CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Charles I. Jones | Stanford University - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="N8bzpp1Q6gBd6sCaJfxq_uXQHRurbLSv2Ywf9jEtIxzcJTqWBjWNo_lB4QTNmdDX_0f17mnGFfpiL2icUqGhdw" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-bfbac2a470372e2f3a6661a65fa7ff0a0fbf7aa32534d9a831d683d2a6f9e01b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="author" content="charles i. jones" /> <meta name="description" content="Charles I. Jones, Stanford University: 111 Followers, 5 Following, 54 Research papers. Research interests: Macroeconomics, Economic Growth, and Business." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'bbdb80613189ba697977787ab78246749f444764'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14016,"monthly_visitors":"107 million","monthly_visitor_count":107440917,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":107,"user_count":283668084,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740481999000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740481999000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-1eb081e01ca8bc0c1b1d866df79d9eb4dd2c484e4beecf76e79a7806c72fee08.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-0f3bf7f6f3517097948bf4ffb828d255bab326cd7f9daa1b0fac1bbd8d6b6df6.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-bb770f3e69f95986e63e7c7781a4a48d351e700cb7be914bb67d866ee608a254.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-cc15444cb79edeb8ffc95efe7d12e4ad4e4df656440f173bd09913cdd0643e0d.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/177557/44052/40523/s65_charles_i..jones.jpg","has_photo":true,"department":{"id":855,"name":"Graduate School of Business","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/Departments/Graduate_School_of_Business/Documents","university":{"id":69,"name":"Stanford University","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/"}},"position":"Faculty Member","position_id":1,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics"},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth"},{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = [{"id":189757,"link":"http://www.stanford.edu/~chadj/","name":"Homepage","link_domain":"www.stanford.edu","icon":"//www.google.com/s2/u/0/favicons?domain=www.stanford.edu"}]</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones","location":"/CharlesIJones","scheme":"https","host":"stanford.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/CharlesIJones","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-bf6a4c73-fa3d-4820-b1a1-746321f4a3f4"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-bf6a4c73-fa3d-4820-b1a1-746321f4a3f4"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Charles I. Jones" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/177557/44052/40523/s200_charles_i..jones.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Charles I. Jones</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/">Stanford University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/Departments/Graduate_School_of_Business/Documents">Graduate School of Business</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Charles I." data-follow-user-id="177557" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="177557"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">111</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">5</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/CharlesIJones/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/DonRoss"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Don Ross" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/34228/11192/19836440/s200_don.ross.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/DonRoss">Don Ross</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University College Cork</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://exeter.academia.edu/SteffenBoehm"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Steffen Boehm" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/73744/20389/35275937/s200_steffen.boehm.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/SteffenBoehm">Steffen Boehm</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Exeter</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Armando Marques-Guedes" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/134181/3401094/148494125/s200_armando.marques-guedes.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://cria.academia.edu/ArmandoMarquesGuedes">Armando Marques-Guedes</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">UNL - New University of Lisbon</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://unisa-au.academia.edu/MariannaSigala"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Marianna Sigala" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/200955/97006/111468/s200_marianna.sigala.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://unisa-au.academia.edu/MariannaSigala">Marianna Sigala</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of South Australia</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://kbr.academia.edu/FrancoisdeCallatay"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Francois de Callatay" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/253083/54141/57792/s200_francois.de_callatay.253083" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://kbr.academia.edu/FrancoisdeCallatay">Francois de Callatay</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Royal Library of Belgium</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://kozminski.academia.edu/JCSpender"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="J.-C. Spender" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/411445/129740/1975536/s200_jc.spender.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://kozminski.academia.edu/JCSpender">J.-C. Spender</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Kozminski University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://keene.academia.edu/MarieChristineDuggan"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Marie Christine Duggan" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/469004/156164/163651436/s200_marie_christine.duggan.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://keene.academia.edu/MarieChristineDuggan">Marie Christine Duggan</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Keene State College</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://ktu.academia.edu/omeremirkadi"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ktu.academia.edu/omeremirkadi">omer emirkadi</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Karadeniz Technical University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://luiss.academia.edu/NicolaLupo"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Nicola Lupo" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1099701/16968232/125354008/s200_nicola.lupo.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://luiss.academia.edu/NicolaLupo">Nicola Lupo</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">LUISS Guido Carli</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://su-se.academia.edu/ViacheslavKuleshov"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Viacheslav Kuleshov" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1895779/1756649/167070895/s200_viacheslav.kuleshov.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://su-se.academia.edu/ViacheslavKuleshov">Viacheslav Kuleshov</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Stockholm University</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="177557" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones","location":"/CharlesIJones","scheme":"https","host":"stanford.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/CharlesIJones","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Macroeconomics"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-300c66b3-8375-4465-bc49-3c35ddeac52a"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-300c66b3-8375-4465-bc49-3c35ddeac52a"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="177557" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Economic Growth"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-f0733336-58bf-4c75-91fa-dd24e359b984"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-f0733336-58bf-4c75-91fa-dd24e359b984"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="177557" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Business"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-67945026-3d7d-41c1-9e04-3d49f73d7d10"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-67945026-3d7d-41c1-9e04-3d49f73d7d10"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Charles I. Jones</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813786"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813786/On_the_evolution_of_the_world_income_distribution"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On the evolution of the world income distribution" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813786/On_the_evolution_of_the_world_income_distribution">On the evolution of the world income distribution</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract: The post-World War II period has seen substantial changes in the distribution of GDP pe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract: The post-World War II period has seen substantial changes in the distribution of GDP per worker around the world. In the upper half of the distribution, a number of countries have exhibited large increases in income relative to the richest countries. In the bottom half, several countries have seen incomes fall relative to the richest countries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813786"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813786"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813786; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813786]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813786]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813786; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813786']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813786]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813786,"title":"On the evolution of the world income distribution","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813786/On_the_evolution_of_the_world_income_distribution","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813784"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813784/Why_Do_Some_Countries_Produce_So_Much_More_Output_per_Worker_Than_Others_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker Than Others?'" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813784/Why_Do_Some_Countries_Produce_So_Much_More_Output_per_Worker_Than_Others_">Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker Than Others?'</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In 1988, output per worker in the United States was more than 35 times higher than output per wor...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 1988, output per worker in the United States was more than 35 times higher than output per worker in Niger. In just over ten days, the average worker in the United States produced as much as an average worker in Niger produced in an entire year. Explaining such vast differences in economic performance is one of the fundamental challenges of economics.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813784"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813784"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813784; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813784]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813784]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813784; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813784']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813784]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813784,"title":"Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker Than Others?'","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813784/Why_Do_Some_Countries_Produce_So_Much_More_Output_per_Worker_Than_Others_","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813782"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813782/Was_an_industrial_revolution_inevitable_Economic_growth_over_the_very_long_run"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Was an industrial revolution inevitable? Economic growth over the very long run" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813782/Was_an_industrial_revolution_inevitable_Economic_growth_over_the_very_long_run">Was an industrial revolution inevitable? Economic growth over the very long run</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT This paper studies a growth model that is able to match several key facts of economic hi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT This paper studies a growth model that is able to match several key facts of economic history. For thousands of years, the average standard of living seems to have risen very little, despite increases in the level of technology and large increases in the level of the population. Then, after thousands of years of little change, the level of per capita consumption increased dramatically in less than two centuries. Quantitative analysis of the model highlights two factors central to understanding this history.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7071094c880dd2b288f9868ffe422613" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754207,"asset_id":2813782,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754207/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813782"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813782"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813782; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813782]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813782]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813782; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813782']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7071094c880dd2b288f9868ffe422613" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813782]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813782,"title":"Was an industrial revolution inevitable? Economic growth over the very long run","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813782/Was_an_industrial_revolution_inevitable_Economic_growth_over_the_very_long_run","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754207,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"10.1.1.61.4838.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754207/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Was_an_industrial_revolution_inevitable.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754207/10.1.1.61.4838-libre.pdf?1391824632=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWas_an_industrial_revolution_inevitable.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485598\u0026Signature=glC8RferoR6nd3Irx1mTFWqnOeNYwrry2F4Sm2qO83UT8OwSnmGAacqlOD4tmI085nS5UhtwDNzOubQfmyQKt8IJXv42VywxBhZc~dZN1GCK8V0R0CjYR2eLyicitKdNeVxKDPli47SY8vSpjZDyaG25Szg6F560Cm~7~JVksPz8fK-LgsIW3DNfnurQsQh4UbbhY9BQJCNmCgeNx0GOaBGDBa89jUMGy7lwCEhX0WcEADhIXCLxppSNrTXx90~YvnSiPkHdrGxb2EWFnSBRhQz-T7LghU6~0wwvoTk809vWnjjavHnS0YSverUKSvw6qEIoPzKUREVhpr5-0eU4kQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813780"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813780/Too_much_of_a_good_thing_The_economics_of_investment_in_R_and_D"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Too much of a good thing? The economics of investment in R&D" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813780/Too_much_of_a_good_thing_The_economics_of_investment_in_R_and_D">Too much of a good thing? The economics of investment in R&D</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Research and development is a key determinant of long-run productivity and welfare. A central iss...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Research and development is a key determinant of long-run productivity and welfare. A central issue is whether a decentralized economy undertakes too little or too much R&D. We develop an endogenous growth model that incorporates parametrically four important distortions to R&D: the surplus appropriability problem, knowledge spillovers, creative destruction, and duplication externalities.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c1fb85ecd7f656613758bfd89b3daecc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754206,"asset_id":2813780,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754206/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813780"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813780"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813780; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813780]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813780]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813780; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813780']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c1fb85ecd7f656613758bfd89b3daecc" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813780]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813780,"title":"Too much of a good thing? The economics of investment in R\u0026D","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813780/Too_much_of_a_good_thing_The_economics_of_investment_in_R_and_D","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754206,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"jeg2000.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754206/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Too_much_of_a_good_thing_The_economics_o.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754206/jeg2000-libre.pdf?1391850906=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DToo_much_of_a_good_thing_The_economics_o.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=gcQRJjcDtBrWJD5VnAvm8jjf0AJeP5nzPnIz2bDdhp6ZRz5N575T66jN-FTOaDTikOpYyfG7SoW4EADAZVf7kaLanDVgOtVciupPYDjcziA-lfp-rg5e6sAhxmoIt4Wur2JDxSj7teR9IIucsnRQBVAGy6a0xtfaLuSjOVhAp1U5z5E7B2rMiSirnYFvEHe5GHwZo9Mk0LqhudwkcbztMviv2iRbQn1odNFwGvLzFyacGnd8MyY1dMLyvlGPZ0rC7mDQGw4xS2RBdGyjPpSQSf~3sVV0wYgrHcBBo-lOflRdMuUp~74odp8NemDBlz492RT~ex4KO3PSUxaObkeKHQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813778"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813778/Sources_of_US_Economic_Growth_in_a_World_of_Ideas"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Sources of US Economic Growth in a World of Ideas" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813778/Sources_of_US_Economic_Growth_in_a_World_of_Ideas">Sources of US Economic Growth in a World of Ideas</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract: Rising educational attainment and research intensity in recent decades suggest that the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract: Rising educational attainment and research intensity in recent decades suggest that the US economy is far from its steady state. This paper develops a model reconciling these facts with the stability of US growth rates. In the model, long-run growth arises from the worldwide discovery of ideas, which depends on population growth. Nevertheless, constant growth can temporarily proceed at a faster rate, provided research intensity and educational attainment rise steadily over time.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="18950f52ab83413c9d5d5a6ba71df9b4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754204,"asset_id":2813778,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754204/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813778"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813778"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813778; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813778]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813778]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813778; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813778']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "18950f52ab83413c9d5d5a6ba71df9b4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813778]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813778,"title":"Sources of US Economic Growth in a World of Ideas","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813778/Sources_of_US_Economic_Growth_in_a_World_of_Ideas","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754204,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"99-29.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754204/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Sources_of_US_Economic_Growth_in_a_World.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754204/99-29-libre.pdf?1392049498=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSources_of_US_Economic_Growth_in_a_World.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=E3uiKu-px0FXzbea1dC-WdQ5lZXlEMLBlGIcz63dIfNQ8qgBZZzSIqpR0tw1qIODJ5h4FnBWUggemw8cJoQN2omuqYbxyHH5-9XIvGf7cu0lSjfULQztyvY4XA2pW2TXmJcuDd8FjyCtTo9II5jvetZlx2lxpglnfFl2iK9goR2rIvov4yIlFlbtkrgfU8FSQxsxoXcli19-AZo9of5TR5ZZPpfpH4z5oCQ8DCKSjDkl8MQObOPxcQ6etakwxTFpm25mPYXYuEoC0zcWOeiq9bOO0YQ6hh3tO-~nkHcBuS9mQ4NrcvUdulgkaAeUoSHqXIZwoZXfcPD~sjZ9hOBQJw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813776"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813776/On_the_Evolution_of_the_World_Income_Distribution"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On the Evolution of the World Income Distribution'" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813776/On_the_Evolution_of_the_World_Income_Distribution">On the Evolution of the World Income Distribution'</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract: The post-World War II period has seen substantial changes in the distribution of GDP pe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract: The post-World War II period has seen substantial changes in the distribution of GDP per worker around the world. In the upper half of the distribution, a number of countries have exhibited large increases in income relative to the richest countries. In the bottom half, several countries have seen incomes fall relative to the richest countries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813776"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813776"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813776; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813776]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813776]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813776; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813776']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813776]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813776,"title":"On the Evolution of the World Income Distribution'","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813776/On_the_Evolution_of_the_World_Income_Distribution","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813774"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813774/Carr_Mannheim_and_a_Post_positivist_Science_of_International_Relations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Carr, Mannheim, and a Post��positivist Science of International Relations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813774/Carr_Mannheim_and_a_Post_positivist_Science_of_International_Relations">Carr, Mannheim, and a Post��positivist Science of International Relations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent work on Carr has looked beyond The Twenty Years' Crisis to the seeming anomaly of a politi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent work on Carr has looked beyond The Twenty Years' Crisis to the seeming anomaly of a political realist advocating regional integration in Western Europe, a welfare state at home, and a free hand for the USSR in Eastern Europe. Some have seen this anomaly, and Carr's successive appeasements of Germany and the USSR, as mere opportunism, but this paper finds a coherence in Carr's work deriving substantially from Mannheim.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6ee04614945deb7341a23b9bfb495191" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754209,"asset_id":2813774,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754209/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813774"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813774"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813774; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813774]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813774]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813774; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813774']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6ee04614945deb7341a23b9bfb495191" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813774]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813774,"title":"Carr, Mannheim, and a Post��positivist Science of International Relations","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813774/Carr_Mannheim_and_a_Post_positivist_Science_of_International_Relations","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754209,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"jones.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754209/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Carr_Mannheim_and_a_Post_positivist_Scie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754209/jones-libre.pdf?1363445505=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCarr_Mannheim_and_a_Post_positivist_Scie.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=UBUYHNkrMLmID2rw2opuzuITp2MFxDNlwSdZNBfvT7se3m62NxOWy7ZxQPCy2okxuXQsNp24yQwALwejxLAm5tYgK1jGxypCVGYa9i7lTBJgm40OdFYmcMomJ0eusyagLd0neN575rlGbooDm-ku-9yWcH7UzeyegJzSQ9lc0I2YjuijPiHPcrh8We8efPSxgwRV4mz~Paz725mpa2M6n8Y5alslh~4M0tkcyMu7tcYrRiCk36dVB-TUXZK8s~PNaAZ8LycGuMNSTzoSmBFKt0leEXQJyVMIelLP3iZB6Oj16P5fCLQcDT6dTihmQNjo7jRI0iEQ9aJraeFlFraqng__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813772"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813772/Why_Have_Health_Expenditures_as_a_Share_fo_GDP_Risen_So_Much"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why Have Health Expenditures as a Share fo GDP Risen So Much?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813772/Why_Have_Health_Expenditures_as_a_Share_fo_GDP_Risen_So_Much">Why Have Health Expenditures as a Share fo GDP Risen So Much?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Aggregate health expenditures as a share of GDP have risen in the United States from abo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Aggregate health expenditures as a share of GDP have risen in the United States from about 5 percent in 1960 to nearly 14 percent in recent years. Why? This paper explores a simple explanation based on technological progress. Medical advances allow diseases to be cured today, at a cost, that could not be cured at any price in the past.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813772"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813772"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813772; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813772]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813772]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813772; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813772']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813772]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813772,"title":"Why Have Health Expenditures as a Share fo GDP Risen So Much?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813772/Why_Have_Health_Expenditures_as_a_Share_fo_GDP_Risen_So_Much","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813770"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813770/348_Ensz_JO_RELAN_L_MARCII_I0_1t97_replace_more_than_one_half_of_the_meat_rations_prescribed_for_the_minimum_number_of_meat_dinners_The_pse_of"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 348 Ensz JO-RELAN. _L [MARCII I0, 1t97 replace more than one-half of the meat rations prescribed for the minimum number of meat dinners. The pse. of" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813770/348_Ensz_JO_RELAN_L_MARCII_I0_1t97_replace_more_than_one_half_of_the_meat_rations_prescribed_for_the_minimum_number_of_meat_dinners_The_pse_of">348 Ensz JO-RELAN. _L [MARCII I0, 1t97 replace more than one-half of the meat rations prescribed for the minimum number of meat dinners. The pse. of</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">CURATIVE vWORKSHOPS. ON Marclh 2nid Kinig Manoel of P'ortugal, as representative of tlhe Britishl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">CURATIVE vWORKSHOPS. ON Marclh 2nid Kinig Manoel of P'ortugal, as representative of tlhe Britishl Redl Cross Society, paid a private visit to the orthopaeclic departmncut of the 1st Scottislh General Hospital at Oldmill, inear Aberdeenl. He was accompanied by Colonel Robett Jones, CB, auid Major Harold Stiles. The King and Colonel Jones expressed great satisfaction with the wolk being donie in tlje carpenters', blaclsmithls', shoemakers', and trawl-net waking workshops.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813770"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813770"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813770; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813770]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813770]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813770; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813770']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813770]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813770,"title":"348 Ensz JO-RELAN. _L [MARCII I0, 1t97 replace more than one-half of the meat rations prescribed for the minimum number of meat dinners. The pse. of","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813770/348_Ensz_JO_RELAN_L_MARCII_I0_1t97_replace_more_than_one_half_of_the_meat_rations_prescribed_for_the_minimum_number_of_meat_dinners_The_pse_of","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813768"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813768/Input_output_multipliers_general_purpose_technologies_and_economic_development"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Input-output multipliers, general purpose technologies, and economic development" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813768/Input_output_multipliers_general_purpose_technologies_and_economic_development">Input-output multipliers, general purpose technologies, and economic development</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Intermediate goods are another produced factor of production, like capital. Simple examples sugge...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Intermediate goods are another produced factor of production, like capital. Simple examples suggest that the multiplier associated with intermediate goods can be substantial, even larger than the one resulting from physical capital accumulation. This paper evaluates this insight using a model in which N goods are produced using all of the other goods as intermediate inputs.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="157e8fbd39c25545ae591ffbc9859874" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754208,"asset_id":2813768,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754208/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813768"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813768"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813768; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813768]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813768]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813768; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813768']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "157e8fbd39c25545ae591ffbc9859874" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813768]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813768,"title":"Input-output multipliers, general purpose technologies, and economic development","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813768/Input_output_multipliers_general_purpose_technologies_and_economic_development","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754208,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"10.1.1.69.8927.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754208/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Input_output_multipliers_general_purpose.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754208/10.1.1.69.8927-libre.pdf?1391793388=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInput_output_multipliers_general_purpose.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=Oe3b4856w53A96o-7eKaANOV5-JPHvshZov7XrTh1mptRVPYg7cv8N9LU171Ybc6LHGWNh9BHNDB~5rmrm8yrw40InIKze13fYoTEAKCZkQqDokV5qIehXbRCLU9sJHRC0dbMgh4PJPwKZUUj5mdY0nQPxK1ghvfTOM6XAM9kyffUFSLvKdXIzbYiEgGblh0jj8b-RBxmDlXgh~-p7lzNvXO4P-9MPgQsjED2JRqBVCiCTYrmLZ9~nkhA~Oey-hTB7-irS7Gi8qoRHMUAsvlZa9I6d6tlKAZMtPTUN1yZoEIT5o7VMPcw~vYCAhoOaAplMAIMfcUGaYZJ-F4SihSMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813766"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813766/Comparing_Apples_to_Oranges_Reply"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comparing Apples to Oranges: Reply" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813766/Comparing_Apples_to_Oranges_Reply">Comparing Apples to Oranges: Reply</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This very useful and informative comment by Anders S��rensen questions the practice of using expe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This very useful and informative comment by Anders S��rensen questions the practice of using expenditure-based, aggregate PPP conversion factors to make income or productivity comparisons across countries at the sectoral level. S��rensen suggests an easy-to-implement consistency check for the appropriateness of this approach:(relative) productivity levels should be invariant to the base year chosen for making the conversions. With respect to the comparisons in Andrew B. Bernard and Charles I.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4db480265b3d2d5017f80a9a3f4a7d68" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754211,"asset_id":2813766,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754211/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813766"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813766"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813766; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813766]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813766]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813766; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813766']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4db480265b3d2d5017f80a9a3f4a7d68" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813766]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813766,"title":"Comparing Apples to Oranges: Reply","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813766/Comparing_Apples_to_Oranges_Reply","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754211,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"sorensen.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754211/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Comparing_Apples_to_Oranges_Reply.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754211/sorensen-libre.pdf?1392068464=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DComparing_Apples_to_Oranges_Reply.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=gT6eFxx4P-IeYwQYC6NbSlzSo6vDW0pBs7ekYHvB0tMi85n-7C3-QKWCOmtruYXBTr8Yk--NRRa5COxJuJs1hi~Crm~PWbGCMeWbqexGEcJVAlgihKu5Ppb72Grv8QezWKK9XEaAuH2~gfxK1h1T2YTeQsRIvne03fQHKfIjjo6NYCCctK5vIJnOebLKv7VVITBlST2I1Um~i6jkMjjqUTbV2Y4Pc3QcWkSjDCsFe5zcPYbv2EQ9RzyVfb2dR~r861wHDfNgHRDktalz-MzShSpkvZ9g1qUNlBGKSD3-4Qmly5NS8-UyYpJmvNPAW9mMl4ce7OfdiA9kXtamzJtBNw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813764"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813764/Population_and_ideas_A_theory_of_endogenous_growth"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Population and ideas: A theory of endogenous growth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813764/Population_and_ideas_A_theory_of_endogenous_growth">Population and ideas: A theory of endogenous growth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Why do economies exhibit sustained growth in per capita income? This paper argues that e...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Why do economies exhibit sustained growth in per capita income? This paper argues that endogenous fertility and increasing returns to scale are the fundamental ingredients in understanding endogenous growth. Endogenous fertility leads the scale of the economy to grow over time. Increasing returns translates this increase in scale into rising per capita income.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d0f271699955c43617cd208639dc30d2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754214,"asset_id":2813764,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754214/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813764"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813764"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813764; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813764]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813764; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813764']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d0f271699955c43617cd208639dc30d2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813764]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813764,"title":"Population and ideas: A theory of endogenous growth","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813764/Population_and_ideas_A_theory_of_endogenous_growth","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754214,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"10.1.1.61.4939.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754214/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Population_and_ideas_A_theory_of_endogen.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754214/10.1.1.61.4939-libre.pdf?1392058426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPopulation_and_ideas_A_theory_of_endogen.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=UEMUv5-bDjrvDVSZUxgzS7GMDVStiXCDiG~eLh44LWmb5SEZKqWEQMPz01IBEL4UuJri~KAfmER4q-X0VkJwm58PVs~r~bLzwhIFOusGDfuHJgc2axV4JLqN-li7Dhnj9AWm0933rajN9~ZbqJbUkZ8Knu4P77VuDonTr7CUMo7g-USs4lLN3qjmd6MGMe8ycjdn-YW~j-qKOrXXL6FGp8uADXGmHVNZ-O7QcCopL5UkFyQEE~eqB-E8bdt2isAJEu~sv184ThIAI~amI6pdbG5eiWBIJR9joppA-byEEqkhc7jOzxighzMgOenlq14zlaifwpSmJLfvx5laZq1DlA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813762"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813762/The_shape_of_production_functions_and_the_direction_of_technical_change"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The shape of production functions and the direction of technical change" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813762/The_shape_of_production_functions_and_the_direction_of_technical_change">The shape of production functions and the direction of technical change</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract This pai> er views the standard production function in macroeconomics as a reduced form ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract This pai> er views the standard production function in macroeconomics as a reduced form and derives its properties from microfoundations. The shape of this production function is governed by the distribution of ideas. If that distribution is Pareto, then two results obtain: the global production function is Cobb-Douglas, and technical change in the long run is labor-augmenting. Kortum showed that Pareto distributions are necessary if search-based idea models are to exhibit steady-state growth.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813762"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813762"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813762; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813762]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813762]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813762; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813762']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813762]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813762,"title":"The shape of production functions and the direction of technical change","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813762/The_shape_of_production_functions_and_the_direction_of_technical_change","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813759"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813759/Insurance_and_incentives_for_medical_innovation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Insurance and incentives for medical innovation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813759/Insurance_and_incentives_for_medical_innovation">Insurance and incentives for medical innovation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT This paper studies the interactions between health insurance and the incentives for inno...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT This paper studies the interactions between health insurance and the incentives for innovation. Although we focus on pharmaceutical innovation, our discussion applies to other industries producing novel technologies for sale in markets with subsidized demand. Standard results in the growth and productivity literatures suggest that firms in many industries may possess inadequate incentives to innovate. Standard results in the health literature suggest that health insurance leads to the overutilization of health care.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="60b1a493e8cfd215d37135cec96cc15f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754212,"asset_id":2813759,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754212/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813759"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813759"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813759; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813759]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813759]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813759; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813759']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "60b1a493e8cfd215d37135cec96cc15f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813759]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813759,"title":"Insurance and incentives for medical innovation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813759/Insurance_and_incentives_for_medical_innovation","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754212,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"w12080.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754212/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Insurance_and_incentives_for_medical_inn.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754212/w12080-libre.pdf?1391065537=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInsurance_and_incentives_for_medical_inn.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=df-F0n2FSpfBhTKVkFLUxeDGwkOBUiRbyxb0nTG3PXM4gSpR18XmrEa7VUhvFZ-46Pnm2pz3T~kEi0Pw~OAAjeUF3pA0dNMYo0EMS19rrRhn4POQ8x9gpR8o3-Fy40ntK6q7EnUH6b4k1PPf7V9O7~1t~Ktbz0MQy1A7l76MT4b3ZzXyKFPmTCFwkF7djQKd1mkSdxy5Mgc60MIIKk5-At0NmS~75iN~bza0GzZ6uvMGYYlf8g2mfyF6vW~hQeoxQdvAfqOP6xzN62Z7QuZarKY7R5b-K~CZM7WSkz95aOO1S4Ekc8js7zqvkYVsbRYFkkVHbRPNb7GeJUwcRlA5ew__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813757"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813757/Measuring_the_social_return_to_R_and_D"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Measuring the social return to R&D" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813757/Measuring_the_social_return_to_R_and_D">Measuring the social return to R&D</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Is there too much or too little research and development (R&D)? In this paper we bridge ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Is there too much or too little research and development (R&D)? In this paper we bridge the gap between the recent growth literature and the empirical productivity literature. We derive in a growth model the relationship between the social rate of return to R&D and the coefficient estimates of the empirical literature and show that these estimates represent a lower bound. Furthermore, our analytic framework provides a direct mapping from the rate of return to the degree of underinvestment in research.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813757"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813757"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813757; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813757]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813757]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813757; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813757']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813757]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813757,"title":"Measuring the social return to R\u0026D","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813757/Measuring_the_social_return_to_R_and_D","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813755"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813755/Convergence_revisited"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Convergence revisited" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813755/Convergence_revisited">Convergence revisited</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The recent literature on convergence has departed fromthe earlier literature by focusing on the s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The recent literature on convergence has departed fromthe earlier literature by focusing on the shape of the productionfunction and the rate at which an economy converges to its ownsteady state. This article uses advances from the recent literatureto look back at the question that originally motivated the convergenceliterature: what will the distribution of per capita income looklike in the future?</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9c639f4884ac671ba82bdb21dc0fb5df" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754216,"asset_id":2813755,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754216/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813755"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813755"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813755; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813755]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813755]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813755; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813755']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9c639f4884ac671ba82bdb21dc0fb5df" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813755]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813755,"title":"Convergence revisited","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813755/Convergence_revisited","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754216,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"jeg1997.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754216/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Convergence_revisited.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754216/jeg1997-libre.pdf?1392170820=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DConvergence_revisited.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=EcEBRLnMXVEeTEeI-Zo0DCTT7HFCewIXdgrg~Y4k3z~5G8-RBIRaFzC6ADMhQMA0Knn-5w-PXGGhsRZhclErCw91pMtLDWi1FYE-rraTfKwXeSXWe8vIuYyatuIP7x9h14WFtWV36hoVKZq06a9UCGl9Ekjq4LgMdc9AzX1wMrHenvfZXfpFmNWYWffQsGthtp~RN5~7CisLXeZUktV8cqqmS-6-OpmZxZlWPwahc59O~Tu7-9ri8ERz61SsefsljhfixSTh~gx~U38n9S91SDg8gVE0MvdABJ3PfeKtnBwC8v9M0WECLaFeZpidOUGCwK1J8PFd0E0aTjSvW1V7XQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813753"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813753/More_life_vs_more_goods_explaining_rising_health_expenditures"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of More life vs. more goods: explaining rising health expenditures" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813753/More_life_vs_more_goods_explaining_rising_health_expenditures">More life vs. more goods: explaining rising health expenditures</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Figure One: Rising Health Expenditures in the US Debates about health care have been a central fe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Figure One: Rising Health Expenditures in the US Debates about health care have been a central feature of US public policy discussions for at least the last 20 years. One trigger of these debates is the statistical evidence on the rising cost of health care. For example, according to a survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation (2004), health insurance premiums for employer sponsored plans increased by 11.2% between the spring of 2003 and the spring of 2004, the fourth consecutive year of double-digit increases.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813753"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813753"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813753; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813753]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813753]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813753; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813753']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813753]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813753,"title":"More life vs. more goods: explaining rising health expenditures","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813753/More_life_vs_more_goods_explaining_rising_health_expenditures","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813751"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813751/Data_Appendix_for_Beyond_GDP_Welfare_across_Countries_and_Time_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Data Appendix for ��Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time��" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813751/Data_Appendix_for_Beyond_GDP_Welfare_across_Countries_and_Time_">Data Appendix for ��Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time��</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Page 1. Data Appendix for ��Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time�� Charles I. Jones St...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Page 1. Data Appendix for ��Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time�� Charles I. Jones Stanford GSB and NBER Peter J. Klenow Stanford University and NBER February 15, 2011 �� Version 3.0 1. Introduction This data appendix has two parts, one for the macro data used in the main part of the paper and one for the micro data used at the end of the paper. 2. Macro Data The basic data sources that we use and an overview of the manipulations of this data are described in the main paper in Section 3.1.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1e919e3edbfcfd86e21afb9ff2c4554b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754217,"asset_id":2813751,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754217/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813751"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813751"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813751; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813751]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813751]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813751; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813751']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1e919e3edbfcfd86e21afb9ff2c4554b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813751]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813751,"title":"Data Appendix for ��Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time��","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813751/Data_Appendix_for_Beyond_GDP_Welfare_across_Countries_and_Time_","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754217,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"10.1.1.188.7347.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754217/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Data_Appendix_for_Beyond_GDP_Welfare_acr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754217/10.1.1.188.7347-libre.pdf?1392058112=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DData_Appendix_for_Beyond_GDP_Welfare_acr.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=BbtUYSovRb6Y2LYqyUpZs9rwq3Nb8iV9z76NmSPDNlgZwIRYdDENWyW~OhCgCvFDVDJmQqbeH5IlekPc1aPh1fKcE8f-VK3HuOuYw6zHHWGjjERbeiBg2NBVSZBAyN8QhDlhcCgpZiiZV0En5eHsHC3j6ACPR8pQ0gO7-uwdGdYTMrnB4684UMZmrY3Ays~HRFatHsMM0sqlKsgJQ3Ln7249wV7erPBuXaLeKppa1rYAw~yXl4BILg7eAJMR9WBPdwYDRMWENNmikPdbwwPQeEvSTBpOEhsIHlktga9QxLt81ct8hhBJt5sjr3KAxlhhM-tX36ltcRonkmyzG1014w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813749"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813749/Part_I_Finance_and_Growth"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Part I Finance and Growth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813749/Part_I_Finance_and_Growth">Part I Finance and Growth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Consider the following three statements. Liquid stock markets were a pre-condition for the Indust...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Consider the following three statements. Liquid stock markets were a pre-condition for the Industrial Revolution and a critical factor underlying long-run growth in many countries. Enhanced stock market liquidity reduces saving rates and weakens corporate control, which retard economic growth. Stock markets are basically a sideshow, a casino where players come to place bets, but where there is little feedback to the real economy. Rigorous theoretical models support each of these statements. 1</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="78c8f374d9e551f684de372209664e5c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754220,"asset_id":2813749,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754220/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813749"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813749"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813749; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813749]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813749]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813749; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813749']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "78c8f374d9e551f684de372209664e5c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813749]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813749,"title":"Part I Finance and Growth","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813749/Part_I_Finance_and_Growth","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754220,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"0333732782.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754220/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Part_I_Finance_and_Growth.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754220/0333732782-libre.pdf?1391811693=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPart_I_Finance_and_Growth.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=J-thJzTnKJ2461nJKuY8cXxUFs6UAAREJ~ATil4LMxJz~2YASLSQkWp2tVTnjbCRFQCxPReHTv2ZQ-Spr91zEHv~~UiiMXltkF0ZJ~FRJ7XQTCZu3HvanejE06V56W42Pxx1wwxjmkxvtF72M2oN4LLYxxAlvCLrvQnfIUDT36GpRkFt-063dBObZFXCwwHv3cJ9TFa2c8GIPMM~K~1e5MoIrFh~WCM53gqjGTQpDSYHZRiIbb7S-JgUMy4~c5r~mqFy2Zs-MLrJrpMf46WlrLUJk0umh3kkaJSui6085vtPtGVt4D-8CJXvYbi50uNRSUbUGf7SyPqJrBuQXvs7MQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813747"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813747/The_fiscal_problem_of_the_21st_century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The fiscal problem of the 21st century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813747/The_fiscal_problem_of_the_21st_century">The fiscal problem of the 21st century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Last year, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) released a remarkable report entitled A 125-Year...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Last year, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) released a remarkable report entitled A 125-Year Picture of the Federal Government's Share of the Economy, 1950 to 2075. This report projects the future of government spending as a share of GDP assuming current policies remain in place, and the projections put forward are stunning: while the share has averaged about 19% since 1950, it is projected to rise drastically in coming decades, more than doubling to 39.7% by 2075.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813747"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813747"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813747; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813747]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813747]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813747; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813747']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813747]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813747,"title":"The fiscal problem of the 21st century","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813747/The_fiscal_problem_of_the_21st_century","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="18144" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813786"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813786/On_the_evolution_of_the_world_income_distribution"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On the evolution of the world income distribution" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813786/On_the_evolution_of_the_world_income_distribution">On the evolution of the world income distribution</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract: The post-World War II period has seen substantial changes in the distribution of GDP pe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract: The post-World War II period has seen substantial changes in the distribution of GDP per worker around the world. In the upper half of the distribution, a number of countries have exhibited large increases in income relative to the richest countries. In the bottom half, several countries have seen incomes fall relative to the richest countries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813786"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813786"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813786; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813786]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813786]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813786; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813786']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813786]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813786,"title":"On the evolution of the world income distribution","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813786/On_the_evolution_of_the_world_income_distribution","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813784"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813784/Why_Do_Some_Countries_Produce_So_Much_More_Output_per_Worker_Than_Others_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker Than Others?'" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813784/Why_Do_Some_Countries_Produce_So_Much_More_Output_per_Worker_Than_Others_">Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker Than Others?'</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In 1988, output per worker in the United States was more than 35 times higher than output per wor...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In 1988, output per worker in the United States was more than 35 times higher than output per worker in Niger. In just over ten days, the average worker in the United States produced as much as an average worker in Niger produced in an entire year. Explaining such vast differences in economic performance is one of the fundamental challenges of economics.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813784"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813784"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813784; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813784]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813784]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813784; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813784']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813784]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813784,"title":"Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker Than Others?'","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813784/Why_Do_Some_Countries_Produce_So_Much_More_Output_per_Worker_Than_Others_","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813782"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813782/Was_an_industrial_revolution_inevitable_Economic_growth_over_the_very_long_run"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Was an industrial revolution inevitable? Economic growth over the very long run" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813782/Was_an_industrial_revolution_inevitable_Economic_growth_over_the_very_long_run">Was an industrial revolution inevitable? Economic growth over the very long run</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT This paper studies a growth model that is able to match several key facts of economic hi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT This paper studies a growth model that is able to match several key facts of economic history. For thousands of years, the average standard of living seems to have risen very little, despite increases in the level of technology and large increases in the level of the population. Then, after thousands of years of little change, the level of per capita consumption increased dramatically in less than two centuries. Quantitative analysis of the model highlights two factors central to understanding this history.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7071094c880dd2b288f9868ffe422613" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754207,"asset_id":2813782,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754207/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813782"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813782"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813782; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813782]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813782]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813782; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813782']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7071094c880dd2b288f9868ffe422613" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813782]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813782,"title":"Was an industrial revolution inevitable? Economic growth over the very long run","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813782/Was_an_industrial_revolution_inevitable_Economic_growth_over_the_very_long_run","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754207,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"10.1.1.61.4838.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754207/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Was_an_industrial_revolution_inevitable.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754207/10.1.1.61.4838-libre.pdf?1391824632=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWas_an_industrial_revolution_inevitable.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485598\u0026Signature=glC8RferoR6nd3Irx1mTFWqnOeNYwrry2F4Sm2qO83UT8OwSnmGAacqlOD4tmI085nS5UhtwDNzOubQfmyQKt8IJXv42VywxBhZc~dZN1GCK8V0R0CjYR2eLyicitKdNeVxKDPli47SY8vSpjZDyaG25Szg6F560Cm~7~JVksPz8fK-LgsIW3DNfnurQsQh4UbbhY9BQJCNmCgeNx0GOaBGDBa89jUMGy7lwCEhX0WcEADhIXCLxppSNrTXx90~YvnSiPkHdrGxb2EWFnSBRhQz-T7LghU6~0wwvoTk809vWnjjavHnS0YSverUKSvw6qEIoPzKUREVhpr5-0eU4kQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813780"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813780/Too_much_of_a_good_thing_The_economics_of_investment_in_R_and_D"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Too much of a good thing? The economics of investment in R&D" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813780/Too_much_of_a_good_thing_The_economics_of_investment_in_R_and_D">Too much of a good thing? The economics of investment in R&D</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Research and development is a key determinant of long-run productivity and welfare. A central iss...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Research and development is a key determinant of long-run productivity and welfare. A central issue is whether a decentralized economy undertakes too little or too much R&D. We develop an endogenous growth model that incorporates parametrically four important distortions to R&D: the surplus appropriability problem, knowledge spillovers, creative destruction, and duplication externalities.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c1fb85ecd7f656613758bfd89b3daecc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754206,"asset_id":2813780,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754206/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813780"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813780"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813780; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813780]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813780]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813780; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813780']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c1fb85ecd7f656613758bfd89b3daecc" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813780]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813780,"title":"Too much of a good thing? The economics of investment in R\u0026D","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813780/Too_much_of_a_good_thing_The_economics_of_investment_in_R_and_D","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754206,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"jeg2000.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754206/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Too_much_of_a_good_thing_The_economics_o.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754206/jeg2000-libre.pdf?1391850906=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DToo_much_of_a_good_thing_The_economics_o.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=gcQRJjcDtBrWJD5VnAvm8jjf0AJeP5nzPnIz2bDdhp6ZRz5N575T66jN-FTOaDTikOpYyfG7SoW4EADAZVf7kaLanDVgOtVciupPYDjcziA-lfp-rg5e6sAhxmoIt4Wur2JDxSj7teR9IIucsnRQBVAGy6a0xtfaLuSjOVhAp1U5z5E7B2rMiSirnYFvEHe5GHwZo9Mk0LqhudwkcbztMviv2iRbQn1odNFwGvLzFyacGnd8MyY1dMLyvlGPZ0rC7mDQGw4xS2RBdGyjPpSQSf~3sVV0wYgrHcBBo-lOflRdMuUp~74odp8NemDBlz492RT~ex4KO3PSUxaObkeKHQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813778"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813778/Sources_of_US_Economic_Growth_in_a_World_of_Ideas"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Sources of US Economic Growth in a World of Ideas" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813778/Sources_of_US_Economic_Growth_in_a_World_of_Ideas">Sources of US Economic Growth in a World of Ideas</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract: Rising educational attainment and research intensity in recent decades suggest that the...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract: Rising educational attainment and research intensity in recent decades suggest that the US economy is far from its steady state. This paper develops a model reconciling these facts with the stability of US growth rates. In the model, long-run growth arises from the worldwide discovery of ideas, which depends on population growth. Nevertheless, constant growth can temporarily proceed at a faster rate, provided research intensity and educational attainment rise steadily over time.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="18950f52ab83413c9d5d5a6ba71df9b4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754204,"asset_id":2813778,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754204/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813778"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813778"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813778; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813778]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813778]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813778; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813778']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "18950f52ab83413c9d5d5a6ba71df9b4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813778]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813778,"title":"Sources of US Economic Growth in a World of Ideas","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813778/Sources_of_US_Economic_Growth_in_a_World_of_Ideas","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754204,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"99-29.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754204/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Sources_of_US_Economic_Growth_in_a_World.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754204/99-29-libre.pdf?1392049498=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSources_of_US_Economic_Growth_in_a_World.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=E3uiKu-px0FXzbea1dC-WdQ5lZXlEMLBlGIcz63dIfNQ8qgBZZzSIqpR0tw1qIODJ5h4FnBWUggemw8cJoQN2omuqYbxyHH5-9XIvGf7cu0lSjfULQztyvY4XA2pW2TXmJcuDd8FjyCtTo9II5jvetZlx2lxpglnfFl2iK9goR2rIvov4yIlFlbtkrgfU8FSQxsxoXcli19-AZo9of5TR5ZZPpfpH4z5oCQ8DCKSjDkl8MQObOPxcQ6etakwxTFpm25mPYXYuEoC0zcWOeiq9bOO0YQ6hh3tO-~nkHcBuS9mQ4NrcvUdulgkaAeUoSHqXIZwoZXfcPD~sjZ9hOBQJw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813776"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813776/On_the_Evolution_of_the_World_Income_Distribution"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On the Evolution of the World Income Distribution'" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813776/On_the_Evolution_of_the_World_Income_Distribution">On the Evolution of the World Income Distribution'</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract: The post-World War II period has seen substantial changes in the distribution of GDP pe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract: The post-World War II period has seen substantial changes in the distribution of GDP per worker around the world. In the upper half of the distribution, a number of countries have exhibited large increases in income relative to the richest countries. In the bottom half, several countries have seen incomes fall relative to the richest countries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813776"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813776"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813776; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813776]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813776]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813776; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813776']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813776]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813776,"title":"On the Evolution of the World Income Distribution'","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813776/On_the_Evolution_of_the_World_Income_Distribution","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813774"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813774/Carr_Mannheim_and_a_Post_positivist_Science_of_International_Relations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Carr, Mannheim, and a Post��positivist Science of International Relations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813774/Carr_Mannheim_and_a_Post_positivist_Science_of_International_Relations">Carr, Mannheim, and a Post��positivist Science of International Relations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Recent work on Carr has looked beyond The Twenty Years' Crisis to the seeming anomaly of a politi...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Recent work on Carr has looked beyond The Twenty Years' Crisis to the seeming anomaly of a political realist advocating regional integration in Western Europe, a welfare state at home, and a free hand for the USSR in Eastern Europe. Some have seen this anomaly, and Carr's successive appeasements of Germany and the USSR, as mere opportunism, but this paper finds a coherence in Carr's work deriving substantially from Mannheim.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6ee04614945deb7341a23b9bfb495191" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754209,"asset_id":2813774,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754209/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813774"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813774"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813774; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813774]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813774]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813774; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813774']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "6ee04614945deb7341a23b9bfb495191" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813774]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813774,"title":"Carr, Mannheim, and a Post��positivist Science of International Relations","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813774/Carr_Mannheim_and_a_Post_positivist_Science_of_International_Relations","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754209,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"jones.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754209/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Carr_Mannheim_and_a_Post_positivist_Scie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754209/jones-libre.pdf?1363445505=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DCarr_Mannheim_and_a_Post_positivist_Scie.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=UBUYHNkrMLmID2rw2opuzuITp2MFxDNlwSdZNBfvT7se3m62NxOWy7ZxQPCy2okxuXQsNp24yQwALwejxLAm5tYgK1jGxypCVGYa9i7lTBJgm40OdFYmcMomJ0eusyagLd0neN575rlGbooDm-ku-9yWcH7UzeyegJzSQ9lc0I2YjuijPiHPcrh8We8efPSxgwRV4mz~Paz725mpa2M6n8Y5alslh~4M0tkcyMu7tcYrRiCk36dVB-TUXZK8s~PNaAZ8LycGuMNSTzoSmBFKt0leEXQJyVMIelLP3iZB6Oj16P5fCLQcDT6dTihmQNjo7jRI0iEQ9aJraeFlFraqng__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813772"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813772/Why_Have_Health_Expenditures_as_a_Share_fo_GDP_Risen_So_Much"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why Have Health Expenditures as a Share fo GDP Risen So Much?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813772/Why_Have_Health_Expenditures_as_a_Share_fo_GDP_Risen_So_Much">Why Have Health Expenditures as a Share fo GDP Risen So Much?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Aggregate health expenditures as a share of GDP have risen in the United States from abo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Aggregate health expenditures as a share of GDP have risen in the United States from about 5 percent in 1960 to nearly 14 percent in recent years. Why? This paper explores a simple explanation based on technological progress. Medical advances allow diseases to be cured today, at a cost, that could not be cured at any price in the past.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813772"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813772"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813772; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813772]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813772]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813772; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813772']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813772]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813772,"title":"Why Have Health Expenditures as a Share fo GDP Risen So Much?","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813772/Why_Have_Health_Expenditures_as_a_Share_fo_GDP_Risen_So_Much","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813770"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813770/348_Ensz_JO_RELAN_L_MARCII_I0_1t97_replace_more_than_one_half_of_the_meat_rations_prescribed_for_the_minimum_number_of_meat_dinners_The_pse_of"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 348 Ensz JO-RELAN. _L [MARCII I0, 1t97 replace more than one-half of the meat rations prescribed for the minimum number of meat dinners. The pse. of" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813770/348_Ensz_JO_RELAN_L_MARCII_I0_1t97_replace_more_than_one_half_of_the_meat_rations_prescribed_for_the_minimum_number_of_meat_dinners_The_pse_of">348 Ensz JO-RELAN. _L [MARCII I0, 1t97 replace more than one-half of the meat rations prescribed for the minimum number of meat dinners. The pse. of</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">CURATIVE vWORKSHOPS. ON Marclh 2nid Kinig Manoel of P'ortugal, as representative of tlhe Britishl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">CURATIVE vWORKSHOPS. ON Marclh 2nid Kinig Manoel of P'ortugal, as representative of tlhe Britishl Redl Cross Society, paid a private visit to the orthopaeclic departmncut of the 1st Scottislh General Hospital at Oldmill, inear Aberdeenl. He was accompanied by Colonel Robett Jones, CB, auid Major Harold Stiles. The King and Colonel Jones expressed great satisfaction with the wolk being donie in tlje carpenters', blaclsmithls', shoemakers', and trawl-net waking workshops.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813770"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813770"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813770; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813770]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813770]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813770; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813770']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813770]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813770,"title":"348 Ensz JO-RELAN. _L [MARCII I0, 1t97 replace more than one-half of the meat rations prescribed for the minimum number of meat dinners. The pse. of","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813770/348_Ensz_JO_RELAN_L_MARCII_I0_1t97_replace_more_than_one_half_of_the_meat_rations_prescribed_for_the_minimum_number_of_meat_dinners_The_pse_of","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813768"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813768/Input_output_multipliers_general_purpose_technologies_and_economic_development"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Input-output multipliers, general purpose technologies, and economic development" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813768/Input_output_multipliers_general_purpose_technologies_and_economic_development">Input-output multipliers, general purpose technologies, and economic development</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Intermediate goods are another produced factor of production, like capital. Simple examples sugge...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Intermediate goods are another produced factor of production, like capital. Simple examples suggest that the multiplier associated with intermediate goods can be substantial, even larger than the one resulting from physical capital accumulation. This paper evaluates this insight using a model in which N goods are produced using all of the other goods as intermediate inputs.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="157e8fbd39c25545ae591ffbc9859874" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754208,"asset_id":2813768,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754208/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813768"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813768"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813768; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813768]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813768]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813768; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813768']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "157e8fbd39c25545ae591ffbc9859874" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813768]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813768,"title":"Input-output multipliers, general purpose technologies, and economic development","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813768/Input_output_multipliers_general_purpose_technologies_and_economic_development","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754208,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"10.1.1.69.8927.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754208/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Input_output_multipliers_general_purpose.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754208/10.1.1.69.8927-libre.pdf?1391793388=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInput_output_multipliers_general_purpose.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=Oe3b4856w53A96o-7eKaANOV5-JPHvshZov7XrTh1mptRVPYg7cv8N9LU171Ybc6LHGWNh9BHNDB~5rmrm8yrw40InIKze13fYoTEAKCZkQqDokV5qIehXbRCLU9sJHRC0dbMgh4PJPwKZUUj5mdY0nQPxK1ghvfTOM6XAM9kyffUFSLvKdXIzbYiEgGblh0jj8b-RBxmDlXgh~-p7lzNvXO4P-9MPgQsjED2JRqBVCiCTYrmLZ9~nkhA~Oey-hTB7-irS7Gi8qoRHMUAsvlZa9I6d6tlKAZMtPTUN1yZoEIT5o7VMPcw~vYCAhoOaAplMAIMfcUGaYZJ-F4SihSMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813766"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813766/Comparing_Apples_to_Oranges_Reply"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Comparing Apples to Oranges: Reply" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813766/Comparing_Apples_to_Oranges_Reply">Comparing Apples to Oranges: Reply</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This very useful and informative comment by Anders S��rensen questions the practice of using expe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This very useful and informative comment by Anders S��rensen questions the practice of using expenditure-based, aggregate PPP conversion factors to make income or productivity comparisons across countries at the sectoral level. S��rensen suggests an easy-to-implement consistency check for the appropriateness of this approach:(relative) productivity levels should be invariant to the base year chosen for making the conversions. With respect to the comparisons in Andrew B. Bernard and Charles I.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4db480265b3d2d5017f80a9a3f4a7d68" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754211,"asset_id":2813766,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754211/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813766"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813766"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813766; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813766]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813766]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813766; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813766']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4db480265b3d2d5017f80a9a3f4a7d68" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813766]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813766,"title":"Comparing Apples to Oranges: Reply","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813766/Comparing_Apples_to_Oranges_Reply","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754211,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"sorensen.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754211/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Comparing_Apples_to_Oranges_Reply.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754211/sorensen-libre.pdf?1392068464=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DComparing_Apples_to_Oranges_Reply.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=gT6eFxx4P-IeYwQYC6NbSlzSo6vDW0pBs7ekYHvB0tMi85n-7C3-QKWCOmtruYXBTr8Yk--NRRa5COxJuJs1hi~Crm~PWbGCMeWbqexGEcJVAlgihKu5Ppb72Grv8QezWKK9XEaAuH2~gfxK1h1T2YTeQsRIvne03fQHKfIjjo6NYCCctK5vIJnOebLKv7VVITBlST2I1Um~i6jkMjjqUTbV2Y4Pc3QcWkSjDCsFe5zcPYbv2EQ9RzyVfb2dR~r861wHDfNgHRDktalz-MzShSpkvZ9g1qUNlBGKSD3-4Qmly5NS8-UyYpJmvNPAW9mMl4ce7OfdiA9kXtamzJtBNw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813764"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813764/Population_and_ideas_A_theory_of_endogenous_growth"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Population and ideas: A theory of endogenous growth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813764/Population_and_ideas_A_theory_of_endogenous_growth">Population and ideas: A theory of endogenous growth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT Why do economies exhibit sustained growth in per capita income? This paper argues that e...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT Why do economies exhibit sustained growth in per capita income? This paper argues that endogenous fertility and increasing returns to scale are the fundamental ingredients in understanding endogenous growth. Endogenous fertility leads the scale of the economy to grow over time. Increasing returns translates this increase in scale into rising per capita income.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d0f271699955c43617cd208639dc30d2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754214,"asset_id":2813764,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754214/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813764"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813764"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813764; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813764]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813764; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813764']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d0f271699955c43617cd208639dc30d2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813764]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813764,"title":"Population and ideas: A theory of endogenous growth","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813764/Population_and_ideas_A_theory_of_endogenous_growth","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754214,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"10.1.1.61.4939.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754214/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Population_and_ideas_A_theory_of_endogen.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754214/10.1.1.61.4939-libre.pdf?1392058426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPopulation_and_ideas_A_theory_of_endogen.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=UEMUv5-bDjrvDVSZUxgzS7GMDVStiXCDiG~eLh44LWmb5SEZKqWEQMPz01IBEL4UuJri~KAfmER4q-X0VkJwm58PVs~r~bLzwhIFOusGDfuHJgc2axV4JLqN-li7Dhnj9AWm0933rajN9~ZbqJbUkZ8Knu4P77VuDonTr7CUMo7g-USs4lLN3qjmd6MGMe8ycjdn-YW~j-qKOrXXL6FGp8uADXGmHVNZ-O7QcCopL5UkFyQEE~eqB-E8bdt2isAJEu~sv184ThIAI~amI6pdbG5eiWBIJR9joppA-byEEqkhc7jOzxighzMgOenlq14zlaifwpSmJLfvx5laZq1DlA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813762"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813762/The_shape_of_production_functions_and_the_direction_of_technical_change"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The shape of production functions and the direction of technical change" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813762/The_shape_of_production_functions_and_the_direction_of_technical_change">The shape of production functions and the direction of technical change</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract This pai> er views the standard production function in macroeconomics as a reduced form ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract This pai> er views the standard production function in macroeconomics as a reduced form and derives its properties from microfoundations. The shape of this production function is governed by the distribution of ideas. If that distribution is Pareto, then two results obtain: the global production function is Cobb-Douglas, and technical change in the long run is labor-augmenting. Kortum showed that Pareto distributions are necessary if search-based idea models are to exhibit steady-state growth.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813762"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813762"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813762; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813762]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813762]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813762; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813762']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813762]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813762,"title":"The shape of production functions and the direction of technical change","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813762/The_shape_of_production_functions_and_the_direction_of_technical_change","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813759"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813759/Insurance_and_incentives_for_medical_innovation"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Insurance and incentives for medical innovation" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813759/Insurance_and_incentives_for_medical_innovation">Insurance and incentives for medical innovation</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ABSTRACT This paper studies the interactions between health insurance and the incentives for inno...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ABSTRACT This paper studies the interactions between health insurance and the incentives for innovation. Although we focus on pharmaceutical innovation, our discussion applies to other industries producing novel technologies for sale in markets with subsidized demand. Standard results in the growth and productivity literatures suggest that firms in many industries may possess inadequate incentives to innovate. Standard results in the health literature suggest that health insurance leads to the overutilization of health care.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="60b1a493e8cfd215d37135cec96cc15f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754212,"asset_id":2813759,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754212/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813759"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813759"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813759; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813759]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813759]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813759; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813759']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "60b1a493e8cfd215d37135cec96cc15f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813759]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813759,"title":"Insurance and incentives for medical innovation","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813759/Insurance_and_incentives_for_medical_innovation","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754212,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"w12080.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754212/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Insurance_and_incentives_for_medical_inn.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754212/w12080-libre.pdf?1391065537=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInsurance_and_incentives_for_medical_inn.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=df-F0n2FSpfBhTKVkFLUxeDGwkOBUiRbyxb0nTG3PXM4gSpR18XmrEa7VUhvFZ-46Pnm2pz3T~kEi0Pw~OAAjeUF3pA0dNMYo0EMS19rrRhn4POQ8x9gpR8o3-Fy40ntK6q7EnUH6b4k1PPf7V9O7~1t~Ktbz0MQy1A7l76MT4b3ZzXyKFPmTCFwkF7djQKd1mkSdxy5Mgc60MIIKk5-At0NmS~75iN~bza0GzZ6uvMGYYlf8g2mfyF6vW~hQeoxQdvAfqOP6xzN62Z7QuZarKY7R5b-K~CZM7WSkz95aOO1S4Ekc8js7zqvkYVsbRYFkkVHbRPNb7GeJUwcRlA5ew__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813757"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813757/Measuring_the_social_return_to_R_and_D"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Measuring the social return to R&D" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813757/Measuring_the_social_return_to_R_and_D">Measuring the social return to R&D</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Abstract Is there too much or too little research and development (R&D)? In this paper we bridge ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Abstract Is there too much or too little research and development (R&D)? In this paper we bridge the gap between the recent growth literature and the empirical productivity literature. We derive in a growth model the relationship between the social rate of return to R&D and the coefficient estimates of the empirical literature and show that these estimates represent a lower bound. Furthermore, our analytic framework provides a direct mapping from the rate of return to the degree of underinvestment in research.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813757"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813757"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813757; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813757]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813757]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813757; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813757']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813757]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813757,"title":"Measuring the social return to R\u0026D","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813757/Measuring_the_social_return_to_R_and_D","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813755"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813755/Convergence_revisited"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Convergence revisited" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813755/Convergence_revisited">Convergence revisited</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The recent literature on convergence has departed fromthe earlier literature by focusing on the s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The recent literature on convergence has departed fromthe earlier literature by focusing on the shape of the productionfunction and the rate at which an economy converges to its ownsteady state. This article uses advances from the recent literatureto look back at the question that originally motivated the convergenceliterature: what will the distribution of per capita income looklike in the future?</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9c639f4884ac671ba82bdb21dc0fb5df" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754216,"asset_id":2813755,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754216/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813755"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813755"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813755; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813755]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813755]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813755; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813755']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9c639f4884ac671ba82bdb21dc0fb5df" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813755]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813755,"title":"Convergence revisited","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813755/Convergence_revisited","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754216,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"jeg1997.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754216/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Convergence_revisited.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754216/jeg1997-libre.pdf?1392170820=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DConvergence_revisited.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=EcEBRLnMXVEeTEeI-Zo0DCTT7HFCewIXdgrg~Y4k3z~5G8-RBIRaFzC6ADMhQMA0Knn-5w-PXGGhsRZhclErCw91pMtLDWi1FYE-rraTfKwXeSXWe8vIuYyatuIP7x9h14WFtWV36hoVKZq06a9UCGl9Ekjq4LgMdc9AzX1wMrHenvfZXfpFmNWYWffQsGthtp~RN5~7CisLXeZUktV8cqqmS-6-OpmZxZlWPwahc59O~Tu7-9ri8ERz61SsefsljhfixSTh~gx~U38n9S91SDg8gVE0MvdABJ3PfeKtnBwC8v9M0WECLaFeZpidOUGCwK1J8PFd0E0aTjSvW1V7XQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813753"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813753/More_life_vs_more_goods_explaining_rising_health_expenditures"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of More life vs. more goods: explaining rising health expenditures" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813753/More_life_vs_more_goods_explaining_rising_health_expenditures">More life vs. more goods: explaining rising health expenditures</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Figure One: Rising Health Expenditures in the US Debates about health care have been a central fe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Figure One: Rising Health Expenditures in the US Debates about health care have been a central feature of US public policy discussions for at least the last 20 years. One trigger of these debates is the statistical evidence on the rising cost of health care. For example, according to a survey conducted by the Kaiser Family Foundation (2004), health insurance premiums for employer sponsored plans increased by 11.2% between the spring of 2003 and the spring of 2004, the fourth consecutive year of double-digit increases.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813753"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813753"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813753; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813753]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813753]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813753; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813753']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813753]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813753,"title":"More life vs. more goods: explaining rising health expenditures","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813753/More_life_vs_more_goods_explaining_rising_health_expenditures","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813751"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813751/Data_Appendix_for_Beyond_GDP_Welfare_across_Countries_and_Time_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Data Appendix for ��Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time��" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813751/Data_Appendix_for_Beyond_GDP_Welfare_across_Countries_and_Time_">Data Appendix for ��Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time��</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Page 1. Data Appendix for ��Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time�� Charles I. Jones St...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Page 1. Data Appendix for ��Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time�� Charles I. Jones Stanford GSB and NBER Peter J. Klenow Stanford University and NBER February 15, 2011 �� Version 3.0 1. Introduction This data appendix has two parts, one for the macro data used in the main part of the paper and one for the micro data used at the end of the paper. 2. Macro Data The basic data sources that we use and an overview of the manipulations of this data are described in the main paper in Section 3.1.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1e919e3edbfcfd86e21afb9ff2c4554b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754217,"asset_id":2813751,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754217/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813751"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813751"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813751; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813751]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813751]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813751; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813751']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1e919e3edbfcfd86e21afb9ff2c4554b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813751]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813751,"title":"Data Appendix for ��Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time��","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813751/Data_Appendix_for_Beyond_GDP_Welfare_across_Countries_and_Time_","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754217,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"10.1.1.188.7347.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754217/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Data_Appendix_for_Beyond_GDP_Welfare_acr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754217/10.1.1.188.7347-libre.pdf?1392058112=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DData_Appendix_for_Beyond_GDP_Welfare_acr.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=BbtUYSovRb6Y2LYqyUpZs9rwq3Nb8iV9z76NmSPDNlgZwIRYdDENWyW~OhCgCvFDVDJmQqbeH5IlekPc1aPh1fKcE8f-VK3HuOuYw6zHHWGjjERbeiBg2NBVSZBAyN8QhDlhcCgpZiiZV0En5eHsHC3j6ACPR8pQ0gO7-uwdGdYTMrnB4684UMZmrY3Ays~HRFatHsMM0sqlKsgJQ3Ln7249wV7erPBuXaLeKppa1rYAw~yXl4BILg7eAJMR9WBPdwYDRMWENNmikPdbwwPQeEvSTBpOEhsIHlktga9QxLt81ct8hhBJt5sjr3KAxlhhM-tX36ltcRonkmyzG1014w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813749"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813749/Part_I_Finance_and_Growth"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Part I Finance and Growth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813749/Part_I_Finance_and_Growth">Part I Finance and Growth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Consider the following three statements. Liquid stock markets were a pre-condition for the Indust...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Consider the following three statements. Liquid stock markets were a pre-condition for the Industrial Revolution and a critical factor underlying long-run growth in many countries. Enhanced stock market liquidity reduces saving rates and weakens corporate control, which retard economic growth. Stock markets are basically a sideshow, a casino where players come to place bets, but where there is little feedback to the real economy. Rigorous theoretical models support each of these statements. 1</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="78c8f374d9e551f684de372209664e5c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":30754220,"asset_id":2813749,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754220/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813749"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813749"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813749; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813749]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813749]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813749; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813749']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "78c8f374d9e551f684de372209664e5c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813749]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813749,"title":"Part I Finance and Growth","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813749/Part_I_Finance_and_Growth","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[{"id":30754220,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg","file_name":"0333732782.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30754220/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Part_I_Finance_and_Growth.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/30754220/0333732782-libre.pdf?1391811693=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPart_I_Finance_and_Growth.pdf\u0026Expires=1740485599\u0026Signature=J-thJzTnKJ2461nJKuY8cXxUFs6UAAREJ~ATil4LMxJz~2YASLSQkWp2tVTnjbCRFQCxPReHTv2ZQ-Spr91zEHv~~UiiMXltkF0ZJ~FRJ7XQTCZu3HvanejE06V56W42Pxx1wwxjmkxvtF72M2oN4LLYxxAlvCLrvQnfIUDT36GpRkFt-063dBObZFXCwwHv3cJ9TFa2c8GIPMM~K~1e5MoIrFh~WCM53gqjGTQpDSYHZRiIbb7S-JgUMy4~c5r~mqFy2Zs-MLrJrpMf46WlrLUJk0umh3kkaJSui6085vtPtGVt4D-8CJXvYbi50uNRSUbUGf7SyPqJrBuQXvs7MQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="2813747"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813747/The_fiscal_problem_of_the_21st_century"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The fiscal problem of the 21st century" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/2813747/The_fiscal_problem_of_the_21st_century">The fiscal problem of the 21st century</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Last year, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) released a remarkable report entitled A 125-Year...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Last year, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) released a remarkable report entitled A 125-Year Picture of the Federal Government's Share of the Economy, 1950 to 2075. This report projects the future of government spending as a share of GDP assuming current policies remain in place, and the projections put forward are stunning: while the share has averaged about 19% since 1950, it is projected to rise drastically in coming decades, more than doubling to 39.7% by 2075.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="2813747"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2813747"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813747; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813747]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2813747]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2813747; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='2813747']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=2813747]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":2813747,"title":"The fiscal problem of the 21st century","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2813747/The_fiscal_problem_of_the_21st_century","owner_id":177557,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":177557,"first_name":"Charles I.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jones","page_name":"CharlesIJones","domain_name":"stanford","created_at":"2010-04-28T09:45:34.894-07:00","display_name":"Charles I. Jones","url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 1 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "61559986bf18dbea07cdc0b092d5b770277ba3a5e291e9149ef55c9301e04cf0", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="CbnX09eYIAjd76RVxsZlOsHEZ8DoJaSR8diF7O4XBVTiWh7jTP1Hq3lEhcsuo98T21OPNSqPBcRKe_KGjZuHPw" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://stanford.academia.edu/CharlesIJones" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="cPKEdpf3Qpfu7FFDgwpjQ47NlSg8wuL3lP3TwDhX1aibEU1GDJIlNEpHcN1rb9lqlFp93f5oQ6IvXqSqW9tXww" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>