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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">DNA barcoding</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ترميز قضباني للحمض النووي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترميز قضباني للحمض النووي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK_barkodiranje" title="DNK barkodiranje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="DNK barkodiranje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="DNA barcoding" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-Barcoding" title="DNA-Barcoding – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="DNA-Barcoding" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="DNA barcoding" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_de_barras_de_la_vida" title="Código de barras de la vida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Código de barras de la vida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="رمزینه‌گذاری دی‌ان‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رمزینه‌گذاری دی‌ان‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcoding_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Barcoding moléculaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barcoding moléculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_batang_DNA" title="Kode batang DNA – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kode batang DNA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_barcoding" title="DNA barcoding – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DNA barcoding" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-barcoding" title="DNA-barcoding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DNA-barcoding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="DNAバーコーディング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="DNAバーコーディング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-strekkoding" title="DNA-strekkoding – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DNA-strekkoding" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_DNA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="د DNA بارکوډ کول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د DNA بارکوډ کول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkod_DNA" title="Barkod DNA – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Barkod DNA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo_de_barras_de_DNA" title="Código de barras de DNA – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Código de barras de DNA" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Баркодирование ДНК – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баркодирование ДНК" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-viivakoodaus" title="DNA-viivakoodaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DNA-viivakoodaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-streckkodning" title="DNA-streckkodning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DNA-streckkodning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_barkodlama" title="DNA barkodlama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DNA barkodlama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="Штрихкодування ДНК – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Штрихкодування ДНК" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3_v%E1%BA%A1ch_DNA" title="Mã vạch DNA – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mã vạch DNA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E7%A0%81" title="DNA条形码 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="DNA条形码" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p><b>DNA barcoding</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic analysis">genetic analysis</a>. It is part of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>. Scientists use DNA barcoding to tell different <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> apart from each other. Scientists use DNA barcoding to tell which species are related to each other or <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> from the same older species.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_it_works">How it works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: How it works" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: How it works"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first types of <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a> started in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In DNA barcoding, the technician sequences part of a gene and compares it to that same gene in other species. Sometimes scientists use the short fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as a DNA barcode gene.<sup id="cite_ref-Direct_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Direct-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fragment is usually 400 to 800 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> long.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups of scientists choose different genes to barcode depending on their project. A good barcode gene has to be short in length and have the exact same sequence at its beginning and end, but its middle has to be different enough in different species.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scientists say DNA barcoding is the opposite of <a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">genomics</a>. DNA barcoding uses a few specific parts of the genome, and genomics is about looking at the entire genome.<sup id="cite_ref-GGB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Advantages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Advantages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>DNA barcoding costs less money than other kinds of DNA sequencing.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that smaller laboratories can afford to use it, and all laboratories can do more of it. It is also much easier to learn how to do than other forms of taxonomy. That means more people can learn to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-Intro_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One good thing about DNA barcoding is that it helps human beings get around ideas that seem right but are really wrong. For example, some animals look similar even though they are not closely related. Some animals look different even though they are closely related. It is easy for a scientist to think two species are related because they look or act alike. For example, cows are more closely related to whales and <a href="/wiki/Orca" class="mw-redirect" title="Orca">orcas</a> than they are to horses, even though cows walk on hooves, live on land, and eat grass like horses do.<sup id="cite_ref-LAT_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAT-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking at DNA barcoding makes it easier to see what really happened in evolution. </p><p>Another good thing about DNA barcoding is that scientists do not need to get close to the animal or plant they want to study. This is good for studying animals that are easily damaged, very shy, or dangerous to humans. The scientists do not even need to see the organism to use DNA barcoding. In one study, scientists collected <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> (poop) from an African savanna. They used DNA barcoding to tell which species of animal had left it there and which plants it had eaten, all from the undigested DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNA barcoding makes it much much faster and easier to tell what a species eats. Before DNA barcoding, scientists had to follow an insect or other animal around and watch it eat. This could take many years. With DNA barcoding, scientists can look at what is in the animal's digestive system. This is fast enough that scientists can watch animals' eating habits change with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With DNA sequencing and DNA barcoding, scientists went into museums to look at specimens, or preserved example animals, that had been collected many years before. Using DNA sequencing, the scientists were able to tell that one butterfly collected in the 1700s was really ten different species of butterfly and not just one. Scientists made many discoveries of this kind in old museum collections.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Uses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Uses"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetologists</a> (amphibian scientists) used DNA barcoding to analyze the <a href="/wiki/Parachuting_frog" title="Parachuting frog">parachuting frog</a> in 2019. They found it by climbing mountains in Papua New Guinea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Genomics" title="Complete Genomics">Complete Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-3">1.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-4">1.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-5">1.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBen_Panko2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Ben Panko (May 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-dna-barcoding-opens-new-doors-conservation-180963431/">"The Key to Protecting Life on Earth May Be Barcoding It"</a>. Smithsonian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Key+to+Protecting+Life+on+Earth+May+Be+Barcoding+It&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft.au=Ben+Panko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fhow-dna-barcoding-opens-new-doors-conservation-180963431%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+barcoding" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite magazine requires <code class="cs1-code">|magazine=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Direct-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Direct_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFJohn-James_WilsonNarong_Jaturas2019" class="citation web cs1">John-James Wilson; Narong Jaturas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/dna-barcoding">"DNA Barcoding: Bioinformatics Workflows for Beginners"</a>. ScienceDirect<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNA+Barcoding%3A+Bioinformatics+Workflows+for+Beginners&rft.pub=ScienceDirect&rft.date=2019&rft.au=John-James+Wilson&rft.au=Narong+Jaturas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fmedicine-and-dentistry%2Fdna-barcoding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+barcoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-PNAS_3-2">3.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTyler_R._KartzinelPatricia_A._ChenTyler_C._CoverdaleDavid_L._Erickson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tyler R. Kartzinel; Patricia A. Chen; Tyler C. Coverdale; David L. Erickson; W. John Kress; Maria L. Kuzmina; Daniel I. Rubenstein; Wei Wang; Robert M. Pringle (June 30, 2015). Daniel H. Janzen (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4491742">"DNA metabarcoding illuminates dietary niche partitioning by African large herbivores"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>112</b> (26): 8019–8024. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.8019K">2015PNAS..112.8019K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1503283112">10.1073/pnas.1503283112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4491742">4491742</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26034267">26034267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=DNA+metabarcoding+illuminates+dietary+niche+partitioning+by+African+large+herbivores&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=8019-8024&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4491742%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26034267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1503283112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..112.8019K&rft.au=Tyler+R.+Kartzinel&rft.au=Patricia+A.+Chen&rft.au=Tyler+C.+Coverdale&rft.au=David+L.+Erickson&rft.au=W.+John+Kress&rft.au=Maria+L.+Kuzmina&rft.au=Daniel+I.+Rubenstein&rft.au=Wei+Wang&rft.au=Robert+M.+Pringle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4491742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+barcoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GGB-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GGB_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFW._John_KressDavid_L._Erickson2008" class="citation journal cs1">W. John Kress; David L. Erickson (February 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268532">"DNA barcodes: Genes, genomics, and bioinformatics"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>105</b> (8): 2761–2762. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..105.2761K">2008PNAS..105.2761K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0800476105">10.1073/pnas.0800476105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2268532">2268532</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18287050">18287050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=DNA+barcodes%3A+Genes%2C+genomics%2C+and+bioinformatics&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2761-2762&rft.date=2008-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2268532%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18287050&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0800476105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..105.2761K&rft.au=W.+John+Kress&rft.au=David+L.+Erickson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2268532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+barcoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intro-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Intro_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dnabarcoding101.org/lab/">"Using DNA Barcodes to Identify and Classify Living Things: Introduction"</a>. DNA Learning Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Using+DNA+Barcodes+to+Identify+and+Classify+Living+Things%3A+Introduction&rft.pub=DNA+Learning+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdnabarcoding101.org%2Flab%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+barcoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LAT_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-aug-31-mn-27505-story.html">"New Genetic Study Links Whale, Cow"</a>. <i>LA Times</i>. August 31, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=New+Genetic+Study+Links+Whale%2C+Cow&rft.date=1997-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1997-aug-31-mn-27505-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ADNA+barcoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&oldid=8057818">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DNA_barcoding&oldid=8057818</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DNA" title="Category:DNA">DNA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 23 February 2022, at 13:46.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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