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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Fossil species </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Distribution and habitat </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distribution and habitat subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Britain_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Britain and Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continental_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continental_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Continental Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continental_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultivation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Wood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Food </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Beech</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D3%99_(%D0%B0%D2%B5%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B0)" title="Ашә (аҵиаа) – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ашә (аҵиаа)" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%B1st%C4%B1q" title="Fıstıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fıstıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%82" title="فیستیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیستیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Бук – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бук" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Бук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Бук – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бук" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukva" title="Bukva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bukva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эбэрлиг модон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эбэрлиг модон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8g_(sl%C3%A6gt)" title="Bøg (slægt) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bøg (slægt)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchen" title="Buchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6%C3%B6k" title="Pöök – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pöök" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%AC" title="Οξιά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οξιά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fago" title="Fago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pago" title="Pago – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pago" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4_(%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA)" title="راش (درخت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راش (درخت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3k_(tr%C3%A6)" title="Bók (træ) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bók (træ)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fai%C3%A2r" title="Faiâr – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Faiâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fe%C3%A1" title="Feá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faidhbhile" title="Faidhbhile – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Faidhbhile" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Поп – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Поп" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%88%EB%8F%84%EB%B0%A4%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%86%8D" title="너도밤나무속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="너도밤나무속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB" title="Հաճարենի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաճարենի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukva" title="Bukva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bukva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fago" title="Fago – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fago" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewuk" title="Bewuk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bewuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C3%A6%D1%80%D1%81" title="Тæрс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тæрс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyki" title="Beyki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beyki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%A2%D7%A5)" title="אשור (עץ) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשור (עץ)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="წიფელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წიფელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Шамшат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шамшат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narewan" title="Narewan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Narewan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%BEsk%C4%81bar%C5%BEi" title="Dižskābarži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dižskābarži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichen" title="Bichen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bichen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukas" title="Bukas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bukas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCkk_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nynemzets%C3%A9g)" title="Bükk (növénynemzetség) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bükk (növénynemzetség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ബീച്ച് മരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബീച്ച് മരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="زان (جنس من النباتات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زان (جنس من النباتات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="مرس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مرس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%8A%E5%B1%9E" title="ブナ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブナ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6%C3%B6kebuumer" title="Böökebuumer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Böökebuumer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8keslekten" title="Bøkeslekten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bøkeslekten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B8keslekta" title="Bøkeslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bøkeslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qoraqayin" title="Qoraqayin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoraqayin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%86" title="بیچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6ken" title="Böken – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Böken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haya" title="Haya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Haya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Бук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech" title="Beech – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beech" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahu" title="Ahu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ahu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech" title="Beech – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beech" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk_(rod)" title="Buk (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Buk (rod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukev" title="Bukev – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bukev" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="نارەوان (دار) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نارەوان (دار)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Буква – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Буква" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukva" title="Bukva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bukva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%C3%B6kit" title="Pyökit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyökit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boksl%C3%A4ktet" title="Boksläktet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boksläktet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haya" title="Haya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Haya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzan" title="Azzan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azzan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Рош – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рош" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay%C4%B1n" title="Kayın – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kayın" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Бук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukpu" title="Bukpu – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bukpu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_C%E1%BB%AD" title="Chi Cử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Cử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faw" title="Faw – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Faw" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuke" title="Beuke – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Beuke" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagus" title="Fagus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fagus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%9D%92%E5%86%88%E5%B1%9E" title="水青冈属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水青冈属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%A1%E5%B1%AC" title="水青岡屬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水青岡屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%9D%92%E5%86%88%E5%B1%9E" title="水青冈属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水青冈属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the genus of trees. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beech_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beech (disambiguation)">Beech (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beechwood_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Beechwood (disambiguation)">Beechwood (disambiguation)</a>. For other uses of Fagus, see <a href="/wiki/Fagus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fagus (disambiguation)">Fagus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beach</a> or <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a>.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Beech </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_sylvatica_Purpurea_JPG4a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fagus_sylvatica_Purpurea_JPG4a.jpg/220px-Fagus_sylvatica_Purpurea_JPG4a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fagus_sylvatica_Purpurea_JPG4a.jpg/330px-Fagus_sylvatica_Purpurea_JPG4a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Fagus_sylvatica_Purpurea_JPG4a.jpg/440px-Fagus_sylvatica_Purpurea_JPG4a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">European beech (<a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Fagus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clade: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fagoideae</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Koch_(botanist)" title="Karl Koch (botanist)">K.Koch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fagus</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl von Linné">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> See <a href="#Species">text</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Beech (genus Fagus) is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees in the family <a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a>, native to subtropical (accessory forest element) and temperate (as dominant element of <a href="/wiki/Mesophyte" title="Mesophyte">mesophytic</a> forests) <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and North America. There are 14 accepted species in two distinct subgenera, Englerianae Denk & G.W.Grimm and Fagus.<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a> The subgenus Englerianae is found only in East Asia, distinctive for its low branches, often made up of several major trunks with yellowish bark. The better known species of subgenus Fagus are native to Europe, western and eastern Asia and eastern North America. They are high-branching trees with tall, stout trunks and smooth silver-grey bark. The European beech <a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</a> is the most commonly cultivated species, yielding a utility timber used for furniture construction, flooring and engineering purposes, in plywood, and household items. The timber can be used to build homes. Beechwood makes excellent <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a>. Slats of washed beech wood are spread around the bottom of fermentation tanks for <a href="/wiki/Budweiser" title="Budweiser">Budweiser</a> beer. Beech logs are burned to dry the <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> used in some German <a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer" title="Smoked beer">smoked beers</a>. Beech is also used to smoke <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_ham" title="Westphalian ham">Westphalian ham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andouille" title="Andouille">andouille</a> sausage, and some cheeses. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_sylvatica_leaf_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fagus_sylvatica_leaf_001.jpg/220px-Fagus_sylvatica_leaf_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fagus_sylvatica_leaf_001.jpg/330px-Fagus_sylvatica_leaf_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fagus_sylvatica_leaf_001.jpg/440px-Fagus_sylvatica_leaf_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Leaf of <a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beechnuts_during_autumn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Beechnuts_during_autumn.jpg/220px-Beechnuts_during_autumn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Beechnuts_during_autumn.jpg/330px-Beechnuts_during_autumn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Beechnuts_during_autumn.jpg/440px-Beechnuts_during_autumn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Beechnuts in autumn</figcaption></figure> Beeches are <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a>, bearing both male and female flowers on the same plant. The small flowers are unisexual, the female flowers borne in pairs, the male flowers wind-pollinating <a href="/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">catkins</a>. They are produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The fruit of the beech tree, known as beechnuts or mast, is found in small <a href="/wiki/Bur" title="Bur">burrs</a> that drop from the tree in autumn. They are small, roughly triangular, and edible, with a bitter, astringent, or mild and nut-like taste. The European beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the most commonly cultivated, although few important differences are seen between species aside from detail elements such as <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a> shape. The leaves of beech trees are entire or sparsely toothed, from 5–15 centimetres (2–6 inches) long and 4–10 cm (2–4 in) broad. The bark is smooth and light gray. The fruit is a small, sharply three-angled <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nut</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>10–15 mm (3⁄8–5⁄8 in) long, borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1.5–2.5 cm (5⁄8–1 in) long, known as cupules. The husk can have a variety of spine- to scale-like appendages, the character of which is, in addition to leaf shape, one of the primary ways beeches are differentiated.<a href="#cite_note-Shen-1992-2">[2]</a> The nuts are called beechnuts<a href="#cite_note-Lyle-2010-3">[3]</a> or beech mast and have a bitter taste (though not nearly as bitter as <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a>) and a high <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a> content. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_systematics">Taxonomy and systematics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and systematics">edit</a>]</div> The most recent classification system of the genus recognizes 14 species in two distinct subgenera, subgenus Englerianae and Fagus.<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a> Beech species can be diagnosed by <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypical</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotypical</a> traits. Species of subgenus Engleriana are found only in East Asia, and are notably distinct from species of subgenus Fagus in that these beeches are low-branching trees, often made up of several major trunks with yellowish bark and a substantially different <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nucleome (nuclear DNA)</a>, especially in noncoding, highly variable gene regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Spacer_DNA" title="Spacer DNA">spacers</a> of the nuclear-encoded <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_DNA" title="Ribosomal DNA">ribosomal RNA genes (ribosomal DNA)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denk-2005-5">[5]</a> Further differentiating characteristics include the whitish bloom on the underside of the leaves, the visible tertiary leaf veins, and a long, smooth cupule-peduncle. Originally proposed but not formalized by botanist Chung-Fu Shen in 1992, this group comprised two Japanese species, <a href="/wiki/Fagus_japonica" title="Fagus japonica">F. japonica</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_okamotoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus okamotoi (page does not exist)">F. okamotoi</a>, and one Chinese species, <a href="/wiki/Fagus_engleriana" title="Fagus engleriana">F. engleriana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shen-1992-2">[2]</a> While the status of F. okamotoi remains uncertain, the most recent systematic treatment based on morphological and genetic data confirmed a third species, F. multinervis, endemic to <a href="/wiki/Ulleungdo" title="Ulleungdo">Ulleungdo</a>, a South Korean island in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a> The beeches of Ulleungdo have been traditionally treated as a subspecies of F. engleriana, to which they are phenotypically identical,<a href="#cite_note-Shen-1992-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denk-2003-6">[6]</a> or as a variety of F. japonica.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The differ from their siblings by their unique <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nuclear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA" title="Chloroplast DNA">plastid</a> genotypes.<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jiang-2022-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a> The better known subgenus Fagus beeches are high-branching with tall, stout trunks and smooth silver-gray bark. This group includes five extant species in continental and insular East Asia (<a href="/wiki/Fagus_crenata" title="Fagus crenata">F. crenata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagus_longipetiolata" title="Fagus longipetiolata">F. longipetiolata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagus_lucida" title="Fagus lucida">F. lucida</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cryptic_speciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptic speciation">cryptic</a> sister species <a href="/wiki/Fagus_hayatae" title="Fagus hayatae">F. hayatae</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pashanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus pashanica (page does not exist)">F. pashanica</a>), two pseudo-cryptic species in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern North America">eastern North America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">F. grandifolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagus_mexicana" title="Fagus mexicana">F. mexicana</a>), and a <a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">species complex</a> of at least four species (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_caspica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus caspica (page does not exist)">F. caspica</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_hohenackeriana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus hohenackeriana (page does not exist)">F. hohenackeriana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagus_orientalis" title="Fagus orientalis">F. orientalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">F. sylvatica</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Western_Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Eurasia">Western Eurasia</a>. Their genetics are highly complex and include both species-unique <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">alleles</a> as well as alleles and ribosomal DNA spacers that are shared between two or more species.<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a> The western Eurasian species are characterized by morphological and genetical gradients. Research suggests that the first representatives of the modern-day genus were already present in the <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> North America (western <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a><a href="#cite_note-Grímsson-2016-9">[9]</a>) and quickly radiated across the high latitudes of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, with a first <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">diversity</a> peak in the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> of northeastern Asia.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The contemporary species are the product of past, repeated <a href="/wiki/Reticulate_evolution" title="Reticulate evolution">reticulate evolutionary processes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outbreeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a> As far as studied, heterozygosity and intragenomic variation are common in beech species,<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denk-2005-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jiang-2022-8">[8]</a> and their chloroplast genomes are nonspecific with the exception of the Western Eurasian and North American species.<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a> Fagus is the first <a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">diverging</a> lineage in the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a> family,<a href="#cite_note-Grímsson-2016-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> which also includes <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The oldest fossils that can be assigned to the beech lineage are 81–82 million years old <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, United States.<a href="#cite_note-Grímsson-2016-9">[9]</a> The southern beeches (genus <a href="/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">Nothofagus</a>) historically thought closely related to beeches, are treated as members of a separate family, the <a href="/wiki/Nothofagaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagaceae">Nothofagaceae</a> (which remains a member of the order <a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a>). They are found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> in Australia, New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and Chile (principally <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species">Species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Species">edit</a>]</div> Species treated in Denk et al. (2024) and listed in <a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">Plants of the World Online (POWO)</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Name </th> <th>Subgenus </th> <th>Status, systematic affinity</th> <th>Distribution </th> <th>Accepted as species in POWO as of April 2023<a href="#cite_note-POWO-2022-14">[14]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_caspica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus caspica (page does not exist)">Fagus caspica</a> Denk & G.W.Grimm – Caspian beech </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>New species described in 2024;<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a> first-diverging lineage within the Western Eurasian group </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Talysh_Mountains" title="Talysh Mountains">Talysch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Elburz Mountains</a>, southeastern <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>Populations included in F. sylvatica subsp. orientalis </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_chienii" title="Fagus chienii">Fagus chienii</a> <a href="/wiki/Wan_Chun_Cheng" class="mw-redirect" title="Wan Chun Cheng">W.C.Cheng</a> </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Possibly conspecific with F. lucida<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2003-6">[6]</a></td> <td>Probably extinct, described from a single location in China (Sichuan). Individuals recently collected at the type locality were morphologically and genetically indistinguishable from F. pashanica.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_crenata_leave_in_Mount_Mominuka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fagus_crenata_leave_in_Mount_Mominuka.jpg/120px-Fagus_crenata_leave_in_Mount_Mominuka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fagus_crenata_leave_in_Mount_Mominuka.jpg/180px-Fagus_crenata_leave_in_Mount_Mominuka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Fagus_crenata_leave_in_Mount_Mominuka.jpg/240px-Fagus_crenata_leave_in_Mount_Mominuka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="3200" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_crenata" title="Fagus crenata">Fagus crenata</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Blume" title="Carl Ludwig Blume">Blume</a> – Siebold's beech or Japanese beech </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Widespread species; complex history connecting it to both the Western Eurasian group and the other East Asian species of subgenus Fagus<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a></td> <td>Japan; in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, down to sea-level in southern <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>. </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG/120px-Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG/180px-Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG/240px-Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_engleriana" title="Fagus engleriana">Fagus engleriana</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Otto_von_Seemen" title="Karl Otto von Seemen">Seemen</a> ex Diels – Chinese beech </td> <td>Englerianae </td> <td>Widespread species; continental sister species of F. japonica<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2005-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jiang-2022-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a></td> <td>China; south of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_grandifolia_JPG1Ms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fagus_grandifolia_JPG1Ms.jpg/120px-Fagus_grandifolia_JPG1Ms.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fagus_grandifolia_JPG1Ms.jpg/180px-Fagus_grandifolia_JPG1Ms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Fagus_grandifolia_JPG1Ms.jpg/240px-Fagus_grandifolia_JPG1Ms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1950" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">Fagus grandifolia</a> <a href="/wiki/Ehrh." class="mw-redirect" title="Ehrh.">Ehrh.</a> – American beech </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Widespread species; sister species of F. mexicana<a href="#cite_note-Jiang-2022-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a></td> <td>Eastern North America; from E. Texas and N. Florida, United States, to the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, Canada at low to mid altitudes </td> <td>Yes, including Mexican beeches, F. mexicana </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_hayatae_98412.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fagus_hayatae_98412.jpg/120px-Fagus_hayatae_98412.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fagus_hayatae_98412.jpg/180px-Fagus_hayatae_98412.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fagus_hayatae_98412.jpg/240px-Fagus_hayatae_98412.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_hayatae" title="Fagus hayatae">Fagus hayatae</a> Palib. ex Hayata </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Narrow <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species; forming a cryptic sister species pair with F. pashanica<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>; restricted to the mountains of northern Taiwan </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Fagus hohenackeriana Palib. – <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Friedrich_Hohenacker" title="Rudolph Friedrich Hohenacker">Hohenacker</a>'s or Caucasian beech </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Dominant tree species of the Pontic and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> Mountains; intermediate between F. caspica and F. orientalis.<a href="#cite_note-Gömöry-2010-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gömöry-2018-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2023-18">[18]</a> Its genetic heterogeneity<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> may be indicative for ongoing speciation processes. </td> <td>Northeastern Anatolia (<a href="/wiki/Pontic_Mountains" title="Pontic Mountains">Pontic Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7kar_Mountains" title="Kaçkar Mountains">Kaçkar Mountains</a>) and Caucasus region (<a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a>, Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">Ciscaucasia</a>; down to sea-level in southwestern Georgia) </td> <td>No, populations included in F. sylvatica subsp. orientalis </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Forest_in_Tanzawa_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Forest_in_Tanzawa_08.jpg/120px-Forest_in_Tanzawa_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Forest_in_Tanzawa_08.jpg/180px-Forest_in_Tanzawa_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Forest_in_Tanzawa_08.jpg/240px-Forest_in_Tanzawa_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_japonica" title="Fagus japonica">Fagus japonica</a> <a href="/wiki/Maxim." class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim.">Maxim.</a> </td> <td>Englerianae </td> <td>Widespread species; insular sister species of F. engleriana<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denk-2005-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jiang-2022-8">[8]</a></td> <td>Japan; Kyushu, Shikoku and Honshu from sea-level up to c. 1500 m <a href="/wiki/Height_above_mean_sea_level" title="Height above mean sea level">a.s.l.</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_longipetiolata" title="Fagus longipetiolata">Fagus longipetiolata</a> Seemen </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sympatry" title="Sympatry">Sym-</a> to <a href="/wiki/Parapatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Parapatry">parapatric</a> with F. lucida and F. pashanica, and sharing alleles with both species in addition to alleles indicating a sister relationship with the Japanese F. crenata.<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jiang-2022-8">[8]</a> </td> <td>China, south of the Yellow River, into N. <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>; in montane areas up to 2400 m a.s.l.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> </td> <td>Replaced by F. sinensis </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_lucida_Buk_2020-07-18_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fagus_lucida_Buk_2020-07-18_01.jpg/120px-Fagus_lucida_Buk_2020-07-18_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fagus_lucida_Buk_2020-07-18_01.jpg/180px-Fagus_lucida_Buk_2020-07-18_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fagus_lucida_Buk_2020-07-18_01.jpg/240px-Fagus_lucida_Buk_2020-07-18_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4361" data-file-height="3271" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_lucida" title="Fagus lucida">Fagus lucida</a> Rehder & <a href="/wiki/E.H.Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="E.H.Wilson">E.H.Wilson</a> </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Rare species; closest relatives are F. crenata<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denk-2005-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denk-2003-6">[6]</a> and F. longipetiolata<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jiang-2022-8">[8]</a></td> <td>China; south of the Yellow River in montane areas between 800 and 2000 m a.s.l.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Fagus mexicana Martínez </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Narrow endemic sister species of F. grandifolia. F. mexicana differs from F. grandifolia by its slender leaves and less-evolved but more polymorphic set of alleles (higher level of <a href="/wiki/Zygosity" title="Zygosity">heterozygosity</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jiang-2022-8">[8]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>, Mexico; at 1400–2000 m a.s.l. as an element of the subtropical montane mesophilic forest"(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/conabio/prensa/bosques-mesofilos-de-montana-de-mexico?idiom=es">bosque mesófilo de montaña</a>) superimposing the tropical lowland rainforests. </td> <td>No, populations included in F. grandifolia </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_multinervis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus multinervis (page does not exist)">Fagus multinervis</a> Nakai </td> <td>Englerianae </td> <td>Narrow endemic species, first diverging lineage within subgenus Englerianae<a href="#cite_note-Cardoni-2021-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jiang-2022-8">[8]</a></td> <td>South Korea (<a href="/wiki/Ulleungdo" title="Ulleungdo">Ulleungdo</a>) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_orientalis_near_Fioletovo_village,_Armenia_S-N_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fagus_orientalis_near_Fioletovo_village%2C_Armenia_S-N_04.jpg/120px-Fagus_orientalis_near_Fioletovo_village%2C_Armenia_S-N_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fagus_orientalis_near_Fioletovo_village%2C_Armenia_S-N_04.jpg/180px-Fagus_orientalis_near_Fioletovo_village%2C_Armenia_S-N_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Fagus_orientalis_near_Fioletovo_village%2C_Armenia_S-N_04.jpg/240px-Fagus_orientalis_near_Fioletovo_village%2C_Armenia_S-N_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_orientalis" title="Fagus orientalis">Fagus orientalis</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ippolitovich_Lipsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky">Lipsky</a> – Oriental beech (in a narrow sense) </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Sister species of F. sylvatica<a href="#cite_note-Gömöry-2018-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2023-18">[18]</a></td> <td>Southeastern Europe (SE <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, NE <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">European Turkey</a>) and adjacent northwestern Asia (NW and N <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>) </td> <td>No, treated as subspecies of F. sylvatica </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pashanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus pashanica (page does not exist)">Fagus pashanica</a> C.C.Yang </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Continental sister species of F. hayatae, with a set of alleles that puts it closer to F. longipetiolata and F. crenata than its insular sister.</td> <td>China (Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang), at 1300–2300 m a.s.l.(eFlora of China, as F. hayatae<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>) </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_sinensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus sinensis (page does not exist)">Fagus sinensis</a> Oliv. </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Invalid; the original material included material from two much different species: F. engleriana and F. longipetiolata<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denk-2003-6">[6]</a></td> <td>China (Hubei), Vietnam </td> <td>Yes, erroneously used as older synonym of F. longipetiolata </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_sylvatica_019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fagus_sylvatica_019.jpg/120px-Fagus_sylvatica_019.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fagus_sylvatica_019.jpg/180px-Fagus_sylvatica_019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Fagus_sylvatica_019.jpg/240px-Fagus_sylvatica_019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2509" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</a> <a href="/wiki/L." class="mw-redirect" title="L.">L.</a> – European beech </td> <td>Fagus </td> <td>Sister species of and closely related to F. orientalis<a href="#cite_note-Gömöry-2018-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kurz-2023-18">[18]</a></td> <td>Europe </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_and_potential_hybrids">Natural and potential hybrids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Natural and potential hybrids">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>Image</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Parentage </th> <th>Status</th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_%C3%97_moesiaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Fagus × moesiaca">Fagus (×) moesiaca</a> (K. Malý) Czeczott </td> <td>F. sylvatica × F. orientalis </td> <td>No evidence so far for hybrid origin. All individuals addressed as F. moesiaca included in genetic studies fell within the variation of F. sylvatica.<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2005-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> They may represent a lowland ecotype of F. sylvatica.<a href="#cite_note-Denk-2024-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Erroneously synonymized by some authors (e.g. POWO) with the Crimean F. × taurica, from which it differs morphologically and genetically. </td> <td>Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Fagus okamotoi Shen </td> <td>F. crenata × F. japonica ? </td> <td>Unique phenotype, described from an area in which F. crenata and F. japonica are sympatric. So far, there is no genetic evidence for ongoing gene flow between the two Japanese species, which belong to different subgeneric lineages. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kanto</a>, eastern Honshu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bukva_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bukva_2.jpg/120px-Bukva_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bukva_2.jpg/180px-Bukva_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bukva_2.jpg/240px-Bukva_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagus_%C3%97_taurica" title="Fagus × taurica">Fagus × taurica</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popl.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popl. (page does not exist)">Popl.</a> – Crimean beech</td> <td>F. sylvatica × F. orientalis s.l. </td> <td>Hybrid status not yet tested by genetic data; according to <a href="/wiki/Isozyme" title="Isozyme">isoenzyme</a> profiles a less-evolved, relict population of F. sylvatica or intermediate between F. sylvatica and the species complex historically addressed as Oriental beech (F. orientalis in a broad sense)<a href="#cite_note-Gömöry-2010-16">[16]</a></td> <td>Crimean peninsula </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phylogeny">edit</a>]</div> A cladogram of 11 beech species is shown below.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Fagus </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">subg. Engleriana </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. multinervis </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. engleriana </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. japonica </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">subg. Fagus </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">sect. Grandifolia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. grandifolia </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. mexicana </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">sect. Fagus </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. orientalis </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. sylvatica </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">sect. Lucida </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. hayatae </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. crenata </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. longipetiolata </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> F. lucida </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_species">Fossil species</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fossil species">edit</a>]</div> Numerous species have been named globally from the fossil record spanning from the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IFPNI-2023-26">[26]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_aburatoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus aburatoensis (page does not exist)">Fagus aburatoensis</a> Tanai, 1951<a href="#cite_note-Tanai-1952-27">[27]</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_alnitifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus alnitifolia (page does not exist)">Fagus alnitifolia</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hollick" title="Arthur Hollick">Hollick</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown-1937-28">[28]</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_altaensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus altaensis (page does not exist)">Fagus altaensis</a> Kornilova & Rajushkina, 1979</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_ambigua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus ambigua (page does not exist)">Fagus ambigua</a> (Massalongo) Massalongo, 1853</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_angusta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus angusta (page does not exist)">Fagus angusta</a> Andreánszky, 1959</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_antipofii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus antipofii (page does not exist)">Fagus antipofii</a> Heer, 1858</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_aperta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus aperta (page does not exist)">Fagus aperta</a> Andreánszky, 1959</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_arduinorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus arduinorum (page does not exist)">Fagus arduinorum</a> Massalongo, 1858</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_aspera_(Berry)_Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus aspera (Berry) Brown (page does not exist)">Fagus aspera</a> (Berry) Brown, 1944</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_aspera_(Chelebaeva)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus aspera (Chelebaeva) (page does not exist)">Fagus aspera</a> Chelebaeva, 2005 (jr homonym)</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_atlantica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus atlantica (page does not exist)">Fagus atlantica</a> Unger, 1847</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_attenuata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus attenuata (page does not exist)">Fagus attenuata</a> Göppert, 1855</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_aurelianii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus aurelianii (page does not exist)">Fagus aurelianii</a> Marion & Laurent, 1895</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_australis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus australis (page does not exist)">Fagus australis</a> Oliver, 1936</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_betulifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus betulifolia (page does not exist)">Fagus betulifolia</a> Massalongo, 1858</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_bonnevillensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus bonnevillensis (page does not exist)">Fagus bonnevillensis</a> Chaney, 1920</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_castaneifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus castaneifolia (page does not exist)">Fagus castaneifolia</a> Unger, 1847</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_celastrifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus celastrifolia (page does not exist)">Fagus celastrifolia</a> Ettingshausen, 1887</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_ceretana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus ceretana (page does not exist)">Fagus ceretana</a> (Rérolle) Saporta, 1892</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_chamaephegos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus chamaephegos (page does not exist)">Fagus chamaephegos</a> Unger, 1861</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_chankaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus chankaica (page does not exist)">Fagus chankaica</a> Alexeenko, 1977</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_chiericii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus chiericii (page does not exist)">Fagus chiericii</a> Massalongo, 1858</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_chinensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus chinensis (page does not exist)">Fagus chinensis</a> Li, 1978</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_coalita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus coalita (page does not exist)">Fagus coalita</a> Rylova, 1996</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_cordifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus cordifolia (page does not exist)">Fagus cordifolia</a> Heer, 1883</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_cretacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus cretacea (page does not exist)">Fagus cretacea</a> Newberry, 1868</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_decurrens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus decurrens (page does not exist)">Fagus decurrens</a> Reid & Reid, 1915</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_dentata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus dentata (page does not exist)">Fagus dentata</a> Göppert, 1855</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_deucalionis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus deucalionis (page does not exist)">Fagus deucalionis</a> Unger, 1847</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_dubia_(Mirb)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus dubia (Mirb) (page does not exist)">Fagus dubia</a> Mirb, 1822</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_dubia_(Watelet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus dubia (Watelet) (page does not exist)">Fagus dubia</a> Watelet, 1866 (jr homonym)</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_echinata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus echinata (page does not exist)">Fagus echinata</a> Chelebaeva, 2005</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_eocenica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus eocenica (page does not exist)">Fagus eocenica</a> Watelet, 1866</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_etheridgei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus etheridgei (page does not exist)">Fagus etheridgei</a> Ettingshausen, 1891</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_ettingshausenii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus ettingshausenii (page does not exist)">Fagus ettingshausenii</a> Velenovský, 1881</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_europaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus europaea (page does not exist)">Fagus europaea</a> Schwarewa, 1960</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_evenensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus evenensis (page does not exist)">Fagus evenensis</a> Chelebaeva, 1980</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_faujasii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus faujasii (page does not exist)">Fagus faujasii</a> Unger, 1850</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_feroniae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus feroniae (page does not exist)">Fagus feroniae</a> Unger, 1845</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_florinii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus florinii (page does not exist)">Fagus florinii</a> Huzioka & Takahashi, 1973</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_forumlivii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus forumlivii (page does not exist)">Fagus forumlivii</a> Massalongo, 1853</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_friedrichii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus friedrichii (page does not exist)">Fagus friedrichii</a> Grímsson & Denk, 2005</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_gortanii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus gortanii (page does not exist)">Fagus gortanii</a> Fiori, 1940</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_grandifoliiformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus grandifoliiformis (page does not exist)">Fagus grandifoliiformis</a> Panova, 1966</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_gussonii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus gussonii (page does not exist)">Fagus gussonii</a> Massalongo, 1858</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_haidingeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus haidingeri (page does not exist)">Fagus haidingeri</a> Kováts, 1856</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_herthae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus herthae (page does not exist)">Fagus herthae</a> (Unger) Iljinskaja, 1964</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_hitchcockii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus hitchcockii (page does not exist)">Fagus hitchcockii</a> Lesquereux, 1861</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_hondoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus hondoensis (page does not exist)">Fagus hondoensis</a> (Watari) Watari, 1952</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_hookeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus hookeri (page does not exist)">Fagus hookeri</a> Ettingshausen, 1887</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_horrida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus horrida (page does not exist)">Fagus horrida</a> Ludwig, 1858</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_humata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus humata (page does not exist)">Fagus humata</a> Menge & Göppert, 1886</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_idahoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus idahoensis (page does not exist)">Fagus idahoensis</a> Chaney & Axelrod, 1959</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_inaequalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus inaequalis (page does not exist)">Fagus inaequalis</a> Göppert, 1855</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_incerta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus incerta (page does not exist)">Fagus incerta</a> (Massalongo) Massalongo, 1858</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_integrifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus integrifolia (page does not exist)">Fagus integrifolia</a> Dusén, 1899</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_intermedia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus intermedia (page does not exist)">Fagus intermedia</a> Nathorst, 1888</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_irvajamensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus irvajamensis (page does not exist)">Fagus irvajamensis</a> Chelebaeva, 1980</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_japoniciformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus japoniciformis (page does not exist)">Fagus japoniciformis</a> Ananova, 1974</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_japonicoides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus japonicoides (page does not exist)">Fagus japonicoides</a> Miki, 1963</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_jobanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus jobanensis (page does not exist)">Fagus jobanensis</a> Suzuki, 1961</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_jonesii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus jonesii (page does not exist)">Fagus jonesii</a> Johnston, 1892</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_juliae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus juliae (page does not exist)">Fagus juliae</a> Jakubovskaya, 1975</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_kitamiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus kitamiensis (page does not exist)">Fagus kitamiensis</a> Tanai, 1995</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_koraica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus koraica (page does not exist)">Fagus koraica</a> Huzioka, 1951</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_kraeuselii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus kraeuselii (page does not exist)">Fagus kraeuselii</a> Kvaček & Walther, 1991</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_kuprianoviae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus kuprianoviae (page does not exist)">Fagus kuprianoviae</a> Rylova, 1996</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_lancifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus lancifolia (page does not exist)">Fagus lancifolia</a> Heer, 1868 (nomen nudum)</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Fagus_langevinii" title="Fagus langevinii">Fagus langevinii</a> Manchester & Dillhoff, 2004<a href="#cite_note-Manchester-2004-29">[29]</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_laptoneura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus laptoneura (page does not exist)">Fagus laptoneura</a> Ettingshausen, 1895</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_latissima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus latissima (page does not exist)">Fagus latissima</a> Andreánszky, 1959</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_leptoneuron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus leptoneuron (page does not exist)">Fagus leptoneuron</a> Ettingshausen, 1893</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_macrophylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus macrophylla (page does not exist)">Fagus macrophylla</a> Unger, 1854</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_maorica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus maorica (page does not exist)">Fagus maorica</a> Oliver, 1936</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_marsillii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus marsillii (page does not exist)">Fagus marsillii</a> Massalongo, 1858</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_menzelii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus menzelii (page does not exist)">Fagus menzelii</a> Kvaček & Walther, 1991</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_microcarpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus microcarpa (page does not exist)">Fagus microcarpa</a> Miki, 1933</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_miocenica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus miocenica (page does not exist)">Fagus miocenica</a> Ananova, 1974</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_napanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus napanensis (page does not exist)">Fagus napanensis</a> Iljinskaja, 1982</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_nelsonica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus nelsonica (page does not exist)">Fagus nelsonica</a> Ettingshausen, 1887</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_oblonga_(Suzuki)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus oblonga (Suzuki) (page does not exist)">Fagus oblonga</a> Suzuki, 1959</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_oblonga_(Andre%C3%A1nszky)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus oblonga (Andreánszky) (page does not exist)">Fagus oblonga</a> Andreánszky, 1959</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_obscura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus obscura (page does not exist)">Fagus obscura</a> Dusén, 1908</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_olejnikovii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus olejnikovii (page does not exist)">Fagus olejnikovii</a> Pavlyutkin, 2015</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_orbiculatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus orbiculatum (page does not exist)">Fagus orbiculatum</a> Lesquereux, 1892</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_orientaliformis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus orientaliformis (page does not exist)">Fagus orientaliformis</a> Kul'kova</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Fagus_orientalis" title="Fagus orientalis">Fagus orientalis var fossilis</a> Kryshtofovich & Baikovskaja, 1951</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Fagus_orientalis" title="Fagus orientalis">Fagus orientalis var palibinii</a> Iljinskaja, 1982</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pacifica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus pacifica (page does not exist)">Fagus pacifica</a> Chaney, 1927</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_palaeococcus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus palaeococcus (page does not exist)">Fagus palaeococcus</a> Unger, 1847</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_palaeocrenata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus palaeocrenata (page does not exist)">Fagus palaeocrenata</a> Okutsu, 1955</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_palaeograndifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus palaeograndifolia (page does not exist)">Fagus palaeograndifolia</a> Pavlyutkin, 2002</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_palaeojaponica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus palaeojaponica (page does not exist)">Fagus palaeojaponica</a> Tanai & Onoe, 1961</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pittmanii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus pittmanii (page does not exist)">Fagus pittmanii</a> Deane, 1902</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pliocaenica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus pliocaenica (page does not exist)">Fagus pliocaenica</a> Geyler & Kinkelin, 1887 (jr homonym)</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pliocenica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus pliocenica (page does not exist)">Fagus pliocenica</a> Saporta, 1882</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_polycladus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus polycladus (page does not exist)">Fagus polycladus</a> Lesquereux, 1868</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_praelucida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus praelucida (page does not exist)">Fagus praelucida</a> Li, 1982</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_praeninnisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus praeninnisiana (page does not exist)">Fagus praeninnisiana</a> Ettingshausen, 1893</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_praeulmifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus praeulmifolia (page does not exist)">Fagus praeulmifolia</a> Ettingshausen, 1893</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_prisca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus prisca (page does not exist)">Fagus prisca</a> Ettingshausen, 1867</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pristina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus pristina (page does not exist)">Fagus pristina</a> Saporta, 1867</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_producta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus producta (page does not exist)">Fagus producta</a> Ettingshausen, 1887</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_protojaponica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus protojaponica (page does not exist)">Fagus protojaponica</a> Suzuki, 1959</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_protolongipetiolata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus protolongipetiolata (page does not exist)">Fagus protolongipetiolata</a> Huzioka, 1951</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_protonucifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus protonucifera (page does not exist)">Fagus protonucifera</a> Dawson, 1884</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pseudoferruginea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus pseudoferruginea (page does not exist)">Fagus pseudoferruginea</a> Lesquereux, 1878</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pygmaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus pygmaea (page does not exist)">Fagus pygmaea</a> Unger, 1861</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_pyrrhae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus pyrrhae (page does not exist)">Fagus pyrrhae</a> Unger, 1854</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_salnikovii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus salnikovii (page does not exist)">Fagus salnikovii</a> Fotjanova, 1988</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_sanctieugeniensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus sanctieugeniensis (page does not exist)">Fagus sanctieugeniensis</a> Hollick, 1927</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_saxonica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus saxonica (page does not exist)">Fagus saxonica</a> Kvaček & Walther, 1991</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_schofieldii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus schofieldii (page does not exist)">Fagus schofieldii</a> Mindell, Stockey, & Beard, 2009</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_septembris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus septembris (page does not exist)">Fagus septembris</a> Chelebaeva, 1991</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_shagiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus shagiana (page does not exist)">Fagus shagiana</a> Ettingshausen, 1891</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_stuxbergii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus stuxbergii (page does not exist)">Fagus stuxbergii</a> Tanai, 1976</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_subferruginea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus subferruginea (page does not exist)">Fagus subferruginea</a> Wilf et al., 2005<a href="#cite_note-Wilf-2005-30">[30]</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_succinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus succinea (page does not exist)">Fagus succinea</a> Göppert & Menge, 1853</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica var diluviana</a> Saporta, 1892</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica var pliocenica</a> Saporta, 1873</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_tenella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus tenella (page does not exist)">Fagus tenella</a> Panova, 1966</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_uemurae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus uemurae (page does not exist)">Fagus uemurae</a> Tanai, 1995</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_uotanii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus uotanii (page does not exist)">Fagus uotanii</a> Huzioka, 1951</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_vivianii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus vivianii (page does not exist)">Fagus vivianii</a> Unger, 1850</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus_washoensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus washoensis (page does not exist)">Fagus washoensis</a> LaMotte, 1936</li></ul> </div> Fossil species formerly placed in Fagus include:<a href="#cite_note-IFPNI-2023-26">[26]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alnus_paucinervis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alnus paucinervis (page does not exist)">Alnus paucinervis</a> (Borsuk) Iljinskaja</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Castanea_abnormalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castanea abnormalis (page does not exist)">Castanea abnormalis</a> (Fotjanova) Iljinskaja</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagopsis_longifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagopsis longifolia (page does not exist)">Fagopsis longifolia</a> (Lesquereux) Hollick</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagopsis_undulata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagopsis undulata (page does not exist)">Fagopsis undulata</a> (Knowlton) Wolfe & Wehr</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagoxylon_grandiporosum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagoxylon grandiporosum (page does not exist)">Fagoxylon grandiporosum</a> (Beyer) Süss</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fagus-pollenites_parvifossilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fagus-pollenites parvifossilis (page does not exist)">Fagus-pollenites parvifossilis</a> (Traverse) Potonié</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juglans_ginannii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juglans ginannii (page does not exist)">Juglans ginannii</a> Massalongo (new name for F. ginannii)</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagaphyllites_novae-zealandiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagaphyllites novae-zealandiae (page does not exist)">Nothofagaphyllites novae-zealandiae</a> (Oliver) Campbell</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_benthamii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus benthamii (page does not exist)">Nothofagus benthamii</a> (Ettingshausen) Paterson</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_dicksonii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus dicksonii (page does not exist)">Nothofagus dicksonii</a> (Dusén) Tanai</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_lendenfeldii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus lendenfeldii (page does not exist)">Nothofagus lendenfeldii</a> (Ettingshausen) Oliver</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_luehmannii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus luehmannii (page does not exist)">Nothofagus luehmannii</a> (Deane) Paterson</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_magelhaenica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus magelhaenica (page does not exist)">Nothofagus magelhaenica</a> (Ettingshausen) Dusén</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_maidenii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus maidenii (page does not exist)">Nothofagus maidenii</a> (Deane) Chapman</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_muelleri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus muelleri (page does not exist)">Nothofagus muelleri</a> (Ettingshausen) Paterson</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_ninnisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus ninnisiana (page does not exist)">Nothofagus ninnisiana</a> (Unger) Oliver</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_risdoniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus risdoniana (page does not exist)">Nothofagus risdoniana</a> (Ettingshausen) Paterson</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_ulmifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus ulmifolia (page does not exist)">Nothofagus ulmifolia</a> (Ettingshausen) Oliver</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nothofagus_wilkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nothofagus wilkinsonii (page does not exist)">Nothofagus wilkinsonii</a> (Ettingshausen) Paterson</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigonobalanus_minima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigonobalanus minima (page does not exist)">Trigonobalanus minima</a> (M. Chandler) Mai</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The name of the tree in Latin, fagus (from whence the <a href="/wiki/Generic_epithet" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic epithet">generic epithet</a>), is cognate with English "beech" and of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> origin, and played an important role in early debates on the geographical origins of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European people">Indo-European people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">beech argument</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> φηγός (figós) is from the same root, but the word was transferred to the oak tree (e.g. Iliad 16.767) as a result of the absence of beech trees in southern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grib_skov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grib_skov.jpg/220px-Grib_skov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grib_skov.jpg/330px-Grib_skov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Grib_skov.jpg/440px-Grib_skov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>European beech (<a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beeches,_Ehrenbach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Beeches%2C_Ehrenbach.jpg/220px-Beeches%2C_Ehrenbach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Beeches%2C_Ehrenbach.jpg/330px-Beeches%2C_Ehrenbach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Beeches%2C_Ehrenbach.jpg/440px-Beeches%2C_Ehrenbach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Beeches in <a href="/wiki/Ehrenbach" title="Ehrenbach">Ehrenbach</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beech_with_Branches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Beech_with_Branches.jpg/170px-Beech_with_Branches.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Beech_with_Branches.jpg/255px-Beech_with_Branches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Beech_with_Branches.jpg/340px-Beech_with_Branches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_American_beech" class="mw-redirect" title="North American beech">North American beech</a>, seen in autumn</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG/220px-Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG/330px-Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG/440px-Fagus_engleriana_-_Morris_Arboretum_-_DSC00475.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Chinese beech (<a href="/wiki/Fagus_engleriana" title="Fagus engleriana">Fagus engleriana</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain_and_Ireland">Britain and Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Britain and Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">Fagus sylvatica</a> was a late entrant to Great Britain after the last glaciation, and may have been restricted to basic soils in the south of England. Some suggest that it was introduced by Neolithic tribes who planted the trees for their edible nuts.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The beech is classified as a native in the south of England and as a non-native in the north where it is often removed from 'native' woods.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Large areas of the <a href="/wiki/Chilterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilterns">Chilterns</a> are covered with beech woods, which are habitat to the <a href="/wiki/Common_bluebell" class="mw-redirect" title="Common bluebell">common bluebell</a> and other flora. The <a href="/wiki/Cwm_Clydach_National_Nature_Reserve" title="Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve">Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve</a> in southeast Wales was designated for its beech woodlands, which are believed to be on the western edge of their natural range in this steep limestone gorge.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Beech is not native to Ireland; however, it was widely planted in the 18th century and can become a problem shading out the native woodland understory. Beech is widely planted for hedging and in deciduous woodlands, and mature, regenerating stands occur throughout mainland Britain at elevations below about 650 m (2,100 ft).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The tallest and longest hedge in the world (according to <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Meikleour_Beech_Hedges" title="Meikleour Beech Hedges">Meikleour Beech Hedge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Meikleour" title="Meikleour">Meikleour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross" title="Perth and Kinross">Perth and Kinross</a>, Scotland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_Europe">Continental Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Continental Europe">edit</a>]</div> Fagus sylvatica is one of the most common hardwood trees in north-central Europe, in France constituting alone about 15% of all nonconifers. <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">The Balkans</a> are also home to the lesser-known oriental beech (F. orientalis) and Crimean beech (F. taurica). As a naturally growing forest tree, beech marks the important border between the European deciduous forest zone and the northern pine forest zone. This border is important for wildlife and fauna. In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and Scania at the southernmost peak of the Scandinavian peninsula, southwest of the natural <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> boundary, it is the most common forest tree. It grows naturally in Denmark and southern <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and Sweden up to about 57–59°N. The most northern known naturally growing (not planted) beech trees are found in a small grove north of <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> on the west coast of Norway. Near the city of <a href="/wiki/Larvik" title="Larvik">Larvik</a> is the largest naturally occurring beech forest in Norway, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8keskogen" title="Bøkeskogen">Bøkeskogen</a>. Some research suggests that early agriculture patterns supported the spread of beech in continental Europe. Research has linked the establishment of beech stands in Scandinavia and Germany with cultivation and fire disturbance, i.e. early agricultural practices. Other areas which have a long history of cultivation, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> for example, do not exhibit this pattern, so how much human activity has influenced the spread of beech trees is as yet unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Bradshaw-2010-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">primeval beech forests of the Carpathians</a> are also an example of a singular, complete, and comprehensive forest dominated by a single tree species - the beech tree. Forest dynamics here were allowed to proceed without interruption or interference since the last ice age. Nowadays, they are amongst the last pure beech forests in Europe to document the undisturbed postglacial repopulation of the species, which also includes the unbroken existence of typical animals and plants. These virgin beech forests and similar forests across 12 countries in continental Europe were inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage List</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-unesco-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> The American beech (Fagus grandifolia) occurs across much of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, with a disjunct sister species in Mexico (F. mexicana). It is the only extant (surviving) Fagus species in the Western Hemisphere. Before the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> Ice Age, it is believed to have spanned the entire width of the continent from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific but now is confined to the east of the Great Plains. F. grandifolia tolerates hotter climates than European species but is not planted much as an ornamental due to slower growth and less resistance to urban pollution. It most commonly occurs as an overstory component in the northern part of its range with sugar maple, transitioning to other forest types further south such as beech-magnolia. American beech is rarely encountered in developed areas except as a remnant of a forest that was cut down for land development. The dead brown leaves of the American beech remain on the branches until well into the following spring, when the new buds finally push them off. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> East Asia is home to eight species of Fagus, only one of which (F. crenata) is occasionally planted in Western countries. Smaller than F. sylvatica and F. grandifolia, this beech is one of the most common hardwoods in its native range. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acidic or basic, provided they are not waterlogged. The tree canopy casts dense shade and thickens the ground with <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>. In North America, they can form <a href="/wiki/Beech-maple_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Beech-maple forest">beech-maple</a> <a href="/wiki/Climax_community" title="Climax community">climax</a> forests by partnering with the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar maple">sugar maple</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Beech_blight_aphid" title="Beech blight aphid">beech blight aphid</a> (Grylloprociphilus imbricator) is a common pest of American beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>. Beech bark is extremely thin and scars easily. Since the beech tree has such delicate bark, carvings, such as lovers' initials and other forms of graffiti, remain because the tree is unable to heal itself.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diseases">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Beech_bark_disease" title="Beech bark disease">Beech bark disease</a> is a fungal infection that attacks the American beech through damage caused by scale insects.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Infection can lead to the death of the tree.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beech_leaf_disease" title="Beech leaf disease">Beech leaf disease</a> is a disease that affects American beeches spread by the newly discovered nematode, <a href="/wiki/Litylenchus_crenatae_mccannii" title="Litylenchus crenatae mccannii">Litylenchus crenatae mccannii</a>. This disease was first discovered in Lake County, Ohio, in 2012 and has now spread to over 41 counties in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As of 2024, the disease has become widespread in Connecticut, Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and in portions of coastal New Hampshire and coastal and central Maine.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cultivation">edit</a>]</div> The beech most commonly grown as an <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamental tree">ornamental tree</a> is the European beech (Fagus sylvatica), widely cultivated in North America as well as its native Europe. Many varieties are in cultivation, notably the weeping beech F. sylvatica 'Pendula', several varieties of copper or purple beech, the fern-leaved beech F. sylvatica 'Asplenifolia', and the tricolour beech F. sylvatica 'Roseomarginata'. The columnar Dawyck beech (F. sylvatica 'Dawyck') occurs in green, gold, and purple forms, named after <a href="/wiki/Dawyck_Botanic_Garden" title="Dawyck Botanic Garden">Dawyck Botanic Garden</a> in the Scottish Borders, one of the four garden sites of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget_-_Beech_Tree_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget_-_Beech_Tree_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget_-_Beech_Tree_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget_-_Beech_Tree_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget_-_Beech_Tree_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget_-_Beech_Tree_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget_-_Beech_Tree_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3401" data-file-height="4139" /></a><figcaption>Beech Tree photographed by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Atget" title="Eugène Atget">Eugène Atget</a>, circa 1910–1915</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood">Wood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wood">edit</a>]</div> Beech wood is an excellent <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a>, easily split and burning for many hours with bright but calm flames. Slats of beech wood are washed in caustic soda to leach out any flavour or aroma characteristics and are spread around the bottom of fermentation tanks for <a href="/wiki/Budweiser" title="Budweiser">Budweiser</a> beer. This provides a complex surface on which the yeast can settle, so that it does not pile up, preventing yeast <a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(biology)" title="Autolysis (biology)">autolysis</a> which would contribute off-flavours to the beer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Beech logs are burned to dry the <a href="/wiki/Malt" title="Malt">malt</a> used in German <a href="/wiki/Smoked_beer" title="Smoked beer">smoked beers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Beech is also used to smoke <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_ham" title="Westphalian ham">Westphalian ham</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> traditional <a href="/wiki/Andouille" title="Andouille">andouille</a> (an offal sausage) from Normandy,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> and some cheeses. Some drums are made from beech, which has a tone between those of <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, the two most popular drum woods. The textile <a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">modal</a> is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> often made wholly from reconstituted <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> of pulped beech wood.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The European species Fagus sylvatica yields a tough, utility timber. It weighs about 720 kg per cubic metre and is widely used for furniture construction, flooring, and engineering purposes, in plywood and household items, but rarely as a decorative wood. The timber can be used to build chalets, houses, and log cabins.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Beech wood is used for the stocks of military rifles when traditionally preferred woods such as <a href="/wiki/Juglans#Wood" title="Juglans">walnut</a> are scarce or unavailable or as a lower-cost alternative.<a href="#cite_note-Walter-2006-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Food">edit</a>]</div> The edible fruit of the beech tree,<a href="#cite_note-Lyle-2010-3">[3]</a> known as beechnuts or mast, is found in small burrs that drop from the tree in autumn. They are small, roughly triangular, and edible, with a bitter, astringent, or in some cases, mild and nut-like taste. According to the Roman statesman <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, beechnut was eaten by the people of <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> when the town was besieged, writing of the fruit: "that of the beech is the sweetest of all; so much so, that, according to Cornelius Alexander, the people of the city of Chios, when besieged, supported themselves wholly on mast".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> They can also be roasted and pulverized into an adequate <a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">coffee substitute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The leaves can be steeped in liquor to give a light green/yellow liqueur. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_with_a_Mirror_(study).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Venus_with_a_Mirror_%28study%29.jpg/220px-Venus_with_a_Mirror_%28study%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Venus_with_a_Mirror_%28study%29.jpg/330px-Venus_with_a_Mirror_%28study%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Venus_with_a_Mirror_%28study%29.jpg/440px-Venus_with_a_Mirror_%28study%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>Painting on beech wood - 1511</figcaption></figure> In antiquity, the bark of the beech tree was used by <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European people">Indo-European people</a> for writing-related purposes, especially in a religious context.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Beech wood tablets were a common <a href="/wiki/Writing_material" title="Writing material">writing material</a> in Germanic societies before the development of paper. The Old English bōc<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> has the primary sense of "beech" but also a secondary sense of "book", and it is from bōc that the modern word derives.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In modern German, the word for "book" is Buch, with Buche meaning "beech tree". In modern Dutch, the word for "book" is boek, with beuk meaning "beech tree". In Swedish, these words are the same, bok meaning both "beech tree" and "book". There is a similar relationship in some Slavic languages. In Russian and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, the word for beech is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:бук">бук</a> (buk), while that for "letter" (as in a letter of the alphabet) is буква (bukva), while <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> use "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bukva" class="extiw" title="wikt:bukva">bukva</a>" to refer to the tree. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> The pigment <a href="/wiki/Bistre" title="Bistre">bistre</a> was made from beech wood <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>. Beech <a href="/wiki/Plant_litter" title="Plant litter">litter</a> raking as a replacement for straw in <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a> was an old non-timber practice in forest management that once occurred in parts of <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Beech has been listed as one of the 38 plants whose flowers are used to prepare <a href="/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies" title="Bach flower remedies">Bach flower remedies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vohra-2004-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Lowlands_beech_forests" title="English Lowlands beech forests">English Lowlands beech forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeping_Beech_(Queens)" title="Weeping Beech (Queens)">Weeping Beech (Queens)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Denk-2024-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denk-2024_1-11">l</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDenkGrimmCardoniCsilléry2024" class="citation journal cs1">Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Cardoni, Simone; Csilléry, Katalin; Kurz, Mirjam; Schulze, Ernst-Detlef; Simeone, Marco Cosimo; Worth, James R. P. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fwi.54.54301">"A subgeneric classification of Fagus (Fagaceae) and revised taxonomy of western Eurasian beeches"</a>. Willdenowia. 54 (2–3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3372%2Fwi.54.54301">10.3372/wi.54.54301</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0511-9618">0511-9618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Willdenowia&rft.atitle=A+subgeneric+classification+of+Fagus+%28Fagaceae%29+and+revised+taxonomy+of+western+Eurasian+beeches&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3372%2Fwi.54.54301&rft.issn=0511-9618&rft.aulast=Denk&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Grimm%2C+Guido+W.&rft.au=Cardoni%2C+Simone&rft.au=Csill%C3%A9ry%2C+Katalin&rft.au=Kurz%2C+Mirjam&rft.au=Schulze%2C+Ernst-Detlef&rft.au=Simeone%2C+Marco+Cosimo&rft.au=Worth%2C+James+R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3372%252Fwi.54.54301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shen-1992-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shen-1992_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shen-1992_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shen-1992_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShen1992" class="citation thesis cs1">Shen, Chung-Fu (1992). 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Geoderma. 271: 191–201. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Geode.271..191S">2016Geode.271..191S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2016.02.024">10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.02.024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Consequence+of+litter+removal+on+pedogenesis%3A+A+case+study+in+Bachs+and+Irchel+%28Switzerland%29&rft.volume=271&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2016.02.024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Geode.271..191S&rft.au=Scalenghe%2C+R.&rft.au=Minoja%2C+A.P.&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+S.&rft.au=Bertini%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F889561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeech" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vohra-2004-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Vohra-2004_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD._S._Vohra2004" class="citation book cs1">D. S. Vohra (1 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=icG8onA0ys8C&pg=PR3">Bach Flower Remedies: A Comprehensive Study</a>. B. Jain Publishers. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7021-271-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7021-271-3"><bdi>978-81-7021-271-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bach+Flower+Remedies%3A+A+Comprehensive+Study&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=B.+Jain+Publishers&rft.date=2004-06-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7021-271-3&rft.au=D.+S.+Vohra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DicG8onA0ys8C%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeech" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Beech&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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title="commons:Category:Fagus">beeches</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fagus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Fagus">Fagus</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beech" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:beech">beech</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/">"WCSP"</a>. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families – Fagus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families+%E2%80%93+Fagus&rft.atitle=WCSP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEichhorn2010" class="citation web cs1">Eichhorn, Markus (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.test-tube.org.uk/trees/video_beech.htm">"The Beech Tree"</a>. Test Tube. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Test+Tube&rft.atitle=The+Beech+Tree&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Eichhorn&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.test-tube.org.uk%2Ftrees%2Fvideo_beech.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeech" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eatweeds.co.uk/beech-fagus-sylvatica">Traditional and Modern Use of Beech</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuts" title="Template talk:Nuts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuts115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True, or <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">botanical nuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">Acorn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">American beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">European beech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Breadnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">Sweet chestnut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_americana" title="Corylus americana">American hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_cornuta" title="Corylus cornuta">Beaked hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">European hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_maxima" title="Corylus maxima">Filbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_heterophylla" title="Corylus heterophylla">Asian hazel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">Kola nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachychiton" title="Brachychiton">Kurrajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachira_aquatica" title="Pachira aquatica">Malabar chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Palm nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia_pinnatifolia" title="Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia">Red bopple nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilschmiedia_bancroftii" title="Beilschmiedia bancroftii">Yellow walnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Drupes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semecarpus_australiensis" title="Semecarpus australiensis">Australian cashew nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Betel nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Borneo tallow nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">Cashew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Chilean hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coula_edulis" title="Coula edulis">Gabon nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carya_tomentosa" title="Carya tomentosa">Mockernut hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_ovata" title="Carya ovata">Shagbark hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_laciniosa" title="Carya laciniosa">Shellbark hickory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus_bancroftii" title="Elaeocarpus bancroftii">Johnstone River almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Irvingia gabonensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jack nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuka" title="Karuka">Karuka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_julianettii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandanus julianettii">Planted karuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_brosimos" title="Pandanus brosimos">Wild karuka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo" title="Mongongo">Mongongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_oleosa" title="Panda oleosa">Panda oleosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocar_nuciferum" title="Caryocar nuciferum">Pekea nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarium_ovatum" title="Canarium ovatum">Pili nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">Butternut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">English walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_ailantifolia" title="Juglans ailantifolia">Heartnut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Burrawang nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a> spp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii" title="Araucaria bidwillii">Bunya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Monkey-puzzle nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_gerardiana" title="Pinus gerardiana">Chilgoza pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_edulis" title="Pinus edulis">Colorado pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_koraiensis" title="Pinus koraiensis">Korean pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_cembroides" title="Pinus cembroides">Mexican pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_monophylla" title="Pinus monophylla">Single-leaf pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_tetraphylla" title="Macadamia tetraphylla">Macadamia nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_integrifolia" title="Macadamia integrifolia">Queensland macadamia nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythis" title="Lecythis">Paradise nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterculia_quadrifida" title="Sterculia quadrifida">Peanut tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking500" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden (lime, basswood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4690" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4690" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Fagus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25403" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25403">Q25403</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fagus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Fagus">Fagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/60881">60881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VXN4">8VXN4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/107351">107351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1FAUG">1FAUG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=112623">112623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=112623">112623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2874875">2874875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=4605">4605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/49203">49203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/13497-1">13497-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1306833">1306833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=19461">19461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000458707">NHMSYS0000458707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=21024">21024</a></li> <li>NZOR: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/613e56f4-3965-4f22-b574-462ef63ed097">613e56f4-3965-4f22-b574-462ef63ed097</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1028998">1028998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55969">55969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/FAGUS">FAGUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30048723-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30048723-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/40008464">40008464</a></li> <li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/1170">1170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000014560">wfo-4000014560</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Fagoideae</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14920699" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q14920699">Q14920699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=subfamily&id=1498">1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53734">53734</a></li> <li>VASCAN: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/336">336</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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