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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Wartime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wartime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Post-World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Health and environmental impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Health and environmental impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Health impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-E-waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#E-waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 E-waste </div> </a> <ul id="toc-E-waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slag_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slag_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Slag recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slag_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concrete_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concrete_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Concrete recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concrete_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Environmental impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legislation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legislation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government-mandated_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government-mandated_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Government-mandated demand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-mandated_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recyclates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recyclates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Recyclates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recyclates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recyclates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recyclates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quality_of_recyclate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality_of_recyclate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Quality of recyclate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality_of_recyclate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling_consumer_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling_consumer_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Recycling consumer waste </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recycling_consumer_waste-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recycling consumer waste subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recycling_consumer_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Collection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Curbside_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curbside_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Curbside collection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curbside_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Source_separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.1 Source separation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buy-back_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buy-back_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Buy-back centers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buy-back_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drop-off_centers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drop-off_centers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Drop-off centers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drop-off_centers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributed_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributed_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Distributed recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributed_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sorting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Sorting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling_industrial_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling_industrial_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Recycling industrial waste </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recycling_industrial_waste-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recycling industrial waste subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recycling_industrial_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plastic_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastic_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Plastic recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastic_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Physical recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Chemical recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_plastic_pyrolysis_to_fuel_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_plastic_pyrolysis_to_fuel_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Waste plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_plastic_pyrolysis_to_fuel_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling_codes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling_codes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Recycling codes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling_codes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost–benefit_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost–benefit_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cost–benefit analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cost–benefit_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cost–benefit analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cost–benefit_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_in_recyclates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_in_recyclates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Trade in recyclates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_in_recyclates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms_and_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms_and_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Criticisms and responses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms_and_responses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticisms and responses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms_and_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy_and_material_flows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_material_flows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Energy and material flows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_material_flows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Working conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_income_loss_and_social_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_income_loss_and_social_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Possible income loss and social costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_income_loss_and_social_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_participation_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_participation_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Public participation rates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_participation_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Recycling in art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embracing_a_circular_economy_through_advanced_sorting_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embracing_a_circular_economy_through_advanced_sorting_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Embracing a circular economy through advanced sorting technologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embracing_a_circular_economy_through_advanced_sorting_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Related journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Recycling</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" > 85 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تدوير النفايات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تدوير النفايات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclache" title="Reciclache – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reciclache" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclaxe" title="Reciclaxe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reciclaxe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilizasiya" title="Utilizasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Utilizasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D1%8B_%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Ҡалдыҡтарҙы эшкәртеү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡалдыҡтарҙы эшкәртеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Рециклиране – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рециклиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Recycling" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaoz" title="Adaoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Adaoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclatge" title="Reciclatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reciclatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Каяшсене майлаштарни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Каяшсене майлаштарни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyklace" title="Recyklace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Recyklace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailgylchu" title="Ailgylchu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ailgylchu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recirkulering" title="Recirkulering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Recirkulering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Recycling" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaskasutus" title="Taaskasutus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Taaskasutus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ανακύκλωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανακύκλωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclaje" title="Reciclaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reciclaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recikligo" title="Recikligo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Recikligo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birziklatze" title="Birziklatze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birziklatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="بازیافت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازیافت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclage" title="Recyclage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Recyclage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athch%C3%BArs%C3%A1il" title="Athchúrsáil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Athchúrsáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclaxe" title="Reciclaxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reciclaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="રિસાયક્લિંગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રિસાયક્લિંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%AC%ED%99%9C%EC%9A%A9" title="재활용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="재활용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վերամշակում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերամշակում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="पुनर्चक्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुनर्चक्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recikliranje" title="Recikliranje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Recikliranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_ulang" title="Daur ulang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daur ulang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%C3%A6%D1%86%D1%86%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82" title="Хауæццæгты ракуыст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хауæццæгты ракуыст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endurvinnsla" title="Endurvinnsla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Endurvinnsla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riciclaggio_dei_rifiuti" title="Riciclaggio dei rifiuti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riciclaggio dei rifiuti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%97%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8" title="מיחזור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיחזור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ಮರುಬಳಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮರುಬಳಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urejelezaji" title="Urejelezaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Urejelezaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resiklaj" title="Resiklaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Resiklaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vez%C3%AEvirandin" title="Vezîvirandin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vezîvirandin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Таштандыларды кайра иштетүү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Таштандыларды кайра иштетүү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regyratio" title="Regyratio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regyratio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkritumu_p%C4%81rstr%C4%81de" title="Atkritumu pārstrāde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atkritumu pārstrāde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Recycling" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atliek%C5%B3_perdirbimas" title="Atliekų perdirbimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atliekų perdirbimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajrahasznos%C3%ADt%C3%A1s" title="Újrahasznosítás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újrahasznosítás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Рециклирање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рециклирање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="പുനരുൽപ്പാദനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുനരുൽപ്പാദനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitar_semula" title="Kitar semula – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kitar semula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daur_ulang" title="Daur ulang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Daur ulang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclaige" title="Reciclaige – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Reciclaige" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Recycling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB" title="リサイクル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リサイクル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resirkulering" title="Resirkulering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Resirkulering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resirkulering" title="Resirkulering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Resirkulering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88rcycli%C3%A9thie" title="Èrcycliéthie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Èrcycliéthie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclatge" title="Reciclatge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reciclatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%9C-%E0%A8%98%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਮੁੜ-ਘੁਮਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁੜ-ਘੁਮਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="ضايعاتو بياموندنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ضايعاتو بياموندنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recykling" title="Recykling – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Recykling" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclagem" title="Reciclagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reciclagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciclare" title="Reciclare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reciclare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaykana_muyurichiy" title="Imaykana muyurichiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Imaykana muyurichiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Переработка отходов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Переработка отходов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recyclin" title="Recyclin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Recyclin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riciklimi" title="Riciklimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Riciklimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රතිචක්‍රීයකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රතිචක්‍රීයකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Recycling" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recykl%C3%A1cia" title="Recyklácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Recyklácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recikliranje" title="Recikliranje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Recikliranje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="دووبارە بەکارھێنانەوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دووبارە بەکارھێنانەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recikliranje" title="Recikliranje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Recikliranje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recikliranje" title="Recikliranje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Recikliranje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kierr%C3%A4tys" title="Kierrätys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kierrätys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85tervinning" title="Återvinning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Återvinning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a 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							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Recycling">reviewed</a> on 16 November 2024.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Converting waste materials into new products</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about recycling of waste materials. For recycling of waste energy, see <a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Recycled" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Recycled_(Nektar_album)" title="Recycled (Nektar album)">Recycled (Nektar album)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/150px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/225px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/300px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>The three chasing arrows of the universal <a href="/wiki/Recycling_symbol" title="Recycling symbol">recycling symbol</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Municipal_waste_recycling_rate_(%25),_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Municipal_waste_recycling_rate_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Municipal_waste_recycling_rate_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Municipal_waste_recycling_rate_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Municipal_waste_recycling_rate_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Municipal_waste_recycling_rate_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Municipal_waste_recycling_rate_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Municipal waste recycling rate (%), 2015</figcaption></figure> Recycling is the process of converting <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> materials into new materials and objects. This concept often includes the <a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">recovery of energy from waste materials</a>. The recyclability of a material depends on its ability to reacquire the properties it had in its original state.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> It is an alternative to "conventional" waste disposal that can save material and help lower <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. It can also prevent the waste of potentially useful materials and reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reducing energy use, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incineration</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfilling</a>). Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of the "<a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Reduce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a>, and Recycle" <a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">waste hierarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lienig_&_Bruemmer_2017-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECWaste-3">[3]</a> It promotes environmental <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> by removing raw material input and redirecting waste output in the economic system.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> There are some <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO standards</a> related to recycling, such as ISO 15270:2008 for plastics waste and <a href="/wiki/ISO_14001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14001">ISO 14001</a>:2015 for environmental management control of recycling practice. Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastic, <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, batteries, and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Composting" class="mw-redirect" title="Composting">composting</a> and other reuse of <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">biodegradable waste</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">garden waste</a>—is also a form of recycling.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> Materials for recycling are either delivered to a household recycling center or picked up from curbside bins, then sorted, cleaned, and reprocessed into new materials for manufacturing new products. In ideal implementations, recycling a material produces a fresh supply of the same material—for example, used office paper would be converted into new office paper, and used <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> foam into new polystyrene. Some types of materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">metal cans</a>, can be remanufactured repeatedly without losing their purity.<a href="#cite_note-NG-6">[6]</a> With other materials, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same product from raw materials or other sources), so "recycling" of many products and materials involves their <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a> in producing different materials (for example, <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a>). Another form of recycling is the <a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">salvage</a> of constituent materials from complex products, due to either their intrinsic value (such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> from <a href="/wiki/Car_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Car battery">car batteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> from <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a>), or their hazardous nature (e.g. removal and reuse of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> from <a href="/wiki/Thermometer" title="Thermometer">thermometers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostats</a>). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> Reusing materials has been a common practice for most of human history with recorded advocates as far back as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in the fourth century BC.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During periods when resources were scarce, archaeological studies of ancient waste dumps show less household waste (such as ash, broken tools, and pottery), implying that more waste was recycled in place of new material.<a href="#cite_note-guide-8">[8]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_artefact" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological artefact">archaeological artefacts</a> made from recyclable material, such as glass or metal, may neither be the original object nor resemble it, with the consequence that a successful ancient recycling economy can become invisible when recycling is synonymous with re-melting rather than reuse.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Rags_Into_New_Cloth-_Salvage_in_Britain,_April_1942_D7447.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Old_Rags_Into_New_Cloth-_Salvage_in_Britain%2C_April_1942_D7447.jpg/220px-Old_Rags_Into_New_Cloth-_Salvage_in_Britain%2C_April_1942_D7447.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Old_Rags_Into_New_Cloth-_Salvage_in_Britain%2C_April_1942_D7447.jpg/330px-Old_Rags_Into_New_Cloth-_Salvage_in_Britain%2C_April_1942_D7447.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Old_Rags_Into_New_Cloth-_Salvage_in_Britain%2C_April_1942_D7447.jpg/440px-Old_Rags_Into_New_Cloth-_Salvage_in_Britain%2C_April_1942_D7447.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Inside a British factory, a textile worker rakes newly-made '<a href="/wiki/Shoddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoddy">shoddy</a>' which was then combined with new wool to make new cloth</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-industrial">pre-industrial</a> times, there is evidence of <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a> bronze and other metals being collected in Europe and melted down for continuous reuse.<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a> was first recorded in 1031 when Japanese shops sold repulped paper.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In Britain dust and ash from wood and coal fires was collected by "<a href="/wiki/Waste_collector" title="Waste collector">dustmen</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">downcycled</a> as a base material for brick making. These forms of recycling were driven by the economic advantage of obtaining recycled materials instead of virgin material, and the need for waste removal in ever-more-densely populated areas.<a href="#cite_note-guide-8">[8]</a> In 1813, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Law_(inventor)" title="Benjamin Law (inventor)">Benjamin Law</a> developed the process of turning rags into "<a href="/wiki/Shoddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoddy">shoddy</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing#M" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">mungo</a>" wool in Batley, Yorkshire, which combined recycled fibers with virgin <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a> shoddy industry in towns such as <a href="/wiki/Batley" title="Batley">Batley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dewsbury" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a> lasted from the early 19th century to at least 1914. Industrialization spurred demand for affordable materials. In addition to rags, ferrous <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a> metals were coveted as they were cheaper to acquire than virgin ore. Railroads purchased and sold scrap metal in the 19th century, and the growing steel and automobile industries purchased scrap in the early 20th century. Many secondary goods were collected, processed and sold by peddlers who scoured dumps and city streets for discarded machinery, pots, pans, and other sources of metal. By <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, thousands of such peddlers roamed the streets of American cities, taking advantage of market forces to recycle post-consumer materials into industrial production.<a href="#cite_note-cash-14">[14]</a> Manufacturers of beverage bottles, including <a href="/wiki/Schweppes" title="Schweppes">Schweppes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> began offering refundable recycling deposits in Great Britain and Ireland around 1800. An official recycling system with <a href="/wiki/Container_deposit_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Container deposit legislation">refundable deposits</a> for bottles was established in Sweden in 1884, and for aluminum beverage cans in 1982; it led to recycling rates of 84–99%, depending on type (glass bottles can be refilled around 20 times).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wartime">Wartime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wartime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrap%5E_Will_Help_Win._Don%27t_Mix_it_-_NARA_-_533983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Scrap%5E_Will_Help_Win._Don%27t_Mix_it_-_NARA_-_533983.jpg/170px-Scrap%5E_Will_Help_Win._Don%27t_Mix_it_-_NARA_-_533983.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Scrap%5E_Will_Help_Win._Don%27t_Mix_it_-_NARA_-_533983.jpg/255px-Scrap%5E_Will_Help_Win._Don%27t_Mix_it_-_NARA_-_533983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Scrap%5E_Will_Help_Win._Don%27t_Mix_it_-_NARA_-_533983.jpg/340px-Scrap%5E_Will_Help_Win._Don%27t_Mix_it_-_NARA_-_533983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>American poster from <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INF3-196_Salvage_Still_more_paper,_rags,_bones_wanted_for_salvage_Artist_Gilroy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/INF3-196_Salvage_Still_more_paper%2C_rags%2C_bones_wanted_for_salvage_Artist_Gilroy.jpg/170px-INF3-196_Salvage_Still_more_paper%2C_rags%2C_bones_wanted_for_salvage_Artist_Gilroy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/INF3-196_Salvage_Still_more_paper%2C_rags%2C_bones_wanted_for_salvage_Artist_Gilroy.jpg/255px-INF3-196_Salvage_Still_more_paper%2C_rags%2C_bones_wanted_for_salvage_Artist_Gilroy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/INF3-196_Salvage_Still_more_paper%2C_rags%2C_bones_wanted_for_salvage_Artist_Gilroy.jpg/340px-INF3-196_Salvage_Still_more_paper%2C_rags%2C_bones_wanted_for_salvage_Artist_Gilroy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption>British poster from <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Housewives!_Wage_War_on_Hitler_-_Save_-_DPLA_-_38319075b7298ab8ed2d9b792495f644.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Housewives%21_Wage_War_on_Hitler_-_Save_-_DPLA_-_38319075b7298ab8ed2d9b792495f644.jpg/220px-Housewives%21_Wage_War_on_Hitler_-_Save_-_DPLA_-_38319075b7298ab8ed2d9b792495f644.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Housewives%21_Wage_War_on_Hitler_-_Save_-_DPLA_-_38319075b7298ab8ed2d9b792495f644.jpg/330px-Housewives%21_Wage_War_on_Hitler_-_Save_-_DPLA_-_38319075b7298ab8ed2d9b792495f644.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Housewives%21_Wage_War_on_Hitler_-_Save_-_DPLA_-_38319075b7298ab8ed2d9b792495f644.jpg/440px-Housewives%21_Wage_War_on_Hitler_-_Save_-_DPLA_-_38319075b7298ab8ed2d9b792495f644.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5347" data-file-height="7721" /></a><figcaption>Poster from wartime <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, encouraging <a href="/wiki/Housewives" class="mw-redirect" title="Housewives">housewives</a> to "salvage"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YorkWhipMaFence2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/YorkWhipMaFence2.jpg/170px-YorkWhipMaFence2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/YorkWhipMaFence2.jpg/255px-YorkWhipMaFence2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/YorkWhipMaFence2.jpg/340px-YorkWhipMaFence2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3139" data-file-height="4952" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of iron fence bars in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> <a href="/wiki/Whip-Ma-Whop-Ma-Gate" title="Whip-Ma-Whop-Ma-Gate">Whip-Ma-Whop-Ma-Gate</a>. Such public property fences were sawed for the iron and recycled during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</figcaption></figure> New chemical industries created in the late 19th century both invented new materials (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a> in 1907) and promised to transform valueless into valuable materials. Proverbially, you could not <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/make_a_silk_purse_of_a_sow%27s_ear" class="extiw" title="wikt:make a silk purse of a sow's ear">make a silk purse of a sow's ear</a>—until the US firm Arthur D. Little published in 1921 "On the Making of Silk Purses from Sows' Ears", its research proving that when "chemistry puts on overalls and gets down to business [...] new values appear. New and better paths are opened to reach the goals desired."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Recycling—or "salvage", as it was then usually known—was a major issue for governments during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, where financial constraints and significant material shortages made it necessary to reuse goods and recycle materials.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-18">[18]</a> These resource shortages caused by the <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a>, and other such world-changing events, greatly encouraged recycling.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBS-18">[18]</a> It became necessary for most homes to recycle their waste, allowing people to make the most of what was available. Recycling household materials also meant more resources were left available for war efforts.<a href="#cite_note-PBS-18">[18]</a> Massive government campaigns, such as the <a href="/wiki/Paper_Salvage_1939%E2%80%9350" title="Paper Salvage 1939–50">National Salvage Campaign</a> in Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Salvage_for_Victory" title="Salvage for Victory">Salvage for Victory</a> campaign in the United States, occurred in every fighting nation, urging citizens to donate metal, paper, rags, and rubber as a patriotic duty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-World War II">edit</a>]</div> A considerable investment in recycling occurred in the 1970s due to rising energy costs.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Recycling aluminium uses only 5% of the energy of virgin production. Glass, paper and other metals have less dramatic but significant energy savings when recycled.<a href="#cite_note-economistrecycle-21">[21]</a> Although consumer electronics have been popular since the 1920s, recycling them was almost unheard of until early 1991.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_recycling" title="Electronic waste recycling">electronic waste recycling</a> scheme was implemented in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, beginning with collection of old refrigerators, then expanding to cover all devices.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> When these programs were created, many countries could not deal with the sheer quantity of <a href="/wiki/E-waste" class="mw-redirect" title="E-waste">e-waste</a>, or its hazardous nature, and began to export the problem to developing countries without enforced environmental legislation. (For example, recycling computer monitors in the United States costs 10 times more than in China.) Demand for electronic waste in Asia began to grow when scrapyards found they could extract valuable substances such as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> during the recycling process.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The 2000s saw a boom in both the sales of electronic devices and their growth as a waste stream: In 2002, e-waste grew faster than any other type of waste in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Kinver-25">[25]</a> This spurred investment in modern automated facilities to cope with the influx, especially after strict laws were implemented in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> As of 2014, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> had about 50% of world share of waste and recycling industries, with over 60,000 companies employing 500,000 people and a turnover of €24 billion.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> EU countries are mandated to reach recycling rates of at least 50%; leading countries are already at around 65%. The overall EU average was 39% in 2013<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and is rising steadily, to 45% in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In 2015, the United Nations General Assembly set 17 <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>. Goal 12, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_12" title="Sustainable Development Goal 12">Responsible Consumption and Production</a>, specifies 11 targets "to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The fifth target, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_12#Target_12.5:_Substantially_reduce_waste_generation" title="Sustainable Development Goal 12">Target 12.5</a>, is defined as substantially reducing waste generation by 2030, indicated by the National Recycling Rate. In 2018, changes in the recycling industry have sparked a global "crisis". On 31 December 2017, China announced its "<a href="/wiki/Operation_National_Sword" title="Operation National Sword">National Sword</a>" policy, setting new standards for imports of recyclable material and banning materials deemed too "dirty" or "hazardous". The new policy caused drastic disruptions in the global recycling market, and reduced the prices of scrap plastic and low-grade paper. Exports of recyclable materials from <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> countries to China dropped dramatically, with many shifting to countries in southeast Asia. This generated significant concern about the recycling industry's practices and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>. The abrupt shift caused countries to accept more materials than they could process, and raised fundamental questions about shipping waste from developed countries to countries with few environmental regulations—a practice that predated the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_environmental_impact">Health and environmental impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Health and environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_impact">Health impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health impact">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22recycling+health%22">"recycling health"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22recycling+health%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22recycling+health%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22recycling+health%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22recycling+health%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22recycling+health%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="E-waste"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">E-waste</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: E-waste">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> (2023), “Every year millions of electrical and electronic devices are discarded ... a threat to the environment and to human health if they are not treated, disposed of, and recycled appropriately. Common items ... include computers ... <a href="/wiki/E-waste" class="mw-redirect" title="E-waste">e-waste</a> are recycled using environmentally unsound techniques and are likely stored in homes and warehouses, dumped, exported or recycled under inferior conditions. When e-waste is treated using inferior activities, it can release as many as 1000 different chemical substances ... including harmful <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxicants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.”<a href="#cite_note-World_Health_Organization_(WHO)_2023_o191-33">[33]</a> A paper in the journal Sustainable Materials & Technologies remarks upon the difficulty of managing e-waste, particularly from home automation products, which, due to their becoming obsolete at a high rate, are putting increasing strain on recycling systems, which have not adapted to meet the recycling needs posed by this type of product.<a href="#cite_note-jk-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slag_recycling">Slag recycling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slag recycling">edit</a>]</div> Copper slag is obtained when copper and nickel ores are recovered from their source ores using a pyrometallurgical process, and these ores usually contain other elements which include iron, cobalt, silica, and alumina.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> An estimate of 2.2–3 tons of copper slag is generated per ton of copper produced, resulting in around 24.6 tons of slag per year, which is regarded as waste.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Environmental impact of slag include copper <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a>, which leads to death due to gastric hemorrhage, if ingested by humans. It may also cause acute dermatitis upon skin exposure. <a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Toxicity may also be uptaken by crops through soil, consequently spreading animals and food sources and increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, cognitive impairment, chronic anemia, and damage to kidneys, bones, nervous system, brain and skin.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Substituting gravel and grit in quarries has been more cost-effective, due to having its sources with better proximity to consumer markets. Trading between countries and establishment of blast furnaces is helping increase slag utilization, hence reducing wastage and pollution.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concrete_recycling">Concrete recycling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Concrete recycling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Concrete_recycling" title="Concrete recycling">Concrete recycling</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Concrete+recycling+health%22">"Concrete recycling health"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Concrete+recycling+health%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Concrete+recycling+health%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Concrete+recycling+health%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Concrete+recycling+health%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Concrete+recycling+health%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental impact">edit</a>]</div> Economist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Landsburg" title="Steven Landsburg">Steven Landsburg</a>, author of a paper entitled "Why I Am Not an Environmentalist",<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">paper recycling</a> actually reduces tree populations. He argues that because paper companies have incentives to replenish their forests, large demands for paper lead to large forests while reduced demand for paper leads to fewer "farmed" forests.<a href="#cite_note-armchair_economist-42">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg/220px-Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg/330px-Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg/440px-Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A metal <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap</a> worker is pictured burning insulated copper wires for copper recovery at <a href="/wiki/Agbogbloshie" title="Agbogbloshie">Agbogbloshie</a>, Ghana.</figcaption></figure> When foresting companies cut down trees, more are planted in their place; however, such farmed forests are inferior to natural forests in several ways. Farmed forests are not able to fix the soil as quickly as natural forests. This can cause widespread <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a> and often requiring large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> to maintain the soil, while containing little tree and wild-life <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> compared to virgin forests.<a href="#cite_note-baird-43">[43]</a> Also, the new trees planted are not as big as the trees that were cut down, and the argument that there would be "more trees" is not compelling to forestry advocates when they are counting saplings. In particular, wood from tropical rainforests is rarely harvested for paper because of their heterogeneity.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> secretariat, the overwhelming direct cause of deforestation is <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">subsistence farming</a> (48% of deforestation) and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial agriculture">commercial agriculture</a> (32%), which is linked to food, not paper production.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Other non-conventional methods of material recycling, like Waste-to-Energy (WTE) systems, have garnered increased attention in the recent past due to the polarizing nature of their emissions. While viewed as a sustainable method of capturing energy from material waste feedstocks by many, others have cited numerous explanations for why the technology has not been scaled globally.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legislation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply">Supply</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Supply">edit</a>]</div> For a recycling program to work, a large, stable <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply</a> of recyclable material is crucial. Three legislative options have been used to create such supplies: mandatory recycling collection, <a href="/wiki/Container_deposit_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Container deposit legislation">container deposit legislation</a>, and refuse bans. Mandatory collection laws set recycling targets for cities, usually in the form that a certain percentage of a material must be diverted from the city's waste stream by a target date. The city is responsible for working to meet this target.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> Container deposit legislation mandates refunds for the return of certain containers—typically glass, plastic and metal. When a product in such a container is purchased, a small surcharge is added that the consumer can reclaim when the container is returned to a collection point. These programs have succeeded in creating an average 80% recycling rate.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Despite such good results, the shift in collection costs from local government to industry and consumers has created strong opposition in some areas<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a>—for example, where manufacturers bear the responsibility for recycling their products. In the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE Directive</a> requires producers of consumer electronics to reimburse the recyclers' costs.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> An alternative way to increase the supply of recyclates is to <a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">ban</a> the disposal of certain materials as waste, often including used <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, old batteries, <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tires</a>, and garden waste. This can create a viable economy for the proper disposal of the products. Care must be taken that enough recycling <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a> exist to meet the supply, or such bans can create increased <a href="/wiki/Fly-tipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly-tipping">illegal dumping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government-mandated_demand">Government-mandated demand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government-mandated demand">edit</a>]</div> Four forms of legislation have also been used to increase and maintain the demand for recycled materials: minimum recycled content mandates, utilization rates, <a href="/wiki/Procurement" title="Procurement">procurement</a> policies, and recycled <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_labeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory labeling">product labeling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> Both minimum recycled content mandates and utilization rates increase demand by forcing manufacturers to include recycling in their operations. Content mandates specify that a certain percentage of a new product must consist of recycled material. Utilization rates are a more flexible option: Industries can meet their recycling targets at any point of their operations, or even contract out recycling in exchange for tradable credits. Opponents to these methods cite their large increase in reporting requirements, and claim that they rob the industry of flexibility.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeLong-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Governments">Governments</a> have used their own <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a> to increase recycling demand through "procurement policies". These policies are either "set-asides", which reserve a certain amount of spending for recycled products; or "price preference" programs that provide larger <a href="/wiki/Government_budget" title="Government budget">budgets</a> when recycled items are purchased. Additional regulations can target specific cases: in the United States, for example, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> mandates the purchase of oil, paper, tires and <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">building insulation</a> from recycled or re-refined sources whenever possible.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> The final government regulation toward increased demand is recycled product labeling. When producers are required to label their packaging with the amount of recycled material it contains (including the packaging), consumers can make more educated choices. Consumers with sufficient <a href="/wiki/Buying_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Buying power">buying power</a> can choose more environmentally conscious options, prompting producers to increase the recycled material in their products and increase demand. Standardized recycling labeling can also have a positive effect on the supply of recyclates when it specifies how and where the product can be recycled.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recyclates">Recyclates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Recyclates">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CLOSEUP_OF_BEER_BOTTLES_CRUSHED_INTO_FINE_GLASS._THIS_MIXTURE_IS_FED_INTO_THE_GLASS_FURNACE_AND_NEW_BOTTLES_ARE_MADE..._-_NARA_-_543695.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/CLOSEUP_OF_BEER_BOTTLES_CRUSHED_INTO_FINE_GLASS._THIS_MIXTURE_IS_FED_INTO_THE_GLASS_FURNACE_AND_NEW_BOTTLES_ARE_MADE..._-_NARA_-_543695.jpg/220px-CLOSEUP_OF_BEER_BOTTLES_CRUSHED_INTO_FINE_GLASS._THIS_MIXTURE_IS_FED_INTO_THE_GLASS_FURNACE_AND_NEW_BOTTLES_ARE_MADE..._-_NARA_-_543695.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/CLOSEUP_OF_BEER_BOTTLES_CRUSHED_INTO_FINE_GLASS._THIS_MIXTURE_IS_FED_INTO_THE_GLASS_FURNACE_AND_NEW_BOTTLES_ARE_MADE..._-_NARA_-_543695.jpg/330px-CLOSEUP_OF_BEER_BOTTLES_CRUSHED_INTO_FINE_GLASS._THIS_MIXTURE_IS_FED_INTO_THE_GLASS_FURNACE_AND_NEW_BOTTLES_ARE_MADE..._-_NARA_-_543695.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/CLOSEUP_OF_BEER_BOTTLES_CRUSHED_INTO_FINE_GLASS._THIS_MIXTURE_IS_FED_INTO_THE_GLASS_FURNACE_AND_NEW_BOTTLES_ARE_MADE..._-_NARA_-_543695.jpg/440px-CLOSEUP_OF_BEER_BOTTLES_CRUSHED_INTO_FINE_GLASS._THIS_MIXTURE_IS_FED_INTO_THE_GLASS_FURNACE_AND_NEW_BOTTLES_ARE_MADE..._-_NARA_-_543695.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption>Glass recovered by crushing only one kind of beer bottle</figcaption></figure> "Recyclate" is a raw material sent to and processed in a waste recycling plant or materials-recovery facility<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> so it can be used in the production of new materials and products. For example, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">plastic bottles</a> can be made into plastic pellets and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fabrics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality_of_recyclate">Quality of recyclate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Quality of recyclate">edit</a>]</div> The quality of recyclates is one of the principal challenges for the success of a long-term vision of a <a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">green economy</a> and achieving <a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">zero waste</a>. It generally refers to how much of it is composed of target material, versus non-target material and other non-recyclable material.<a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-52">[52]</a> Steel and other metals have intrinsically higher recyclate quality; it is estimated that two-thirds of all new steel comes from recycled steel.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Only target material is likely to be recycled, so higher amounts of non-target and non-recyclable materials can reduce the quantity of recycled products.<a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-52">[52]</a> A high proportion of non-target and non-recyclable material can make it more difficult to achieve "high-quality" recycling; and if recyclate is of poor quality, it is more likely to end up being <a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">down-cycled</a> or, in more extreme cases, sent to other recovery options or <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfilled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-52">[52]</a> For example, to facilitate the remanufacturing of clear glass products, there are tight restrictions for colored glass entering the re-melt process. Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">downcycling</a> of plastic, where products such as plastic food packaging are often downcycled into lower quality products, and do not get recycled into the same plastic food packaging. The quality of recyclate not only supports high-quality recycling, but it can also deliver significant environmental benefits by reducing, reusing, and keeping products out of <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-52">[52]</a> High-quality recycling can support economic growth by maximizing the value of waste material.<a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-52">[52]</a> Higher income levels from the sale of quality recyclates can return value significant to local governments, households and businesses.<a href="#cite_note-GOV.UK-52">[52]</a> Pursuing high-quality recycling can also promote consumer and business confidence in the waste and resource management sector, and may encourage investment in it. There are many actions along the recycling supply chain, each of which can affect recyclate quality.<a href="#cite_note-Scottish-54">[54]</a> Waste producers who place non-target and non-recyclable wastes in recycling collections can affect the quality of final recyclate streams, and require extra efforts to discard those materials at later stages in the recycling process.<a href="#cite_note-Scottish-54">[54]</a> Different collection systems can induce different levels of contamination. When multiple materials are collected together, extra effort is required to sort them into separate streams and can significantly reduce the quality of the final products.<a href="#cite_note-Scottish-54">[54]</a> Transportation and the compaction of materials can also make this more difficult. Despite improvements in technology and quality of recyclate, sorting facilities are still not 100% effective in separating materials.<a href="#cite_note-Scottish-54">[54]</a> When materials are stored outside, where they can become wet, can also cause problems for re-processors. Further sorting steps may be required to satisfactorily reduce the amount of non-target and non-recyclable material.<a href="#cite_note-Scottish-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recycling_consumer_waste">Recycling consumer waste</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recycling consumer waste">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collection">Collection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Collection">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg/170px-DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg/255px-DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg/340px-DeutscheBahnRecycling20050814_CopyrightKaihsuTai_Rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>A three-sided bin at a railway station in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, intended to separate paper (left) and plastic wrappings (right) from other waste (back)</figcaption></figure> A number of systems have been implemented to collect recyclates from the general waste stream, occupying different places on the spectrum of trade-off between public convenience and government ease and expense. The three main categories of collection are drop-off centers, buy-back centers and curbside collection.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> About two-thirds of the cost of recycling is incurred in the collection phase.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curbside_collection">Curbside collection</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Curbside collection">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curbside_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Curbside collection">Curbside collection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ACT_recycling_truck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ACT_recycling_truck.jpg/220px-ACT_recycling_truck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ACT_recycling_truck.jpg/330px-ACT_recycling_truck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ACT_recycling_truck.jpg/440px-ACT_recycling_truck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A recycling truck collecting the contents of a <a href="/wiki/Recycling_bin" title="Recycling bin">recycling bin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opr%C3%B3%C5%BCnianie_klatki_na_odpady_z_tworzyw_sztucznych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Opr%C3%B3%C5%BCnianie_klatki_na_odpady_z_tworzyw_sztucznych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim.jpg/220px-Opr%C3%B3%C5%BCnianie_klatki_na_odpady_z_tworzyw_sztucznych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Opr%C3%B3%C5%BCnianie_klatki_na_odpady_z_tworzyw_sztucznych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim.jpg/330px-Opr%C3%B3%C5%BCnianie_klatki_na_odpady_z_tworzyw_sztucznych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Opr%C3%B3%C5%BCnianie_klatki_na_odpady_z_tworzyw_sztucznych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim.jpg/440px-Opr%C3%B3%C5%BCnianie_klatki_na_odpady_z_tworzyw_sztucznych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Emptying of segregated rubbish containers in <a href="/wiki/Tomasz%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki" title="Tomaszów Mazowiecki">Tomaszów Mazowiecki</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> Curbside collection encompasses many subtly different systems, which differ mostly on where in the process the recyclates are sorted and cleaned. The main categories are mixed waste collection, commingled recyclables, and source separation.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Waste_collection_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste collection vehicle">waste collection vehicle</a> generally picks up the waste. In mixed waste collection, recyclates are collected mixed with the rest of the waste, and the desired materials are sorted out and cleaned at a central sorting facility. This results in a large amount of recyclable waste (especially paper) being too soiled to reprocess, but has advantages as well: The city need not pay for the separate collection of recyclates, no public education is needed, and any changes to the recyclability of certain materials are implemented where sorting occurs.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> In a commingled or <a href="/wiki/Single-stream_recycling" title="Single-stream recycling">single-stream system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recyclable_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Recyclable plastic">recyclables</a> are mixed but kept separate from non-recyclable waste. This greatly reduces the need for post-collection cleaning, but requires <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a> on what materials are recyclable.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Source_separation">Source separation</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Source separation">edit</a>]</div> Source separation is the other extreme, where each material is cleaned and sorted prior to collection. It requires the least post-collection sorting and produces the purest recyclates. However, it incurs additional <a href="/wiki/Operating_cost" title="Operating cost">operating costs</a> for collecting each material, and requires extensive public education to avoid recyclate <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, USA, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Environmental_Quality" title="Oregon Department of Environmental Quality">Oregon DEQ</a> surveyed multi-family property managers; about half of them reported problems, including contamination of recyclables due to trespassers such as <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">transients</a> gaining access to collection areas.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Source separation used to be the preferred method due to the high cost of sorting commingled (mixed waste) collection. However, advances in sorting technology have substantially lowered this overhead, and many areas that had developed source separation programs have switched to what is called co-mingled collection.<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buy-back_centers">Buy-back centers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Buy-back centers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Automat_do_przyjmowania_butelek_zwrotnych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim_Warszawska_r%C3%B3g_Szerokiej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Automat_do_przyjmowania_butelek_zwrotnych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim_Warszawska_r%C3%B3g_Szerokiej.jpg/170px-Automat_do_przyjmowania_butelek_zwrotnych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim_Warszawska_r%C3%B3g_Szerokiej.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Automat_do_przyjmowania_butelek_zwrotnych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim_Warszawska_r%C3%B3g_Szerokiej.jpg/255px-Automat_do_przyjmowania_butelek_zwrotnych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim_Warszawska_r%C3%B3g_Szerokiej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Automat_do_przyjmowania_butelek_zwrotnych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim_Warszawska_r%C3%B3g_Szerokiej.jpg/340px-Automat_do_przyjmowania_butelek_zwrotnych_w_60-tysi%C4%99cznym_Tomaszowie_Mazowieckim_Warszawska_r%C3%B3g_Szerokiej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reverse_vending_machine" title="Reverse vending machine">Reverse vending machine</a> in Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland</figcaption></figure> At buy-back centers, separated, cleaned recyclates are purchased, providing a clear incentive for use and creating a stable supply. The post-processed material can then be sold. If profitable, this conserves the emission of greenhouse gases; if unprofitable, it increases their emission. Buy-back centres generally need government subsidies to be viable. According to a 1993 report by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Waste_%26_Recycling_Association" title="National Waste & Recycling Association">National Waste & Recycling Association</a>, it costs an average $50 to process a ton of material that can be resold for $30.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drop-off_centers">Drop-off centers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Drop-off centers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keynsham_Recycling_Centre,_upper_deck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Keynsham_Recycling_Centre%2C_upper_deck.jpg/220px-Keynsham_Recycling_Centre%2C_upper_deck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Keynsham_Recycling_Centre%2C_upper_deck.jpg/330px-Keynsham_Recycling_Centre%2C_upper_deck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Keynsham_Recycling_Centre%2C_upper_deck.jpg/440px-Keynsham_Recycling_Centre%2C_upper_deck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A drop-off center in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, where they are generally named Recycling Centres</figcaption></figure> Drop-off centers require the waste producer to carry recyclates to a central location—either an installed or mobile collection station or the reprocessing plant itself. They are the easiest type of collection to establish but suffer from low and unpredictable throughput. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distributed_recycling">Distributed recycling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Distributed recycling">edit</a>]</div> For some waste materials such as plastic, recent technical devices called <a href="/wiki/Recyclebot" title="Recyclebot">recyclebots</a><a href="#cite_note-RPJ-57">[57]</a> enable a form of distributed recycling called DRAM (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Distributed_recycling_additive_manufacturing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distributed recycling additive manufacturing (page does not exist)">distributed recycling additive manufacturing</a>). Preliminary <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle analysis">life-cycle analysis</a> (LCA) indicates that such distributed recycling of <a href="/wiki/HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">HDPE</a> to make filament for <a href="/wiki/3D_printers" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printers">3D printers</a> in rural regions consumes less energy than using virgin resin, or using conventional recycling processes with their associated transportation.<a href="#cite_note-LCA-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Another form of distributed recycling mixes waste plastic with sand to make bricks in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Several studies have looked at the properties of recycled waste plastic and sand bricks.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The composite pavers can be sold at 100% profit while employing workers at 1.5× the minimum wage in the West African region, where distributed recycling has the potential to produce 19 million pavement tiles from 28,000 tons of plastic water sachets annually in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> This has also been done with COVID19 masks.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sorting">Sorting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sorting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Recycling_Video.webm/220px--Recycling_Video.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="121" data-mwtitle="Recycling_Video.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Recycling_Video.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Recycling_Video.webm/Recycling_Video.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Recycling_Video.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Recycling_Video.webm/Recycling_Video.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Recycling_Video.webm/Recycling_Video.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Recycling_Video.webm/Recycling_Video.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Recycling_Video.webm/Recycling_Video.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Video of recycling sorting facility and processes</figcaption></figure> Once commingled recyclates are collected and delivered to a <a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">materials recovery facility</a>, the materials must be sorted. This is done in a series of stages, many of which involve automated processes, enabling a truckload of material to be fully sorted in less than an hour.<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> Some plants can now sort materials automatically; this is known as <a href="/wiki/Single-stream_recycling" title="Single-stream recycling">single-stream recycling</a>. Automatic sorting may be aided by robotics and machine learning.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In plants, a variety of materials is sorted including paper, different types of plastics, glass, metals, food scraps, and most types of <a href="/wiki/Batteries_(journal)" title="Batteries (journal)">batteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> A 30% increase in recycling rates has been seen in areas with these plants.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In the US, there are over 300 materials recovery facilities.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Initially, commingled recyclates are removed from the collection vehicle and placed on a conveyor belt spread out in a single layer. Large pieces of <a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">corrugated fiberboard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">plastic bags</a> are removed by hand at this stage, as they can cause later machinery to jam.<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_and_plastic_recycling_065_ubt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Glass_and_plastic_recycling_065_ubt.JPG/220px-Glass_and_plastic_recycling_065_ubt.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Glass_and_plastic_recycling_065_ubt.JPG/330px-Glass_and_plastic_recycling_065_ubt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Glass_and_plastic_recycling_065_ubt.JPG/440px-Glass_and_plastic_recycling_065_ubt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2195" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>Early sorting of recyclable materials: glass and plastic bottles in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.</figcaption></figure> Next, automated machinery such as disk screens and air classifiers separate the recyclates by weight, splitting lighter paper and plastic from heavier glass and metal. Cardboard is removed from mixed paper, and the most common types of plastic—<a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">PET</a> (#1) and <a href="/wiki/HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">HDPE</a> (#2)—are collected, so these materials can be diverted into the proper collection channels. This is usually done by hand; but in some sorting centers, <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> scanners are used to differentiate between types of paper and plastic based on their absorbed wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> Plastics tend to be incompatible with each other due to differences in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_composition" title="Chemical composition">chemical composition</a>; their <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> molecules repel each other, similar to oil and water.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Strong magnets are used to separate out <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous metal">ferrous metals</a> such as iron, steel and <a href="/wiki/Tin_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin can">tin cans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Non-ferrous_metal" title="Non-ferrous metal">Non-ferrous metals</a> are ejected by magnetic <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">eddy currents</a>: A rotating magnetic field <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">induces</a> an electric current around aluminum cans, creating an eddy current inside the cans that is repulsed by a large <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>, ejecting the cans from the stream.<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1382457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Recycling_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1382457.jpg/220px-Recycling_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1382457.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Recycling_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1382457.jpg/330px-Recycling_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1382457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Recycling_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1382457.jpg/440px-Recycling_Point_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1382457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>A recycling point in <a href="/wiki/New_Byth" title="New Byth">New Byth</a>, Scotland, with separate containers for paper, plastics, and differently colored glass</figcaption></figure> Finally, glass is sorted according to its color: brown, amber, green, or clear. It may be sorted either by hand,<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> or by a machine that uses colored filters to detect colors. Glass fragments smaller than 10 millimetres (0.39 in) cannot be sorted automatically, and are mixed together as "glass fines".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>'s Department of the Environment set a citywide goal of zero waste by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> San Francisco's refuse hauler, <a href="/wiki/Recology" title="Recology">Recology</a>, operates an effective recyclables sorting facility that has helped the city reach a record-breaking landfill diversion rate of 80% as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Other American cities, including Los Angeles, have <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecowatch.com/best-cities-for-recycling-2652630134.html">achieved similar rates</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recycling_industrial_waste">Recycling industrial waste</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Recycling industrial waste">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shredded_tires.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shredded_tires.JPG/220px-Shredded_tires.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shredded_tires.JPG/330px-Shredded_tires.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shredded_tires.JPG/440px-Shredded_tires.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Mounds of shredded rubber tires ready for processing</figcaption></figure> Although many government programs concentrate on recycling at home, 64% of waste in the United Kingdom is generated by industry.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The focus of many recycling programs in industry is their cost-effectiveness. The ubiquitous nature of <a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">cardboard</a> packaging makes cardboard a common waste product recycled by companies that deal heavily in packaged goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Retail_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail store">retail stores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouses</a>, and goods distributors. Other industries deal in niche and specialized products, depending on the waste materials they handle. Glass, lumber, <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a> and paper manufacturers all deal directly in commonly recycled materials; however, independent tire dealers may collect and recycle <a href="/wiki/Rubber_tires" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber tires">rubber tires</a> for a profit. The waste produced from burning <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">Coal-fired power station</a> is often called <a href="/wiki/Fuel_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel ash">fuel ash</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It is a very useful material and used in <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> construction. It exhibits <a href="/wiki/Pozzolanic_activity" title="Pozzolanic activity">Pozzolanic activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Levels of metals recycling are generally low. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/International_Resource_Panel" title="International Resource Panel">International Resource Panel</a>, hosted by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP), published reports on metal stocks<a href="#cite_note-IRP-76">[76]</a> and their recycling rates.<a href="#cite_note-IRP-76">[76]</a> It reported that the increase in the use of metals during the 20th and into the 21st century has led to a substantial shift in metal stocks from below-ground to use in above-ground applications within society. For example, in the US, in-use copper grew from 73 to 238 kg per capita between 1932–1999. The report's authors observed that, as metals are inherently recyclable, metal stocks in society can serve as huge above-ground mines (the term "urban mining" has thus been coined<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>). However, they found that the recycling rates of many metals are low. They warned that the recycling rates of some <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare metals</a> used in applications such as mobile phones, battery packs for hybrid cars and fuel cells, are so low that unless future end-of-life recycling rates are dramatically increased, these critical metals will become unavailable for use in modern technology. The military recycles some metals. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a>'s Ship Disposal Program uses <a href="/wiki/Ship_breaking" title="Ship breaking">ship breaking</a> to reclaim the steel of old vessels. Ships may also be sunk to create <a href="/wiki/Artificial_reef" title="Artificial reef">artificial reefs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> is a dense metal that has qualities superior to lead and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> for many military and industrial uses. Uranium left over from processing it into <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> and fuel for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">depleted uranium</a>, and is used by all branches of the U.S. military for the development of such things as armor-piercing shells and shielding. The construction industry may recycle concrete and old <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">road surface pavement</a>, selling these materials for profit. Some rapidly growing industries, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_industry" title="Renewable energy industry">renewable energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar photovoltaic">solar photovoltaic technology</a> industries, are proactively creating recycling policies even before their waste streams have considerable volume, anticipating future demand.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Recycling of plastics is more difficult, as most programs are not able to reach the necessary level of quality. Recycling of <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a> often results in <a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">downcycling</a> of the material, which means only products of lower quality standard can be made with the recycled material.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Computer_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer recycling">Computer recycling</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Battery recycling</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel#Recycling" title="Solar panel">Solar panel § Recycling</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine#Demolition_and_recycling" title="Wind turbine">Wind turbine § Demolition and recycling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RetiredCPUs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/RetiredCPUs.jpg/220px-RetiredCPUs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/RetiredCPUs.jpg/330px-RetiredCPUs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/RetiredCPUs.jpg/440px-RetiredCPUs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption>Computer processors retrieved from waste stream</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">E-waste</a> is a growing problem, accounting for 20–50 million metric tons of global waste per year according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>. It is also the fastest growing waste stream in the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Kinver-25">[25]</a> Many recyclers do not recycle e-waste responsibly. After the cargo barge <a href="/wiki/Khian_Sea_waste_disposal_incident" title="Khian Sea waste disposal incident">Khian Sea</a> dumped 14,000 metric tons of toxic ash in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a> was formed to stem the flow of hazardous substances into poorer countries. They created the <a href="/wiki/E-Stewards" title="E-Stewards">e-Stewards certification</a> to ensure that recyclers are held to the highest standards for environmental responsibility and to help consumers identify responsible recyclers. It operates alongside other prominent legislation, such as the <a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive</a> of the EU and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> National Computer Recycling Act, to prevent poisonous chemicals from entering waterways and the atmosphere. In the recycling process, television sets, monitors, cell phones, and computers are typically tested for reuse and repaired. If broken, they may be disassembled for parts still having high value if labor is cheap enough. Other e-waste is shredded to pieces roughly 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in size and manually checked to separate toxic batteries and <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>, which contain poisonous metals. The remaining pieces are further shredded to 10 millimetres (0.39 in) particles and passed under a magnet to remove ferrous metals. An <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">eddy current</a> ejects non-ferrous metals, which are sorted by density either by a centrifuge or vibrating plates. Precious metals can be dissolved in acid, sorted, and smelted into ingots. The remaining glass and plastic fractions are separated by density and sold to re-processors. Television sets and monitors must be manually disassembled to remove lead from <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">CRTs</a> and the mercury backlight from <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">LCDs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">Vehicles</a>, solar panels and wind turbines can also be recycled. They often contain <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element#Recycling_and_reusing_REEs" title="Rare-earth element">rare-earth elements</a> (REE) and/or <a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_facing_shortage#European_strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements facing shortage">other critical raw materials</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Environmental_aspects_of_the_electric_car#Raw_material_availability_and_supply_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental aspects of the electric car">electric car production</a>, large amounts of REE's are typically required.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-82">[82]</a> Whereas many critical raw elements and REE's can be recovered, environmental engineer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.institutmomentum.org/language/en/author/philippebihouix/">Phillipe Bihouix</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906071831/https://www.institutmomentum.org/language/en/author/philippebihouix/">Archived</a> 6 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> reports that recycling of <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> is still very difficult and their recycling rates are very low.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plastic_recycling">Plastic recycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Plastic recycling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spoon_recycling_3d_printing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Spoon_recycling_3d_printing.jpg/170px-Spoon_recycling_3d_printing.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Spoon_recycling_3d_printing.jpg/255px-Spoon_recycling_3d_printing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Spoon_recycling_3d_printing.jpg/340px-Spoon_recycling_3d_printing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A container for recycling used plastic spoons into material for <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></figcaption></figure> Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products, sometimes completely different in form from their original state. For instance, this could mean melting down soft drink bottles and then casting them as plastic chairs and tables.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> For some types of plastic, the same piece of plastic can only be recycled about 2–3 times before its quality decreases to the point where it can no longer be used.<a href="#cite_note-NG-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_recycling">Physical recycling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Physical recycling">edit</a>]</div> Some plastics are remelted to form new plastic objects; for example, PET water bottles can be converted into polyester destined for clothing. A disadvantage of this type of recycling is that the molecular weight of the polymer can change further and the levels of unwanted substances in the plastic can increase with each remelt.<a href="#cite_note-SilvaGouveia2019-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-LongScheirs2005-85">[85]</a> A commercial-built recycling facility was sent to the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> in late 2019. The facility takes in <a href="/wiki/Plastic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic waste">plastic waste</a> and unneeded plastic parts and physically converts them into spools of feedstock for the space station <a href="/wiki/Additive_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Additive manufacturing">additive manufacturing</a> facility used for in-space <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sn20191021-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_recycling">Chemical recycling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Chemical recycling">edit</a>]</div> For some polymers, it is possible to convert them back into monomers, for example, PET can be treated with an alcohol and a catalyst to form a dialkyl terephthalate. The terephthalate diester can be used with ethylene glycol to form a new polyester polymer, thus making it possible to use the pure polymer again. In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Chemical_Company" title="Eastman Chemical Company">Eastman Chemical Company</a> announced initiatives of <a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">methanolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a> designed to handle a greater variety of used material.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waste_plastic_pyrolysis_to_fuel_oil">Waste plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Waste plastic pyrolysis to fuel oil">edit</a>]</div> Another process involves the conversion of assorted polymers into petroleum by a much less precise thermal <a href="/wiki/Depolymerization" title="Depolymerization">depolymerization</a> process. Such a process would be able to accept almost any polymer or mix of polymers, including <a href="/wiki/Thermoset" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermoset">thermoset</a> materials such as vulcanized rubber tires and the <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymers</a> in feathers and other agricultural waste. Like natural petroleum, the chemicals produced can be used as fuels or as feedstock. A RESEM Technology<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> plant of this type in <a href="/wiki/Carthage,_Missouri" title="Carthage, Missouri">Carthage, Missouri</a>, US, uses turkey waste as input material. Gasification is a similar process but is not technically recycling since polymers are not likely to become the result. Plastic Pyrolysis can convert petroleum based waste streams such as plastics into quality fuels, carbons. Given below is the list of suitable plastic raw materials for <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>: <ul><li>Mixed plastic (<a href="/wiki/HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">HDPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/LDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="LDPE">LDPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">PE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">PP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">PS</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABS_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS plastic">ABS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">FRP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">PET</a> etc.)</li> <li>Mixed waste plastic from waste paper mill</li> <li>Multi-layered plastic</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recycling_codes">Recycling codes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Recycling codes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">Recycling codes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_codes_on_products.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Recycling_codes_on_products.jpg/220px-Recycling_codes_on_products.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Recycling_codes_on_products.jpg/330px-Recycling_codes_on_products.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Recycling_codes_on_products.jpg/440px-Recycling_codes_on_products.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2776" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Recycling codes on products</figcaption></figure> In order to meet recyclers' needs while providing manufacturers a consistent, uniform system, a <a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">coding system</a> was developed. The recycling code for plastics was introduced in 1988 by the plastics industry through the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Plastics_Industry" title="Society of the Plastics Industry">Society of the Plastics Industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Because municipal recycling programs traditionally have targeted packaging—primarily bottles and containers—the <a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">resin coding system</a> offered a means of identifying the resin content of bottles and containers commonly found in the residential waste stream.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In the United States, plastic products are printed with numbers 1–7 depending on the type of resin. Type 1 (<a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a>) is commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drink</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_bottles" class="mw-redirect" title="Water bottles">water bottles</a>. Type 2 (<a href="/wiki/High-density_polyethylene" title="High-density polyethylene">high-density polyethylene</a>) is found in most hard plastics such as <a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">milk jugs</a>, laundry detergent bottles, and some dishware. Type 3 (<a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a>) includes items such as shampoo bottles, shower curtains, <a href="/wiki/Hula_hoops" class="mw-redirect" title="Hula hoops">hula hoops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Credit_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit cards">credit cards</a>, wire jacketing, medical equipment, siding, and piping. Type 4 (<a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">low-density polyethylene</a>) is found in shopping bags, squeezable bottles, tote bags, clothing, furniture, and carpet. Type 5 is <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> and makes up syrup bottles, straws, <a href="/wiki/Tupperware" title="Tupperware">Tupperware</a>, and some automotive parts. Type 6 is <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a> and makes up meat trays, egg cartons, clamshell containers, and compact disc cases. Type 7 includes all other plastics such as bulletproof materials, 3- and 5-gallon water bottles, cell phone and tablet frames, safety goggles and sunglasses.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Having a recycling code or the chasing arrows logo on a material is not an automatic indicator that a material is recyclable but rather an explanation of what the material is. Types 1 and 2 are the most commonly recycled. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost–benefit_analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cost–benefit analysis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Recycling" title="Talk:Recycling">the talk page</a>. (March 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:1em;"> <caption>Environmental effects of recycling<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Material </th> <th>Energy savings vs. new production </th> <th>Air pollution savings vs. new production </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">Aluminium</a></td> <td>95%<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-economistrecycle-21">[21]</a></td> <td>95%<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-WasteOnline-93">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Cardboard</a></td> <td>24%</td> <td> — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass</a></td> <td>5–30%</td> <td>20% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper</a></td> <td>40%<a href="#cite_note-economistrecycle-21">[21]</a></td> <td>73%<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastics</a></td> <td>70%<a href="#cite_note-economistrecycle-21">[21]</a></td> <td> — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metal_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrous metal recycling">Steel</a></td> <td>60%<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a></td> <td> — </td></tr></tbody></table> In addition to environmental impact, there is debate over whether recycling is <a href="/wiki/Economic_efficiency" title="Economic efficiency">economically efficient</a>. According to a <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Natural Resources Defense Council">Natural Resources Defense Council</a> study, waste collection and landfill disposal creates less than one job per 1,000 tons of waste material managed; in contrast, the collection, processing, and manufacturing of recycled materials creates 6–13 or more jobs per 1,000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> According to the U.S. Recycling Economic Informational Study, there are over 50,000 recycling establishments that have created over a million jobs in the US.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Waste_%26_Recycling_Association" title="National Waste & Recycling Association">National Waste & Recycling Association</a> (NWRA) reported in May 2015 that recycling and waste made a $6.7 billion economic impact in Ohio, U.S., and employed 14,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Economists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] would classify this extra labor used as a cost rather than a benefit since these workers could have been employed elsewhere; the cost effectiveness of creating these additional jobs remains unclear.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sometimes cities have found recycling saves resources compared to other methods of disposal of waste. Two years after New York City declared that implementing recycling programs would be "a drain on the city", New York City leaders realized that an efficient recycling system could save the city over $20 million.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Municipalities often see <a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">fiscal</a> benefits from implementing recycling programs, largely due to the reduced <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> costs.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> A study conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Denmark" title="Technical University of Denmark">Technical University of Denmark</a> according to the Economist found that in 83 percent of cases, recycling is the most efficient method to dispose of household waste.<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-economistrecycle-21">[21]</a> However, a 2004 assessment by the Danish Environmental Assessment Institute concluded that incineration was the most effective method for disposing of drink containers, even aluminium ones.<a href="#cite_note-Vigso2004-100">[100]</a> Fiscal efficiency is separate from economic efficiency. Economic analysis of recycling does not include what economists call <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a>: unpriced costs and benefits that accrue to individuals outside of private transactions[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Examples include less air pollution and greenhouse gases from incineration and less waste leaching from landfills. Without mechanisms such as taxes or subsidies, businesses and consumers following their private benefit would ignore externalities despite the costs imposed on society. If landfills and incinerator pollution is inadequately regulated, these methods of waste disposal appear cheaper than they really are, because part of their cost is the pollution imposed on people nearby. Thus, advocates have pushed for legislation to increase demand for recycled materials.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) has concluded in favor of recycling, saying that recycling efforts reduced the country's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> by a net 49 million <a href="/wiki/Metric_tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tonnes">metric tonnes</a> in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Waste_and_Resources_Action_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste and Resources Action Programme">Waste and Resources Action Programme</a> stated that Great Britain's recycling efforts reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">CO2 emissions</a> by 10–15 million tonnes a year.<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> The question for economic efficiency is whether this reduction is worth the extra cost of recycling and thus makes the artificial demand creates by legislation worthwhile. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PILE_OF_WRECKED_AUTOS_AT_KLEAN_STEEL_CO_-_NARA_-_542660.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PILE_OF_WRECKED_AUTOS_AT_KLEAN_STEEL_CO_-_NARA_-_542660.jpg/170px-PILE_OF_WRECKED_AUTOS_AT_KLEAN_STEEL_CO_-_NARA_-_542660.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PILE_OF_WRECKED_AUTOS_AT_KLEAN_STEEL_CO_-_NARA_-_542660.jpg/255px-PILE_OF_WRECKED_AUTOS_AT_KLEAN_STEEL_CO_-_NARA_-_542660.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/PILE_OF_WRECKED_AUTOS_AT_KLEAN_STEEL_CO_-_NARA_-_542660.jpg/340px-PILE_OF_WRECKED_AUTOS_AT_KLEAN_STEEL_CO_-_NARA_-_542660.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Wrecked automobiles gathered for smelting</figcaption></figure> Certain requirements must be met for recycling to be economically feasible and environmentally effective. These include an adequate source of recyclates, a system to extract those recyclates from the <a href="/wiki/Waste_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste stream">waste stream</a>, a nearby factory capable of reprocessing the recyclates, and a potential demand for the recycled products. These last two requirements are often overlooked—without both an industrial market for production using the collected materials and a consumer market for the manufactured goods, recycling is incomplete and in fact only "collection".<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> Free-market economist <a href="/wiki/Julian_Simon" title="Julian Simon">Julian Simon</a> remarked "There are three ways society can organize waste disposal: (a) commanding, (b) guiding by tax and subsidy, and (c) leaving it to the individual and the market". These principles appear to divide economic thinkers today.<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ackerman" title="Frank Ackerman">Frank Ackerman</a> favours a high level of government intervention to provide recycling services. He believes that recycling's benefit cannot be effectively quantified by traditional laissez-faire economics. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Hershkowitz" title="Allen Hershkowitz">Allen Hershkowitz</a> supports intervention, saying that it is a public service equal to education and policing. He argues that manufacturers should shoulder more of the burden of waste disposal.<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> Paul Calcott and Margaret Walls advocate the second option. A deposit refund scheme and a small refuse charge would encourage recycling but not at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">illegal dumping</a>. Thomas C. Kinnaman concludes that a landfill tax would force consumers, companies and councils to recycle more.<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> Most free-market thinkers detest subsidy and intervention, arguing that they waste resources. The general argument is that if cities charge the full cost of garbage collection, private companies can profitably recycle any materials for which the benefit of recycling exceeds the cost (e.g. aluminum<a href="#cite_note-Howard_Husock-102">[102]</a>) and do not recycle other materials for which the benefit is less than the cost (e.g. glass<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>). Cities, on the other hand, often recycle even when they not only do not receive enough for the paper or plastic to pay for its collection, but must actually pay private recycling companies to take it off of their hands.<a href="#cite_note-Howard_Husock-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Terry_L._Anderson" title="Terry L. Anderson">Terry Anderson</a> and Donald Leal think that all recycling programmes should be privately operated, and therefore would only operate if the money saved by recycling exceeds its costs. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Benjamin" title="Daniel Benjamin">Daniel K. Benjamin</a> argues that it wastes people's resources and lowers the wealth of a population.<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> He notes that recycling can cost a city more than twice as much as landfills, that in the United States landfills are so heavily regulated that their pollution effects are negligible, and that the recycling process also generates pollution and uses energy, which may or may not be less than from virgin production.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_in_recyclates">Trade in recyclates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Trade in recyclates">edit</a>]</div> Certain countries trade in unprocessed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/recyclate" class="extiw" title="wikt:recyclate">recyclates</a>. Some have complained that the ultimate fate of recyclates sold to another country is unknown and they may end up in landfills instead of being reprocessed. According to one report, in America, 50–80 percent of computers destined for recycling are actually not recycled.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> There are reports of illegal-waste imports to China being dismantled and recycled solely for monetary gain, without consideration for workers' health or environmental damage. Although the Chinese government has banned these practices, it has not been able to eradicate them.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 2008, the prices of recyclable waste plummeted before rebounding in 2009. Cardboard averaged about £53/tonne from 2004 to 2008, dropped to £19/tonne, and then went up to £59/tonne in May 2009. PET plastic averaged about £156/tonne, dropped to £75/tonne and then moved up to £195/tonne in May 2009.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Certain regions have difficulty using or exporting as much of a material as they recycle. This problem is most prevalent with glass: both Britain and the U.S. import large quantities of wine bottled in green glass. Though much of this glass is sent to be recycled, outside the <a href="/wiki/American_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Midwest">American Midwest</a> there is not enough wine production to use all of the reprocessed material. The extra must be downcycled into building materials or re-inserted into the regular waste stream.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a> Similarly, the northwestern United States has difficulty finding markets for recycled newspaper, given the large number of <a href="/wiki/Pulp_mill" title="Pulp mill">pulp mills</a> in the region as well as the proximity to Asian markets. In other areas of the U.S., however, demand for used newsprint has seen wide fluctuation.<a href="#cite_note-gar-5">[5]</a> In some U.S. states, a program called <a href="/wiki/RecycleBank" class="mw-redirect" title="RecycleBank">RecycleBank</a> pays people to recycle, receiving money from local municipalities for the reduction in landfill space that must be purchased. It uses a single stream process in which all material is automatically sorted.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms_and_responses">Criticisms and responses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Criticisms and responses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers. Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Recycling" title="Talk:Recycling">the talk page</a>. (March 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Critics dispute the net economic and environmental benefits of recycling over its costs, and suggest that proponents of recycling often make matters worse and suffer from <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>. Specifically, critics argue that the costs and energy used in collection and transportation detract from (and outweigh) the costs and energy saved in the production process; also that the jobs produced by the recycling industry can be a poor trade for the jobs lost in logging, mining, and other industries associated with production; and that materials such as paper pulp can only be recycled a few times before material degradation prevents further recycling.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Tierney_(journalist)" title="John Tierney (journalist)">John Tierney</a> notes that it is generally more expensive for municipalities to recycle waste from households than to send it to a landfill and that "recycling may be the most wasteful activity in modern America."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Much of the difficulty inherent in recycling comes from the fact that most products are not designed with recycling in mind. The concept of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">sustainable design</a> aims to solve this problem, and was laid out in the 2002 book <a href="/wiki/Cradle_to_Cradle:_Remaking_the_Way_We_Make_Things" title="Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things">Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things</a> by architect <a href="/wiki/William_McDonough" title="William McDonough">William McDonough</a> and chemist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Braungart" title="Michael Braungart">Michael Braungart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> They suggest that every product (and all packaging it requires) should have a complete "closed-loop" cycle mapped out for each component—a way in which every component either returns to the natural ecosystem through <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradation</a> or is recycled indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-economisttruth-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decon_EPA-113">[113]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Complete recycling is impossible from a practical standpoint. In summary, substitution and recycling strategies only delay the depletion of non-renewable stocks and therefore may buy time in the transition to true or strong <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, which ultimately is only guaranteed in an economy based on renewable resources.<a href="#cite_note-Huesemann03-114">[114]</a>: 21 <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>M. H. Huesemann, 2003</cite></div></blockquote> While recycling diverts waste from entering directly into landfill sites, current recycling misses the dispersive components. Critics believe that complete recycling is impracticable as highly dispersed wastes become so diluted that the energy needed for their recovery becomes increasingly excessive. As with <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">environmental economics</a>, care must be taken to ensure a complete view of the costs and benefits involved. For example, <a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">paperboard</a> packaging for food products is more easily recycled than most plastic, but is heavier to ship and may result in more waste from spoilage.<a href="#cite_note-Tierney-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_and_material_flows">Energy and material flows</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Energy and material flows">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_recycling_bales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Steel_recycling_bales.jpg/220px-Steel_recycling_bales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Steel_recycling_bales.jpg/330px-Steel_recycling_bales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Steel_recycling_bales.jpg/440px-Steel_recycling_bales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Bales of crushed steel ready for transport to the smelter</figcaption></figure> The amount of energy saved through recycling depends upon the material being recycled and the type of energy accounting that is used. Correct accounting for this saved energy can be accomplished with <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle analysis">life-cycle analysis</a> using real energy values, and in addition, <a href="/wiki/Exergy" title="Exergy">exergy</a>, which is a measure of how much useful energy can be used. In general, it takes far less energy to produce a unit mass of recycled materials than it does to make the same mass of virgin materials.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Some scholars use <a href="/wiki/Emergy" title="Emergy">emergy</a> (spelled with an m) analysis, for example, budgets for the amount of energy of one kind (exergy) that is required to make or transform things into another kind of product or service. Emergy calculations take into account economics that can alter pure physics-based results. Using emergy life-cycle analysis researchers have concluded that materials with large refining costs have the greatest potential for high recycle benefits. Moreover, the highest emergy efficiency accrues from systems geared toward material recycling, where materials are engineered to recycle back into their original form and purpose, followed by <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_reuse" title="Adaptive reuse">adaptive reuse</a> systems where the materials are recycled into a different kind of product, and then by-product reuse systems where parts of the products are used to make an entirely different product.<a href="#cite_note-Brown03-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> (EIA) states on its website that "a paper mill uses 40 percent less energy to make paper from recycled paper than it does to make paper from fresh lumber."<a href="#cite_note-auto-120">[120]</a> Some critics argue that it takes more energy to produce recycled products than it does to dispose of them in traditional landfill methods, since the curbside collection of recyclables often requires a second waste truck. However, recycling proponents point out that a second timber or logging truck is eliminated when paper is collected for recycling, so the net energy consumption is the same. An emergy life-cycle analysis on recycling revealed that fly ash, aluminum, recycled concrete aggregate, recycled plastic, and steel yield higher efficiency ratios, whereas the recycling of lumber generates the lowest recycle benefit ratio. Hence, the specific nature of the recycling process, the methods used to analyse the process, and the products involved affect the energy savings budgets.<a href="#cite_note-Brown03-119">[119]</a> It is difficult to determine the amount of energy consumed or produced in waste disposal processes in broader ecological terms, where causal relations dissipate into complex networks of material and energy flow. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[C]ities do not follow all the strategies of ecosystem development. Biogeochemical paths become fairly straight relative to wild ecosystems, with reduced recycling, resulting in large flows of waste and low total energy efficiencies. By contrast, in wild ecosystems, one population's wastes are another population's resources, and succession results in efficient exploitation of available resources. However, even modernized cities may still be in the earliest stages of a succession that may take centuries or millennia to complete.<a href="#cite_note-Decker00-121">[121]</a>: 720  </blockquote> How much energy is used in recycling also depends on the type of material being recycled and the process used to do so. Aluminium is generally agreed to use far less energy when recycled rather than being produced from scratch. The EPA states that "recycling aluminum cans, for example, saves 95 percent of the energy required to make the same amount of aluminum from its virgin source, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>."<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 2009, more than half of all aluminium cans produced came from recycled aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Similarly, it has been estimated that new steel produced with recycled cans reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 75%.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Every year, millions of tons of materials are being exploited from the earth's crust, and processed into consumer and capital goods. After decades to centuries, most of these materials are "lost". With the exception of some pieces of art or religious relics, they are no longer engaged in the consumption process. Where are they? Recycling is only an intermediate solution for such materials, although it does prolong the residence time in the anthroposphere. For thermodynamic reasons, however, recycling cannot prevent the final need for an ultimate sink.<a href="#cite_note-Brunner99-126">[126]</a>: 1 <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>P. H. Brunner</cite></div></blockquote> Economist <a href="/wiki/Steven_Landsburg" title="Steven Landsburg">Steven Landsburg</a> has suggested that the sole benefit of reducing landfill space is trumped by the energy needed and resulting pollution from the recycling process.<a href="#cite_note-landsburg-127">[127]</a> Others, however, have calculated through life-cycle assessment that producing recycled paper uses less energy and water than harvesting, pulping, processing, and transporting virgin trees.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> When less recycled paper is used, additional energy is needed to create and maintain farmed forests until these forests are as self-sustainable as virgin forests. Other studies have shown that recycling in itself is inefficient to perform the "decoupling" of economic development from the depletion of non-renewable raw materials that is necessary for sustainable development.<a href="#cite_note-Grosse10-129">[129]</a> The international transportation or recycle material flows through "... different trade networks of the three countries result in different flows, decay rates, and potential recycling returns".<a href="#cite_note-Sahni11-130">[130]</a>: 1  As global consumption of a natural resources grows, their depletion is inevitable. The best recycling can do is to delay; complete closure of material loops to achieve 100 percent recycling of nonrenewables is impossible as micro-trace materials dissipate into the environment causing severe damage to the planet's ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-Steffen10-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zaman11-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Huesemann11-133">[133]</a> Historically, this was identified as the metabolic rift by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, who identified the unequal exchange rate between energy and nutrients flowing from rural areas to feed urban cities that create effluent wastes degrading the planet's ecological capital, such as loss in soil nutrient production.<a href="#cite_note-Clark09-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foster11-135">[135]</a> Energy conservation also leads to what is known as <a href="/wiki/Jevon%27s_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Jevon's paradox">Jevon's paradox</a>, where improvements in energy efficiency lowers the cost of production and leads to a rebound effect where rates of consumption and economic growth increases.<a href="#cite_note-Huesemann11-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alcott05-136">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demolition_Depot_W125_St_dusk_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Demolition_Depot_W125_St_dusk_jeh.jpg/220px-Demolition_Depot_W125_St_dusk_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Demolition_Depot_W125_St_dusk_jeh.jpg/330px-Demolition_Depot_W125_St_dusk_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Demolition_Depot_W125_St_dusk_jeh.jpg/440px-Demolition_Depot_W125_St_dusk_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2698" /></a><figcaption>This shop in New York only sells items recycled from demolished buildings.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Costs">edit</a>]</div> The amount of money actually saved through recycling depends on the efficiency of the recycling program used to do it. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Local_Self-Reliance" title="Institute for Local Self-Reliance">Institute for Local Self-Reliance</a> argues that the cost of recycling depends on various factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Gate_fee" title="Gate fee">landfill fees</a> and the amount of disposal that the community recycles. It states that communities begin to save money when they treat recycling as a replacement for their traditional waste system rather than an add-on to it and by "redesigning their collection schedules and/or trucks".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In some cases, the cost of recyclable materials also exceeds the cost of raw materials. Virgin plastic resin costs 40 percent less than recycled resin.<a href="#cite_note-auto-120">[120]</a> Additionally, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) study that tracked the price of clear glass from 15 July to 2 August 1991, found that the average cost per ton ranged from $40 to $60<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> while a <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> report shows that the cost per ton of raw silica sand from years 1993 to 1997 fell between $17.33 and $18.10.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Comparing the market cost of recyclable material with the cost of new raw materials ignores economic <a href="/wiki/Externalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Externalities">externalities</a>—the costs that are currently not counted by the market. Creating a new piece of plastic, for instance, may cause more pollution and be less sustainable than recycling a similar piece of plastic, but these factors are not counted in market cost. A <a href="/wiki/Life_cycle_assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Life cycle assessment">life cycle assessment</a> can be used to determine the levels of externalities and decide whether the recycling may be worthwhile despite unfavorable market costs. Alternatively, legal means (such as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a>) can be used to bring externalities into the market, so that the market cost of the material becomes close to the true cost. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_conditions">Working conditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Working conditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lixao_Catadores_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lixao_Catadores_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg/220px-Lixao_Catadores_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lixao_Catadores_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg/330px-Lixao_Catadores_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lixao_Catadores_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg/440px-Lixao_Catadores_20080220_-_Marcello_Casal_Jr._-_Agencia_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1810" /></a><figcaption>Some people in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> earn their living by collecting and sorting garbage and selling them for recycling.</figcaption></figure> The recycling of waste electrical and electronic equipment can create a significant amount of pollution. This problem is specifically occurrent in India and China. Informal recycling in an underground economy of these countries has generated an environmental and health disaster. High levels of lead (Pb), polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychlorinated dioxins">polychlorinated dioxins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Furans" class="mw-redirect" title="Furans">furans</a>, as well as polybrominated dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs), concentrated in the air, <a href="/wiki/Bottom_ash" title="Bottom ash">bottom ash</a>, dust, soil, water, and sediments in areas surrounding recycling sites.<a href="#cite_note-Sepúlveda10-140">[140]</a> These materials can make work sites harmful to the workers themselves and the surrounding environment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_income_loss_and_social_costs">Possible income loss and social costs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Possible income loss and social costs">edit</a>]</div> In some countries, recycling is performed by the entrepreneurial poor such as the <a href="/wiki/Karung_guni" title="Karung guni">karung guni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabbaleen" title="Zabbaleen">zabbaleen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rag-and-bone_man" title="Rag-and-bone man">rag-and-bone man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">waste picker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Junk_man" title="Junk man">junk man</a>. With the creation of large recycling organizations that may be profitable, either by law or <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> the poor are more likely to be driven out of the recycling and the <a href="/wiki/Remanufacturing" title="Remanufacturing">remanufacturing</a> job market. To compensate for this loss of income, a society may need to create additional forms of societal programs to help support the poor.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_NewsHour_2010-143">[143]</a> Like the <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_broken_window" title="Parable of the broken window">parable of the broken window</a>, there is a net loss to the poor and possibly the whole of a society to make recycling artificially profitable, e.g. through the law. However, in Brazil and Argentina, waste pickers/informal recyclers work alongside the authorities, in fully or semi-funded cooperatives, allowing informal recycling to be legitimized as a paid public sector job.<a href="#cite_note-Medina,_M._2000_51–69-144">[144]</a> Because the social support of a country is likely to be less than the loss of income to the poor undertaking recycling, there is a greater chance for the poor to come in conflict with the large recycling organizations.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> This means fewer people can decide if certain waste is more economically reusable in its current form rather than being reprocessed. Contrasted to the recycling poor, the efficiency of their recycling may actually be higher for some materials because individuals have greater control over what is considered "waste".<a href="#cite_note-PBS_NewsHour_2010-143">[143]</a> One labor-intensive underused waste is electronic and computer waste. Because this waste may still be functional and wanted mostly by those on lower incomes, who may sell or use it at a greater efficiency than large recyclers. Some recycling advocates believe that <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> individual-based recycling does not cover all of society's recycling needs. Thus, it does not negate the need for an organized recycling program.<a href="#cite_note-PBS_NewsHour_2010-143">[143]</a> Local government can consider the activities of the recycling poor as contributing to the ruining of property. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_participation_rates">Public participation rates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Public participation rates">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Municipal_recycling_facilities,_Montgomery_County,_MD._2007,_Credit_USEPA_(14410405277).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Municipal_recycling_facilities%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_MD._2007%2C_Credit_USEPA_%2814410405277%29.jpg/220px-Municipal_recycling_facilities%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_MD._2007%2C_Credit_USEPA_%2814410405277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Municipal_recycling_facilities%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_MD._2007%2C_Credit_USEPA_%2814410405277%29.jpg/330px-Municipal_recycling_facilities%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_MD._2007%2C_Credit_USEPA_%2814410405277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Municipal_recycling_facilities%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_MD._2007%2C_Credit_USEPA_%2814410405277%29.jpg/440px-Municipal_recycling_facilities%2C_Montgomery_County%2C_MD._2007%2C_Credit_USEPA_%2814410405277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Single-stream_recycling" title="Single-stream recycling">Single-stream recycling</a> increases public participation rates, but requires additional sorting.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Better_recycling_is_a_priority,_especially_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe._More_specifically,_concerning_consumption,_which_two_actions_should_be_prioritised_to_combat_climate_change%3F.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Better_recycling_is_a_priority%2C_especially_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe._More_specifically%2C_concerning_consumption%2C_which_two_actions_should_be_prioritised_to_combat_climate_change%3F.svg/220px-thumbnail.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Better_recycling_is_a_priority%2C_especially_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe._More_specifically%2C_concerning_consumption%2C_which_two_actions_should_be_prioritised_to_combat_climate_change%3F.svg/330px-thumbnail.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Better_recycling_is_a_priority%2C_especially_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe._More_specifically%2C_concerning_consumption%2C_which_two_actions_should_be_prioritised_to_combat_climate_change%3F.svg/440px-thumbnail.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Better recycling is a priority in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, especially in Central and Eastern Europe among respondents of the 2020-21 European Investment Bank Climate Survey.</figcaption></figure> Changes that have been demonstrated to increase recycling rates include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-stream_recycling" title="Single-stream recycling">Single-stream recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_as_you_throw" title="Pay as you throw">Pay as you throw</a> fees for trash</li></ul> In a study done by social psychologist Shawn Burn,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> it was found that personal contact with individuals within a neighborhood is the most effective way to increase recycling within a community. In her study, she had 10 block leaders talk to their neighbors and persuade them to recycle. A comparison group was sent fliers promoting recycling. It was found that the neighbors that were personally contacted by their block leaders recycled much more than the group without personal contact. As a result of this study, Shawn Burn believes that personal contact within a small group of people is an important factor in encouraging recycling. Another study done by Stuart Oskamp<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> examines the effect of neighbors and friends on recycling. It was found in his studies that people who had friends and neighbors that recycled were much more likely to also recycle than those who did not have friends and neighbors that recycled. Many schools have created recycling awareness clubs in order to give young students an insight on recycling. These schools believe that the clubs actually encourage students to not only recycle at school but at home as well. Recycling of metals varies extremely by type. Titanium and lead have an extremely high recycling rates of over 90%. Copper and cobalt have high rates of recycling around 75%. Only about half of aluminum is recycled. Most of the remaining metals have recycling rates of below 35%, while 34 types of metals have recycling rates of under 1%.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> "Between 1960 and 2000, the world production of plastic resins increased 25 times its original amount, while recovery of the material remained below 5 percent."<a href="#cite_note-Moore08-150">[150]</a>: 131  Many studies have addressed recycling behaviour and strategies to encourage community involvement in recycling programs. It has been argued<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> that recycling behavior is not natural because it requires a focus and appreciation for long-term planning, whereas humans have evolved to be sensitive to short-term survival goals; and that to overcome this innate predisposition, the best solution would be to use social pressure to compel participation in recycling programs. However, recent studies have concluded that social pressure does not work in this context.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> One reason for this is that social pressure functions well in small group sizes of 50 to 150 individuals (common to nomadic hunter–gatherer peoples) but not in communities numbering in the millions, as we see today. Another reason is that individual recycling does not take place in the public view. Following the increasing popularity of recycling collection being sent to the same landfills as trash, some people kept on putting recyclables on the recyclables bin.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recycling_in_art">Recycling in art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Recycling in art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_of_firms_(in_%25)_taking_action_on_climate_through_waste_minimisation_and_recycling.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Share_of_firms_%28in_%25%29_taking_action_on_climate_through_waste_minimisation_and_recycling.png/220px-Share_of_firms_%28in_%25%29_taking_action_on_climate_through_waste_minimisation_and_recycling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Share_of_firms_%28in_%25%29_taking_action_on_climate_through_waste_minimisation_and_recycling.png/330px-Share_of_firms_%28in_%25%29_taking_action_on_climate_through_waste_minimisation_and_recycling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Share_of_firms_%28in_%25%29_taking_action_on_climate_through_waste_minimisation_and_recycling.png/440px-Share_of_firms_%28in_%25%29_taking_action_on_climate_through_waste_minimisation_and_recycling.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>A survey showing the share of firms taking action by recycling and waste minimisation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniseafish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Uniseafish.jpg/220px-Uniseafish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Uniseafish.jpg/330px-Uniseafish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Uniseafish.jpg/440px-Uniseafish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Uniseafish – made of recycled aluminum beer cans</figcaption></figure> Art objects are more and more often made from recycled material. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Embracing_a_circular_economy_through_advanced_sorting_technologies">Embracing a circular economy through advanced sorting technologies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Embracing a circular economy through advanced sorting technologies">edit</a>]</div> By extending the lifespan of goods, parts, and materials, a circular economy seeks to minimize waste and maximize resource utilization.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Advanced sorting techniques like optical and robotic sorting may separate and recover valuable materials from waste streams, lowering the requirement for virgin resources and accelerating the shift to a circular economy. Community engagement, such as education and awareness campaigns, may support the acceptance of recycling and reuse programs and encourage the usage of sustainable practices. One can lessen our influence on the environment, save natural resources, and generate economic possibilities by adopting a circular economy using cutting-edge sorting technology and community engagement. According to Melati et al.,<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> to successfully transition to a circular economy, legislative and regulatory frameworks must encourage sustainable practices while addressing possible obstacles and difficulties in putting these ideas into action. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_recycling" title="Aircraft recycling">Aircraft recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_oil_recycling" title="Automotive oil recycling">Automotive oil recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">Bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_recycling" title="Drug recycling">Drug recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="E-cycling">E-cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_recycling" title="Electronic waste recycling">Electronic waste recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_facing_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of elements facing shortage">List of elements facing shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_management_acronyms" title="List of waste management acronyms">List of waste management acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Mobile phone recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_sorting" title="Optical sorting">Optical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_recycling" title="Paint recycling">Paint recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_bin" title="Recycling bin">Recycling bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_product" title="Recycling by product">Recycling by product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_rates_by_country" title="Recycling rates by country">Recycling rates by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_symbol" title="Recycling symbol">Recycling symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refurbishment_(electronics)" title="Refurbishment (electronics)">Refurbishment (electronics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigs-to-Reefs" title="Rigs-to-Reefs">Rigs-to-Reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USPS_Post_Office_Box_Lobby_Recycling_program" title="USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program">USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishcycling" title="Wishcycling">Wishcycling</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/21px-Earth_Day_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/32px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Earth_Day_Flag.png/42px-Earth_Day_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVillalbaSegarraFernándezChimenos2002" class="citation journal cs1">Villalba, G; Segarra, M; Fernández, A.I; Chimenos, J.M; Espiell, F (December 2002). 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Retrieved 29 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recycling+Symbols+on+Plastics+%E2%80%93+What+Do+Recycling+Codes+on+Plastics+Mean&rft.pub=The+Daily+Green&rft.date=2008-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailygreen.com%2Fgreen-homes%2Flatest%2Frecycling-symbols-plastics-460321%3Fsrc%3Dsoc_fcbk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Unless otherwise indicated, this data is taken from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_League_of_Women_Voters1993" class="citation book cs1">The League of Women Voters (1993). The Garbage Primer. 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Monthly Review Press. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-218-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-218-1"><bdi>978-1-58367-218-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220183223/https://books.google.com/books?id=VGzJQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecological+Rift%3A+Capitalisms+War+on+the+Earth&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-218-1&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John+Bellamy&rft.au=Clark%2C+Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVGzJQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alcott05-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Alcott05_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcott2005" class="citation journal cs1">Alcott, Blake (2005). 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Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 21 (8): 611–629. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.1934">10.1.1.462.1934</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.1991.tb00539.x">10.1111/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00539.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Social+Psychology+and+the+Stimulation+of+Recycling+Behaviors%3A+The+Block+Leader+Approach&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=611-629&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.462.1934%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1559-1816.1991.tb00539.x&rft.aulast=Burn&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOskamp1995" class="citation journal cs1">Oskamp, Stuart (1995). 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Journal of Social Issues. 51 (4): 157–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-4560.1995.tb01353.x">10.1111/j.1540-4560.1995.tb01353.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Issues&rft.atitle=Resource+Conservation+and+Recycling%3A+Behavior+and+Policy&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=157-177&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-4560.1995.tb01353.x&rft.aulast=Oskamp&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/recycling-rates-metals">Recycling Rates of Metals: A status report</a>. United Nations Environment Programme. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3161-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-807-3161-3"><bdi>978-92-807-3161-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110084707/https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/recycling-rates-metals">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recycling+Rates+of+Metals%3A+A+status+report&rft.pub=United+Nations+Environment+Programme&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-92-807-3161-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.resourcepanel.org%2Freports%2Frecycling-rates-metals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore08-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore08_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2008" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, C. J. (2008). "Synthetic polymers in the marine environment: A rapidly increasing, long-term threat". Environmental Research. 108 (2): 131–139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ER....108..131M">2008ER....108..131M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envres.2008.07.025">10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18949831">18949831</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26874262">26874262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Research&rft.atitle=Synthetic+polymers+in+the+marine+environment%3A+A+rapidly+increasing%2C+long-term+threat&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-139&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envres.2008.07.025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26874262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18949831&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ER....108..131M&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchackelford2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schackelford, T.K. (2006). "Recycling, evolution and the structure of human personality". Personality and Individual Differences. 41 (8): 1551–1556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2006.07.020">10.1016/j.paid.2006.07.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Recycling%2C+evolution+and+the+structure+of+human+personality&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1551-1556&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paid.2006.07.020&rft.aulast=Schackelford&rft.aufirst=T.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratarelli2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pratarelli, Marc E. (4 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sapiens.revues.org/index905.html">"Social pressure and recycling: a brief review, commentary and extensions"</a>. S.A.P.I.EN.S. 3 (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220183224/https://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/905">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S.A.P.I.EN.S&rft.atitle=Social+pressure+and+recycling%3A+a+brief+review%2C+commentary+and+extensions&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.aulast=Pratarelli&rft.aufirst=Marc+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsapiens.revues.org%2Findex905.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri2019" class="citation news cs1">Chaudhuri, Saabira (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/recycling-rethink-what-to-do-with-trash-now-china-wont-take-it-11576776536">"Recycling Rethink: What to Do With Trash Now That China Won't Take It"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221221542/https://www.wsj.com/articles/recycling-rethink-what-to-do-with-trash-now-china-wont-take-it-11576776536">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Recycling+Rethink%3A+What+to+Do+With+Trash+Now+That+China+Won%27t+Take+It&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Saabira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Frecycling-rethink-what-to-do-with-trash-now-china-wont-take-it-11576776536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNegrete-CardosoRosano-OrtegaÁlvarez-ArosTavera-Cortés2022" class="citation journal cs1">Negrete-Cardoso, Mariana; Rosano-Ortega, Genoveva; Álvarez-Aros, Erick Leobardo; Tavera-Cortés, María Elena; Vega-Lebrún, Carlos Arturo; Sánchez-Ruíz, Francisco Javier (1 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18703-3">"Circular economy strategy and waste management: a bibliometric analysis in its contribution to sustainable development, toward a post-COVID-19 era"</a>. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29 (41): 61729–61746. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ESPR...2961729N">2022ESPR...2961729N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-022-18703-3">10.1007/s11356-022-18703-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1614-7499">1614-7499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9170551">9170551</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35668274">35668274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research&rft.atitle=Circular+economy+strategy+and+waste+management%3A+a+bibliometric+analysis+in+its+contribution+to+sustainable+development%2C+toward+a+post-COVID-19+era&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=61729-61746&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9170551%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022ESPR...2961729N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35668274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-022-18703-3&rft.issn=1614-7499&rft.aulast=Negrete-Cardoso&rft.aufirst=Mariana&rft.au=Rosano-Ortega%2C+Genoveva&rft.au=%C3%81lvarez-Aros%2C+Erick+Leobardo&rft.au=Tavera-Cort%C3%A9s%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Elena&rft.au=Vega-Lebr%C3%BAn%2C+Carlos+Arturo&rft.au=S%C3%A1nchez-Ru%C3%ADz%2C+Francisco+Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-022-18703-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK,_J,_P" class="citation journal cs1">K, J, P, Melati, Nikam, Nguyen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/barriers-drivers-enterprises-circular-economy-sei-brief.pdf">"arriers and drivers for enterprises to transition to a circular economy. Stockholm Environment Institute: Stockholm, Sweden"</a> (PDF). Arriers and Drivers for Enterprises to Transition to a Circular Economy. Stockholm Environment Institute: Stockholm, Sweden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arriers+and+Drivers+for+Enterprises+to+Transition+to+a+Circular+Economy.+Stockholm+Environment+Institute%3A+Stockholm%2C+Sweden.&rft.atitle=arriers+and+drivers+for+enterprises+to+transition+to+a+circular+economy.+Stockholm+Environment+Institute%3A+Stockholm%2C+Sweden.&rft.aulast=K%2C+J%2C+P&rft.aufirst=Melati%2C+Nikam%2C+Nguyen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sei.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F11%2Fbarriers-drivers-enterprises-circular-economy-sei-brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ackerman, F. (1997). Why Do We Recycle?: Markets, Values, and Public Policy. Island Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55963-504-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55963-504-5">1-55963-504-5</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-504-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-504-2">978-1-55963-504-2</a></li> <li>Ayres, R.U. (1994). "Industrial Metabolism: Theory and Policy", In: Allenby, B.R., and D.J. Richards, The Greening of Industrial Ecosystems. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, pp. 23–37.</li> <li>Braungart, M., McDonough, W. (2002). Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things. North Point Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86547-587-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86547-587-3">0-86547-587-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerbeken2023" class="citation news cs1">Derbeken, Jaxon Van (30 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/recology-san-francisco-shut-down/3194165/">"San Francisco Crushing Plant Ordered Shut Down Over Dust Concerns"</a>. NBC Bay Area.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+Bay+Area&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+Crushing+Plant+Ordered+Shut+Down+Over+Dust+Concerns&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft.aulast=Derbeken&rft.aufirst=Jaxon+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcbayarea.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Frecology-san-francisco-shut-down%2F3194165%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Huesemann, M.H., Huesemann, J.A. (2011).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtechnologyandsociety.org/">Technofix: Why Technology Won't Save Us or the Environment</a>, "Challenge #3: Complete Recycling of Non-Renewable Materials and Wastes", New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86571-704-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86571-704-4">0-86571-704-4</a>, pp. 135–137.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLienigBruemmer2017" class="citation book cs1">Lienig, Jens; Bruemmer, Hans (2017). "Recycling Requirements and Design for Environmental Compliance". Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design. pp. 193–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-55840-0_7">10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-55839-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-55839-4"><bdi>978-3-319-55839-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recycling+Requirements+and+Design+for+Environmental+Compliance&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Electronic+Systems+Design&rft.pages=193-218&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-55840-0_7&rft.isbn=978-3-319-55839-4&rft.aulast=Lienig&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft.au=Bruemmer%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinter2015" class="citation book cs1">Minter, Adam (2015). Junkyard Planet: Travels in the Billion-Dollar Trash Trade. Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608197934" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608197934"><bdi>978-1608197934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Junkyard+Planet%3A+Travels+in+the+Billion-Dollar+Trash+Trade&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1608197934&rft.aulast=Minter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Porter, R.C. (2002). The Economics of Waste. <a href="/wiki/Resources_for_the_Future" title="Resources for the Future">Resources for the Future</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891853-42-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-891853-42-2">1-891853-42-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891853-42-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891853-42-5">978-1-891853-42-5</a></li> <li>Sheffield, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/sweden-s-recycling-is-so-revolutionary-the-country-has-run-out-of-rubbish-a7462976.html">Sweden's recycling is so revolutionary, the country has run out of rubbish</a> (December 2016), <a href="/wiki/The_Independent_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Independent (UK)">The Independent (UK)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTierney2015" class="citation news cs1">Tierney, J. (3 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/04/opinion/sunday/the-reign-of-recycling.html?_r=0">"The Reign of Recycling"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Recycling&rft.date=2015-10-03&rft.aulast=Tierney&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F04%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fthe-reign-of-recycling.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecycling" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/recycling" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/recycling">recycling</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Recycling">Recycling</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_journals">Related journals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Recycling&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Related journals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Category:Waste management journals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_Behavior" title="Environment and Behavior">Environment and Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Physical_Distribution_%26_Logistics_Management" title="International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management">International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Applied_Social_Psychology" title="Journal of Applied Social Psychology">Journal of Applied Social Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Environmental_Psychology" title="Journal of Environmental Psychology">Journal of Environmental Psychology</a></li> <li>Journal of Environmental Systems</li> <li>Journal of Industrial Ecology</li> <li>Journal of Socio-Economics</li> <li>Journal of Urban Economics</li> <li>Psychology and Marketing</li> <li>Recycling: North America's Recycling and Composting Journal</li> <li>Resources, Conservation and Recycling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Management_%26_Research" title="Waste Management & Research">Waste Management & Research</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recycling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Recycling" title="Template:Recycling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Recycling" title="Template talk:Recycling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Recycling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Recycling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recycling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Recycling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_material" title="Recycling by material">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete#Recycling" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_recycling" title="Concrete recycling">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper#Recycling" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_recycling" title="Cotton recycling">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_recycling" title="Gypsum recycling">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_grease" title="Yellow grease">Cooking oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/75px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/113px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/150px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="454" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_product" title="Recycling by product">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_oil_recycling" title="Automotive oil recycling">Automotive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">Bottles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer recycling">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_recycling" title="Drug recycling">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">Fluorescent lamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_recycling" title="Paint recycling">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_disposal" title="Ship disposal">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_bin" title="Recycling bin">Bins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_bag" title="Blue bag">Blue bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_box_recycling_system" title="Blue box recycling system">Blue boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerbside_collection" title="Kerbside collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Materials recovery facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_rates_by_country" title="Recycling rates by country">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Australia" title="Recycling in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Brazil" title="Recycling in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Canada" title="Recycling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Recycling in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Israel" title="Recycling in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan" title="Recycling in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Malaysia" title="Recycling in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Mongolia" title="Recycling in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Recycling in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland#Recycling" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Taiwan" title="Recycling in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Recycling in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Recycling in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_States" title="Recycling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">Interchangeable parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">Land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precycling" title="Precycling">Precycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Recycling (ecological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refill_(campaign)" title="Refill (campaign)">Refill (campaign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repairability" title="Repairability">Repairability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_symbol" title="Recycling symbol">Symbol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Dot_(symbol)" title="Green Dot (symbol)">Green Dot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">Urban lumberjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishcycling" title="Wishcycling">Wishcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_cutting" title="Bottle cutting">Bottle cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation" title="Container-deposit legislation">Container-deposit legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">Dumpster diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_vending_machine" title="Reverse vending machine">Reverse vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling" title="Category:Recycling">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_country" title="Category:Recycling by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_material" title="Category:Recycling by material">by material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_product" title="Category:Recycling by product">by product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_organizations" title="Category:Recycling organizations">organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recycling_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of recycling articles">Index</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Recycling" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Recycling">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Waste" title="Template:Waste"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Waste" title="Template talk:Waste"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Waste" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Waste"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Biosolids,_waste,_and_waste_management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">Biosolids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">Major types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_waste" title="Biodegradable waste">Biodegradable waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_waste" title="Biomedical waste">Biomedical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">Brown waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">Chemical waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_waste" title="Demolition waste">Demolition waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste_by_country" title="Electronic waste by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">Food waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">Green waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_heat" title="Waste heat">Heat waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">Industrial waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">Mining waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">Municipal solid waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-consumer_waste" title="Post-consumer waste">Post-consumer waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharps_waste" title="Sharps waste">Sharps waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_waste" title="Toxic waste">Toxic waste</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Bedrijfsafval.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/120px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/180px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Bedrijfsafval.jpg/240px-Bedrijfsafval.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion" title="Anaerobic digestion">Anaerobic digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balefill" title="Balefill">Balefill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_waste_dumping" title="Garden waste dumping">Garden waste dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_dumping" title="Illegal dumping">Illegal dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">Incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_mining" title="Landfill mining">Landfill mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_biological_treatment" title="Mechanical biological treatment">Mechanical biological treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Mechanical sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">Photodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Recycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">appliance recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">battery recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">fluorescent lamp recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_recycling" title="Land recycling">land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">textile recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">tire recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_mining" title="Urban mining">Urban mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_waste_trade" title="Global waste trade">Waste trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">Waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waste_by_country" title="Waste by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bangladesh" title="Waste management in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil#Waste" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Hong_Kong" title="Waste management in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_India#Solid_waste_policy" title="Waste management in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Japan" title="Waste management in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Kazakhstan" title="Waste management in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_New_Zealand" title="Waste in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_South_Korea" title="Waste management in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste management in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Thailand" title="Waste management in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Turkey" title="Waste management in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_States" title="Waste in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Convention" title="Bamako Convention">Bamako Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Basel Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">EU directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Directive" title="Battery Directive">batteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_framework_directive" title="Waste framework directive">framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Incineration_Directive" title="Waste Incineration Directive">incineration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_Directive" title="Landfill Directive">landfills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">RoHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Life_Vehicles_Directive" title="End of Life Vehicles Directive">vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Waste_Water_Treatment_Directive" title="Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive">waste water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_Electrical_and_Electronic_Equipment_Directive" title="Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive">WEEE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Convention_on_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_of_Wastes_and_Other_Matter" title="London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter">London Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Dumping_Convention" title="Oslo Dumping Convention">Oslo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Sanitation worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_sweeper" title="Street sweeper">Street sweeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collector" title="Waste collector">Waste collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Commission_on_America%27s_Nuclear_Future" title="Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future">Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_waste_import_ban" title="China's waste import ban">China's waste import ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_production" title="Cleaner production">Cleaner production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-level_radioactive_waste_management" title="High-level radioactive waste management">High-level radioactive waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_waste_management" title="History of waste management">History of waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill_fire" title="Landfill fire">Landfill fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_regulation_and_administration" title="Sewage regulation and administration">Sewage regulation and administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/16px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/24px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Waste" title="Category:Waste">Category: Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_waste_management_articles" title="Index of waste management articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_management_journals" title="Category:Waste management journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste-related_lists" title="Category:Waste-related lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waste_organizations" title="Category:Waste organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_technology" title="Template talk:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_smart_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate smart agriculture">Climate smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-innovation" title="Eco-innovation">Eco-innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">Electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Design">Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">Environmental impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_design" title="Environmental impact design">Environmental impact design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">Green vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_community_design" title="Healthy community design">Environmentally healthy community design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest_design" title="Public interest design">Public interest design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Sustainability science</a></li> <li>Sustainable (<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/100px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/150px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg/200px-Windmills_D1-D4_-_Thornton_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="3831" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Air pollution (<a href="/wiki/Emission_standard" title="Emission standard">control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_dispersion_modeling" title="Atmospheric dispersion modeling">dispersion modeling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid_waste_treatment_technologies" title="List of solid waste treatment technologies">Solid waste treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li>Water (<a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waste-water_treatment_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waste-water treatment technologies">waste-water treatment technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">Electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li>Fuel (<a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">alternative fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_technologies" title="Hydrogen technologies">hydrogen technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_energy_storage_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of energy storage projects">List of energy storage projects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_lighting" title="Sustainable lighting">Sustainable lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transportation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Building (<a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">Energy conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery" title="Energy recovery">Energy recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recycling" title="Energy recycling">Energy recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Environmental remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Green computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_buildings" title="High-performance buildings">High-performance buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Land rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">Nature conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a 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title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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