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class="lfr-layout-structure-item-basic-component-html lfr-layout-structure-item-31a41dba-e97c-8427-ad54-46d7ccf3261a " style=""> <div id="fragment-98e268b0-2e6a-7bca-7267-00ca41f5dcab"> <div class="component-html" data-lfr-editable-id="element-html" data-lfr-editable-type="html"> <div class="dropdown nav__on-this-page"> <a class="dropdown-toggle" href="#" data-toggle="dropdown">On this page <strong class="caret"></strong></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu--on-this-page"> <li><a href="#action">In action</a></li> <li><a href="#treaties">Laws and Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="#related">Related links</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="content"> <h1>Trade Secrets</h1> <div class="main"> <h2>What is a trade secret?</h2> <p class="lead">Trade secrets are <a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/">intellectual property</a> (IP) rights on confidential information which may be sold or licensed.</p> <h2>What qualifies as a trade secret?</h2> <p>In general, to qualify as a trade secret, the information must be:</p> <ul class="dot__list"> <li><strong>commercially valuable </strong>because it is secret,</li> <li>be known only to a <strong>limited group of persons</strong>, and</li> <li>be subject to <strong>reasonable steps taken</strong> by the rightful holder of the information to keep it secret, including the use of confidentiality agreements for business partners and employees.</li> </ul> <p>The unauthorized acquisition, use or disclosure of such secret information in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices by others is regarded as an unfair practice and a violation of the trade secret protection.</p> <div id="accordion" class="accordion"> <div class="accordion__group"> <div class="accordion__heading"> <a class="accordion__toggle collapsed" href="#accordion__collapse__01" data-parent="#accordion" data-toggle="collapse">What kind of information is protected by trade secrets? </a> </div> <div id="accordion__collapse__01" class="accordion__body collapse"> <div class="accordion__inner"> <p>In general, any confidential business information which provides an enterprise a competitive edge and is unknown to others may be protected as a trade secret.</p> <p>Trade secrets encompass both <strong>technical information</strong>, such as information concerning manufacturing processes, pharmaceutical test data, designs and drawings of computer programs, and <strong>commercial information</strong>, such as distribution methods, list of suppliers and clients, and advertising strategies.</p> <p>A trade secret may be also made up of a <strong>combination of elements</strong>, each of which by itself is in the public domain, but where the combination, which is kept secret, provides a competitive advantage.</p> <p>Other examples of information that may be protected by trade secrets include financial information, formulas and recipes and source codes.</p> </div> </div> <div class="accordion__heading"> <a class="accordion__toggle collapsed" href="#accordion__collapse__02" data-parent="#accordion" data-toggle="collapse">What kind of protection does a trade secret offer? </a> </div> <div id="accordion__collapse__02" class="accordion__body collapse"> <div class="accordion__inner"> <p>Depending on the legal system, the legal protection of business secrets forms part of the general concept of protection against <strong>unfair competition</strong> or is based on <strong>specific provisions</strong> or case law on the protection of <strong>confidential information</strong>.</p> <p>While a final determination of whether trade secret protection is violated or not depends on the circumstances of each individual case, in general, unfair practices in respect of secret information include <strong>industrial or commercial espionage</strong>, <strong>breach of contract</strong> and <strong>breach of confidence</strong>.</p> <p>A trade secret owner, however, cannot stop others from using the same technical or commercial information, if they acquired or developed such information independently by themselves through their own R&D, reverse engineering or marketing analysis, etc. Since trade secrets are not made public, unlike patents, they do not provide “defensive” protection, as being prior art. For example, if a specific process of producing Compound X has been protected by a trade secret, someone else can obtain a patent or a utility model on the same invention, if the inventor arrived at that invention independently.</p> </div> </div> <div id="accordion" class="accordion"> <div class="accordion__group"> <div class="accordion__heading"> <a class="accordion__toggle collapsed" href="#accordion__collapse__03" data-parent="#accordion" data-toggle="collapse">How can a trade secret be protected? </a> </div> <div id="accordion__collapse__03" class="accordion__body collapse"> <div class="accordion__inner"> <p>Companies should take preventive measures to protect trade secrets against theft or misappropriation, including:</p> <ul> <li>Non-disclosure agreement (NDA): employees and business partners should sign a non-disclosure agreement that prevent them from disclosing a company’s confidential information.</li> <li>Non-compete agreement (NCA): employers should ask employees, contractors and consultants to sign a non-compete agreement to prevent them from entering in competition when their employment/service agreement ends.</li> <li>Robust IT security infrastructure</li> <li>Controlling the accessibility of important documents</li> </ul> <p>Explore more information on <a href="/en/web/trade-secrets/protection">trade secrets’ protection</a>.</p> <p></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="box"> <p>Read the full list of <a href="/en/web/trade-secrets/tradesecrets_faqs">trade secrets FAQs</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="complementary"> <div class="box"> <figure> <video style="border: 1px solid;" tabindex="0" poster="/documents/102028/103635/trade_secrets_845.jpg" preload="none" controls="controls" id="html5_video_trade_secret" width="300" height="150"> <source src="https://multimedia.wipo.int/wipo/en/tradesecrets/tradesecrets.mp4" type="video/mp4"><track default label="Subtitles (EN)" srclang="en" kind="subtitles" src="https://multimedia.wipo.int/subtitles/tradesecrets.vtt"> </video> </figure> <h3 class="box_header">Video: What is a trade secret?</h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content line"> <div class="main"> <h2 id="innovation">WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation</h2> <p>The WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation offers a comprehensive yet accessible overview of trade secret issues for a diverse audience, including policymakers, business managers, universities, and other innovation-focused organizations.</p> <p>Explore the WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation for more insights as well as in-depth policy, legal, and practical information on trade secrets and innovation.</p> <h3>Overview of National and Regional Trade Secret Systems</h3> <p>Trade secret protection varies in different countries and regions of the world. Explore these overviews for insights on national definitions, scope of protection, exceptions, and other relevant information.</p> <div class="content cols cols--three"> <div class="col"> <ul> <li>Brazil [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-brazil-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> <li>China [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-china-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> <li>European Union [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-eu-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> <li>France [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-france-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> <li>Germany [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-germany-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> </ul> </div> <div class="col"> <ul> <li>India [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-india-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> <li>Japan [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-japan-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> <li>Jordan [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-jordan-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> <li>Republic of Korea [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-rep-of-korea-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> <li>Russian Federation [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-russian-fed-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> </ul> </div> <div class="col"> <ul> <li>South Africa [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-south-africa-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> <li>United Kingdom [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-uk-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> <li>United States of America [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-overview-country-sheets-usa-final.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">PDF</a>]</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="complementary"> <div class="box"> <figure> <a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/wipo-guide-to-trade-secrets-and-innovation/en/index.html"><img alt="" src="/documents/d/trade-secrets/images-guide-on-trade-secrets-launch-960.jpg"></a> </figure> <h3>WIPO Guide to Trade Secrets and Innovation</h3> <p><a class="btn call-to-action" data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/wipo-guide-to-trade-secrets-and-innovation/en/index.html">Download the guide</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <h3>Business Insights in Trade Secret Management</h3> <p>Maintaining confidentiality and preventing the unauthorized use of trade secrets can be difficult in a dynamic and interconnected business landscape. Trade secret management comes with unique challenges for businesses depending on the business sector. Explore these business insights for expert stories and best practices in different business sectors.</p> <div class="content cols cols--three"> <div class="col"> <figure> <img title="" src="https://webcms.wipo.int/documents/d/trade-secrets/images-trade-secrets-of-life-960.jpg" alt="Laboratory technicians examine sample"> <figcaption class="credit"> Image: FG Trade/E+/Getty Images) </figcaption> </figure> <h3>The hunt for trade secrets in the secret of Life (Sciences)</h3> <p>Download this edition of the Business Insights in Trade Secret Management [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-kora-knuchel.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a>]</p> </div> <div class="col"> <figure> <img title="" src="/documents/d/trade-secrets/images-trade-secrets-business-insights-aerospace-960.jpg" alt="Senior engineer holding digital tablet next to a small private plane with an opened cockpit parked on runway"> <figcaption class="credit"> Image: iStock/Getty Images/EXTREME PHOTOGRAPHER) </figcaption> </figure> <h3>Trade Secrets in Aerospace and Defense: a perspective</h3> <p>Download this edition of the Business Insights in Trade Secret Management [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-business-insights-aerospace-norsk-titanium-final.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a>]</p> </div> <div class="col"> <figure> <img src="/documents/d/trade-secrets/images-trade-secrets-business-insights-multimedia-960.jpg" title="" alt="a hacker at a computer"> <figcaption class="credit"> Image: iStock/Getty Images/gorodenkoff) </figcaption> </figure> <h3>Trade secrets, the smartcard and the hacker: Trade secrets in the multimedia industry</h3> <p>Download this edition of the Business Insights in Trade Secret Management [<a href="/documents/d/trade-secrets/docs-business-insights-multimedia-final.pdf" target="_blank">PDF</a>]</p> </div> <div class="col"></div> </div> <div class="content line"> <h2 id="symposia">WIPO Symposia on Trade Secrets and Innovation</h2> <div class="content cols--two"> <div class="col"> <p>The <a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/2022/symposium-trade-secrets.html">WIPO Symposia on Trade Secrets and Innovation</a> provide fora for exchanging ideas and perspectives on issues relating to the interface between trade secrets and innovation.  They address new challenges and opportunities for both technological and service innovation sectors, as well as potential impacts of emerging technologies on the integration of trade secrets in the modern innovation ecosystem.</p> <p>The Symposia bring together panelists from across the globe to share their insights in the aspects related to policy, law, economics and businesses.</p> <p>The next WIPO Symposium on Trade Secrets and Innovation is due to take place in May and will discuss how trade secret systems support innovation and knowledge sharing in a fast-paced innovation ecosystem.</p> <p><a class="btn call-to-action" data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/2022/symposium-trade-secrets.html" title="">Find out more</a></p> <h3>Past event</h3> <ul> <li><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/2019/symposium_trade_secrets.html">WIPO Symposium on Trade Secrets and Innovation (2019), Geneva</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="box"> <figure> <a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/2022/symposium-trade-secrets.html"><img src="/documents/102028/103635/trade-secrets-2022-845.jpg" alt="WIPO Symposium on Trade Secrets 2022"></a> </figure> <h3><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/2022/symposium-trade-secrets.html">WIPO Symposium on Trade Secrets and Innovation</a></h3> <h3>May 23 and 24, 2022</h3>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style>.component-html img { max-width: 100%; }</style> </div> </div> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-1886276f-0420-09dc-4144-4385102c8dfc lfr-layout-structure-item-container " style=""> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-block-id-include--copy- lfr-layout-structure-item-0e6858ec-d7f6-4b06-4757-ca52c2cab26f " style=""> <div id="fragment-4a384d77-ce0e-d804-9cc0-336a5d5ca22a"> <div class="row row-heading" id="1"> <div class="col-md-9"> <div> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-basic-component-heading lfr-layout-structure-item-880ae84b-d6f3-70fd-ac42-d09cf87cc35f " style=""> <div id="fragment-f89c55c5-1158-62fb-1bc5-9e05c33f19ac"> <h2 class="component-heading mb-0 text-break" data-lfr-editable-id="element-text" data-lfr-editable-type="text">News</h2> </div> <style>.fragment-heading-text-colored a { color: inherit; }</style> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-3 text-md-right text-sm-left"> <div> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-basic-component-button lfr-layout-structure-item-940a1ae8-36d9-2f5b-1466-9f2c41d4cc86 " style=""> <div id="fragment-1f3835d8-8890-6385-e8e6-9164835a9e64"> <div class="component-button text-break"><a class="btn btn-nm btn-secondary" data-lfr-editable-id="link" data-lfr-editable-type="link" href="/en/web/trade-secrets/news" id="fragment-adlo-link">All news</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-c8240e85-7382-3a1b-d5e5-e74e7219f759 lfr-layout-structure-item-collection" style=""> <div class="container-fluid overflow-hidden px-0"> <div class="row align-items-start"> <div class="col col-lg-12 col-sm-12 col-12 col-md-1"> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-article-news-dropzone lfr-layout-structure-item-179ed76a-856a-27a4-e660-fec20e06c97c " style=""> <div id="fragment-0357e4e8-0fec-a35a-24d1-a3751a70709f"> <ul class="dividers text-decoration-none"> <div> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-paragraph--copy--3 lfr-layout-structure-item-af07cd50-3f42-b2ad-0ab8-48aca189a6be " style=""> <div id="fragment-a234b33d-c223-2c84-7653-ce3636bab4a5"> <li><p><a data-lfr-editable-id="element-text-news-title" data-lfr-editable-type="link" data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/web/trade-secrets/w/news/2022/news_0002">WIPO Webinar for Judges on September 7, 2022: Trade secrets and patents – alternatives or complements?</a></p> <p class="small">August 4, 2022</p></li> </div> <style>.listing, .listing__item, .group__item { margin: 16px 0; padding-bottom: 16px; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc !important; }</style> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row align-items-start"> <div class="col col-lg-12 col-sm-12 col-12 col-md-1"> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-article-news-dropzone lfr-layout-structure-item-179ed76a-856a-27a4-e660-fec20e06c97c " style=""> <div id="fragment-3188e173-2fd0-49eb-bacd-2ca2a5f9a788"> <ul class="dividers text-decoration-none"> <div> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-paragraph--copy--3 lfr-layout-structure-item-af07cd50-3f42-b2ad-0ab8-48aca189a6be " style=""> <div id="fragment-ed7f097c-264c-6be1-adf1-dd54749c390f"> <li><p><a data-lfr-editable-id="element-text-news-title" data-lfr-editable-type="link" data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/web/trade-secrets/w/news/2022/news_0001">The least tangible of all intangibles: an open discussion about trade secrets</a></p> <p class="small">May 25, 2022</p></li> </div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-dba417c5-590d-106c-2cc0-158d39bdf9a9 lfr-layout-structure-item-container " style=""> <div class="lfr-layout-structure-item-basic-component-html lfr-layout-structure-item-f60ab401-8c75-b849-7f24-b2f09adf8649 " style=""> <div id="fragment-7e2a13cb-3513-5f2b-1596-c40451c7ec6a"> <div class="component-html" data-lfr-editable-id="element-html" data-lfr-editable-type="html"> <div class="content cols cols--three line"> <h2 id="action">Real world examples of trade secrets</h2> <p>Trade secrets are a key component of IP portfolios helping businesses protect their secret formulas, know-how and other key information that gives them a competitive edge. Read our real-world trade secret cases for examples of how companies have used trade secrets to protect their intellectual property.</p> <div class="col"> <figure> <a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=12742"><img title="" src="https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/images/biosolutions-plastic-products-845.jpg" alt="Some of the pellets and plastic products made with BioSolutions’ technology."></a> <figcaption class="credit"> (Photo: © Soluciones Bioagradables de México SA de CV) </figcaption> </figure> <h3><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=12742">Biodegradable Plastic made from Tequila Agave</a></h3> <p>BioSolutions transforms tequila industry’s unwanted waste into desirable bioplastics.</p> </div> <div class="col"> <figure> <a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=12737"><img title="" src="https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/images/sky-canvas-logo-845.jpg" alt="The name SKY CANVAS and its logo are trademarks of ALE Co., Ltd."></a> <figcaption class="credit"> (Photo: ALE) </figcaption> </figure> <h3><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=12737">SKY CANVAS - The World's First Human-made Shooting Star</a></h3> <p>Shoot for the stars: Japanese company ALE develops world’s first human-made shooting star.</p> </div> <div class="col"> <figure> <a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=12541"><img src="https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/images/burgreens-beefless-steak-845.jpg" alt="A beefless steak is a sustainable and innovative alternative for meat" title="beefless-steak"></a> <figcaption class="credit"> (PHOTO: BURGREENS) </figcaption> </figure> <h3><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=12541">Burgreens & Green Rebel Vegan Food</a></h3> <p>Burgreens & Green Rebel Plant-Based Meat was created to keep people healthy and save the planet.</p> </div> </div> <div class="content cols cols--two line"> <h2 id="treaties">Laws and treaties</h2> <div class="col"> <h3>International treaties</h3> <p>The <a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/" target="_self">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property </a>(Paris Convention) administered by WIPO deals partly with the protection of trade secrets as does the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on <a href="https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/trips_e.htm" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a> (TRIPS Agreement).</p> </div> <div class="col"> <h3>IP laws and treaties (WIPO Lex)</h3> <p>The <a href="/web/wipolex/">WIPO Lex</a> database is a comprehensive search tool that allows you to search national laws and international treaties on intellectual property.</p> </div>  </div> <div class="content cols cols--three line"> <h2><a name="related"></a>Related links</h2> <div class="col"> <h3>Information resources</h3> <ul class="dividers"> <li><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/search.jsp?ip_right_id=537&focus_id=">Case studies</a></li> <li><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine/en/search/search.jsp?subject=&region=&query=trade+secrets">Articles</a></li> <li>Teaching material: IP Panorama <a href="/documents/d/business/ip_panorama_4_learning_points.pdf"><img src="/documents/d/wipo/images-icon-new-pdf.svg" alt="PDF, Teaching material: IP Panorama"></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col"> <h3>Training</h3> <ul class="dividers"> <li><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/academy/en/">WIPO Academy</a></li> <li><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/topic_type.jsp?group_id=242">Workshops and seminars</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col"> <h3>About IP</h3> <ul class="dividers"> <li><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/patents/en/">Patents</a></li> <li><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/trademarks/en/">Trademarks</a></li> <li><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/copyright/en/">Copyright</a></li> <li><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/designs/en/">Industrial designs</a></li> <li><a data-senna-off="true" href="https://www.wipo.int/geo_indications/en/">Geographical indications</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function () { var v1 = $("#wipoVideo1").get(0); 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