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<span>Modern laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranks_and_titles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks_and_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ranks and titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks_and_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inheritance_of_peerages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inheritance_of_peerages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Inheritance of peerages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inheritance_of_peerages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inheritance of peerages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inheritance_of_peerages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Merging_in_the_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merging_in_the_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Merging in the Crown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merging_in_the_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writs_of_summons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writs_of_summons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writs of summons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writs_of_summons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writs of summons subsection</span> </button> <ul 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id="toc-Limitation_to_heirs_of_the_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitation_to_heirs_of_the_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Limitation to heirs of the body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitation_to_heirs_of_the_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_remainder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_remainder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Special remainder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_remainder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amendment_of_letters_patent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amendment_of_letters_patent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Amendment of letters patent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amendment_of_letters_patent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_hereditary_peers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_hereditary_peers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Number of hereditary peers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_hereditary_peers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Current status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_composition_of_the_hereditary_peerage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_composition_of_the_hereditary_peerage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Modern composition of the hereditary peerage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_composition_of_the_hereditary_peerage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Gender distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UK_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>UK legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_by_writ" title="Barony by writ – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barony by writ" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%8A%B5_%EA%B7%80%EC%A1%B1" title="세습 귀족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세습 귀족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paria_ereditaria" title="Paria ereditaria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paria ereditaria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%A5%B2%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="世襲貴族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="世襲貴族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parowie_dziedziczni" title="Parowie dziedziczni – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parowie dziedziczni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par_heredit%C3%A1rio" title="Par hereditário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Par hereditário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocra%C8%9Bia_ereditar%C4%83_din_Regatul_Unit" title="Aristocrația ereditară din Regatul Unit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aristocrația ereditară din Regatul Unit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Наследственное пэрство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наследственное пэрство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hereditary peer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%A2%AD%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F" title="世袭贵族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="世袭贵族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q808719#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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duke"><img alt="Coronet of a duke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg/75px-Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg/113px-Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg/150px-Coronet_of_a_British_Duke.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image"><i>Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Peerage" title="Category:Peerage">a series</a> on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Peerages in the<br />United Kingdom</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ranks</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke / Duchess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">Marquess / Marchioness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">Earl / Countess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">Viscount / Viscountess</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron / Baroness</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Parliament" title="Lord of Parliament">Lord / Lady of Parliament</a>)</li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Types</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hereditary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Representative_peer" title="Representative peer">Representative</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Divisions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">Nobility</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_peers_and_baronets" title="Welsh peers and baronets">Welsh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_peerage" title="History of the British peerage">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Privilege_of_peerage" title="Privilege of peerage">Privileges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Robes_of_the_British_peerage" title="Robes of the British peerage">Robes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_titles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom">Courtesy titles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_courtesy_titles_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="List of courtesy titles in the peerages of Britain and Ireland">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forms of address in the United Kingdom">Forms of address</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Family_seat" title="Family seat">Family seat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_designation" title="Territorial designation">Territorial designation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">House of Lords</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Peerages in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Peerages in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peerages in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>hereditary peers</b> form part of the <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">peerage in the United Kingdom</a>. As of November 2024, there are 801 hereditary peers: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dukes_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="List of dukes in the peerages of Britain and Ireland">30 dukes</a> (including six royal dukes), <a href="/wiki/List_of_marquesses_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="List of marquesses in the peerages of Britain and Ireland">34 marquesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_earls_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="List of earls in the peerages of Britain and Ireland">189 earls</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_viscounts_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="List of viscounts in the peerages of Britain and Ireland">109 viscounts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_barons_in_the_peerages_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="List of barons in the peerages of Britain and Ireland">439 barons</a> (not counting <a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">subsidiary titles</a>). </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_Act_1963" title="Peerage Act 1963">Peerage Act 1963</a>, all peers except those in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">peerage of Ireland</a> were entitled to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a> came into force only 92 hereditary peers, elected from all hereditary peers, are permitted to do so, unless they are also life peers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peers are called to the House of Lords with a <a href="#Writs_of_summons">writ of summons</a>. </p><p>Not all hereditary titles are titles of the peerage. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronets and baronetesses</a> may pass on their titles, but they are not peers. Conversely, the holder of a non-hereditary title may belong to the peerage, as with <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peers</a>. Peerages may be created by means of <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>, but the granting of new hereditary peerages has largely dwindled; only seven hereditary peerages have been created since 1965, four of them for members of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a>. The most recent grant of a hereditary peerage was in 2019 for the youngest child of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward</a>, who was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Forfar" title="Earl of Forfar">Earl of Forfar</a>; the most recent grant of a hereditary peerage to a non-royal was in 1984 for former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Harold Macmillan</a>, who was created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stockton" title="Earl of Stockton">Earl of Stockton</a> with the subsidiary title of Viscount Macmillan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_peerage" title="History of the British peerage">History of the British peerage</a></div> <p>The hereditary peerage, as it now exists, combines several different English institutions with analogues from Scotland and Ireland. </p><p>English <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earls</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a> institution. Around 1014, England was divided into <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shires</a> or counties, largely to defend against the <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a>; each shire was led by a local great man, called an earl; the same man could be earl of several shires. When the <a href="/wiki/Normans_conquered_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans conquered England">Normans invaded England</a>, they continued to appoint earls, but not for all counties; the administrative head of the county became the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriff</a>. Earldoms began as offices, with a perquisite of a share of the legal fees in the county; they gradually became honours, with a stipend of <a href="/wiki/%C2%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="£">£</a>20 a year. Like most feudal offices, earldoms were inherited, but the kings frequently asked earls to resign or exchange earldoms. Usually there were few earls in England, and they were men of great wealth in the shire from which they held title, or an adjacent one, but it depended on circumstances: during the civil war between <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of England">Stephen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a>, nine earls were created in three years. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> and his great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> did not make dukes; they were themselves only Dukes of Normandy or <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>. But when <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> declared himself King of France, he made his sons dukes, to distinguish them from other noblemen, much as royal dukes are now distinguished from other dukes. Later kings created <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquesses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscounts</a> to make finer gradations of honour: a rank something more than an earl and something less than an earl, respectively. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> or <a href="/wiki/Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward I">Edward I</a> wanted money or advice from his subjects, he would order great churchmen, earls, and other great men to come to his <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Great Council</a> (some of these are now considered the first <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">parliaments</a>); he would generally order lesser men from towns and counties to gather and pick some men to represent them. The English Order of <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Barons</a> evolved from those men who were individually ordered to attend Parliament, but held no other title; the chosen representatives, on the other hand, became the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a>. This order, called a <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writ</a>, was not originally hereditary, or even a privilege; the recipient had to come to the Great Council at his own expense, vote on taxes on himself and his neighbours, acknowledge that he was the king's <a href="/wiki/Tenant-in-chief" title="Tenant-in-chief">tenant-in-chief</a> (which might cost him special taxes), and risk involvement in royal politics – or a request from the king for a personal loan (<a href="/wiki/Benevolence_(tax)" title="Benevolence (tax)">benevolence</a>). Which men were ordered to council varied from council to council; a man might be so ordered once and never again, or all his life, but his son and heir might never go. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>, in the 15th century, just before the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, attendance at Parliament became more valuable. The first claim of hereditary right to a writ comes from this reign; so does the first <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">patent</a>, or charter declaring a man to be a baron. The five orders began to be called peers. Holders of older peerages also began to receive greater honour than peers of the same rank just created. </p><p>If a man held a peerage, his son would succeed to it; if he had no children, his brother would succeed. If he had a single daughter, his son-in-law would inherit the family lands, and usually the same peerage; more complex cases were decided depending on circumstances. Customs changed with time; earldoms were the first to be hereditary, and three different rules can be traced for the case of an earl who left no sons and several married daughters. In the 13th century, the husband of the eldest daughter inherited the earldom automatically; in the 15th century, the earldom reverted to the Crown, who might re-grant it (often to the eldest son-in-law); in the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Abeyance#Peerage_law" title="Abeyance">it would not be inherited by anybody</a> unless all but one of the daughters died and left no descendants, in which case the remaining daughter (or her heir) would inherit. </p><p>After Henry II became the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a>, he and his successors began to imitate the English system as it was in their time. Irish earls were first created in the 13th century, and Irish parliaments began later in the same century; until Henry VIII declared himself King of Ireland, these parliaments were small bodies, representing only the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Pale" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Pale">Irish Pale</a>. A writ does not create a peerage in Ireland; all Irish peerages are by patent or charter, although some early patents have been lost. After James II left England, he was King of Ireland alone for a time; three creations he ordered then are in the Irish Patent Roll, although the patents were never issued; but these are treated as valid. </p><p>The Irish peers were in a peculiar political position: because they were subjects of the King of England, but peers in a different kingdom, they could sit in the English House of Commons, and many did. In the 18th century, Irish peerages became rewards for English politicians, limited only by the concern that they might go to Dublin and interfere with the Irish Government. </p><p>Scotland evolved a similar system, differing in points of detail. The first Scottish earldoms derive from the seven <a href="/wiki/Mormaer" title="Mormaer">mormaers</a>, of immemorial antiquity; they were named earls by Queen Margaret. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> is as old as the English; the Scottish equivalent of baronies are called <a href="/wiki/Lordships_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordships of Parliament">lordships of Parliament</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1707">Act of Union 1707</a>, between England and Scotland, provided that future peerages should be <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">peers of Great Britain</a>, and the rules covering the peers should follow the English model; because there were proportionately many more Scottish peers, they chose a number of representatives to sit in the British House of Lords. The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> changed this to <a href="/wiki/Peers_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Peers of the United Kingdom">peers of the United Kingdom</a>, but provided that Irish peerages could still be created; but the Irish peers were concerned that their honours would be diluted as cheap prizes, and insisted that an Irish peerage could be created only when three Irish peerages had gone extinct (until there were only a hundred Irish peers left). In the early 19th century, Irish creations were as frequent as this allowed; but only three have been created since 1863, and none since 1898. As of 2011, only 66 "only-Irish" peers remain.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Counting those listed in the article <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_laws">Modern laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The law applicable to a British hereditary peerage depends on which Kingdom it belongs to. Peerages of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom follow English law; the difference between them is that peerages of England were created before the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1707">Act of Union 1707</a>, peerages of Great Britain between 1707 and the Union with Ireland in 1800, and peerages of the United Kingdom since 1800. Irish peerages follow the law of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>, which is very much similar to English law, except in referring to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a> and Irish officials, generally no longer appointed; no Irish peers have been created since 1898, and they have no part in the present governance of the United Kingdom. Scottish peerage law is generally similar to English law, but differs in innumerable points of detail, often being more similar to medieval practice. </p><p>Women are ineligible to succeed to the majority of English, Irish, and British hereditary peerages, but may inherit certain English baronies by writ and Scottish peerages in the absence of a male heir.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks_and_titles">Ranks and titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ranks and titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_052_-_House_of_Lords_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_052_-_House_of_Lords_edited.jpg/330px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_052_-_House_of_Lords_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_052_-_House_of_Lords_edited.jpg/495px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_052_-_House_of_Lords_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_052_-_House_of_Lords_edited.jpg/660px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_052_-_House_of_Lords_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (sitting in its old chamber, burned down in 1834) as drawn by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rowlandson" title="Thomas Rowlandson">Thomas Rowlandson</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Ackermann" title="Rudolph Ackermann">Rudolph Ackermann</a>'s <i>Microcosm of London</i> (1808–1811)</figcaption></figure> <p>The ranks of the peerage in most of the United Kingdom are, in descending order of rank, <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquess" title="Marquess">marquess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viscount" title="Viscount">viscount</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">baron</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Debretts_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debretts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the female equivalents are duchess, marchioness, countess, viscountess and baroness respectively. Women typically do not hold hereditary titles in their own right, except for certain peerages in the peerage of Scotland. One significant change to the status quo in England was in 1532 when <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Pembroke" title="Marquess of Pembroke">Marquess of Pembroke</a> title for his soon-to-be wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>; she held this title in her own right and was therefore ennobled with the same rank as a male.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (January 2019)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Scottish peerage, the lowest rank is <i>lordship of Parliament</i>, the male holder thereof being known as a <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Parliament" title="Lord of Parliament">lord of Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DCA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Scottish <i>barony</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> rank, and not of the Peerage. The <a href="/wiki/Baron_by_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron by tenure">barony by tenure</a> or feudal barony in England and Wales was similar to a <a href="/wiki/Scottish_feudal_barony" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish feudal barony">Scottish feudal barony</a>, in being hereditary, but is long obsolete, the last full summons of the English feudal barons to military service having occurred in 1327.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tenures_Abolition_Act_1660" title="Tenures Abolition Act 1660">Tenures Abolition Act 1660</a> finally quashed any remaining doubt as to their continued status. </p><p>Peerage dignities are created by the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">sovereign</a> by either writs of summons or <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>. Under modern constitutional conventions, no peerage dignity, with the possible exception of those given to members of the royal family, would be created if not upon the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a>. </p><p>Many peers hold more than one hereditary title; for example, the same individual may be a duke, a marquess, an earl, a viscount, and a baron by virtue of different peerages. If such a person is entitled to sit in the House of Lords, he still only has one vote. However, until the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a> it was possible for one of the peer's subsidiary titles to be passed to his heir before his death by means of a <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_acceleration" title="Writ of acceleration">writ of acceleration</a>, in which case the peer and his heir would have one vote each. Where this is not done, the heir may still use one of the father's subsidiary titles as a "<a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">courtesy title</a>", but he is not considered a peer.<sup id="cite_ref-BP_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BP-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inheritance_of_peerages">Inheritance of peerages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inheritance of peerages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mode of inheritance of an hereditary peerage is determined by the method of its creation. Titles may be created by writ of summons or by <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>. The former is merely a summons of an individual to Parliament and does not explicitly confer a peerage; descent is always to the <a href="/wiki/Heirs_of_the_body" title="Heirs of the body">heirs of the body</a>, male and female. The latter method explicitly creates a peerage and names the dignity in question. Letters patent may state the course of descent; usually, this is only to male heirs, but by a <a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)#Special_remainder_in_peerages" title="Remainder (law)">special remainder</a> other descents can be specified. The <a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">Gender Recognition Act 2004</a> regulates <a href="/wiki/Acquired_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired gender">acquired gender</a> and provides that acquiring a new gender under the Act does not affect the descent of any peerage.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A child is deemed to be <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">legitimate</a> if its parents are married at the time of its birth or marry later; only legitimate children may succeed to a title, and furthermore, an English, Irish, or British (but not Scottish) peerage can only be inherited by a child born legitimate, not legitimated by a later marriage. An example of this can be seen in the film director <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Guest" title="Christopher Guest">Christopher Guest</a>, who bypassed his older half-brother <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Haden-Guest" title="Anthony Haden-Guest">Anthony</a> to became the 5th Baron Haden-Guest as the 4th Baron Haden-Guest was not married to Anthony's mother at the time of his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Guest_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guest-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Normally, a peerage passes to the next holder on the death of the previous holder. However, <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> introduced a procedure known as a <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_acceleration" title="Writ of acceleration">writ of acceleration</a>, whereby it was possible for the eldest son of a peer holding more than one peerage to sit in the House of Lords by virtue of one of his father's subsidiary dignities. </p><p>A person who is a possible heir to a peerage is said to be "in remainder". A title becomes <i>extinct</i> (an opposite to <i>extant</i>, alive) when all possible heirs (as provided by the letters patent) have died out; i.e., there is nobody in remainder at the death of the holder. A title becomes <i>dormant</i> if nobody has claimed the title, or if no claim has been satisfactorily proven. A title goes into <i><a href="/wiki/Abeyance" title="Abeyance">abeyance</a></i> if there is more than one person equally entitled to be the holder. </p><p>In the past, peerages were sometimes <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forfeit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:forfeit">forfeit</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Attainted" class="mw-redirect" title="Attainted">attainted</a></i> under Acts of Parliament, most often as the result of <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> on the part of the holder. The blood of an attainted peer was considered "corrupted", consequently his or her descendants could not inherit the title. If all descendants of the attainted peer were to die out, however, then an heir from another branch of the family not affected by the attainder could take the title. The <a href="/wiki/Forfeiture_Act_1870" title="Forfeiture Act 1870">Forfeiture Act 1870</a> abolished corruption of blood; instead of losing the peerage, a peer convicted of treason would be disqualified from sitting in Parliament for the period of imprisonment. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Titles_Deprivation_Act_1917" title="Titles Deprivation Act 1917">Titles Deprivation Act 1917</a> permitted the Crown to <i>suspend</i> peerages if their holders had fought against the United Kingdom during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Guilt was to be determined by a committee of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a>; either House of Parliament could reject the committee's report within 40 days of its presentation. In 1919, King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> issued an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> suspending the <a href="/wiki/Dukedom_of_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukedom of Albany">Dukedom of Albany</a> (together with its subsidiary peerages, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Clarence">Earldom of Clarence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Arklow" title="Baron Arklow">Barony of Arklow</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Teviotdale" title="Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale">Dukedom of Cumberland and Teviotdale</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Armagh" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Armagh">Earldom of Armagh</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Taaffe" title="Viscount Taaffe">Viscountcy of Taaffe</a> (along with the <a href="/wiki/Baron_of_Ballymote" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron of Ballymote">Barony of Ballymote</a>). Under the Titles Deprivation Act, the successors to the peerages may petition the Crown for a reinstatement of the titles; so far, none of them has chosen to do so (the Taaffe and Ballymote peerages would have become extinct in 1967). </p><p>Nothing prevents a British peerage from being held by a foreign citizen (although such peers cannot sit in the House of Lords, while the term <i>foreign</i> does not include Irish or Commonwealth citizens). Several descendants of George III were British peers and German subjects; the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron" title="Lord Fairfax of Cameron">Lords Fairfax of Cameron</a> were American citizens for several generations. </p><p>A peer may also <i>disclaim</i> an hereditary peerage under the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_Act_1963" title="Peerage Act 1963">Peerage Act 1963</a>. To do so, the peer must deliver an instrument of disclaimer to the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> within 12 months of succeeding to the peerage, or, if under the age of 21 at the time of succession, within 12 months of becoming 21 years old. If, at the time of succession, the peer is a member of the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>, then the instrument must be delivered within one month of succession; meanwhile, the peer may not sit or vote in the House of Commons. Prior to the House of Lords Act 1999, a hereditary peer could not disclaim a peerage after having applied for a writ of summons to Parliament; now, however, hereditary peers do not have the automatic right to a writ of summons to the House. Irish peerages may not be disclaimed. A peer who disclaims the peerage loses all titles, rights and privileges associated with the peerage; his wife or her husband is similarly affected. No further hereditary peerages may be conferred upon the person, but life peerages may be. The peerage remains without a holder until the death of the peer making the disclaimer, when it descends normally. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Merge"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merging_in_the_Crown">Merging in the Crown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Merging in the Crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hereditary_peer" title="Special:EditPage/Hereditary peer">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:British_and_Irish_peerages_which_merged_in_the_Crown" title="Category:British and Irish peerages which merged in the Crown">Category:British and Irish peerages which merged in the Crown</a></div> <p>A title held by someone who becomes monarch is said to <i>merge in the Crown</i> and therefore ceases to exist, because the sovereign cannot hold a dignity from himself. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Dukedoms of Cornwall</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Rothesay" title="Duke of Rothesay">Rothesay</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Carrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Carrick">Earldom of Carrick</a>, are special cases, which when not in use are said to <i>lapse to the Crown</i>: they are construed as existing, but held by no one, during such periods. These peerages are also special in that they are never directly inherited. The Dukedom of Cornwall was held formerly by the eldest son of the King of England, and the Dukedom of Rothesay, the Earldom of Carrick, and certain non-peerage titles (<a href="/wiki/Baron_of_Renfrew_(title)" title="Baron of Renfrew (title)">Baron of Renfrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles" title="Lord of the Isles">Lord of the Isles</a> and Prince and <a href="/wiki/Great_Steward_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Steward of Scotland">Great Steward of Scotland</a>) by the eldest son of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">King of Scotland</a>. Since those titles have been united, the dukedoms and associated subsidiary titles are held by the eldest son of the monarch. In Scotland, the title <i>Duke of Rothesay</i> is used for life or until ascension. In England and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, the title <i>Duke of Cornwall</i> is used until the heir apparent is created <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a>; at the same time as the principality is created, the duke is also created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Earl of Chester</a>. The earldom is a special case, because it is not hereditary, instead revesting or merging in the Crown if the prince succeeds to the Crown or predeceases the monarch: thus <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> (then the grandson of the reigning monarch) was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester a month after the death of his father <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a>. </p><p>The Dukedom of Cornwall is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a>; the former is a peerage dignity, while the latter is an estate held by the Duke of Cornwall. Income from the Duchy goes to the Duke of Cornwall, or, when there is no duke, to the sovereign (but the money is then paid to the heir to the throne under the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Grant_Act_2011" title="Sovereign Grant Act 2011">Sovereign Grant Act 2011</a>). </p><p>The only other duchy in the United Kingdom is the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a>, which is also an estate rather than a peerage dignity. The Dukedom of Lancaster merged in the Crown when <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry of Monmouth, Duke of Lancaster</a> became King Henry V. Nonetheless, the <i>Duchy</i> of Lancaster continues to exist, theoretically run by the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a> (which is normally a <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecure</a> position with no actual duties related to the duchy and is used to appoint a <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">minister without portfolio</a>). The Duchy of Lancaster is the inherited property that belongs personally to the monarch, rather than to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>. Thus, while income from the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a> is turned over to the Exchequer in return for a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign grant">Sovereign grant</a> payment, the income from the duchy forms a part of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Purse" title="Privy Purse">Privy Purse</a>, the personal funds of the Sovereign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writs_of_summons">Writs of summons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writs of summons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_summons" title="Writ of summons">Writ of summons</a></div> <p>At the beginning of each new parliament, each peer who has established his or her right to attend Parliament is issued a <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writ</a> of summons. Without the writ, no peer may sit or vote in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-gwos_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gwos-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form of writs of summons has changed little over the centuries. It is established precedent that the sovereign may not deny writs of summons to qualified peers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baronies_by_writ">Baronies by writ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baronies by writ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By modern English law, if a writ of summons was issued to a person who was not a peer, that person took his seat in Parliament, and the parliament was a parliament in the modern sense (including representatives of the Commons), that single writ created a <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">barony</a>, a perpetual peerage inheritable by <a href="/wiki/Male-preference_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Male-preference primogeniture">male-preference primogeniture</a>. This was not medieval practice, and it is doubtful whether any writ was ever issued with the intent of creating such a peerage. The last instance of a man being summoned by writ without already holding a peerage was under the early Tudors; the first clear decision that a single writ (as opposed to a long succession of writs) created a peerage was in <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nevill,_8th_Baron_Bergavenny" title="Edward Nevill, 8th Baron Bergavenny">Lord Abergavenny</a>'s case of 1610. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a> also renders it doubtful that such a writ would now create a peer if one were now issued; however, this doctrine is applied retrospectively: if it can be shown that a writ <i>was</i> issued, that the recipient sat and that the council in question was a parliament, the Committee of Privileges of the House of Lords determines who is now entitled to the peerage as though modern law had always applied. Several such long-lost baronies were claimed in the 19th and 20th centuries, though the committee was not consistent on what constituted proof of a writ, what constituted proof of sitting, and which 13th-century assemblages were actually parliaments.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even a writ issued in error is held to create a peerage unless the writ was cancelled before the recipient took his seat; the cancellation was performed by the now obsolete writ of <i>supersedeas</i>. </p><p>Peerages created by writ of summons are presumed to be inheritable only by the recipient's <i>heirs of the body.</i> The House of Lords has settled such a presumption in several cases, including <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lord_Grey%27s_Case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lord Grey's Case (page does not exist)">Lord Grey's Case</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Legal_citation" title="Legal citation">(1640) Cro Cas 601</a>, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifton_Barony_Case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifton Barony Case (page does not exist)">Clifton Barony Case</a></i> (1673), the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaux_Peerage_Case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaux Peerage Case (page does not exist)">Vaux Peerage Case</a></i> (1837) 5 Cl & Fin 526, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braye_Peerage_Case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braye Peerage Case (page does not exist)">Braye Peerage Case</a></i> (1839) 6 Cl & Fin 757 and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Peerage_Case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hastings Peerage Case (page does not exist)">Hastings Peerage Case</a></i> (1841) 8 Cl & Fin 144. The meaning of <i>heir of the body</i> is determined by common law. Essentially, descent is by the rules of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">male primogeniture</a>, a mechanism whereby normally, male descendants of the peer take precedence over female descendants, with children representing their deceased ancestors, and wherein the senior line of descent always takes precedence over the junior line per each gender. These rules, however, are amended by the proviso whereby sisters (and their heirs) are considered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-heirs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-heirs (page does not exist)">co-heirs</a>; seniority of the line is irrelevant when succession is through a female line. In other words, no woman inherits because she is older than her sisters. If all of the co-heirs but one die, then the surviving co-heir succeeds to the title. Otherwise, the title remains <a href="/wiki/Abeyant" class="mw-redirect" title="Abeyant">abeyant</a> until the sovereign "terminates" the abeyance in favour of one of the co-heirs. The termination of an abeyance is entirely at the discretion of the Crown. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_acceleration" title="Writ of acceleration">writ of acceleration</a> is a type of writ of summons that enables the eldest son of a peer to attend the House of Lords using one of his father's subsidiary titles. The title is strictly not inherited by the eldest son, however; it remains vested in the father. A writ may be granted only if the title being accelerated is a subsidiary one, and not the main title, and if the beneficiary of the writ is the heir-apparent of the actual holder of the title. A total of ninety-four <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_acceleration" title="Writ of acceleration">writs of acceleration</a> have been issued since <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a> issued the first one, including four writs issued in the twentieth century. The only individual who recently sat in the House of Lords by writ of acceleration is <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Viscount Cranborne</a> in 1992, through the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Cecil">Barony of Cecil</a> which was actually being held by his father, the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Marquess of Salisbury">Marquess of Salisbury</a>. (Viscount Cranborne succeeded to the marquessate on the death of his father in 2003.) </p><p>There are no Scottish peerages created by writ; neither can Scottish baronies go into abeyance, for Scots law does not hold sisters as equal heirs regardless of age. Furthermore, there is only one extant barony by writ in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a>, that of <a href="/wiki/Baron_La_Poer" title="Baron La Poer">La Poer</a>, now held by the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Waterford" title="Marquess of Waterford">Marquess of Waterford</a>. (Certain other baronies were originally created by writ but later confirmed by letters patent.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters_patent">Letters patent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Letters patent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More often, <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> are used to create peerages. Letters patent must explicitly name the recipient of the title and specify the course of descent; the exact meaning of the term is determined by <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)" title="Remainder (law)">remainders</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a>, the most common wording is "to have and to hold unto him and the heirs male of his body lawfully begotten and to be begotten". Where the letters patent specifies the peer's <i>heirs male of the body</i> as successors, the rules of <a href="/wiki/Agnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnatic">agnatic</a> succession apply, meaning that succession is through the male line only. Some very old titles, like the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Arlington" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Arlington">Earldom of Arlington</a>, may pass to <i>heirs of the body</i> (not just heirs-male), these follow the same rules of descent as do baronies by writ and seem able to fall into abeyance as well. Many Scottish titles allow for passage to <i>heirs general of the body</i>, in which case the rules of male <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> apply; they do not fall into abeyance, as under Scots law, sisters are not treated as equal co-heirs. English and British letters patent that do not specify a course of descent are invalid, though the same is not true for the letters patent creating peers in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Peerage of Scotland</a>. The House of Lords has ruled in certain cases that when the course of descent is not specified, or when the letters patent are lost, the title descends to heirs-male. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitation_to_heirs_of_the_body">Limitation to heirs of the body</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Limitation to heirs of the body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is generally necessary for English patents to include limitation to heirs "of the body", unless a <a href="/wiki/Special_remainder" class="mw-redirect" title="Special remainder">special remainder</a> is specified (see below). The limitation indicates that only lineal descendants of the original peer may succeed to the peerage. In some very rare instances, the limitation was left out. In the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devon_Peerage_Case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devon Peerage Case (page does not exist)">Devon Peerage Case</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Legal_citation" title="Legal citation">(1831) 2 Dow & Cl 200</a>, the House of Lords permitted an heir who was a <a href="/wiki/Collateral_descendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Collateral descendant">collateral descendant</a> of the original peer to take his seat. The precedent, however, was reversed in 1859, when the House of Lords decided in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiltes_Peerage_Case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiltes Peerage Case (page does not exist)">Wiltes Peerage Case</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924064797578;view=1up;seq=146">(1869) LR 4 HL 126</a> that a patent that did not include the words "of the body" would be held <a href="/wiki/Void_(law)" title="Void (law)">void</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_remainder">Special remainder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Special remainder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is possible for a patent to allow for succession by someone other than an heir-male or heir of the body, under a so-called <a href="/wiki/Special_remainder" class="mw-redirect" title="Special remainder">special remainder</a>. Several instances may be cited: the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Nelson" title="Earl Nelson">Barony of Nelson</a> (to an elder brother and his heirs-male), the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Roberts" title="Earl Roberts">Earldom of Roberts</a> (to a daughter and her heirs-male), the <a href="/wiki/Earl_Amherst" title="Earl Amherst">Barony of Amherst</a> (to a nephew and his heirs-male) and the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Dover" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Dover">Dukedom of Dover</a> (to a younger son and his heirs-male while the eldest son is still alive). In many cases, at the time of the grant the proposed peer in question had no sons, nor any prospect of producing any, and the special remainder was made to allow remembrance of his personal honour to continue after his death and to preclude an otherwise certain rapid extinction of the peerage. However, in all cases the course of descent specified in the patent must be known in common law. For instance, the Crown may not make a "shifting limitation" in the letters patent; in other words, the patent may not vest the peerage in an individual and then, before that person's death, shift the title to another person. The doctrine was established in the <i><a href="/wiki/Buckhurst_Peerage_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckhurst Peerage Case">Buckhurst Peerage Case</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Legal_citation" title="Legal citation">(1876) 2 App Cas 1</a>, in which the House of Lords deemed invalid the clause intended to keep the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Buckhurst" title="Baron Buckhurst">Barony of Buckhurst</a> separate from the <a href="/wiki/Earl_De_La_Warr" title="Earl De La Warr">Earldom of De La Warr</a> (the invalidation of clause may not affect the validity of the letters patent itself). The patent stipulated that if the holder of the barony should ever inherit the earldom, then he would be deprived of the barony, which would instead pass to the next successor as if the deprived holder had died without issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amendment_of_letters_patent">Amendment of letters patent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Amendment of letters patent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlborough-duke-first.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marlborough-duke-first.jpg/180px-Marlborough-duke-first.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marlborough-duke-first.jpg/270px-Marlborough-duke-first.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Marlborough-duke-first.jpg/360px-Marlborough-duke-first.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Letters patent granting the <a href="/wiki/Dukedom_of_Marlborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukedom of Marlborough">Dukedom of Marlborough</a> to Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Churchill">John Churchill</a> were later amended by Parliament</figcaption></figure> <p>Letters patent are not absolute; they may be amended or revoked by <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a>. For example, Parliament amended the letters patent creating the <a href="/wiki/Dukedom_of_Marlborough" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukedom of Marlborough">Dukedom of Marlborough</a> in 1706. The patent originally provided that the dukedom could be inherited by the heirs-male of the body of the first duke, <a href="/wiki/Captain-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain-General">Captain-General</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Churchill">John Churchill</a>. One son had died in infancy and the other died in 1703 from <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>. Under Parliament's amendment to the patent, designed to allow the famous general's honour to survive after his death, the dukedom was allowed to pass to the Duke's daughters; <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Godolphin,_2nd_Duchess_of_Marlborough" title="Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough">Lady Henrietta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anne_Spencer,_Countess_of_Sunderland_(1683-1716)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Spencer, Countess of Sunderland (1683-1716)">Countess of Sunderland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Egerton,_Countess_of_Bridgewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Egerton, Countess of Bridgewater">Countess of Bridgewater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Montagu,_Duchess_of_Montagu_(1689%E2%80%931751)" title="Mary Montagu, Duchess of Montagu (1689–1751)">Lady Mary</a> and their heirs-male – and thereafter "to all and every other the issue male and female, lineally descending of or from the said Duke of Marlborough, in such manner and for such estate as the same are before limited to the before-mentioned issue of the said Duke, it being intended that the said honours shall continue, remain, and be invested in all the issue of the said Duke, so long as any such issue male or female shall continue, and be held by them severally and successively in manner and form aforesaid, the elder and the descendants of every elder issue to be preferred before the younger of such issue." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_hereditary_peers">Number of hereditary peers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Number of hereditary peers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of peers has varied considerably with time. At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, which killed many peers, and degraded or attainted many others, there were only 29 Lords Temporal; but the population of England was also much smaller then. The Tudors doubled the number of Peers, creating many but executing others; at the death of Queen Elizabeth I, there were 59. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em; float: right;"> <caption>Creation of English peerage dignities by Stuart monarchs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sovereign</th> <th>Reign</th> <th>Peers </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></td> <td>1603–1625</td> <td align="right">62 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></td> <td>1625–1649</td> <td align="right">59 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></td> <td>1660–1685</td> <td align="right">64 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a></td> <td>1685–1689</td> <td align="right">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></td> <td>1689–1702</td> <td align="right">30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></td> <td>1702–1714</td> <td align="right">30 </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold;"> <td>Total</td> <td>1603–1714</td> <td align="right">253 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The number of peers then grew under the Stuarts and all later monarchs. By the time of <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne's</a> death in 1714, there were 168 peers. In 1712, Queen Anne was called upon to create 12 peers in one day in order to pass a government measure,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> had created during a 45-year reign. </p><p>Several peers were alarmed at the rapid increase in the size of the Peerage, fearing that their individual importance and power would decrease as the number of peers increased. Therefore, in 1719, a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bill</a> was introduced in the House of Lords to place a limitation on the Crown's power. It sought to permit no more than six new creations, and thereafter one new creation for each other title that became extinct. But it did allow the Crown to bestow titles on members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Family">Royal Family</a> without any such limitation. The Bill was rejected in its final stage in the Lords, but it was passed in the Lords when it was reintroduced in the next year. Nonetheless, the House of Commons rejected the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_Bill" title="Peerage Bill">Peerage Bill</a> by 269 to 177. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> was especially profuse with the creation of titles, mainly due to the desire of some of his Prime Ministers to obtain a majority in the House of Lords. During his 12 years in power, <a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a> had about 30 new peerages created. During <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a>'s 17-year tenure, over 140 new peerages were awarded. </p><p>A restriction on the creation of peerages, but only in the Peerage of Ireland, was enacted under the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> that combined Ireland and Great Britain into the United Kingdom in 1801. New creations were restricted to a maximum of one new Irish peerage for every three existing Irish peerages that became extinct, excluding those held concurrently with an English or British peerage; only if the total number of Irish peers dropped below 100 could the Sovereign create one new Irish peerage for each extinction. </p><p>There were no restrictions on creations in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a>. The Peerage continued to swell through the 19th century. In the 20th century, there were even more creations, as Prime Ministers were again eager to secure majorities in the House of Lords. Peerages were handed out not to honour the recipient but to give him a seat in the House of Lords. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harold_Macmillan_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Harold_Macmillan_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Harold_Macmillan_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Harold_Macmillan_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>In 1984 Harold Macmillan, a former prime minister, was the last non-royal recipient of a hereditary peerage, the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stockton" title="Earl of Stockton">Earldom of Stockton</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Viscount_Ridley_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Official_portrait_of_Viscount_Ridley_crop_2.jpg/220px-Official_portrait_of_Viscount_Ridley_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Official_portrait_of_Viscount_Ridley_crop_2.jpg/330px-Official_portrait_of_Viscount_Ridley_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Official_portrait_of_Viscount_Ridley_crop_2.jpg/440px-Official_portrait_of_Viscount_Ridley_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="2072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ridley" title="Matt Ridley">Matt Ridley</a>, science writer and conservative journalist, is the <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Ridley" title="Viscount Ridley">Viscount Ridley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> in <a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a>, the practice of granting hereditary peerages has largely ceased except for members of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">royal family</a>. Only seven hereditary peers have been created since 1965: four in the royal family (the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Duke of York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Earl_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex">Earl of Wessex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="William, Duke of Cambridge">Duke of Cambridge</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a>) and three additional creations under <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s government (the <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Whitelaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Whitelaw">Viscount Whitelaw</a> [had four daughters], the <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Tonypandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Tonypandy">Viscount Tonypandy</a> [had no issue] and the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stockton" title="Earl of Stockton">Earl of Stockton</a> [with issue]). The two viscounts died without male heirs, extinguishing their titles. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan,_1st_Earl_of_Stockton" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton">Harold Macmillan, 1st Earl of Stockton</a> received the earldom customarily bestowed on former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime ministers</a> after he retired from the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>. As for the practice of granting hereditary titles (usually earldoms) to male commoners who married into the royal family, the latest offer of such peerage was in 1973 to Captain <a href="/wiki/Mark_Phillips" title="Mark Phillips">Mark Phillips</a> (husband of <a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Princess Anne">The Princess Anne</a>) who declined, and the most recent to accept was the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Snowdon" title="Earl of Snowdon">Earl of Snowdon</a> (husband of <a href="/wiki/The_Princess_Margaret" class="mw-redirect" title="The Princess Margaret">The Princess Margaret</a>) in 1961. </p><p>There is no statute that prevents the creation of new hereditary peerages; they may technically be created at any time, and the government continues to maintain pro forma letters patent for their creation. The most recent policies outlining the creation of new peerages, the <a href="/wiki/Roll_of_the_Peerage" title="Roll of the Peerage">Royal Warrant of 2004</a>, explicitly apply to both hereditary and life peers.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, successive governments have largely disowned the practice, and the Royal Household website currently describes the King as the <a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fount of honour</a> for "life peerages, knighthoods and gallantry awards", with no mention of hereditary titles.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Keir_Starmer" title="Premiership of Keir Starmer">Starmer Labour government</a> announced in the <a href="/wiki/2024_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2024 State Opening of Parliament">King's speech</a> that they would bring in legislation to abolish the remaining hereditary peers' rights to sit in the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles">Roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the coming into force of the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_Act_1963" title="Peerage Act 1963">Peerage Act 1963</a>, peers could not disclaim their peerage in order to sit in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, and thus a peerage was sometimes seen as an impediment to a future political career. The law changed due to an agreement that the Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a> (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Stansgate" title="Viscount Stansgate">Viscount Stansgate</a>) having been deprived of his seat due to an inadvertent inheritance was undemocratic, and the desire of the Conservatives to put their choice of prime minister (ultimately <a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Alec Douglas-Home</a>) into the House of Commons, which by that time was deemed politically necessary. </p><p>In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords Act">House of Lords Act</a> abolished the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords. Out of about 750 hereditary peers, only 92 may sit in the House of Lords. The Act provides that 90 of those 92 seats are to be elected by other members of the House: 15 by vote of the whole house (including life peers), 42 by the Conservative hereditary peers, two by the Labour hereditary peers, three by the Liberal Democrat hereditary peers, and 28 by the <a href="/wiki/Crossbench" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossbench">crossbench</a> hereditary peers. Elections were held in October and November 1999 to choose those initial 90 peers, with all hereditary peers eligible to vote. Hereditary peers elected hold their seats until their death, resignation or exclusion for non-attendance (the latter two means introduced by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Reform_Act_2014" title="House of Lords Reform Act 2014">House of Lords Reform Act 2014</a>), at which point <a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_House_of_Lords" title="By-elections to the House of Lords">by-elections</a> are held to maintain the number at 92. </p><p>The remaining two hold their seats by right of the hereditary offices of <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marshal" title="Earl Marshal">Earl Marshal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain" title="Lord Great Chamberlain">Lord Great Chamberlain</a>. These offices are hereditary in themselves, and in recent times have been held by the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Norfolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Norfolk">Dukes of Norfolk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Carrington" title="Baron Carrington">Barons Carrington</a> respectively. These are the only two hereditary peers whose right to sit is automatic. </p><p>The Government reserves a number of political and ceremonial positions for hereditary peers. To encourage hereditary peers in the House of Lords to follow the party line, a number of <a href="/wiki/Lord-in-waiting" title="Lord-in-waiting">lords-in-waiting</a> (government whips) are usually hereditary peers. This practice was not adhered to by the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Tony_Blair" title="Premiership of Tony Blair">Labour government</a> <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Gordon_Brown" title="Premiership of Gordon Brown"> of 1997–2010</a> due to the small number of Labour hereditary peers in the House of Lords. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_composition_of_the_hereditary_peerage">Modern composition of the hereditary peerage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern composition of the hereditary peerage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatfield_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hatfield_House.jpg/310px-Hatfield_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hatfield_House.jpg/465px-Hatfield_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Hatfield_House.jpg/620px-Hatfield_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Many hereditary peers are associated with famous estates such as <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a>; many notable estates are open to the public.</figcaption></figure> <p>The peerage has traditionally been associated with high gentry, the <a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">British nobility</a>, and in recent times, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>. Only a tiny proportion of wealthy people are peers, but the peerage includes a few of the very wealthiest people in the UK, such as <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Grosvenor,_7th_Duke_of_Westminster" title="Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster">Hugh Grosvenor</a> (the Duke of Westminster) and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, and indeed the world in the case of <a href="/wiki/David_Thomson,_3rd_Baron_Thomson_of_Fleet" title="David Thomson, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet">David Thomson, 3rd Baron Thomson of Fleet</a>. A few peers own one or more of England's largest estates passed down through inheritance, particularly those with medieval roots: until the late 19th century the dominant English and Scottish land division on death was <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>. </p><p>However, the proliferation of peerage creations in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century resulted in even minor political figures entering the ranks of the peerage; these included newspaper owners (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Harmsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Harmsworth">Alfred Harmsworth</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> leaders (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Citrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Citrine">Walter Citrine</a>). As a result, there are many hereditary peers who have taken up careers which do not fit traditional conceptions of aristocracy. For example, Arup Kumar Sinha, 6th <a href="/wiki/Baron_Sinha" title="Baron Sinha">Baron Sinha</a>, is a computer technician working for a travel agency; <a href="/wiki/Matt_Ridley" title="Matt Ridley">Matt Ridley</a>, 5th <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Ridley" title="Viscount Ridley">Viscount Ridley</a>, is a popular science writer; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Bentinck,_12th_Earl_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Bentinck, 12th Earl of Portland">Timothy Bentinck, 12th Earl of Portland</a>, is an actor and plays David Archer in the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s long-running radio <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Archers" title="The Archers">The Archers</a></i>; and <a href="/wiki/Peter_St_Clair-Erskine,_7th_Earl_of_Rosslyn" title="Peter St Clair-Erskine, 7th Earl of Rosslyn">Peter St Clair-Erskine</a>, 7th <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Rosslyn" title="Earl of Rosslyn">Earl of Rosslyn</a>, is a former <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a> Commander. The <a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Earl of Longford</a> was a socialist and prison reformer, while <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, who renounced his peerage as <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Stansgate" title="Viscount Stansgate">Viscount Stansgate</a> (only for his son to reclaim the family title after his death) was a senior government minister (later a writer and orator) with <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_distribution">Gender distribution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gender distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_peerages_inherited_by_women" title="List of peerages inherited by women">List of peerages inherited by women</a></div> <p>As the vast majority of hereditary peerages can only be inherited by men, the number of peeresses in their own right is very small; only 18 out of 758 hereditary peers by succession, or 2.4%, were female, as of 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All female hereditary peers succeeding after 1980 have been to English or Scottish peerages originally created before 1700. Of the over 800 hereditary peerages created since 1863, only 13 could be inherited by daughters of the original recipient, and none can be inherited by granddaughters or higher-order female descendants of the original recipient.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma">2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma</a> was the last woman to hold such a post-1900 title from 1979 until her death in 2017. </p><p>From 1963 (when female hereditary peers were allowed to enter the House of Lords) to 1999, there has been a total of 25 female hereditary peers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of those <a href="/wiki/List_of_excepted_hereditary_peers" title="List of excepted hereditary peers">92 currently sitting in the House of Lords</a>, none are female, since the retirement of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Mar,_31st_Countess_of_Mar" title="Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar">Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar</a>, in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally five female peers were elected under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_Act_1999" title="House of Lords Act 1999">House of Lords Act 1999</a> (out of seven female candidates;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of them <a href="/wiki/Crossbencher" title="Crossbencher">crossbenchers</a>). But all of these have since died or resigned,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no woman has stood in a by-election to a vacant Lords seat since 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single female peer, the 29th <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Dacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Dacre">Baroness Dacre</a>, is listed in the "Register of Hereditary Peers" among about 200 male peers as willing to stand in by-elections, as of October 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">23</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="1409" data-mwtitle="Hereditary_peer.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Hereditary_peer.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ec/Hereditary_peer.ogg/Hereditary_peer.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:Hereditary_peer.ogg" title="File:Hereditary peer.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 8 June 2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005-06-08</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hereditary_baronies_in_the_Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of hereditary baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom">List of hereditary baronies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_excepted_hereditary_peers" title="List of excepted hereditary peers">List of excepted hereditary peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_House_of_Lords" title="By-elections to the House of Lords">By-elections to the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hereditary_peers_in_the_House_of_Lords_by_virtue_of_a_life_peerage" title="List of hereditary peers in the House of Lords by virtue of a life peerage">List of hereditary peers in the House of Lords by virtue of a life peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Reform of the House of Lords">Reform of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_of_the_Peerage" title="Roll of the Peerage">Roll of the Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writ_of_acceleration" title="Writ of acceleration">Writ of acceleration</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Peerage_Association" title="Hereditary Peerage Association">Hereditary Peerage Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130103205512/http://www.parliament.uk/education/online-resources/parliament-explained/members-house-of-lords/mps-need-to-know/">"Members of the House of Lords"</a>. UK Parliament. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/education/online-resources/parliament-explained/members-house-of-lords/mps-need-to-know/">the original</a> on 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Feducation%2Fonline-resources%2Fparliament-explained%2Fmembers-house-of-lords%2Fmps-need-to-know%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmpolcon/1615/1615.pdf">House of Commons Political and Constitutional Reform Committee, <i>Rules of Royal Succession: Eleventh Report of Session 2010–12</i>, 7 December 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116064726/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmpolcon/1615/1615.pdf">Archived</a> 16 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debretts-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Debretts_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://debretts.co.uk/db2005/showpublication.asp?pubID=2&pageNum=3">"Ranks of the Peerage"</a>. Debrett's<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranks+of+the+Peerage&rft.pub=Debrett%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdebretts.co.uk%2Fdb2005%2Fshowpublication.asp%3FpubID%3D2%26pageNum%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20070306162822/http:/www.dca.gov.uk/dept/titles.htm">"Forms of Address for use orally and in correspondence"</a>. Ministry of Justice (information formerly managed by the Department for Constitutional Affairs). The Crown Office. June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dca.gov.uk/dept/titles.htm">the original</a> on 6 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forms+of+Address+for+use+orally+and+in+correspondence&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Justice+%28information+formerly+managed+by+the+Department+for+Constitutional+Affairs%29&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dca.gov.uk%2Fdept%2Ftitles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders, I.J. <i>English Baronies</i>, Oxford, 1960, preface, vii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BP-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BP_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060711185146/http://www.burkes-peerage.net/sites/peerage/sitepages/page66b.asp">"Burke's Guide to British Titles: Courtesy Titles"</a>. Burke's Peerage and Gentry. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burkes-peerage.net/sites/peerage/sitepages/page66b.asp">the original</a> on 11 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Guide+to+British+Titles%3A+Courtesy+Titles&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage+and+Gentry&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burkes-peerage.net%2Fsites%2Fpeerage%2Fsitepages%2Fpage66b.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">Gender Recognition Act 2004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/7/section/16">Section 16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603015425/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2004/7/section/16">Archived</a> 3 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, legislation.gov.uk, accessed 2 June 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guest-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guest_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2004" class="citation news cs1">Grant, Richard (9 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219172254/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/jan/10/features.weekend">"Nowt so queer as folk"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2004/jan/10/features.weekend">the original</a> on 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nowt+so+queer+as+folk&rft.date=2004-01-09&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2004%2Fjan%2F10%2Ffeatures.weekend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gwos-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gwos_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/writ-of-summons/">"Glossary -> Writ of summons"</a>. Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804145940/https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/writ-of-summons/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+-%3E+Writ+of+summons&rft.pub=Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fsite-information%2Fglossary%2Fwrit-of-summons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Complete_Peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Peerage">Complete Peerage</a>, Vol IX, Appendix B; the date of the last writ issued to a baron is uncertain because the records of the House of Lords for most of the reign of Henry VIII are lost. There is a solitary fifteenth-century writ summoning a man and his heirs male; this would now be a patent.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry Graham, <i>The Mother of Parliaments</i> (Little, Brown & company, 1911), p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin McCarthy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms0LAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Reign of Queen Anne</i>, Vol. 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407103344/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms0LAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> 7 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Chatto & Windus, 1902) p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/RoyalWarrant2004.pdf">Royal Warrant 2004</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030231444/http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/RoyalWarrant2004.pdf">Archived</a> 30 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116034858/http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/Honours.aspx">"Queen and Honours"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchUK/Honours/Honours.aspx">the original</a> on 16 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queen+and+Honours&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.gov.uk%2FMonarchUK%2FHonours%2FHonours.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c51y7pqy1v3o">"Key points in King's Speech at a glance"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+points+in+King%27s+Speech+at+a+glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc51y7pqy1v3o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdonis1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Adonis,_Baron_Adonis" title="Andrew Adonis, Baron Adonis">Adonis, Andrew</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iXu7AAAAIAAJ&q=hereditary+peerage&pg=PA193"><i>Parliament Today</i></a> (2nd ed.). Manchester University Press. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719039782" title="Special:BookSources/9780719039782"><bdi>9780719039782</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809170008/https://books.google.com/books?id=iXu7AAAAIAAJ&q=hereditary+peerage&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parliament+Today&rft.pages=194&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780719039782&rft.aulast=Adonis&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiXu7AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dhereditary%2Bpeerage%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peerages.info/peeragesr.htm">"UK peerage creations: Hereditary peerages with special limitations in remainder"</a>. <i>www.peerages.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801184932/http://www.peerages.info/peeragesr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.peerages.info&rft.atitle=UK+peerage+creations%3A+Hereditary+peerages+with+special+limitations+in+remainder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peerages.info%2Fpeeragesr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span> The last special remainder for a peerage with descent to heirs general (male and female) was for the <a href="/wiki/Earldom_of_Cromartie" class="mw-redirect" title="Earldom of Cromartie">Earldom of Cromartie</a> in 1861.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_Taylor2021" class="citation web cs1">Russell Taylor (23 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/lln-2018-0014/">"Research Briefing – Lords Membership: How Many Women Have Sat in the Lords?"</a>. House of Lords. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419224256/https://lordslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/lln-2018-0014/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+Briefing+%E2%80%93+Lords+Membership%3A+How+Many+Women+Have+Sat+in+the+Lords%3F&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft.au=Russell+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flordslibrary.parliament.uk%2Fresearch-briefings%2Flln-2018-0014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTominey2020" class="citation news cs1">Tominey, Camilla (1 May 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/want-go-high-meet-parliaments-last-countess/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I want to go out on a high': Meet Parliament's last Countess"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/politics/want-go-high-meet-parliaments-last-countess/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=%27I+want+to+go+out+on+a+high%27%3A+Meet+Parliament%27s+last+Countess&rft.date=2020-05-01&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Tominey&rft.aufirst=Camilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fwomen%2Fpolitics%2Fwant-go-high-meet-parliaments-last-countess%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Forwood,_11th_Baroness_Arlington" title="Jennifer Forwood, 11th Baroness Arlington">Baroness Arlington</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mary_Freeman-Grenville,_12th_Lady_Kinloss" title="Mary Freeman-Grenville, 12th Lady Kinloss">Lady Kinloss</a> were not elected.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Myrtle_Robertson,_11th_Baroness_Wharton" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrtle Robertson, 11th Baroness Wharton">Myrtle Robertson, 11th Baroness Wharton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Drummond,_16th_Baroness_Strange" title="Cherry Drummond, 16th Baroness Strange">Cherry Drummond, 16th Baroness Strange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davina_Ingrams,_18th_Baroness_Darcy_de_Knayth" title="Davina Ingrams, 18th Baroness Darcy de Knayth">Davina Ingrams, 18th Baroness Darcy de Knayth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_Fraser,_21st_Lady_Saltoun" title="Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun">Flora Fraser, 21st Lady Saltoun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Mar,_31st_Countess_of_Mar" title="Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar">Margaret of Mar, 31st Countess of Mar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-21184477">"The Downton dilemma: Is it time for gender equality on peerages?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404125825/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-21184477">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Downton+dilemma%3A+Is+it+time+for+gender+equality+on+peerages%3F&rft.date=2013-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-21184477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/house-of-lords-publications/records-of-activities-and-membership/register-of-all-hereditary-peers/register-of-hereditary-peers-running-list/">"Register of Hereditary Peers: running list"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116075841/https://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/house-of-lords-publications/records-of-activities-and-membership/register-of-all-hereditary-peers/register-of-hereditary-peers-running-list/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Register+of+Hereditary+Peers%3A+running+list&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fpublications%2Fhouse-of-lords-publications%2Frecords-of-activities-and-membership%2Fregister-of-all-hereditary-peers%2Fregister-of-hereditary-peers-running-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone1765" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone, William</a> (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/blackstone/"><i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Laws+of+England&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1765&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonang.com%2Fexlibris%2Fblackstone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Cox" title="Noel Cox">Cox, Noel</a> (1997). "The British Peerage: The Legal Standing of the Peerage and Baronetage in the overseas realms of the Crown with particular reference to New Zealand". <i>New Zealand Universities Law Review</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 379–401. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=420754">420754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Universities+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+British+Peerage%3A+The+Legal+Standing+of+the+Peerage+and+Baronetage+in+the+overseas+realms+of+the+Crown+with+particular+reference+to+New+Zealand&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=379-401&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D420754%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geoffrey_Ellis" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Geoffrey Ellis">Ellis, Robert Geoffrey</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Peerage"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Peerage">"Peerage" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 45–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peerage&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=45-55&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Robert+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay1896" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erskine_May" title="Erskine May">May, Erskine</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060718034128/http://home.freeuk.com/don-aitken/emayvols.html"><i>Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third</i></a> (11th ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.freeuk.com/don-aitken/emayvols.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+History+of+England+since+the+Accession+of+George+the+Third&rft.place=London&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Erskine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.freeuk.com%2Fdon-aitken%2Femayvols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCallion2003" class="citation web cs1">McCallion, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026102244/http://www.hereditarypeers.com/compensation.htm">"Letter to The Earl Alexander of Tunis"</a>. <i>Hereditary Peerage Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hereditarypeers.com/compensation.htm">the original</a> on 26 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2004</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hereditary+Peerage+Association&rft.atitle=Letter+to+The+Earl+Alexander+of+Tunis&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=McCallion&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hereditarypeers.com%2Fcompensation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908100412/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199899/ldselect/ldprivi/106i/106i01.htm">First Report from the Committee for Privileges</a> (Report). 18 October 1999. HL 106-I. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199899/ldselect/ldprivi/106i/106i01.htm">the original</a> on 8 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=First+Report+from+the+Committee+for+Privileges&rft.date=1999-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk%2Fpa%2Fld199899%2Fldselect%2Fldprivi%2F106i%2F106i01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040630060220/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199899/ldhansrd/vo990511/text/90511-19.htm">"House of Lords Debates, Vol. 600, col. 1156"</a>. <i>The United Kingdom Parliament</i>. 1998–1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199899/ldhansrd/vo990511/text/90511-19.htm">the original</a> on 30 June 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Kingdom+Parliament&rft.atitle=House+of+Lords+Debates%2C+Vol.+600%2C+col.+1156&rft.date=1998%2F1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk%2Fpa%2Fld199899%2Fldhansrd%2Fvo990511%2Ftext%2F90511-19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK_legislation">UK legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: UK legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1999/34">Text of the House of Lords Act 1999. (c. 34).</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/48">Text of the Peerage Act 1963. (1963 c. 48).</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1917/47">Text of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917. (7 & 8 George 5 c 47).</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/ed1-summons.asp">"Three Summonses to the Parliament of 1295"</a>. Internet History Sourcebooks Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Summonses+to+the+Parliament+of+1295&rft.pub=Internet+History+Sourcebooks+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fed1-summons.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/tiersma_collection/1347/">"Writ of Summons to Parliament for Lord Fisherwick"</a>. <i>Tiersma Collection</i>. The Peter C. Tiersma Collection at Loyola Marymount University. 18 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tiersma+Collection&rft.atitle=Writ+of+Summons+to+Parliament+for+Lord+Fisherwick&rft.date=2017-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.lmu.edu%2Ftiersma_collection%2F1347%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks1844" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Christopher_Banks" title="Thomas Christopher Banks">Banks, Thomas Christopher</a> (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baroniaanglicaco00bank"><i>Baronia anglica concentrata; or, A concentrated account of all the baronies commonly called baronies in fee; deriving their origin from writ of summons and not from any specific limited creation ... whereto is added the proofs of parliamentary sitting, from the reign of Edward I to that of Queen Anne; also A glossary of dormant English, Scotch, and Irish peerage titles</i></a>. London: Ripon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baronia+anglica+concentrata%3B+or%2C+A+concentrated+account+of+all+the+baronies+commonly+called+baronies+in+fee%3B+deriving+their+origin+from+writ+of+summons+and+not+from+any+specific+limited+creation+...+whereto+is+added+the+proofs+of+parliamentary+sitting%2C+from+the+reign+of+Edward+I+to+that+of+Queen+Anne%3B+also+A+glossary+of+dormant+English%2C+Scotch%2C+and+Irish+peerage+titles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ripon&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaroniaanglicaco00bank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHereditary+peer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Garter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">Thistle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Bath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Merit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">St Michael and St George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order" title="Royal Victorian Order">Royal Victorian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">British Empire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Order" title="Imperial Service Order">Imperial Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">Companions of Honour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_John_(chartered_1888)" title="Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)">St John</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Orders_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Family Orders of the United Kingdom">Royal family orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_George_VI" title="Royal Family Order of George VI">George VI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Royal Family Order of Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_Charles_III" title="Royal Family Order of Charles III">Charles III</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dormant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">St Patrick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_India" title="Order of the Crown of India">Crown of India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Star of India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Indian Empire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Order_of_Merit" title="Indian Order of Merit">Indian Merit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_British_India" title="Order of British India">British India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Burma" title="Order of Burma">Burma</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Royal Guelphic</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal family orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_George_IV" title="Royal Family Order of George IV">George IV</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Victoria_and_Albert" title="Royal Order of Victoria and Albert">Victoria & Albert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_Edward_VII" title="Royal Family Order of Edward VII">Edward VII</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_George_V" title="Royal Family Order of George V">George V</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Chain" title="Royal Victorian Chain">Royal Victorian Chain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hereditary peerage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">Life peerage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy counsellor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">Aide-de-camp</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current<br />decorations<br />and medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 2A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_Gallantry_Cross" title="Conspicuous Gallantry Cross">Conspicuous Gallantry Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Red_Cross" title="Royal Red Cross">Royal Red Cross (class I)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 2B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Medal" title="George Medal">George Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Police_Medal" title="King's Police Medal">King's Police Medal, for Gallantry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fire_Service_Medal" title="King's Fire Service Medal">King's Fire Service Medal, for Gallantry</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 3A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Service Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)">Air Force Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Red_Cross" title="Royal Red Cross">Royal Red Cross (class II)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 3B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sea_Gallantry_Medal" title="Sea Gallantry Medal">Sea Gallantry Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gallantry_Medal" title="King's Gallantry Medal">King's Gallantry Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Medal" title="Royal Victorian Medal">Royal Victorian Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Medal" title="British Empire Medal">British Empire Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Police_Medal" title="King's Police Medal">King’s Police Medal, for Distinguished Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fire_Service_Medal" title="King's Fire Service Medal">King's Fire Service Medal, for Distinguished Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Ambulance_Service_Medal" title="King's Ambulance Service Medal">King's Ambulance Service Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Volunteer_Reserves_Medal" title="King's Volunteer Reserves Medal">King's Volunteer Reserves Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polar_Medal" title="Polar Medal">Polar Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Medal" title="Imperial Service Medal">Imperial Service Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Territories_Police_Medal" title="Overseas Territories Police Medal">Overseas Territories Police Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy_Medal_for_Meritorious_Service" title="Merchant Navy Medal for Meritorious Service">Merchant Navy Medal for Meritorious Service</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_dispatches#United_Kingdom,_British_Empire,_and_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Mentioned in dispatches">Mentioned in Despatches</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Commendation_for_Bravery" title="King's Commendation for Bravery">King's Commendation for Bravery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Commendation_for_Bravery" title="King's Commendation for Bravery">King's Commendation for Bravery in the Air</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service">King's Commendation for Valuable Service</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Badge_of_Honour" title="Badge of Honour">Badge of Honour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cross" title="Elizabeth Cross">Elizabeth Cross</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete<br />decorations<br />and medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Order_of_Merit" title="Indian Order of Merit">Indian Order of Merit (1st class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_for_Lifesaving" title="Albert Medal for Lifesaving">Albert Medal (1st class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Medal" title="Edward Medal">Edward Medal (1st class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_Gallantry_Medal" title="Empire Gallantry Medal">Empire Gallantry Medal</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 2A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Order_of_Merit" title="Indian Order of Merit">Indian Order of Merit (2nd class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal" title="Distinguished Conduct Medal">Distinguished Conduct Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_Gallantry_Medal" title="Conspicuous Gallantry Medal">Conspicuous Gallantry Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_Gallantry_Medal" title="Conspicuous Gallantry Medal">Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (Flying)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 2B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_for_Lifesaving" title="Albert Medal for Lifesaving">Albert Medal (2nd class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Medal" title="Edward Medal">Edward Medal (2nd class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa_King%27s_Medal_for_Bravery,_Gold" title="Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold">Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Gold</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 3A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_British_India" title="Order of British India">Order of British India (1st class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_British_India" title="Order of British India">Order of British India (2nd class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Order_of_Merit" title="Indian Order of Merit">Indian Order of Merit (3rd class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Title_Badge_(India)" title="Title Badge (India)">Title Badge (India) (1st class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Title_Badge_(India)" title="Title Badge (India)">Title Badge (India) (2nd class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Title_Badge_(India)" title="Title Badge (India)">Title Badge (India) (3rd class)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Distinguished_Conduct_Medal" title="African Distinguished Conduct Medal">Royal West African Frontier Force Distinguished Conduct Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/African_Distinguished_Conduct_Medal" title="African Distinguished Conduct Medal">King's African Rifles Distinguished Conduct Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Indian Distinguished Service Medal">Indian Distinguished Service Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Service Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_Medal" title="Military Medal">Military Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Medal" title="Distinguished Flying Medal">Distinguished Flying Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Medal" title="Air Force Medal">Air Force Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_Gallantry_Medal" title="Burma Gallantry Medal">Burma Gallantry Medal</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 3B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Constabulary_Medal_(Ireland)" title="Constabulary Medal (Ireland)">Constabulary Medal (Ireland)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa_King%27s_Medal_for_Bravery,_Silver" title="Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Silver">Union of South Africa King's Medal for Bravery, Silver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaisar-i-Hind_Medal" title="Kaisar-i-Hind Medal">Kaisar-i-Hind Medal (Gold, Silver, Bronze)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Medal" title="Indian Police Medal">Indian Police Medal, for Gallantry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Police_Medal" title="Ceylon Police Medal">Ceylon Police Medal, for Gallantry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Police_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Police Medal">Sierra Leone Police Medal, for Gallantry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Fire_Brigades_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal">Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal, for Gallantry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_Police_Long_Service_and_Good_Conduct_Medal#Other_Mauritius_police_medals" title="Mauritius Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal">Mauritius Police Medal for Meritorious Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Territories_Police_Medal" title="Overseas Territories Police Medal">Colonial Police Medal, for Gallantry</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_Medal" title="Canada Medal">Canada Medal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Medal_for_Chiefs" title="Queen's Medal for Chiefs">Queen's Medal for Chiefs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Medal" title="Indian Police Medal">Indian Police Medal, for Meritorious Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_Police_Medal" title="Ceylon Police Medal">Ceylon Police Medal, for Merit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Police_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Police Medal">Sierra Leone Police Medal, for Meritorious Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Fire_Brigades_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal">Sierra Leone Fire Brigades Medal, for Meritorious Service</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Level 4</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Brave_Conduct" title="Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct">Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_in_the_Air" title="Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air">Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nowrap">See also</span></dt> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Honours_Order_of_Wearing" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Honours Order of Wearing">Order of Wear</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_campaign_medals" title="British campaign medals">British campaign medals</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Degradation_(knighthood)" title="Degradation (knighthood)">Degradation (knighthood)</a></span></dd> <dd><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_revocations_of_appointments_to_orders_and_awarded_decorations_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of revocations of appointments to orders and awarded decorations and medals of the United Kingdom">Revocations</a></span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Australia&#124;link=Australia_Former_decorations_of_Australia" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Australia_before_1992" title="Template:Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia before 1992"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Australia_before_1992" title="Template talk:Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia before 1992"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Australia_before_1992" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia before 1992"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Australia&#124;link=Australia_Former_decorations_of_Australia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Australia">Former decorations of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Wearing_of_honours_awarded_prior_to_6_October_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Wearing of honours awarded prior to 6 October 1992">Australian Honours Order of Precedence prior to 6 October 1992</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orders of chivalry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Most Honourable<br />Order of the Bath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/35px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/53px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/70px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/35px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/53px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/70px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB/DCB)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/35px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/53px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/70px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Most Distinguished<br />Order of St Michael<br />and St George</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/35px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/53px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/70px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/35px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/53px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/70px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG/DCMG)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/35px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/53px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg/70px-UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Most Excellent Order<br />of the British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Knight/Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Knight/Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE/DBE)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Service_Order" title="Imperial Service Order">Imperial Service Order</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_Imperial_Service_Order_100x30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ribbon_Imperial_Service_Order_100x30.jpg/35px-Ribbon_Imperial_Service_Order_100x30.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ribbon_Imperial_Service_Order_100x30.jpg/53px-Ribbon_Imperial_Service_Order_100x30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ribbon_Imperial_Service_Order_100x30.jpg/70px-Ribbon_Imperial_Service_Order_100x30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> Companion of the Imperial Service Order (ISO)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_Honour" title="Order of the Companions of Honour">Order of the<br />Companions of Honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Companions_of_Honour_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Order_of_Companions_of_Honour_ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_Companions_of_Honour_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Order_of_Companions_of_Honour_ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_Companions_of_Honour_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Order_of_Companions_of_Honour_ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_Companions_of_Honour_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hereditary peer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">Life peer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baronet%27s_Badge_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baronet%27s_Badge_ribbon.png/35px-Baronet%27s_Badge_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baronet%27s_Badge_ribbon.png/53px-Baronet%27s_Badge_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Baronet%27s_Badge_ribbon.png/70px-Baronet%27s_Badge_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">Baronet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/35px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/53px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/70px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military<br />gallantry/bravery<br />decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In the face<br />of the enemy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg/35px-UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg/53px-UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg/70px-UK_Victoria_Cross_ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> (VC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Distinguished_Service_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/UK_Distinguished_Service_Cross_BAR.svg/35px-UK_Distinguished_Service_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/UK_Distinguished_Service_Cross_BAR.svg/53px-UK_Distinguished_Service_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/UK_Distinguished_Service_Cross_BAR.svg/70px-UK_Distinguished_Service_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Service Cross</a> (DSC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_Cross_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Military_Cross_ribbon.png/35px-Military_Cross_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Military_Cross_ribbon.png/53px-Military_Cross_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Military_Cross_ribbon.png/70px-Military_Cross_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a> (MC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/35px-United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/53px-United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/70px-United_Kingdom_Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> (DFC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CGM_UK_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/CGM_UK_ribbon.png/35px-CGM_UK_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/CGM_UK_ribbon.png/53px-CGM_UK_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/CGM_UK_ribbon.png/70px-CGM_UK_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_Gallantry_Medal" title="Conspicuous Gallantry Medal">Conspicuous Gallantry Medal</a> (CGM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Distinguished_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UK_Distinguished_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-UK_Distinguished_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UK_Distinguished_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.svg/53px-UK_Distinguished_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/UK_Distinguished_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.svg/70px-UK_Distinguished_Conduct_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Conduct_Medal" title="Distinguished Conduct Medal">Distinguished Conduct Medal</a> (DCM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CGM_(Flying)_UK_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CGM_%28Flying%29_UK_ribbon.png/35px-CGM_%28Flying%29_UK_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CGM_%28Flying%29_UK_ribbon.png/53px-CGM_%28Flying%29_UK_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CGM_%28Flying%29_UK_ribbon.png/70px-CGM_%28Flying%29_UK_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_Gallantry_Medal" title="Conspicuous Gallantry Medal">Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (Flying)</a> (CGM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/UK_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-UK_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/UK_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/53px-UK_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/UK_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/70px-UK_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (United Kingdom)">Distinguished Service Medal</a> (DSM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Military_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/UK_Military_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-UK_Military_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/UK_Military_Medal_ribbon.svg/53px-UK_Military_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/UK_Military_Medal_ribbon.svg/70px-UK_Military_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Military_Medal" title="Military Medal">Military Medal</a> (MM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distinguished_Flying_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Distinguished_Flying_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-Distinguished_Flying_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Distinguished_Flying_Medal_ribbon.svg/53px-Distinguished_Flying_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Distinguished_Flying_Medal_ribbon.svg/70px-Distinguished_Flying_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Medal" title="Distinguished Flying Medal">Distinguished Flying Medal</a> (DFM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_MID_1920-94.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/UK_MID_1920-94.svg/35px-UK_MID_1920-94.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/UK_MID_1920-94.svg/53px-UK_MID_1920-94.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/UK_MID_1920-94.svg/70px-UK_MID_1920-94.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="260" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mentioned_in_dispatches" title="Mentioned in dispatches">Mentioned in despatches</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Not the face<br />of the enemy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_AFC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/UK_AFC_ribbon.svg/35px-UK_AFC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/UK_AFC_ribbon.svg/53px-UK_AFC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/UK_AFC_ribbon.svg/70px-UK_AFC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Cross_(United_Kingdom)" title="Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)">Air Force Cross</a> (AFC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_AFM_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/UK_AFM_ribbon.svg/35px-UK_AFM_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/UK_AFM_ribbon.svg/53px-UK_AFM_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/UK_AFM_ribbon.svg/70px-UK_AFM_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Medal" title="Air Force Medal">Air Force Medal</a> (AFM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Brave_Conduct" title="Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct">Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distinguished<br />service<br />decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In the face<br />of the enemy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dso-ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dso-ribbon.png/35px-Dso-ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dso-ribbon.png/53px-Dso-ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dso-ribbon.png/70px-Dso-ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order" title="Distinguished Service Order">Distinguished Service Order</a> (DSO)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Not the face<br />of the enemy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queens_Police_Medal_for_Merit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Queens_Police_Medal_for_Merit.png/35px-Queens_Police_Medal_for_Merit.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Queens_Police_Medal_for_Merit.png/53px-Queens_Police_Medal_for_Merit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Queens_Police_Medal_for_Merit.png/70px-Queens_Police_Medal_for_Merit.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Police_Medal" title="King's Police Medal">King's Police Medal for Distinguished Service</a> (KPM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_UK.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_UK.png/35px-Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_UK.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_UK.png/53px-Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_UK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_UK.png/70px-Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_UK.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fire_Service_Medal" title="King's Fire Service Medal">King's Fire Service Medal for Distinguished Service</a> (KFSM)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil bravery<br />decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Cross_UK_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/George_Cross_UK_ribbon.png/35px-George_Cross_UK_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/George_Cross_UK_ribbon.png/53px-George_Cross_UK_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/George_Cross_UK_ribbon.png/70px-George_Cross_UK_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="149" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Cross" title="George Cross">George Cross</a> (GC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_(Land).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Land%29.png/35px-UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Land%29.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Land%29.png/53px-UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Land%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Land%29.png/70px-UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Land%29.png 2x" data-file-width="112" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_for_Lifesaving" title="Albert Medal for Lifesaving">Albert Medal, First Class</a> (AM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_(Sea).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Sea%29.png/35px-UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Sea%29.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Sea%29.png/53px-UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Sea%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Sea%29.png/70px-UK_Albert_Medal_1st_class_%28Sea%29.png 2x" data-file-width="112" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_for_Lifesaving" title="Albert Medal for Lifesaving">Albert Medal, First Class (Sea)</a> (AM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_(Land).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Land%29.png/35px-UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Land%29.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Land%29.png/53px-UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Land%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Land%29.png/70px-UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Land%29.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_for_Lifesaving" title="Albert Medal for Lifesaving">Albert Medal, Second Class</a> (AM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_(Sea).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Sea%29.png/35px-UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Sea%29.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Sea%29.png/53px-UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Sea%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Sea%29.png/70px-UK_Albert_Medal_2nd_class_%28Sea%29.png 2x" data-file-width="104" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_for_Lifesaving" title="Albert Medal for Lifesaving">Albert Medal, Second Class (Sea)</a> (AM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_George_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UK_George_Medal_ribbon.svg/35px-UK_George_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UK_George_Medal_ribbon.svg/53px-UK_George_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/UK_George_Medal_ribbon.svg/70px-UK_George_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Medal" title="George Medal">George Medal</a> (GM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queens_Police_Medal_(Gallantry)_UK.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Queens_Police_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png/35px-Queens_Police_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Queens_Police_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png/53px-Queens_Police_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Queens_Police_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png/70px-Queens_Police_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Police_Medal" title="King's Police Medal">King's Police Medal for Gallantry</a> (KPM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_(Gallantry)_UK.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png/35px-Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png/53px-Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png/70px-Queens_Fire_Service_Medal_%28Gallantry%29_UK.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Fire_Service_Medal" title="King's Fire Service Medal">King's Fire Service Medal for Gallantry</a> (KFSM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SGM(UK)ribbon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SGM%28UK%29ribbon.jpg/35px-SGM%28UK%29ribbon.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SGM%28UK%29ribbon.jpg/53px-SGM%28UK%29ribbon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SGM%28UK%29ribbon.jpg/70px-SGM%28UK%29ribbon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sea_Gallantry_Medal" title="Sea Gallantry Medal">Sea Gallantry Medal</a> (SGM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queens_Gallantry_Medal_UK_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Queens_Gallantry_Medal_UK_ribbon.png/35px-Queens_Gallantry_Medal_UK_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Queens_Gallantry_Medal_UK_ribbon.png/53px-Queens_Gallantry_Medal_UK_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Queens_Gallantry_Medal_UK_ribbon.png/70px-Queens_Gallantry_Medal_UK_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gallantry_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Gallantry Medal">Queen's Gallantry Medal</a> (QGM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Edward_Medal.png/35px-Edward_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Edward_Medal.png/53px-Edward_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Edward_Medal.png/70px-Edward_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Medal" title="Edward Medal">Edward Medal</a> (EM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Brave_Conduct" title="Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct">Queen's Commendation for Brave Conduct</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nursing service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Red_Cross_(UK)_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png/35px-Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png/53px-Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png/70px-Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Red_Cross" title="Royal Red Cross">Member of the Royal Red Cross</a> (RRC)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Red_Cross_(UK)_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png/35px-Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png/53px-Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png/70px-Royal_Red_Cross_%28UK%29_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Red_Cross" title="Royal Red Cross">Associate of the Royal Red Cross</a> (ARRC)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meritorious service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Civil)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Civil%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/35px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/53px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/70px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Medal" title="British Empire Medal">British Empire Medal</a> (BEM)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg/35px-UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg/53px-UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg/70px-UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service" title="King's Commendation for Valuable Service">King's Commendation for Valuable Service</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&oldid=1259666229">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hereditary_peer&oldid=1259666229</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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