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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian wryneck</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="لواء أوراسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لواء أوراسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynx_torquilla" title="Jynx torquilla – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jynx torquilla" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynx_torquilla" title="Jynx torquilla – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jynx torquilla" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_buruqboyun" title="Adi buruqboyun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi buruqboyun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="মেঠো কাঠঠোকরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মেঠো কাঠঠোকরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Борғандаҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Борғандаҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Круцігалоўка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Круцігалоўка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Въртошийка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въртошийка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penngamm_Eurazia" title="Penngamm Eurazia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Penngamm Eurazia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colltort_com%C3%BA" title="Colltort comú – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Colltort comú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BC%C4%83%D0%B9%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ахаль мăйпăран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ахаль мăйпăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynx_torquilla" title="Jynx torquilla – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Jynx torquilla" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krutihlav_obecn%C3%BD" title="Krutihlav obecný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krutihlav obecný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynx_torquilla" title="Jynx torquilla – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Jynx torquilla" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengam_(aderyn)" title="Pengam (aderyn) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pengam (aderyn)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendehals" title="Vendehals – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vendehals" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giegabiig%C3%A1" title="Giegabiigá – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Giegabiigá" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendehals_(Vogel)" title="Wendehals (Vogel) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wendehals (Vogel)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_w%C3%B3naan%C3%ADd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_tsiits%CA%BCiin%C3%A1%C3%A1yisii" title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ tsiitsʼiinááyisii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ tsiitsʼiinááyisii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4nkael" title="Väänkael – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väänkael" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynx_torquilla" title="Jynx torquilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jynx torquilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADrazia_koltordulo" title="Eŭrazia koltordulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭrazia koltordulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepitzuli" title="Lepitzuli – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lepitzuli" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دارکوب قهوه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دارکوب قهوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%BA%C3%B0urkriki" title="Snúðurkriki – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Snúðurkriki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torcol_fourmilier" title="Torcol fourmilier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Torcol fourmilier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draainekke" title="Draainekke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Draainekke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peto_formigueiro" title="Peto formigueiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peto formigueiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EB%AF%B8%EC%9E%A1%EC%9D%B4" title="개미잡이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개미잡이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A3%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Վիզգցուկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիզգցուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijoglav" title="Vijoglav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vijoglav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geliang-ular_erasia" title="Geliang-ular erasia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geliang-ular erasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Къубалтил – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къубалтил" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynx_torquilla" title="Jynx torquilla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jynx torquilla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9" title="סבראש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סבראש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჩვეულებრივი მაქცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩვეულებრივი მაქცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D2%AF%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Дүпілдек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дүпілдек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABti%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Tītiņš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tītiņš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurazin%C4%97_gr%C4%85%C5%BEiagalv%C4%97" title="Eurazinė grąžiagalvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eurazinė grąžiagalvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4inpiigu" title="Käinpiigu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Käinpiigu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaktekercs" title="Nyaktekercs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyaktekercs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вртивратка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вртивратка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="കഴുത്തുപിരിയൻകിളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കഴുത്തുപിരിയൻകിളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="لواء اوراسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لواء اوراسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="သစ်တောက် လည်လိမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်တောက် လည်လိမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draaihals" title="Draaihals – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Draaihals" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87" title="खरलाहाँचे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खरलाहाँचे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A4" title="アリスイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリスイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreierf%C3%B6gel" title="Dreierfögel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dreierfögel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendehals" title="Vendehals – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vendehals" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendehals" title="Vendehals – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vendehals" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tord-co" title="Tord-co – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tord-co" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynx_torquilla" title="Jynx torquilla – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jynx torquilla" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreihhals" title="Dreihhals – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dreihhals" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%99tog%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Krętogłów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krętogłów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynx_torquilla" title="Jynx torquilla – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jynx torquilla" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap%C3%AEntortur%C4%83" title="Capîntortură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Capîntortură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вертиголовка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вертиголовка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Вертишейка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вертишейка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B_%D1%87%D1%8B%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0" title="Абааһы чыычааҕа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Абааһы чыычааҕа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krutohlav_hned%C3%BD" title="Krutohlav hnedý – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krutohlav hnedý" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijeglavka" title="Vijeglavka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vijeglavka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کەومار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەومار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вијоглава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вијоглава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijoglav" title="Vijoglav – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vijoglav" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4enpiika" title="Käenpiika – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käenpiika" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ktyta" title="Göktyta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Göktyta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="ஐரோவாசிய புள்ளிக்குருவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோவாசிய புள்ளிக்குருவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="นกคอพัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นกคอพัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baya%C4%9F%C4%B1_boyunburan" title="Bayağı boyunburan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bayağı boyunburan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Крутиголовка звичайна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крутиголовка звичайна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%B9o_c%E1%BB%95_(chim)" title="Vẹo cổ (chim) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vẹo cổ (chim)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jynx_torquilla" title="Jynx torquilla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jynx torquilla" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9A%81%E9%B4%B7" title="蚁鴷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="蚁鴷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9F%BB%E9%B4%B7" title="蟻鴷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蟻鴷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25678#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torcol_fourmilier" class="extiw" title="fr:Torcol fourmilier">the corresponding article</a> in French</b>. <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_French#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand French">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 1,627 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_French_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. 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text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Jynx" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">Picidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wryneck" title="Wryneck"><i>Jynx</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>J. torquilla</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Jynx torquilla</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>See text </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jynx_torquilla_distr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jynx_torquilla_distr.png/220px-Jynx_torquilla_distr.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jynx_torquilla_distr.png/330px-Jynx_torquilla_distr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Jynx_torquilla_distr.png/440px-Jynx_torquilla_distr.png 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="926" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range map for Eurasian wryneck <br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:solid 1px black; background-color:#F7A229; color:#F7A229;">    </span> Summer</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:solid 1px black; background-color:#53A27B; color:#53A27B;">    </span> Resident</span> <span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:solid 1px black; background-color:#5379F6; color:#5379F6;">    </span> Winter</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Eurasian wryneck</b> or <b>northern wryneck</b> (<i><b>Jynx torquilla</b></i>) is a species of <a href="/wiki/Wryneck" title="Wryneck">wryneck</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpecker</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They mainly breed in temperate regions of Europe and Asia. Most populations are <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory</a>, wintering in tropical Africa and in southern Asia from Iran to the Indian subcontinent, but some are resident in northwestern Africa. It is a bird of open countryside, woodland and orchards. </p><p>Eurasian wrynecks measure about 16.5 cm (6.5 in) in length and have bills shorter and less dagger-like than those of other woodpeckers. Their upperparts are barred and mottled in shades of pale brown with rufous and blackish bars and wider black streaks. Their underparts are cream speckled and spotted with brown. Their chief <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">prey</a> is ants and other insects, which they find in decaying wood or on the ground. The eggs are white as is the case with many birds that nest in holes and a clutch of seven to ten eggs is laid during May and June. </p><p>These birds get their English name from their ability to turn their heads through almost 180 degrees. When disturbed at the nest, they use this <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a>-like head twisting and hissing as a threat display. This odd behaviour led to their use in <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, hence to put a "<a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">jinx</a>" on someone. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_etymology">Taxonomy and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wryneck&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eurasian wryneck was first described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a> of his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> in 1758. The <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a> came from Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genus name <i>Jynx</i> is from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> name for this bird, <i><a href="/wiki/Iynx" title="Iynx">iunx</a></i>. The specific <i>torquilla</i> is <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> derived from <i>torquere</i>, to twist, referring to the strange snake-head movements.<sup id="cite_ref-job_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-job-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bird was used as a charm to bring back an errant lover, the bird being tied to a piece of string and whirled around.<sup id="cite_ref-job_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-job-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English "wryneck" refers to the same twisting movement and was first recorded in 1585.<sup id="cite_ref-OEDnight_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDnight-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family Picidae has four subfamilies, the Picinae (woodpeckers), the Picumninae (piculets), the Jynginae (wrynecks) and the <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> Nesoctitinae (<a href="/wiki/Antillean_piculet" title="Antillean piculet">Antillean piculet</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Benz_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> and behaviour, the Picumninae was considered to be the sister <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of the Picinae. This has now been confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic analysis</a> and the Jynginae are placed basal to the Picinae, Nesoctitinae and Picumninae.<sup id="cite_ref-Benz_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benz-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jynginae includes one genus (<i><a href="/wiki/Jynx" title="Jynx">Jynx</a></i>) and two species, the Eurasian wryneck and the <a href="/wiki/Red-throated_wryneck" title="Red-throated wryneck">red-throated wryneck</a> (<i>Jynx ruficollis</i>), resident in sub-Saharan Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are six subspecies of <i>Jynx torquilla</i>: <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Jynx torquilla chinensis</i> Hesse, 1911</li> <li><i>Jynx torquilla himalayana</i> Vaurie, 1959</li> <li><i>Jynx torquilla mauretanica</i> Rothschild, 1909</li> <li><i>Jynx torquilla sarudnyi</i> Loudon, 1912</li> <li><i>Jynx torquilla torquilla</i> Linnaeus, 1758</li> <li><i>Jynx torquilla tschusii</i> O. Kleinschmidt, 1907</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wryneck&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jynx_torquilla_-Norway-8_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jynx_torquilla_-Norway-8_%281%29.jpg/220px-Jynx_torquilla_-Norway-8_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jynx_torquilla_-Norway-8_%281%29.jpg/330px-Jynx_torquilla_-Norway-8_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Jynx_torquilla_-Norway-8_%281%29.jpg/440px-Jynx_torquilla_-Norway-8_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>In Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>The Eurasian wryneck grows to about 17 cm (6.7 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subspecies <i>Jynx torquilla tschusii</i> weighs 26 to 50 g (0.92 to 1.76 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a slim, elongated-looking bird with a body shape more like a thrush than a woodpecker. The upperparts are barred and mottled in shades of pale brown with rufous and blackish bars and wider black streaks. The rump and upper tail coverts are grey with speckles and irregular bands of brown. The rounded tail is grey, speckled with brown, with faint bands of greyish-brown and a few more clearly defined bands of brownish-black. The cheeks and throat are buff barred with brown. The underparts are creamy white with brown markings shaped like arrow-heads which are reduced to spots on the lower breast and belly. The flanks are buff with similar markings and the under-tail coverts are buff with narrow brown bars. The primaries and secondaries are brown with rufous-buff markings. The beak is brown, long and slender with a broad base and sharp tip. The irises are hazel and the slender legs and feet are pale brown. The first and second toes are shorter than the others. The first and fourth toes point backwards and the second and third point forwards, a good arrangement for clinging to vertical surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The juvenile has a livery much similar to the adults but with a milder and less distinct coloration.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The call of the Eurasian wryneck is a series of repeated harsh, shrill notes <i>quee-quee-quee-quee</i> lasting for several seconds and is reminiscent of the voice of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_spotted_woodpecker" title="Lesser spotted woodpecker">lesser spotted woodpecker</a>. Its alarm call is a short series of staccato "tuck"s and when disturbed on the nest it hisses.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wryneck&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm/220px--Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Eurasian_wryneck_(Jynx_torquilla)_calling.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Eurasian_wryneck_(Jynx_torquilla)_calling.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm/Eurasian_wryneck_%28Jynx_torquilla%29_calling.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Eurasian wryneck making calls</figcaption></figure> <p>The Eurasian wryneck has a <a href="/wiki/Palearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palearctic">palearctic</a> distribution. The breeding range of the nominate subspecies includes all of Europe to the Urals, except the British Isles and Iceland. In the north it reaches the Arctic Circle and the range includes Spain in the southwest. In the south and east it intergrades with <i>J. t. tschusii</i> (smaller and more reddish brown) which is found in Corsica, Italy, Dalmatia and parts of the Balkans. <i>J. t. mauretanica</i> (also smaller than the nominate form, light, with whitish throat and breast) is resident in Algeria and Morocco and possibly also the Balearic Islands, Sardinia and parts of Sicily. <i>J. t. sarudnyi</i> (considerably paler than the nominate with fainter markings) occurs in the Urals and then in a wide strip of Asia through southern Siberia, Central Asia, including the north-western Himalayas to the Pacific coast. <i>J. t. chinensis</i> breeds in eastern Siberia and northeastern and central China while <i>J. t. himalayana</i> breeds in Pakistan and the northwestern Himalayas.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eurasian wrynecks also inhabit the island of Sakhalin,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan and the coastal areas of southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BirdLife_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BirdLife-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Eurasian wryneck is the only European woodpecker to undertake long-distance migrations. The wintering area of European species is located south of the Sahara, in a wide strip across Africa extending from Senegal, Gambia and Sierra Leone in the west to Ethiopia in the east. Its southern limit extends to the Democratic Republic of Congo and Cameroon. The populations from West Asia use the same wintering areas. The Central and East Asian breeding birds winter in the Indian subcontinent or southern East Asia including southern Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer the bird is found in open countryside, parkland, gardens, orchards, heaths and hedgerows, especially where there are some old trees. It may also inhabit deciduous woodland and in Scandinavia it also occurs in coniferous forests.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wryneck&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Wryneck.ogv/220px--Wryneck.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="Wryneck.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Wryneck.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Wryneck.ogv/Wryneck.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Wryneck.ogv/Wryneck.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Wryneck.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Eurasian wryneck twisting its neck</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jynx_torquilla_1_(Martin_Mecnarowski).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jynx_torquilla_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg/170px-Jynx_torquilla_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jynx_torquilla_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg/255px-Jynx_torquilla_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jynx_torquilla_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg/340px-Jynx_torquilla_1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Eurasian wrynecks use their necks in display.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Eurasian wryneck sometimes forms small groups during migration and in its winter quarters but in the summer is usually found in pairs. It characteristically holds its head high with its beak pointing slightly upwards. A mutual display that occurs at any time of year involves two birds perched facing each other with their heads far back and beaks wide open, bobbing their heads up and down. Sometimes the head is allowed to slump sideways and hang limply. On other occasions, when excited, the head is shaken and twisted about violently. When disturbed on the nest or held in the hand, the neck contorts and twists in all directions. The bird sometimes feigns death and hangs limply with eyes closed.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On returning to the breeding area after migration, the birds set up <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territories</a>. On farmland in Switzerland it has been found that old <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pear</a> orchards with large numbers of ant nests are preferentially selected over other habitats. Areas used for vegetable cultivation provided useful habitat when they include areas of bare ground on which the birds can forage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Territories are not chosen at random as arriving birds favoured certain areas over others with the same territories being colonised first year after year. The presence of other Eurasian wrynecks in the vicinity is also a positive influence. Orchards in general, and older ones in particular, provide favoured territories, probably because the dense foliage is more likely to support high numbers of <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a> and the ground beneath has scant vegetation cover, both of which factors increase the availability of ants, the birds' main prey. Despite some territories being consistently chosen over others, reproductive success in these territories was no higher than in others.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limiting factors for such crevice-nesting species as Eurasian wrynecks are both the availability of nesting sites and the number of ants and their ease of discovery. Modern farming practices such as the removal of hedges, forest patches and isolated trees and the increasing use of fertilisers and pesticides are disadvantageous to such birds.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diet of the Eurasian wryneck consists chiefly of ants but <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodlice" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlice">woodlice</a> are also eaten. Although much time is spent in the upper branches of trees, the bird sometimes perches in low bushes and mostly forages on the ground, moving around with short hops with its tail held in a raised position. It can cling to tree trunks, often moving obliquely, and sometimes pressing its tail against the surface as a prop. It does not make holes in bark with its beak but picks up prey with a rapid extension and retraction of its tongue and it sometimes catches insects while on the wing. Its flight is rather slow and undulating.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breeding">Breeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wryneck&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jynx_torquilla_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_162_Le_monetier_les_bains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jynx_torquilla_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_162_Le_monetier_les_bains.jpg/220px-Jynx_torquilla_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_162_Le_monetier_les_bains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jynx_torquilla_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_162_Le_monetier_les_bains.jpg/330px-Jynx_torquilla_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_162_Le_monetier_les_bains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Jynx_torquilla_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_162_Le_monetier_les_bains.jpg/440px-Jynx_torquilla_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_162_Le_monetier_les_bains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4138" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Eggs of <i>Jynx torquilla</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The nesting site is variable and may be in a pre-existing hole in a tree trunk, a crevice in a wall, a hole in a bank, a <a href="/wiki/Sand_martin" title="Sand martin">sand martin</a>'s burrow or a nesting box.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its search for a safe, protected site out of reach of <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a>, it sometimes evicts a previous occupant, its eggs and nestlings.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses no nesting material, and a clutch of normally seven to ten eggs is laid (occasionally five, six, eleven or twelve). The eggs average 20.8 by 15.4 millimetres (0.82 in × 0.61 in) and weigh about 0.2 g (0.007 oz). They are a dull white colour and partially opaque. Both sexes are involved in <a href="/wiki/Avian_incubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian incubation">incubation</a>, which takes twelve days, but the female plays the greater part. Both parents feed the chicks for about twenty days before they <a href="/wiki/Fledge" title="Fledge">fledge</a>. There is usually a single brood.<sup id="cite_ref-Witherby_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wryneck&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> lists the Eurasian wryneck as being of "<a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a>" in its <a href="/wiki/Red_List_of_Threatened_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Red List of Threatened Species">Red List of Threatened Species</a>. This is because it has a world population estimated at up to fifteen million individual birds and a very wide geographical range. The population may be decreasing to a certain extent but not at such a rate as to make the bird reach the threshold for a more threatened category.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In continental Europe, the largest populations are in Spain, Italy, Germany, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Belarus and Ukraine, and only in Romania is the population trend believed to be upward. In Russia, where there are believed to be 300,000 to 800,000 individuals, the population trend is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom the numbers of bird are on the decrease and it is protected under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention. It is protected as a migratory species under the <a href="/wiki/Birds_Directive" title="Birds Directive">Birds Directive</a> in the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Switzerland, the population has also been decreasing, but the species has reacted positively to conservation measures such as the addition of nestboxes in suitable habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wryneck&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_12_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2017" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680683/111819000">"<i>Jynx torquilla</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2017</b>: e.T22680683A111819000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22680683A111819000.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22680683A111819000.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Jynx+torquilla&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=e.T22680683A111819000&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22680683A111819000.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22680683%2F111819000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winkler, H., Christie, D. A. & Kirwan, G. M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbw.com/species/eurasian-wryneck-jynx-torquilla">"Eurasian Wryneck (<i>Jynx torquilla</i>)"</a>. In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D. A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). <i>Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive</i>. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727017"><i>Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis&rft.place=Holmiae+%28Stockholm%29&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F727017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Witherby-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witherby_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitherby1943" class="citation book cs1">Witherby, H. F., ed. (1943). <i>Handbook of British Birds, Volume 2: Warblers to Owls</i>. H. F. and G. Witherby Ltd. pp. 292–296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+British+Birds%2C+Volume+2%3A+Warblers+to+Owls&rft.pages=292-296&rft.pub=H.+F.+and+G.+Witherby+Ltd.&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-job-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-job_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-job_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobling2010" class="citation book cs1">Jobling, James A (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling"><i>The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names</i></a>. London: Christopher Helm. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n212">212</a>, 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4"><bdi>978-1-4081-2501-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Helm+Dictionary+of+Scientific+Bird+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pages=212%2C+388&rft.pub=Christopher+Helm&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=James+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHelm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDnight-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OEDnight_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Wryneck" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Wryneck">"Wryneck"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wryneck&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DWryneck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benz-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benz_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benz_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenzRobbinsPeterson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Benz, Brett W.; Robbins, Mark B.; Peterson, A. Townsend (2006). "Evolutionary history of woodpeckers and allies (Aves: Picidae): Placing key taxa on the phylogenetic tree". <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 389–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2006.02.021">10.1016/j.ympev.2006.02.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16635580">16635580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+history+of+woodpeckers+and+allies+%28Aves%3A+Picidae%29%3A+Placing+key+taxa+on+the+phylogenetic+tree&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=389-399&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2006.02.021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16635580&rft.aulast=Benz&rft.aufirst=Brett+W.&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+A.+Townsend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2016" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680689/92872725">"<i>Jynx ruficollis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T22680689A92872725. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680689A92872725.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680689A92872725.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Jynx+ruficollis&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T22680689A92872725&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680689A92872725.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22680689%2F92872725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepage,_Denis" class="citation web cs1">Lepage, Denis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=B2E6AB9FC2608DFA">"Eurasian Wryneck (<i>Jynx torquilla</i>) Linnaeus, 1758"</a>. Avibase<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Wryneck+%28Jynx+torquilla%29+Linnaeus%2C+1758&rft.pub=Avibase&rft.au=Lepage%2C+Denis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favibase.bsc-eoc.org%2Fspecies.jsp%3Flang%3DEN%26avibaseid%3DB2E6AB9FC2608DFA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CRC_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses</i> by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4258-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-4258-5">978-0-8493-4258-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monaconatureencyclopedia.com/jynx-torquilla/?lang=en">"Jynx torquilla"</a>. July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jynx+torquilla&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monaconatureencyclopedia.com%2Fjynx-torquilla%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cuba.observado.org/soort/subspecies/39">"Eurasian Wryneck - <i>Jynx torquilla</i>: Subspecies"</a>. Cuba.observado.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=538">the original</a> on 2016-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Wryneck+Jynx+torquilla&rft.pub=BirdLife+International&rft.au=Butchart%2C+S.&rft.au=Ekstrom%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org%2Fdatazone%2Fspeciesfactsheet.php%3Fid%3D538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMermod,_M.Reichlin,_T._S.Arlettaz,_R.Schaub,_M.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mermod, M.; Reichlin, T. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birds+in+Europe%3A+Wrynecks%2C+Woodpeckers&rft.atitle=Jynx+torquilla%3A+Eurasian+wryneck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boerenlandvogels.nl%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FEU%2520population%2520trends%2520WRYNECK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205082324/http://www.arkive.org/wryneck/jynx-torquilla/">"Wryneck <i>Jynx torquilla</i>"</a>. <i>ARKive</i>. Wildscreen. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkive.org/wryneck/jynx-torquilla/">the original</a> on 2008-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARKive&rft.atitle=Wryneck+Jynx+torquilla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkive.org%2Fwryneck%2Fjynx-torquilla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vogelwarte.ch/fr/station/news/avinews/aout-2016/torcol-fourmilier:-conservation-sans-hautes-tiges">"vogelwarte.ch - Conservation du torcol fourmilier"</a>. <i>www.vogelwarte.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vogelwarte.ch&rft.atitle=vogelwarte.ch+-+Conservation+du+torcol+fourmilier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogelwarte.ch%2Ffr%2Fstation%2Fnews%2Favinews%2Faout-2016%2Ftorcol-fourmilier%3A-conservation-sans-hautes-tiges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurasian+wryneck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurasian_wryneck&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Jynx torquilla</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25678" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25678">Q25678</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jynx_torquilla" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Jynx torquilla">Jynx torquilla</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">eurwry</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Jynx_torquilla/">Jynx_torquilla</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=B2E6AB9FC2608DFA">B2E6AB9FC2608DFA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8787">8787</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22680683">22680683</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=25365">25365</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/eurwry">eurwry</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">BTO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob8480.htm">bob8480</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3QXQR">3QXQR</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/eurwry">eurwry</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/16990620">16990620</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/1091">1091</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp8480.htm">8480</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:97090">97090</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/6afc0fdc-2c81-47b3-87ec-995beef9fbb9">6afc0fdc-2c81-47b3-87ec-995beef9fbb9</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8012314">8012314</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/18448">18448</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11118995">11118995</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=178150">178150</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22680683">22680683</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000530418">NHMSYS0000530418</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=189526">189526</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/39/">39</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=467846">467846</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=373318">373318</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=8792">8792</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Jynx-torquilla">Jynx-torquilla</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/A740DA58-3BE8-49C5-B9C3-6D979897CE6F">A740DA58-3BE8-49C5-B9C3-6D979897CE6F</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25678#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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