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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Frances Arnold</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Арнольд, Фрэнсис – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Арнольд, Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="فرانسيس أرنولد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسيس أرنولد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frensis_Arnold" title="Frensis Arnold – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frensis Arnold" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="فرانسیس آرنولد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسیس آرنولد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ফ্রান্সিস আর্নল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্সিস আর্নল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Фрэнсис Арнольд – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фрэнсис Арнольд" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Фрэнсіс Арнольд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрэнсіс Арнольд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Франсис Арнолд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франсис Арнолд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnoldov%C3%A1" title="Frances Arnoldová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frances Arnoldová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_H._Arnold" title="Frances H. Arnold – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frances H. Arnold" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_H._Arnold" title="Frances H. Arnold – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frances H. Arnold" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_H._Arnold" title="Frances H. Arnold – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Frances H. Arnold" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Φράνσις Άρνολντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φράνσις Άρνολντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="فرانسیس آرنولد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیس آرنولد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%9C%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%84%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C" title="프랜시스 아널드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랜시스 아널드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Ֆրենսիս Առնոլդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրենսիս Առնոլդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="फ्रांसीस अर्नोल्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रांसीस अर्नोल्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_H._Arnold" title="Frances H. Arnold – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Frances H. Arnold" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Hamilton_Arnold" title="Frances Hamilton Arnold – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frances Hamilton Arnold" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93" title="פרנסס המילטון ארנולד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנסס המילטון ארנולד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Hamilton_Arnold" title="Frances Hamilton Arnold – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Frances Hamilton Arnold" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ფრენსის არნოლდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრენსის არნოლდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Фрэнсис Арнольд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фрэнсис Арнольд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രാൻസിസ് ആർനോൾഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസിസ് ആർനോൾഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="फ्रांसेस आर्नोल्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रांसेस आर्नोल्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="فرانسيس ارنولد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيس ارنولد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="فرانسیس آرنولد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانسیس آرنولد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="フランシス・アーノルド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシス・アーノルド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_H._Arnold" title="Frances H. Arnold – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frances H. Arnold" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸਿਸ ਅਰਨੋਲਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸਿਸ ਅਰਨੋਲਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Hamilton_Arnold" title="Frances Hamilton Arnold – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Frances Hamilton Arnold" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_H._Arnold" title="Frances H. Arnold – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frances H. Arnold" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Арнольд, Фрэнсис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арнольд, Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnoldov%C3%A1" title="Frances Arnoldová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frances Arnoldová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%AF" title="فرانسیس ئارنۆڵد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرانسیس ئارنۆڵد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Френсис Арнолд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Френсис Арнолд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="பிரான்செசு ஆர்னோல்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்செசு ஆர்னோல்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Фрәнсис Арнольд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фрәнсис Арнольд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Арнольд, Фрэнсис – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Арнольд, Фрэнсис" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Френсіс Арнольд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Френсіс Арнольд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%84%DA%88" title="فرانسس آرنلڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسس آرنلڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Frances Arnold" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%9D%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%BE%B7" title="弗朗西丝·阿诺德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗朗西丝·阿诺德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E4%B8%9D%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E5%BE%B7" title="弗朗西丝·阿诺德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Frances Arnold</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Arnold_in_2021_at_Caltech_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Frances_Arnold_in_2021_at_Caltech_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Frances_Arnold_in_2021_at_Caltech_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Frances_Arnold_in_2021_at_Caltech_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Frances_Arnold_in_2021_at_Caltech_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Frances_Arnold_in_2021_at_Caltech_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Frances_Arnold_in_2021_at_Caltech_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="3561" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Arnold in 2021</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Co-Chair of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_of_Advisors_on_Science_and_Technology" title="President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology">President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: lavender"><a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">Incumbent</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Assumed office January 20, 2021<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Maria_Zuber" title="Maria Zuber">Maria Zuber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Frances Hamilton Arnold</div> (1956-07-25) July 25, 1956 (age 68) <a href="/wiki/Edgewood,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Edgewood, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Edgewood, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jay_Bailey" title="Jay Bailey">Jay Bailey</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(divorced)</div> (1987–1991)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Domestic partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_E._Lange" title="Andrew E. Lange">Andrew E. Lange</a> (1994–2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>) <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>, PhD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garvan%E2%80%93Olin_Medal" title="Garvan–Olin Medal">Garvan–Olin Medal</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASEB_Excellence_in_Science_Award" title="FASEB Excellence in Science Award">FASEB Excellence in Science Award</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Draper Prize">Draper Prize</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Technology_Prize" title="Millennium Technology Prize">Millennium Technology Prize</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_and_Beverly_Sackler_Prize_in_Convergence_Research" title="Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research">Sackler Prize in Convergence Research</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Bioengineering</a> <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/303363741">Design and Scale-Up of Affinity Separations</a> (1985)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Harvey Blanch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Voigt" title="Christopher Voigt">Christopher Voigt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huimin_Zhao" title="Huimin Zhao">Huimin Zhao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Frances Hamilton Arnold (born July 25, 1956)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is an American <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineer" title="Chemical engineer">chemical engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel Laureate</a>. She is the <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry at the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> (Caltech). In 2018, she was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for pioneering the use of <a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution" title="Directed evolution">directed evolution</a> to engineer <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a> announced that Arnold had joined its board of directors. Since January 2021, she has also served as an external co-chair of President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>'s <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_of_Advisors_on_Science_and_Technology" title="President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology">Council of Advisors on Science and Technology</a> (PCAST)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Arnold is the daughter of Josephine Inman (née Routheau) and nuclear physicist <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Arnold_(physicist)" title="William Howard Arnold (physicist)">William Howard Arnold</a>, and the granddaughter of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Arnold_(general)" title="William Howard Arnold (general)">William Howard Arnold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> She has an older brother, Bill, and three younger brothers, Edward, David and Thomas. She grew up in the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Edgewood,_Allegheny_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Edgewood, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania">Edgewood</a>, and the Pittsburgh neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Shadyside_(Pittsburgh)" title="Shadyside (Pittsburgh)">Shadyside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squirrel_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squirrel Hill (Pittsburgh)">Squirrel Hill</a>, graduating from the city's <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Allderdice_High_School" title="Taylor Allderdice High School">Taylor Allderdice High School</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> As a high schooler, she hitchhiked to Washington, D.C., to protest the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and lived on her own, working as a cocktail waitress at a local jazz club and a cab driver.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The same independence that drove Arnold to move out of her childhood home as a teenager also led to a large volume of absences from school and low grades. In spite of this, she made near perfect scores on standardized tests and was determined to attend Princeton University, the alma mater of her father. She applied as a mechanical engineering major and was accepted.<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a> Arnold's motivation behind studying engineering, as stated in her Nobel Prize interview, was that "[mechanical engineering] was the easiest option and the easiest way to get into Princeton University at the time and I never left".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Arnold graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineering</a> from <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, where she focused on solar energy research.<a href="#cite_note-auto-10">[10]</a> In addition to the courses required for her major, she took classes in economics, Russian, and Italian, and envisioned herself as becoming a diplomat or CEO, even considering getting an advanced degree in international affairs.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-11">[11]</a> She took a year off from Princeton after her second year to travel to Italy and work in a factory that made <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> parts, then returned to complete her studies.<a href="#cite_note-:6-12">[12]</a> Back at Princeton, she began studying at its Center for Energy and Environmental Studies – a group of scientists and engineers, at the time led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Socolow" title="Robert H. Socolow">Robert Socolow</a>, working to develop sustainable energy sources, a topic that would become a focus of her later work.<a href="#cite_note-:6-12">[12]</a> After graduating from Princeton in 1979, Arnold worked as an engineer in South Korea and Brazil and at Colorado's <a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">Solar Energy Research Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-12">[12]</a> At the Solar Energy Research Institute (now the National Renewable Energy Laboratory), she worked on designing solar energy facilities for remote locations and helped write United Nations (UN) <a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">position papers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-11">[11]</a> She then enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, where she earned a PhD degree in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> in 1985<a href="#cite_note-thesis-arnold-1985-13">[13]</a> and became deeply interested in biochemistry.<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-12">[12]</a> Her thesis work, carried out in the lab of Harvey Warren Blanch, investigated <a href="/wiki/Affinity_chromatography" title="Affinity chromatography">affinity chromatography</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-thesis-arnold-1985-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Arnold had no chemistry background before pursuing a doctorate in chemical engineering. For the first year of her Ph.D. coursework, the graduate committee at UC Berkeley required that she take undergraduate chemistry courses.<a href="#cite_note-:8-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</div> After earning her Ph.D., Arnold completed postdoctoral research in <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_chemistry" title="Biophysical chemistry">biophysical chemistry</a> at Berkeley.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In 1986, she joined the <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> as a visiting associate. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1986, associate professor in 1992, and full professor in 1996. She was named the Dick and Barbara Dickinson Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2000 and, her current position, the Linus Pauling Professor of Chemical Engineering, Bioengineering and Biochemistry in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> In 2013, she was appointed director of Caltech's Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Bioengineering Center.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Arnold served on the Science Board for the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute" title="Santa Fe Institute">Santa Fe Institute</a> from 1995 to 2000.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> She was a member of the Advisory Board of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_BioEnergy_Institute" title="Joint BioEnergy Institute">Joint BioEnergy Institute</a>. Arnold chairs the Advisory Panel of the Packard Fellowships in Science and Engineering. She served on the President's Advisory Council of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (<a href="/wiki/KAUST" class="mw-redirect" title="KAUST">KAUST</a>). She served as a judge for <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_Elizabeth_Prize_for_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering">The Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering</a> and worked with the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Science's</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Entertainment_Exchange" title="Science & Entertainment Exchange">Science & Entertainment Exchange</a> to help Hollywood screenwriters accurately portray science topics.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 2000 Arnold was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> for integration of fundamentals in molecular biology, genetics, and bioengineering to the benefit of life science and industry. She is co-inventor on over 40 US patents.<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a> She co-founded <a href="/wiki/Gevo,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Gevo, Inc">Gevo, Inc</a>., a company to make fuels and chemicals from renewable resources in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a> In 2013, she and two of her former students, Peter Meinhold and Pedro Coelho, cofounded a company called Provivi to research alternatives to <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> for crop protection.<a href="#cite_note-:1-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> She has been on the corporate board of the <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a> company <a href="/wiki/Illumina_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumina (company)">Illumina Inc.</a> since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 2019 she was named to the board of <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a>, making Arnold the third female director of the Google parent company.<a href="#cite_note-:9-25">[25]</a> In January 2021 she was named an external co-chair of President Joe Biden's <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_of_Advisors_on_Science_and_Technology" title="President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology">Council of Advisors on Science and Technology</a> (PCAST). She is working with Biden's transition team to help identify scientists for roles in the administration. She says her main job now is to help choose PCAST's additional members and to get to work setting a scientific agenda for the group. She has stated: "We have to reestablish the importance of science in policymaking, in decision making across the government. We need to reestablish the trust of the American people in science ... I think that PCAST can play a beneficial role in that."<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Arnold is credited with pioneering the use of <a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution" title="Directed evolution">directed evolution</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> (biochemical molecules—often proteins—that <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyze</a>, or speed up, chemical reactions) with improved and/or novel functions.<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution" title="Directed evolution">directed evolution</a> strategy involves iterative rounds of mutagenesis and screening for proteins with improved functions and it has been used to create useful <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">biological systems</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic pathways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_regulatory_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic regulatory circuit">genetic regulatory circuits</a>, and organisms. In nature, evolution by <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> can lead to proteins (including enzymes) well-suited to carry out biological tasks, but natural selection can only act on existing sequence variations (mutations) and typically occurs over long time periods.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Arnold speeds up the process by introducing mutations in the underlying sequences of proteins; she then tests these mutations' effects. If a mutation improves the proteins' function she can keep iterating the process to optimize it further. This strategy has broad implications because it can be used to discover proteins for a wide variety of applications.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> For example, she has used directed evolution to discover enzymes that can be used to produce <a href="/wiki/Renewable_fuels" title="Renewable fuels">renewable fuels</a> and pharmaceutical compounds with less harm to the environment.<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a> One advantage of directed evolution is that the mutations do not have to be completely random; instead, they can be random enough to discover unexplored potential, but not so random as to be inefficient. The number of possible mutation combinations is astronomical, but instead of just randomly trying to test as many as possible, she integrates her knowledge of biochemistry to narrow down the options, focusing on introducing mutations in areas of the protein that are likely to have the most positive effect on activity and avoiding areas in which mutations would likely be, at best, neutral and at worst, detrimental (such as disrupting proper protein folding).<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a> Arnold applied directed evolution to the optimization of enzymes (although not the first person to do so, see e.g. Barry Hall<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>). In<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a> her seminal work, published in 1993, she used the method to engineer a version of <a href="/wiki/Subtilisin" title="Subtilisin">subtilisin</a> E that was active in the organic solvent <a href="/wiki/Dimethylformamide" title="Dimethylformamide">DMF</a>, a highly unnatural environment.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> She carried out the work using four sequential rounds of mutagenesis of the enzyme's <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>, expressed by bacteria, through error-prone <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">PCR</a>. After each round she screened the enzymes for their ability to <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyze</a> the milk protein <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> in the presence of DMF by growing the bacteria on agar plates containing casein and DMF. The bacteria secreted the enzyme and, if it were functional, it would hydrolyze the casein and produce a visible halo. She selected the bacteria that had the biggest halos and isolated their DNA for further rounds of mutagenesis.<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a> Using this method, she discovered an enzyme that had 256 times more activity in DMF than the original.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[32]</a> She has further developed her methods and applied them under different selection criteria in order to optimize enzymes for different functions. She showed that, whereas naturally evolved enzymes tend to function well at a narrow temperature range, enzymes could be produced using directed evolution that could function at both high and low temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a> In addition to improving the existing functions of natural enzymes, Arnold has discovered enzymes that perform functions for which no previous specific enzyme existed, such as when she evolved <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> to carry out <a href="/wiki/Cyclopropanation" title="Cyclopropanation">cyclopropanation</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbene" title="Carbene">carbene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrene" title="Nitrene">nitrene</a> transfer reactions.<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In addition to evolving individual molecules, she has used directed evolution to co-evolve enzymes in biosynthetic pathways, such as those involved in the production of <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">L-methionine</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a> (which has the potential to be used as a whole-cell biocatalyst).<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a> She has applied these methods to <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> production. For example, she evolved bacteria to produce the biofuel <a href="/wiki/Isobutanol" title="Isobutanol">isobutanol</a>; it can be produced in E. coli bacteria, but the production pathway requires the <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADPH</a>, whereas E. coli makes the cofactor <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide">NADH</a>. To circumvent this problem, she evolved the enzymes in the pathway to use NADH instead of NADPH, allowing for the production of isobutanol.<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Arnold has also used directed evolution to discover highly specific and efficient enzymes that can be used as environmentally-friendly alternatives to some industrial chemical synthesis procedures.<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a> She, and others using her methods, have engineered enzymes that can carry out synthesis reactions more quickly, with fewer by-products, and in some cases eliminating the need for hazardous <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[32]</a> She uses structure-guided protein recombination to combine parts of different proteins to form protein chimeras with unique functions. She developed computational methods, such as <a href="/wiki/SCHEMA_(bioinformatics)" title="SCHEMA (bioinformatics)">SCHEMA</a>, to predict how the parts can be combined without disrupting their parental structure, so that the chimeras will fold properly, and then applies directed evolution to further mutate the chimeras to optimize their functions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> At Caltech, Arnold runs a laboratory that continues to study directed evolution and its applications in environmentally-friendly chemical synthesis and green/alternative energy, including the development of highly active enzymes (cellulolytic and biosynthetic enzymes) and microorganisms to convert renewable biomass to fuels and chemicals. A paper published in Science in 2019, with Inha Cho and Zhi-Jun Jia, has been retracted on January 2, 2020, as the results were found to be not reproducible.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&action=edit">[update]</a>, Arnold has an <a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index">h-index</a> of 147 according to <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Arnold lives in <a href="/wiki/La_Ca%C3%B1ada_Flintridge,_California" title="La Cañada Flintridge, California">La Cañada Flintridge, California</a>. She was married to <a href="/wiki/Jay_Bailey" title="Jay Bailey">James E. Bailey</a> from 1987 to 1991, who died of cancer in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-Clarke-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> The couple had James Howard Bailey (born in 1990). Her stepson <a href="/wiki/Sean_Bailey" title="Sean Bailey">Sean Bailey</a> is an American film and television producer. He has been the president of <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production</a> since his appointment in 2010. .<a href="#cite_note-NYT-43">[43]</a> Arnold was herself diagnosed with breast cancer in 2005 and underwent treatment for 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-:7-44">[44]</a> Arnold was in a common-law marriage with Caltech astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_E._Lange" title="Andrew E. Lange">Andrew E. Lange</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> beginning in 1994, and they had two sons, William Andrew Lange (1995) and Joseph Inman Lange (1997).<a href="#cite_note-PAW-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-43">[43]</a> Lange committed suicide in 2010 and one of their sons, William Lange-Arnold, died in an accident in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:5-23">[23]</a> Her father, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Arnold_(physicist)" title="William Howard Arnold (physicist)">William Howard Arnold</a> died in 2015. <a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Her hobbies include traveling, scuba diving, skiing, dirt-bike riding, and hiking.<a href="#cite_note-:7-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honors and awards">edit</a>]</div> Arnold's work has been recognized by many awards, including the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>, the 2011 National Academy of Engineering (NAE) <a href="/wiki/Draper_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Draper Prize">Draper Prize</a> (the first woman to receive it), and a 2011 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> She was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 2011 and inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> She was the first woman to be elected to all three National Academies in the United States – the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> (2000), the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a>, formerly called the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> (2004), and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (2008).<a href="#cite_note-:3-17">[17]</a> Arnold is a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Microbiology">American Academy of Microbiology</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_for_Medical_and_Biological_Engineering" title="American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering">American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering</a> and an <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="List of International Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering">International Fellow</a> of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 2016 she became the first woman to win the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Technology_Prize" title="Millennium Technology Prize">Millennium Technology Prize</a>, which she won for pioneering <a href="/wiki/Directed_evolution" title="Directed evolution">directed evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 2017, Arnold was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Raymond_and_Beverly_Sackler_Prize_in_Convergence_Research" title="Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research">Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, which recognizes extraordinary contributions to convergence research.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 2018 she was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> for her work in directed evolution, making her the fifth woman to receive the award in its 117 years of existence, and the first American woman.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> She received a one-half share of the award, with the other half jointly awarded to <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Greg Winter">Gregory Winter</a> "for the <a href="/wiki/Phage_display" title="Phage display">phage display</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a>."<a href="#cite_note-TNP-27">[27]</a> She is the first female graduate of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton</a> to be awarded a Nobel Prize and the first person who got their undergraduate degree from Princeton (male or female) to receive a Nobel Prize in one of the natural sciences categories (chemistry, physics, and physiology or medicine).<a href="#cite_note-auto-10">[10]</a> In November 2018, she was listed as one of <a href="/wiki/100_Women_(BBC)" title="100 Women (BBC)">BBC's 100 Women.</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On October 24, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> named her a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2022 she was the guest in an episode of The Life Scientific on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold_F_2022-56">[56]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Medal" title="Perkin Medal">Perkin Medal</a> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">Foreign Member of the Royal Society</a> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li> <li>Honorary doctorate, <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Denmark" title="Technical University of Denmark">Technical University of Denmark</a> (2019)<a href="#cite_note-DTU-59">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (2018)</li> <li>Elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>Elected an International Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-NF2018-61">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_and_Beverly_Sackler_Prize_in_Convergence_Research" title="Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research">Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize in Convergence Research</a> (2017)</li> <li>Spiegelman Lecture, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a> (2017)<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Women_Engineers" title="Society of Women Engineers">Society of Women Engineers</a>' 2017 Achievement Award<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li>Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> (2017)<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li>Honorary doctorate, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (2016)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Technology_Prize" title="Millennium Technology Prize">Millennium Technology Prize</a> (2016)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li>Honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> (2015)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li>Elmer Gaden Award, Biotechnology and Bioengineering (2015)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a> (2014)<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Golden Plate Award, <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> (2014)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Merck_Lectureship" title="Emanuel Merck Lectureship">Emanuel Merck Lectureship</a> (2013)<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENI_award" title="ENI award">ENI Prize in Renewable and Nonconventional Energy</a> (2013)<a href="#cite_note-ENI-71">[71]</a></li> <li>Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a> (2013)<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-CSDP-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology and Innovation</a><a href="#cite_note-whitehouse1-74">[74]</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (2011)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Honorary Degree of Doctor of Science from <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a> (2013)<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Elected fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a> (2010)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Elected fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Microbiology" title="American Society for Microbiology">American Academy of Microbiology</a> (2009)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (2008)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_American_Societies_for_Experimental_Biology" title="Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology">FASEB</a> Excellence in Science Award (2007)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Enzyme Engineering Award from Engineering Conferences International and <a href="/wiki/Genencor" title="Genencor">Genencor</a> (2007)<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garvan%E2%80%93Olin_Medal" title="Garvan–Olin Medal">Francis P. Garvan–John M. Olin Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> (2005)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li> <li>Elected fellow of <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_for_Medical_and_Biological_Engineering" title="American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering">American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering</a> (2001)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> (2000)<a href="#cite_note-:4-65">[65]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearances_in_popular_media">Appearances in popular media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Appearances in popular media">edit</a>]</div> She portrayed herself in the 18th episode "The Laureate Accumulation" of the 12th season of the TV series <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In September 2021 in the 10th anniversary of PME UChicago she jokingly claimed that this appearance was the greatest accolade of her life. She also appeared in a brief interview in the <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)" title="Nova (American TV program)">NOVA</a> episode Beyond the Elements: Life. She was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Al-Khalili" title="Jim Al-Khalili">Jim Al-Khalili</a> on the BBC's <a href="/wiki/The_Life_Scientific" title="The Life Scientific">The Life Scientific</a> on September 6, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold_F_2022-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_science" title="Timeline of women in science">Timeline of women in science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="List of International Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering">List of International Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2018/arnold/facts/">"Frances H. 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frances_Arnold&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has an author profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/author/Q4273363" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/author/Q4273363">Frances Arnold</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.che.caltech.edu/faculty/arnold_f/index.html">Chemical Eng, Caltech Faculty Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fhalab.caltech.edu/">Arnold Research Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JZzSDANMOA">Video of Arnold talking about her work</a>, from the National Science & Technology Medals Foundation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/963">Frances Arnold</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4273363#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> including the Nobel Lecture December 8, 2018 Innovation by Evolution: Bringing New Chemistry to Life</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917</li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></li> <li>1919</li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></li> <li>1933</li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></li> <li>2018: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2018_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2018_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2018 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2018_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2018 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2018_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2018 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2018_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2018 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frances Arnold</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a> (Poland) (announced in 2019)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> (Democratic Republic of the Congo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a> (Iraq)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Arthur Ashkin</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Romer" title="Paul Romer">Paul Romer</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2013_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2013 Nobel Prize winners">2013</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2014_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2014 Nobel Prize winners">2014</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2015_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2015 Nobel Prize winners">2015</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2016_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2016 Nobel Prize winners">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2017_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2017 Nobel Prize winners">2017</a></dd> <dd>2018 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2019_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2019 Nobel Prize winners">2019</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2020 Nobel Prize winners">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2021_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2021 Nobel Prize winners">2021</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2022_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2022 Nobel Prize winners">2022</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners">2023</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize_recipients" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Template:Charles Stark Draper Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Template talk:Charles Stark Draper Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Stark Draper Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize_recipients" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus </a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Pierce" title="John R. Pierce">John R. Pierce</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Rosen" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold A. Rosen">Harold A. Rosen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Haensel" title="Vladimir Haensel">Vladimir Haensel</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Maurer" title="Robert D. Maurer">Robert D. Maurer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_B._MacChesney" title="John B. MacChesney">John B. MacChesney</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinton_Cerf" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinton Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Kleinrock" title="Leonard Kleinrock">Leonard Kleinrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence G. Roberts">Lawrence G. Roberts</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert Langer</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Getting" title="Ivan Getting">Ivan Getting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Parkinson" title="Bradford Parkinson">Bradford Parkinson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay </a> / <a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Robert Taylor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Charles P. Thacker</a> (2004)</li> <li>Minoru S. Araki / Francis J. Madden / Edward A. Miller / <a href="/wiki/James_W._Plummer" title="James W. Plummer">James W. Plummer</a> / Don H. Schoessler (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_E._K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n" title="Rudolf E. Kálmán">Rudolf E. Kálmán</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dennard" title="Robert H. Dennard">Robert H. Dennard</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willem_P._C._Stemmer" title="Willem P. C. Stemmer">Willem P. C. Stemmer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Helfrich" title="Wolfgang Helfrich">Wolfgang Helfrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schadt" title="Martin Schadt">Martin Schadt</a> / <a href="/wiki/T._Peter_Brody" title="T. Peter Brody">T. Peter Brody</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Haug" title="Thomas Haug">Thomas Haug</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yoshihisa_Okumura" title="Yoshihisa Okumura">Yoshihisa Okumura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Frenkiel" title="Richard H. Frenkiel">Richard H. Frenkiel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joel_S._Engel" title="Joel S. Engel">Joel S. Engel</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / Yoshio Nishi / <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Yazami" title="Rachid Yazami">Rachid Yazami</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._George_Craford" title="M. George Craford">George Craford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russell_Dupuis" title="Russell Dupuis">Russell Dupuis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nick_Holonyak" title="Nick Holonyak">Nick Holonyak</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fr%C3%A9chet" title="Jean Fréchet">Jean Fréchet</a> / C. Grant Willson (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Furber" title="Steve Furber">Steve Furber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(computer_scientist)" title="David Patterson (computer scientist)">David Patterson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Wilson" title="Sophie Wilson">Sophie Wilson</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2020" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_2020" title="Template:FRS 2020"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_2020" title="Template talk:FRS 2020"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_2020" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 2020"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2020" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2020" title="List of fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2020">in 2020</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Behrens_(neuroscientist)" title="Timothy Behrens (neuroscientist)">Timothy Behrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_J._Bennett" title="Malcolm J. Bennett">Malcolm J. Bennett</a></li> <li>Ben Berks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Bhutta" title="Zulfiqar Bhutta">Zulfiqar Bhutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brindle" title="Kevin Brindle">Kevin Brindle</a></li> <li>Gordon Brown</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_N._Chapman" title="Henry N. Chapman">Henry Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Marius_Clore" title="G. Marius Clore">G. Marius Clore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Deshpande" title="Vikram Deshpande">Vikram Deshpande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endler" title="John Endler">John Endler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Eyre-Walker" title="Adam Eyre-Walker">Adam Eyre-Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Frost_(earth_scientist)" title="Daniel Frost (earth scientist)">Daniel Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guillemot" title="François Guillemot">François Guillemot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harel" title="David Harel">David Harel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Holness" title="Marian Holness">Marian Holness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Hrushovski" title="Ehud Hrushovski">Ehud Hrushovski</a></li> <li>Andrew P. Jackson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(chemist)" title="George Jackson (chemist)">George Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_Lu" title="Xin Lu">Xin Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Alexeyevich_Makarov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Alexeyevich Makarov">Alexander Makarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Matthews_(biologist)" title="Keith Matthews (biologist)">Keith Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_McCulloch_(academic)" title="Iain McCulloch (academic)">Iain McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Nazar" title="Linda Nazar">Linda Nazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nellist" title="Peter Nellist">Peter Nellist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Oldroyd" title="Giles Oldroyd">Giles Oldroyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Osborn" title="Hugh Osborn">Hugh Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Phillips_(ecologist)" title="Oliver Phillips (ecologist)">Oliver L. Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Pierrehumbert" title="Raymond Pierrehumbert">Raymond Pierrehumbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Plane" title="John Plane">John Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Price" title="Cathy Price">Cathy Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Prives" title="Carol Prives">Carol Prives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Read" title="Nicholas Read">Nicholas Read</a></li> <li>Michael Rudnicki</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schafer" title="William Schafer">William Schafer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Scrutton" title="Nigel Scrutton">Nigel Scrutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shine" title="John Shine">John Shine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smartt" title="Stephen Smartt">Stephen Smartt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralf_Speth" title="Ralf Speth">Ralf Speth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Stevens" title="Molly Stevens">Molly Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_M._Stuart" title="Andrew M. Stuart">Andrew M. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Teichmann" title="Sarah Teichmann">Sarah Teichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thompson_(marine_biologist)" title="Richard Thompson (marine biologist)">Richard Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Thorne_(mathematician)" title="Jack Thorne (mathematician)">Jack Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Turner_(chemist)" title="Nicholas Turner (chemist)">Nicholas Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Visvader" title="Jane Visvader">Jane Visvader</a></li> <li>Alan M. Wilson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Young_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Young (academic)">Steve Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Honorary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/David_Cooksey" title="David Cooksey">David Cooksey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frances Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Emanuel" title="Kerry Emanuel">Kerry Emanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Marie_Friis" title="Else Marie Friis">Else Marie Friis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regine_Kahmann" title="Regine Kahmann">Regine Kahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_G._Kivelson" title="Margaret G. Kivelson">Margaret Kivelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramamoorthy_Ramesh" title="Ramamoorthy Ramesh">Ramamoorthy Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelin_Werner" title="Wendelin Werner">Wendelin Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada Yonath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4273363#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:arnold.frances-h">zbMATH</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=wil5NhcAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/121/9118">DBLP</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/781585">MathSciNet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076398129">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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