisant une Infobox","Article avec une section vide ou incomplète","Portail:Écriture/Articles liés","Portail:Langues/Articles liés","Lettre modificative","Ʋ"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"ᶹ","wgRelevantArticleId":15928286,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"fr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"fr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":3000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q124713134","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.gadget.Wdsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="ᶹ — Wikipédia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%B9"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifier" href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipédia (fr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B6%B9"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Flux Atom de Wikipédia" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-ᶹ rootpage-ᶹ skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Aller au contenu</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" title="Accueil général [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Accueil</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Accueil"><span>Portails thématiques</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard" title="Affiche un article au hasard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article au hasard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuer" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:D%C3%A9buter"><span>Débuter sur Wikipédia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_de_la_communaut%C3%A9" title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Communauté</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'encyclopédie libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Recherche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=%E1%B6%B9" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=%E1%B6%B9" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=%E1%B6%B9" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=%E1%B6%B9" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Utilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Utilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Représentations_informatiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Représentations_informatiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Représentations informatiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Représentations_informatiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ᶹ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Cet article n’existe que dans cette langue. Ajouter l’article pour d’autres langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Ajouter des langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span><span class="wb-langlinks-add wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q124713134#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Ajouter des liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Ajouter des liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B9" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:%E1%B6%B9" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B9"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B9"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/%E1%B6%B9" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/%E1%B6%B9" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&oldid=219742032" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=%E1%B6%B9&id=219742032&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E1%25B6%25B9"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E1%25B6%25B9"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E1%B6%B9"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E1%B6%B9&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q124713134" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote bandeau-unicode"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Unicode" title="Aide:Unicode"><img alt="Page d’aide sur la police de caractères Unicode" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_language-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Cette page contient des caractères spéciaux ou non latins. S’ils s’affichent mal (<span style="font-style: normal;">▯, ?</span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>), consultez la <a href="/wiki/Aide:Unicode" title="Aide:Unicode">page d’aide Unicode</a>. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#E1E1E1;color:black;">v de ronde en exposant, lettre modificative v de ronde </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><span style="font-size: 500%; line-height: 200%">◌ᶹ</span></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Exposant_(typographie)" title="Exposant (typographie)">Lettre supérieure</a> </th> <td>ᶹ </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#E1E1E1; color:#000000">Utilisation</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">alphabet phonétique international</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #AAAAAA solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=edit&section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Graph%C3%A8me" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>ᶹ</b>, appelée <b>v de ronde en exposant</b>, <b>v de ronde supérieur</b> ou <b>lettre modificative v de ronde</b>, est un symbole utilisé dans l’<a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">alphabet phonétique international</a>. Il est formé de la lettre <a href="/wiki/%C6%B2" title="Ʋ">v de ronde</a> mise en <a href="/wiki/Exposant_(typographie)" title="Exposant (typographie)">exposant</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilisation">Utilisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Utilisation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Utilisation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"><span class="mw-valign-text-top noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Fairytale_warning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/17px-Fairytale_warning.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/26px-Fairytale_warning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fairytale_warning.png/34px-Fairytale_warning.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell">Cette section est vide, insuffisamment détaillée ou incomplète. <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:EditPage/%E1%B6%B9" title="Spécial:EditPage/ᶹ">Votre aide</a> est la bienvenue ! <a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">Comment faire ?</a></div></div> <p>Dans l’alphabet phonétique international, le v de ronde en exposant peut être utilisé après la lettre d’une consonne pour représenter sa labiodentalisation, comme [tᶹ]<sup id="cite_ref-International_Phonetic_Association199917_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Phonetic_Association199917-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-International_Phonetic_Association1999190_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-International_Phonetic_Association1999190-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laver1994323_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laver1994323-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer2001-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le v de ronde en exposant est parfois utilisé pour représenter la seconde partie d’une <a href="/wiki/Diphtongue" title="Diphtongue">diphtongue</a>, par exemple <span class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[aᶹ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-Oetomo198781_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oetomo198781-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Représentations_informatiques"><span id="Repr.C3.A9sentations_informatiques"></span>Représentations informatiques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Représentations informatiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Représentations informatiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La lettre modificative v de ronde peut être représenté avec les caractères <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> suivants (<a href="/wiki/Table_des_caract%C3%A8res_Unicode/U1D80" title="Table des caractères Unicode/U1D80">Latin étendu – extensions phonétiques – supplément</a>) : </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>formes</th> <th>représentations</th> <th>chaînes<br />de caractères</th> <th>points de code</th> <th>descriptions</th> <th>note </th></tr> <tr> <td>modificative</td> <td><b>ᶹ</b></td> <td><ruby style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.5"><span title="U+1DB9 lettre modificative minuscule v de ronde" style="margin:0 auto;border:1px solid #CCC;padding:1px;text-align:center;">ᶹ</span><rt style="font-size:40%;padding:0 .1em">U+1DB9</rt></ruby></td> <td><code>U+1DB9</code></td> <td>lettre modificative minuscule v de ronde</td> <td>codé pour le symbole phonétique </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-International_Phonetic_Association199917-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-International_Phonetic_Association199917_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#International_Phonetic_Association1999">International Phonetic Association 1999</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 17. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Phonetic_Association1999190-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-International_Phonetic_Association1999190_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#International_Phonetic_Association1999">International Phonetic Association 1999</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 190. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laver1994323-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Laver1994323_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Laver1994">Laver 1994</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 323. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Bauer2001_4-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bauer2001">Bauer 2001</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oetomo198781-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Oetomo198781_5-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#Oetomo1987">Oetomo 1987</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 81. </span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bauer2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Laurie_Bauer2001"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Laurie <span class="nom_auteur">Bauer</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The diacritic for velarization</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Journal of the International Phonetic Association</span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 31, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 2,‎ <time>2001</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">265-268</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0025100301002079">10.1017/S0025100301002079</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/44645165">44645165</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+diacritic+for+velarization&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.issue=2&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft.date=2001&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=265-268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100301002079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B6%B9"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Constable2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peter_Constable2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Peter <span class="nom_auteur">Constable</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Revised Proposal to Encode Additional Phonetic Modifier Letters in the UCS</cite>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2004-02-01" data-sort-value="2004-02-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> février 2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04044-phonetic.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revised+Proposal+to+Encode+Additional+Phonetic+Modifier+Letters+in+the+UCS&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.date=2004-02-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B6%B9"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="International_Phonetic_Association1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> International Phonetic Association, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet</cite>, Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>1999</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-63751-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-63751-0"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-63751-0</span></a> et <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0521637511" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0521637511"><span class="nowrap">0521637511</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association%3A+a+guide+to+the+use+of+the+International+Phonetic+Alphabet&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aucorp=International+Phonetic+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63751-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B6%B9"></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Laver1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Laver1994"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John <span class="nom_auteur">Laver</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Principles of phonetics</cite>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, <time>1994</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofphon0000lave">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+phonetics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Laver&rft.aufirst=John&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofphon0000lave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B6%B9"></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Oetomo1987"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dede_Oetomo1987"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Dede <span class="nom_auteur">Oetomo</span>, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Chinese of Pasuruan : their language and identity</cite>, <time>1987</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseofpasurua0000oeto">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+of+Pasuruan+%3A+their+language+and+identity&rft.aulast=Oetomo&rft.aufirst=Dede&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchineseofpasurua0000oeto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3A%E1%B6%B9"></span></span></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">Alphabet phonétique international</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%B2" title="Ʋ">Ʋ</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Lettres_modificatives" title="Modèle:Palette Lettres modificatives"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Lettres_modificatives&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Lettre_modificative" title="Lettre modificative">Lettres modificatives</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Lettres modificatives supérieures</th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AC" title="ᴬ">ᴬ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AD" title="ᴭ">ᴭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AE" title="ᴮ">ᴮ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%AF" title="ᴯ">ᴯ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9F%B2" title="ꟲ">ꟲ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B0" title="ᴰ">ᴰ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B1" title="ᴱ">ᴱ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B2" title="ᴲ">ᴲ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9F%B3" title="ꟳ">ꟳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B3" title="ᴳ">ᴳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B4" title="ᴴ">ᴴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9F%B8" title="ꟸ">ꟸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B5" title="ᴵ">ᴵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B6" title="ᴶ">ᴶ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B7" title="ᴷ">ᴷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B8" title="ᴸ">ᴸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%B9" title="ᴹ">ᴹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%BA" title="ᴺ">ᴺ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%BB" title="ᴻ">ᴻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%BC" title="ᴼ">ᴼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%BE" title="ᴾ">ᴾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9F%B4" title="ꟴ">ꟴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%BF" title="ᴿ">ᴿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%80" title="ᵀ">ᵀ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%81" title="ᵁ">ᵁ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%BD" title="ⱽ">ⱽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%82" title="ᵂ">ᵂ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%83" title="ᵃ">ᵃ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petite_capitale_a_en_exposant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petite capitale a en exposant (page inexistante)"><sup>ᴀ</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%80" title="𐞀">𐞀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%83" title="𐞃">𐞃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%86" title="ᵆ">ᵆ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%84" title="ᵄ">ᵄ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%85" title="ᵅ">ᵅ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%9B" title="ᶛ">ᶛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%87" title="ᵇ">ᵇ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%84" title="𐞄">𐞄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞅 (page inexistante)">𐞅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%9C" title="ᶜ">ᶜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%9C%CC%A7" title="ᶜ̧">ᶜ̧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%9D" title="ᶝ">ᶝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%88" title="ᵈ">ᵈ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%9E" title="ᶞ">ᶞ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞇 (page inexistante)">𐞇</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞈 (page inexistante)">𐞈</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞉 (page inexistante)">𐞉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞊 (page inexistante)">𐞊</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞋 (page inexistante)">𐞋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞌 (page inexistante)">𐞌</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞍 (page inexistante)">𐞍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%89" title="ᵉ">ᵉ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petite_capitale_e_en_exposant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petite capitale e en exposant (page inexistante)"><sup>ᴇ</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%8A" title="ᵊ">ᵊ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%8E" title="𐞎">𐞎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%8B" title="ᵋ">ᵋ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%9F" title="ᶟ">ᶟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%8C" title="ᵌ">ᵌ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%8F" title="𐞏">𐞏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A0" title="ᶠ">ᶠ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞐 (page inexistante)">𐞐</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞘 (page inexistante)">𐞘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%8D" title="ᵍ">ᵍ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A2" title="ᶢ">ᶢ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞒 (page inexistante)">𐞒</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞓 (page inexistante)">𐞓</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞔 (page inexistante)">𐞔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CB%A0" title="ˠ">ˠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%B0" title="ʰ">ʰ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%B1" title="ʱ">ʱ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꭜ (page inexistante)">ꭜ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞕 (page inexistante)">𐞕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%96" title="𐞖">𐞖</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞗 (page inexistante)">𐞗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B1" title="ⁱ">ⁱ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B1%CC%88" title="ⁱ̈">ⁱ̈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A6" title="ᶦ">ᶦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%8E" title="ᵎ">ᵎ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A4" title="ᶤ">ᶤ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A7" title="ᶧ">ᶧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A5" title="ᶥ">ᶥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%B2" title="ʲ">ʲ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petite_capitale_j_en_exposant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petite capitale j en exposant (page inexistante)"><sup>ᴊ</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A8" title="ᶨ">ᶨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A1" title="ᶡ">ᶡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%8F" title="ᵏ">ᵏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CB%A1" title="ˡ">ˡ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%AB" title="ᶫ">ᶫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%AA" title="ᶪ">ᶪ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A9" title="ᶩ">ᶩ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AD%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꭝ (page inexistante)">ꭝ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AD%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꭞ (page inexistante)">ꭞ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞙 (page inexistante)">𐞙</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞚 (page inexistante)">𐞚</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞛 (page inexistante)">𐞛</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞜 (page inexistante)">𐞜</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞝 (page inexistante)">𐞝</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞞 (page inexistante)">𐞞</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞟 (page inexistante)">𐞟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%90" title="ᵐ">ᵐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petite_capitale_m_en_exposant" title="Petite capitale m en exposant"><sup>ᴍ</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%AC" title="ᶬ">ᶬ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%BF" title="ⁿ">ⁿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B0" title="ᶰ">ᶰ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%AE" title="ᶮ">ᶮ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%AF" title="ᶯ">ᶯ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%91" title="ᵑ">ᵑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%92" title="ᵒ">ᵒ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%93" title="ᵓ">ᵓ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B5%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᵔ (page inexistante)">ᵔ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B5%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᵕ (page inexistante)">ᵕ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B1" title="ᶱ">ᶱ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9F%B9" title="ꟹ">ꟹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%A2" title="𐞢">𐞢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%A3" title="𐞣">𐞣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%A4" title="𐞤">𐞤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B4%BD" title="ᴽ">ᴽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%91" title="𐞑">𐞑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%96" title="ᵖ">ᵖ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B2" title="ᶲ">ᶲ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%A5" title="𐞥">𐞥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%B3" title="ʳ">ʳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%B4" title="ʴ">ʴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%B5" title="ʵ">ʵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%B6" title="ʶ">ʶ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞦 (page inexistante)">𐞦</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞧 (page inexistante)">𐞧</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞨 (page inexistante)">𐞨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%A9" title="𐞩">𐞩</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞪 (page inexistante)">𐞪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CB%A2" title="ˢ">ˢ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B3" title="ᶳ">ᶳ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞺 (page inexistante)">𐞺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eszett_en_exposant" title="Eszett en exposant"><sup>ß</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B4" title="ᶴ">ᶴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%97" title="ᵗ">ᵗ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petite_capitale_t_en_exposant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petite capitale t en exposant (page inexistante)"><sup>ᴛ</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B5" title="ᶵ">ᶵ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞫 (page inexistante)">𐞫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞬 (page inexistante)">𐞬</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞭 (page inexistante)">𐞭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞮 (page inexistante)">𐞮</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞯 (page inexistante)">𐞯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%98" title="ᵘ">ᵘ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%98%CC%88" title="ᵘ̈">ᵘ̈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B8" title="ᶸ">ᶸ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B5%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᵙ (page inexistante)">ᵙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B6" title="ᶶ">ᶶ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%A3" title="ᶣ">ᶣ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AD%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꭟ (page inexistante)">ꭟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%9A" title="ᵚ">ᵚ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%AD" title="ᶭ">ᶭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%B7" title="ᶷ">ᶷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%9B" title="ᵛ">ᵛ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞰 (page inexistante)">𐞰</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ᶹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BA" title="ᶺ">ᶺ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%B7" title="ʷ">ʷ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petite_capitale_w_en_exposant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petite capitale w en exposant (page inexistante)"><sup>ᴡ</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%AD%A9" title="ꭩ">ꭩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CB%A3" title="ˣ">ˣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%B8" title="ʸ">ʸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%B2" title="𐞲">𐞲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%A0" title="𐞠">𐞠</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞡 (page inexistante)">𐞡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BB" title="ᶻ">ᶻ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BC" title="ᶼ">ᶼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BD" title="ᶽ">ᶽ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BE" title="ᶾ">ᶾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CB%A4" title="ˤ">ˤ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞳 (page inexistante)">𐞳</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞴 (page inexistante)">𐞴</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞵 (page inexistante)">𐞵</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞶 (page inexistante)">𐞶</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞷 (page inexistante)">𐞷</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞸 (page inexistante)">𐞸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%90%9E%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𐞹 (page inexistante)">𐞹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%9C" title="ᵜ">ᵜ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%9D" title="ᵝ">ᵝ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%9E" title="ᵞ">ᵞ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%9F" title="ᵟ">ᵟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%BF" title="ᶿ">ᶿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_en_exposant" title="Tau en exposant"><sup>τ</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%A0" title="ᵠ">ᵠ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%A1" title="ᵡ">ᵡ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀰 (page inexistante)">𞀰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀱 (page inexistante)">𞀱</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀲 (page inexistante)">𞀲</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀳 (page inexistante)">𞀳</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀴 (page inexistante)">𞀴</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀵 (page inexistante)">𞀵</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀶 (page inexistante)">𞀶</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀷 (page inexistante)">𞀷</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀸 (page inexistante)">𞀸</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀹 (page inexistante)">𞀹</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀺 (page inexistante)">𞀺</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀻 (page inexistante)">𞀻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%B8" title="ᵸ">ᵸ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀼 (page inexistante)">𞀼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀽 (page inexistante)">𞀽</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀾 (page inexistante)">𞀾</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%80%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞀿 (page inexistante)">𞀿</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁀 (page inexistante)">𞁀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁁 (page inexistante)">𞁁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁂 (page inexistante)">𞁂</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁃 (page inexistante)">𞁃</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁄 (page inexistante)">𞁄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁅 (page inexistante)">𞁅</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁆 (page inexistante)">𞁆</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%9A%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ꚜ (page inexistante)">ꚜ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁇 (page inexistante)">𞁇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%9A%9D" title="ꚝ">ꚝ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁈 (page inexistante)">𞁈</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁉 (page inexistante)">𞁉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁌 (page inexistante)">𞁌</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁍 (page inexistante)">𞁍</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁫 (page inexistante)">𞁫</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁏 (page inexistante)">𞁏</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁭 (page inexistante)">𞁭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁐 (page inexistante)">𞁐</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁋 (page inexistante)">𞁋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁎 (page inexistante)">𞁎</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁬 (page inexistante)">𞁬</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9E%81%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𞁊 (page inexistante)">𞁊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%B7" title="⁷">⁷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%81" class="mw-redirect" title="𐞁">𐞁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%9E%82" class="mw-redirect" title="𐞂">𐞂</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="">Lettres modificatives inférieures</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%90" title="ₐ">ₐ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%91" title="ₑ">ₑ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%94" title="ₔ">ₔ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_en_indice" title="Epsilon en indice"><sub>ɛ</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%82%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ₕ (page inexistante)">ₕ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B5%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᵢ (page inexistante)">ᵢ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%BC" title="ⱼ">ⱼ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%82%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ₖ (page inexistante)">ₖ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%82%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ₗ (page inexistante)">ₗ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%82%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ₘ (page inexistante)">ₘ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%82%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ₙ (page inexistante)">ₙ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%92" title="ₒ">ₒ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%82%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ₚ (page inexistante)">ₚ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B5%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᵣ (page inexistante)">ᵣ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%82%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ₛ (page inexistante)">ₛ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E2%82%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ₜ (page inexistante)">ₜ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B5%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᵤ (page inexistante)">ᵤ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E1%B5%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ᵥ (page inexistante)">ᵥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_en_indice" title="W en indice"><sub>w</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%82%93" title="ₓ">ₓ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%A6" title="ᵦ">ᵦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%A7" title="ᵧ">ᵧ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%A8" title="ᵨ">ᵨ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%A9" title="ᵩ">ᵩ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B5%AA" title="ᵪ">ᵪ</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89criture" title="Portail de l’écriture"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg/24px-Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg/36px-Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg/48px-Icon_flat_style_plume_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:%C3%89criture" title="Portail:Écriture">Portail de l’écriture</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐74cc59cb9d‐9qhm9 Cached time: 20241128114337 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.306 seconds Real time usage: 0.420 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2064/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 55361/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 11480/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2839/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.101/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3776815/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 321.158 1 -total 22.54% 72.376 1 Modèle:Portail 20.71% 66.502 1 Modèle:Article 16.97% 54.501 1 Modèle:Infobox_Graphème 11.55% 37.098 1 Modèle:Suivi_des_biographies 10.46% 33.583 1 Modèle:Unicode 9.91% 31.822 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_de_note 9.11% 29.253 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau 7.90% 25.359 1 Modèle:Catégorisation_badges 7.14% 22.944 1 Modèle:Palette --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key frwiki:pcache:15928286:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241128114337 and revision id 219742032. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ᶹ&oldid=219742032">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ᶹ&oldid=219742032</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Lettre_modificative" title="Catégorie:Lettre modificative">Lettre modificative</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:%C6%B2" title="Catégorie:Ʋ">Ʋ</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_utilisant_une_Infobox" title="Catégorie:Article utilisant une Infobox">Article utilisant une Infobox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_avec_une_section_vide_ou_incompl%C3%A8te" title="Catégorie:Article avec une section vide ou incomplète">Article avec une section vide ou incomplète</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:%C3%89criture/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Écriture/Articles liés">Portail:Écriture/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Langues/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Langues/Articles liés">Portail:Langues/Articles liés</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 25 octobre 2024 à 14:26.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. Voyez les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/fr">conditions d’utilisation</a> pour plus de détails, ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Cr%C3%A9dits_graphiques" title="Wikipédia:Crédits graphiques">crédits graphiques</a>. En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page, voyez <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer/%E1%B6%B9" title="Spécial:Citer/ᶹ">comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence</a>.<br /> Wikipedia® est une marque déposée de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, organisation de bienfaisance régie par le paragraphe <a href="/wiki/501c" title="501c">501(c)(3)</a> du code fiscal des États-Unis.</span><br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de confidentialité</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%80_propos_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia">À propos de Wikipédia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux">Avertissements</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipédia:Contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code de conduite</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Développeurs</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/fr.wikipedia.org">Statistiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies)</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E1%B6%B9&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Version mobile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-9qhm9","wgBackendResponseTime":610,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.306","walltime":"0.420","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2064,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":55361,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11480,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":2839,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 321.158 1 -total"," 22.54% 72.376 1 Modèle:Portail"," 20.71% 66.502 1 Modèle:Article"," 16.97% 54.501 1 Modèle:Infobox_Graphème"," 11.55% 37.098 1 Modèle:Suivi_des_biographies"," 10.46% 33.583 1 Modèle:Unicode"," 9.91% 31.822 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau_de_note"," 9.11% 29.253 1 Modèle:Méta_bandeau"," 7.90% 25.359 1 Modèle:Catégorisation_badges"," 7.14% 22.944 1 Modèle:Palette"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.101","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3776815,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-9qhm9","timestamp":"20241128114337","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u1db9","url":"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E1%B6%B9","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q124713134","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q124713134","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2023-10-18T08:50:26Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T13:26:40Z"}</script> </body> </html>