CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Frederic Clay - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e09e6269-6da3-4710-a309-3e4c7202f278","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Frederic_Clay","wgTitle":"Frederic Clay","wgCurRevisionId":1255144687,"wgRevisionId":1255144687,"wgArticleId":2621420,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from February 2021","Use dmy dates from March 2021","Composers with IMSLP links","Articles with International Music Score Library Project links","English Romantic composers","People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan","1838 births","1889 deaths","19th-century English composers","19th-century English musicians","Suicides by drowning in England"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Frederic_Clay","wgRelevantArticleId":2621420,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5497008", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js", "ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.6"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1486"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="991"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg/640px-Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="793"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Frederic Clay - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Clay"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Clay"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Frederic_Clay rootpage-Frederic_Clay skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Frederic+Clay" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Frederic+Clay" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Frederic+Clay" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Frederic+Clay" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life_and_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_and_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Life and career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life and career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1866_to_1873" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1866_to_1873"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1866 to 1873</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1866_to_1873-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full-time_composer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full-time_composer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Full-time composer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full-time_composer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Music theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidental_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidental_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Incidental music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidental_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Choral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_references_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes, references and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes, references and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frederic Clay</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Clay" title="Frederic Clay – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frederic Clay" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Clay" title="Frederic Clay – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frederic Clay" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Clay" title="Frederic Clay – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frederic Clay" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99" title="פרדריק קליי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרדריק קליי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%89" title="فريديريك كلاى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريديريك كلاى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Clay" title="Frederic Clay – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frederic Clay" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Клей, Фредерик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клей, Фредерик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5497008#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Clay" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Frederic_Clay" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Clay"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Clay"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Frederic_Clay" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Frederic_Clay" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&oldid=1255144687" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Frederic_Clay&id=1255144687&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrederic_Clay"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrederic_Clay"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Frederic_Clay&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5497008" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English composer (1838–1889)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fred Clay" redirects here. For the Aboriginal Australian activist, see <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Clay" class="mw-redirect" title="Freddie Clay">Freddie Clay</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="head and shoulders black and white photograph of white man in early middle age; he has neat medium-length dark hair and a moustache of a medium size" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg/220px-Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg/330px-Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg/440px-Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Frederic Clay</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Frederic Emes Clay</b> (3 August 1838 – 24 November 1889) was an English composer known principally for songs and his music written for the stage. Although from a musical family, for 16 years Clay made his living as a civil servant in <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a>, composing in his spare time, until a legacy in 1873 enabled him to become a full-time composer. He had his first big stage success with <i><a href="/wiki/Ages_Ago" title="Ages Ago">Ages Ago</a></i> (1869), a short comic opera with a libretto by <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a>, for the small <a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Illustration" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Illustration">Gallery of Illustration</a>; it ran well and was repeatedly revived. Clay, a great friend of his fellow composer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a>, introduced the latter to Gilbert, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> partnership. </p><p>In addition to Gilbert, Clay's librettists during his 24-year career included <a href="/wiki/B._C._Stephenson" title="B. C. Stephenson">B. C. Stephenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Taylor" title="Tom Taylor">Tom Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas William Robertson">T. W. Robertson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reece" title="Robert Reece">Robert Reece</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Sims" title="George Robert Sims">G. R. Sims</a>. The last of his four pieces with Gilbert was <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Toto" title="Princess Toto">Princess Toto</a></i> (1875), which had short runs in the <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> and in New York. Clay's other compositions include <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a> and numerous individual songs. His last two works were both successful operas composed in 1883, <i>The Merry Duchess</i> and <i>The Golden Ring</i>. He then suffered a stroke that paralysed him at the age of 44 and ended his career. </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Kurt Gänzl</a> has called Clay "the first significant composer of the modern era of British musical theatre",<sup id="cite_ref-g389_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g389-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but even his most successful stage works were soon eclipsed by those of Gilbert and Sullivan. During his lifetime he was best known for his <a href="/wiki/Parlour_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Parlour songs">parlour songs</a>, which were familiar throughout Britain. Clay's music was widely regarded as not particularly original or memorable, but musicianly and pleasing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic-Clay%27s-librettists-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="head and shoulders photographs of four young or middle-aged white men, the first three with moustaches and beards, fourth with side-whiskers and moustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Frederic-Clay%27s-librettists-2.jpg/220px-Frederic-Clay%27s-librettists-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Frederic-Clay%27s-librettists-2.jpg/330px-Frederic-Clay%27s-librettists-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ad/Frederic-Clay%27s-librettists-2.jpg/440px-Frederic-Clay%27s-librettists-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Librettists for Clay: clockwise from top left: <a href="/wiki/B._C._Stephenson" title="B. C. Stephenson">B.<span class="nowrap"> </span>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Stephenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas William Robertson">T.<span class="nowrap"> </span>W.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Robertson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Taylor" title="Tom Taylor">Tom Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W.<span class="nowrap"> </span>S.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gilbert</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Clay was born in Paris, the fourth of six children of <a href="/wiki/James_Clay_(author)" title="James Clay (author)">James Clay</a> (1804–1873) and his wife, Eliza Camilla, <i>née</i> Woolrych.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Clay was a <a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> and was also well known as a player of and authority on <a href="/wiki/Whist" title="Whist">whist</a>. Both parents were musical: Clay's mother was the daughter of a leading opera singer, and his father was an amateur composer.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay was educated at home in London by private tutors, and studied piano and violin, and later composition under <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Molique" title="Bernhard Molique">Bernhard Molique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, Clay secured a post in <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-yp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was for a time private secretary to <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, who presented him at a court <a href="/wiki/Levee_(ceremony)" title="Levee (ceremony)">levee</a> in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under a later administration Clay undertook confidential missions on behalf of <a href="/wiki/W._E._Gladstone" class="mw-redirect" title="W. E. Gladstone">W.<span class="nowrap"> </span>E.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Gladstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-era_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-era-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the age of 20 Clay experienced what he called the "opening up" of his musical senses: hearing <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Il_trovatore" title="Il trovatore">Il trovatore</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Les_diamants_de_la_couronne" title="Les diamants de la couronne">Les diamants de la couronne</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-Comique" title="Opéra-Comique">Opéra-Comique</a> in Paris, he was enthused by "the strength of vocal declamation in the one work and the delight of musical comedy in the other".<sup id="cite_ref-yp_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his free time he studied music with <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Hauptmann" title="Moritz Hauptmann">Moritz Hauptmann</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, and composed what his biographer Christopher Knowles calls "songs and light operas for the drawing rooms of high society".<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his fellow Treasury clerk <a href="/wiki/B._C._Stephenson" title="B. C. Stephenson">B. C. Stephenson</a> as librettist he wrote three one-act operettas for amateurs: <i>The Pirate's Isle</i> (1859), <i>Out of Sight</i> (1860) and <i>The Bold Recruit</i> (1868).<sup id="cite_ref-yp_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)" title="The Era (newspaper)">The Era</a></i> commented on the second of these: "The composer is an amateur, but he has shown a dramatic power and a skill in instrumentation that would justify him in entering the lists with professional musicians".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clay had a modest operatic success with a one-act operetta, <i>Court and Cottage</i>, to a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Taylor" title="Tom Taylor">Tom Taylor</a>, produced at Covent Garden in 1862 as an after-piece to <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dinorah" title="Dinorah">Dinorah</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second one-act piece for Covent Garden followed in 1865: <i>Constance</i>, a curtain-raiser for the annual <a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">pantomime</a>, had a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas William Robertson">T. W. Robertson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <i>Court and Cottage</i>, it was favourably reviewed in the press,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not remain in the theatrical repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid-1860s, Clay and his close friend and fellow musician <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a> were frequent guests at the home of <a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Russell" title="John Scott Russell">John Scott Russell</a>. By about 1865 Clay became engaged to Scott Russell's youngest daughter, Alice May, and Sullivan wooed the middle daughter, Rachel.<sup id="cite_ref-a87_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scott Russells welcomed the engagement of Alice and Clay, but it was broken off, for unknown reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a87_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alice married another suitor in 1869; Clay remained single all his life.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1866_to_1873">1866 to 1873</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1866 to 1873"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_for_Gilbert_and_Clay%27s_Ages_Ago_at_the_Royal_Gallery_of_Illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="illustration from theatre poster, showing four characters in costumes from different periods of English history; they are portraits from a picture gallery come to life, and the two male ones are squaring up for a sword fight with each other; the two women try to restrain them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Poster_for_Gilbert_and_Clay%27s_Ages_Ago_at_the_Royal_Gallery_of_Illustration.jpg/330px-Poster_for_Gilbert_and_Clay%27s_Ages_Ago_at_the_Royal_Gallery_of_Illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Poster_for_Gilbert_and_Clay%27s_Ages_Ago_at_the_Royal_Gallery_of_Illustration.jpg/495px-Poster_for_Gilbert_and_Clay%27s_Ages_Ago_at_the_Royal_Gallery_of_Illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Poster_for_Gilbert_and_Clay%27s_Ages_Ago_at_the_Royal_Gallery_of_Illustration.jpg/660px-Poster_for_Gilbert_and_Clay%27s_Ages_Ago_at_the_Royal_Gallery_of_Illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>The picture gallery comes to life in Clay and Gilbert's <i><a href="/wiki/Ages_Ago" title="Ages Ago">Ages Ago</a></i>, 1869</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1866 Clay's first cantata, <i>The Knights of the Cross</i> was performed in London, conducted by Sullivan. It was politely received, but the composer's "talent and good taste" did not, in the opinion of one reviewer, result in "much originality of character".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1869 came Clay's first substantial theatrical success, the "operatic entertainment" <i><a href="/wiki/Ages_Ago" title="Ages Ago">Ages Ago</a></i>, written for the <a href="/wiki/German_Reed_Entertainments" title="German Reed Entertainments">German Reeds</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gallery_of_Illustration" title="Royal Gallery of Illustration">Royal Gallery of Illustration</a>, with a libretto by <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piece, described by the historian <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Kurt Gänzl</a> as "an enormous success", ran for 350 performances during its first run, and was revived several times.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first production was in a double bill with Sullivan's <i><a href="/wiki/Cox_and_Box" title="Cox and Box">Cox and Box</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay dedicated the published score of <i>Ages Ago</i> to Sullivan;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a rehearsal of the piece, probably in 1870, Gilbert met Sullivan for the first time, introduced by Clay.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next four years Clay composed four further operatic pieces. The first, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman_in_Black" title="The Gentleman in Black">The Gentleman in Black</a></i> (1870, with Gilbert), contained many of the <a href="/wiki/Topsyturveydom" title="Topsyturveydom">topsy-turvey</a> ideas the librettist was to develop in his later collaborations with Sullivan and others.<sup id="cite_ref-g758_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g758-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The premiere was enthusiastically received – in a favourable review <i><a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Post" title="The Morning Post">The Morning Post</a></i> noted that almost every number was encored<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – but the piece ran for only 26 performances.<sup id="cite_ref-g758_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g758-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next three, <i>In Possession</i> (1871, for German Reed), <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Arcadia" title="Happy Arcadia">Happy Arcadia</a></i> (1872, with Gilbert), and <i>Oriana</i> (1873, with <a href="/wiki/James_Albery" title="James Albery">James Albery</a>) all had short London runs.<sup id="cite_ref-ngo_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay contributed some of the music for other London shows in these years, including the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">extravaganzas</a> <i>Ali Baba à la Mode</i> (1872) and <i>Don Giovanni in Venice</i> (1873), the "grand opéra-bouffe féerie" <i>The Black Crook</i> (1872)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "fantastic music drama" <i>Babil and Bijou, or The Lost Regalia</i> (1872).<sup id="cite_ref-g390_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g390-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of these, given at Covent Garden was a spectacular production that ran for some eight months and attracted highly favourable notices for Clay and his fellow composer, Jules Rivière.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full-time_composer">Full-time composer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Full-time composer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClaySullivan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph of three young white men in informal Victorian costume" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/ClaySullivan.jpg/220px-ClaySullivan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/ClaySullivan.jpg/330px-ClaySullivan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/82/ClaySullivan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Clay, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Egerton,_4th_Earl_of_Wilton" title="Seymour Egerton, 4th Earl of Wilton">Seymour Egerton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Arthur Sullivan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Foreseeing, and not relishing, a long period of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government after the party's election victory in February 1874, Clay resigned from the Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-yp_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A legacy from his father, who died in September 1873, left him financially independent and able to devote his energies to full-time composition.<sup id="cite_ref-yp_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Green Old Age</i>, a "musical improbability", with a libretto by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reece" title="Robert Reece">Robert Reece</a> (1874) to which Clay contributed some of the music,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was followed by a commission from <a href="/wiki/Kate_Santley" title="Kate Santley">Kate Santley</a> for an <a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra-bouffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Opéra-bouffe">opéra-bouffe</a>, <i>Cattarina, or Friends at Court</i>, with a libretto by Reece. This successfully toured the provinces, with the composer conducting and Santley starring as Pincione; it was given at the <a href="/wiki/Toole%27s_Theatre" title="Toole's Theatre">Charing Cross Theatre</a>, London, during the winter season of 1874–75.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final collaboration between Clay and Gilbert was a three-act comic opera, <i><a href="/wiki/Princess_Toto" title="Princess Toto">Princess Toto</a></i>, (1876), another vehicle for Santley.<sup id="cite_ref-g390_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g390-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On tour and in the <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> it attracted mixed notices, both for the libretto and the score. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s later comment that the piece was "probably surpassed by no modern English work of the kind for gaiety and melodious charm"<sup id="cite_ref-Timesobit_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timesobit-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was not generally shared: a recurring theme in reviews was that Clay's music was musicianly and pleasing but not strikingly original or memorable.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its first London production <i>Princess Toto</i> ran for less than a month. A New York production fared still worse.<sup id="cite_ref-g1657_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1657-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it was revived in London in 1881 <i>The Times</i> commented that the piece had not appealed to audiences in 1876, "accustomed to a more broadly humorous style of extravaganza" and hoped that by 1881 public taste had become more cultivated under the influence of Gilbert's other comic operas.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, the revival ran for only 65 performances.<sup id="cite_ref-g1657_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g1657-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clay's cantata <i>Lalla Rookh</i> (containing his best-known song, "I'll sing thee songs of Araby" and also "Still this golden lull"), was given successfully at the Brighton Festival in 1877, and was later performed elsewhere in Britain and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay found a lack of opportunity in Britain and moved to the US in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He met with only mixed success there and returned to London in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His last stage works were two collaborations with the librettist <a href="/wiki/G._R._Sims" class="mw-redirect" title="G. R. Sims">G. R. Sims</a>: a "sporting comic opera", <i>The Merry Duchess</i>, (1883) given at the <a href="/wiki/Royalty_Theatre" title="Royalty Theatre">Royalty Theatre</a>, starring Santley,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Golden Ring</i> starring <a href="/wiki/Marion_Hood" title="Marion Hood">Marion Hood</a> (1883). The latter was written for the reopening of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Theatre" title="Alhambra Theatre">Alhambra Theatre</a>, which had been burned to the ground the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These shows were both successful and, in Gänzl's view, showed an artistic advance on Clay's earlier work.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clay had been in precarious health during the year, and had been obliged to abandon work on a third cantata, <i>Sardanapalus</i>, commissioned for the Leeds Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After conducting the second performance of <i>The Golden Ring</i> in December 1883 he suffered a stroke that paralysed him and cut short his productive life.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889 at the age of 51, he was found drowned in his bath at the home of his sisters in <a href="/wiki/Marlow,_Buckinghamshire" title="Marlow, Buckinghamshire">Great Marlow</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coroner" title="Coroner">coroner</a>'s verdict was suicide while of unsound mind. Clay was buried in <a href="/wiki/Brompton_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Brompton cemetery">Brompton cemetery</a> on 29 November 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sullivan wrote the article about his friend in the early editions of <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. He said of Clay's music: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">In all his works Clay showed a natural gift of graceful melody and a feeling for rich harmonic colouring. Although highly successful in the treatment of dramatic music, it is probable that his songs will give him the most lasting fame. "She wandered down the mountain side", "Long ago", and "The Sands of Dee", among others, are poems of great tenderness and beauty, and not likely to be soon forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-sull_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sull-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> <p>In the article in the 2001 edition of <i>Grove</i>, Christopher Knowles sums up Clay's music: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His melodies are always fresh and graceful; his harmonic treatment, though sometimes strikingly original, owes much to <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a>. Successful though he was, he never really broke away from the drawing-room ballad and, lacking Sullivan’s sense of fun and powers of invention, remained largely in his shadow.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although even his most successful stage works were soon eclipsed by those of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>, and his music was widely regarded as musicianly and pleasing but not particularly original or memorable, in Gänzl's view he was "the first significant composer of the modern era of British musical theatre".<sup id="cite_ref-g389_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g389-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_theatre">Music theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Music theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: left; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Genre </th> <th scope="col">Acts </th> <th scope="col">Librettist </th> <th scope="col">Premiered at </th> <th scope="col">Premiered on </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>The Pirate's Isle</i> </td> <td>operetta </td> <td>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B._C._Stephenson" title="B. C. Stephenson">B. C. Stephenson</a> </td> <td>Private amateur performance </td> <td>1859 </td> <td>Score and libretto lost </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Out of Sight</i> </td> <td>operetta </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Stephenson </td> <td>Bijou Theatre, London </td> <td>February 1860 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Court and Cottage</i> </td> <td>operetta </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tom_Taylor" title="Tom Taylor">Tom Taylor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden</a> </td> <td>22 March 1862 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Constance</i> </td> <td>opera </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas William Robertson">T. W. Robertson</a> </td> <td>Covent Garden </td> <td>23 January 1865 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>The Bold Recruit</i> </td> <td>operetta </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Stephenson </td> <td>Theatre Royal, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> </td> <td>4 August 1868 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ages Ago</i> </td> <td>musical legend </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_Illustration" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of Illustration">Gallery of Illustration</a>, London </td> <td>22 November 1869 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>The Gentleman in Black</i> </td> <td>musical legend </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Gilbert </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toole%27s_Theatre" title="Toole's Theatre">Charing Cross Theatre</a>, London </td> <td>26 May 1870 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>In Possession</i> </td> <td>operetta </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reece" title="Robert Reece">Robert Reece</a> </td> <td>Gallery of Illustration </td> <td>20 June 1871 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Babil and Bijou, or The Lost Regalia</i> </td> <td>fantastic music drama </td> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._R._Planch%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="J. R. Planché">J. R. Planché</a> after <a href="/wiki/Dion_Boucicault" title="Dion Boucicault">Dion Boucicault</a> </td> <td>Covent Garden </td> <td>29 August 1872 </td> <td>Collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_(composer)" title="Hervé (composer)">Hervé</a>. Jules Riviére and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques-Joseph_Debillemont" title="Jean-Jacques-Joseph Debillemont">J-J. de Billemont</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Ali Baba à la Mode</i> </td> <td>extravaganza </td> <td>? </td> <td>Reece </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_London" title="Gaiety Theatre, London">Gaiety Theatre, London</a> </td> <td>14 September 1872 </td> <td>Collaboration with <a href="/wiki/George_Grossmith" title="George Grossmith">George Grossmith</a> and others </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Happy Arcadia</i> </td> <td>musical entertainment </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Gilbert </td> <td>Gallery of Illustration </td> <td>28 October 1872 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>The Black Crook</i> </td> <td>grand opéra-bouffe féerie </td> <td>4 </td> <td>Harry Paulton and John Paulton after the <a href="/wiki/Cogniard_brothers" title="Cogniard brothers">Cogniard brothers</a>' <i>La Biche aux bois</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Theatre_of_Variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhambra Theatre of Variety">Alhambra Theatre</a>, London </td> <td>23 December 1872 </td> <td>Collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Georges_Jacobi" title="Georges Jacobi">Georges Jacobi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Oriana</i> </td> <td>romantic legend </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Albery" title="James Albery">James Albery</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre_(Newcastle_Street)" title="Globe Theatre (Newcastle Street)">Globe Theatre</a>, London </td> <td>16 February 1873 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Don Giovanni in Venice</i> </td> <td>extravaganza </td> <td>? </td> <td>Reece </td> <td>Gaiety </td> <td>18 February 1873 </td> <td>Collaboration with <a href="/wiki/James_Molloy" class="mw-redirect" title="James Molloy">James Molloy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meyer_Lutz" title="Meyer Lutz">Meyer Lutz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Don Juan</i> </td> <td>Christmas extravaganza </td> <td>7 scenes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H._J._Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="H. J. Byron">H. J. Byron</a> </td> <td>Alhambra </td> <td>19 January 1874 </td> <td>Collaboration with Jacobi. Other music by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lecocq" title="Charles Lecocq">Lecocq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Cattarina, or Friends at Court</i> </td> <td>comic opera </td> <td>2 </td> <td>Reece </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Theatre,_Manchester" title="Prince's Theatre, Manchester">Prince's Theatre, Manchester</a> </td> <td>17 August 1874 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Green Old Age</i> </td> <td>musical improbability </td> <td>1 </td> <td>Reece </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville_Theatre" title="Vaudeville Theatre">Vaudeville Theatre</a>, London </td> <td>31 October 1874 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Princess Toto</i> </td> <td>comic opera </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Gilbert </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Nottingham" title="Theatre Royal, Nottingham">Theatre Royal, Nottingham</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Royal_Strand_Theatre" title="Royal Strand Theatre">Strand Theatre</a>, London </td> <td>26 June 1876 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Don Quixote</i> </td> <td>grand comic and spectacular opera </td> <td>3 </td> <td>H. Paulton and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Maltby" title="Alfred Maltby">Alfred Maltby</a> </td> <td>Alhambra </td> <td>25 September 1876 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>The Black Crook</i> </td> <td>rev. version </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>Alhambra </td> <td>3 December 1881 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>The Merry Duchess</i> </td> <td>sporting comic opera </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_Sims" title="George Robert Sims">G. R. Sims</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royalty_Theatre" title="Royalty Theatre">Royalty Theatre</a>, London </td> <td>23 April 1883 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>The Golden Ring</i> </td> <td>fairy opera </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Sims </td> <td>Alhambra </td> <td>3 December 1883 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>Source: <i>New Grove Opera</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ngo_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngo-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-g390_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g390-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidental_music">Incidental music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Incidental music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Monsieur Jacques</i> (1876)<sup id="cite_ref-baker_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Squire</i> (1881)<sup id="cite_ref-baker_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-sull_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sull-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choral">Choral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Choral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Knights of the Cross</i> (cantata, 1866)<sup id="cite_ref-baker_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>The Red Cross Knight</i> (London, 1871, revision of the 1866 work, above)<sup id="cite_ref-baker_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Lalla Rookh</i> (cantata, Brighton Festival, 1877)<sup id="cite_ref-baker_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous, including "She Wandered Down the Mountainside", "The Sands of Dee", and "'Tis Better Not to Know".<sup id="cite_ref-baker_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_references_and_sources"><span id="Notes.2C_references_and_sources"></span>Notes, references and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes, references and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to a summary by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%A4nzl" title="Kurt Gänzl">Kurt Gänzl</a>, "<i>Constance</i> was written to a rather 'heavy' libretto. ... It was a tale of love and patriotism set in Poland under the Russians – something of a Polish <i><a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a></i>, but with a happy ending when the hero and heroine are rescued first by a singing <a href="/wiki/Vivandi%C3%A8re" title="Vivandière">vivandière</a> and then by the Polish army. The music ... was noted as being promising if rather light and, after being performed eighteen times as a curtain-raiser … it sank into obscurity."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Scott Russells forbade the relationship between Sullivan and Rachel, because Sullivan had uncertain financial prospects, although Rachel continued to see him covertly.<sup id="cite_ref-a87_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a87-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice married François Arthur Rausch at <a href="/wiki/Lewisham" title="Lewisham">Lewisham</a> in September 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1871 a revised version was presented under the title <i>The Red Cross Knight</i>. The composer conducted, with Sullivan at the organ, a choir of 200 and an orchestra of 80.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clay asked Robertson to write the libretto for the piece, but the latter was too busy and gave Clay an introduction to "a better man than I shall ever be", namely Gilbert.<sup id="cite_ref-yp_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The opera shared a French plot source with the 1866 American musical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Crook" title="The Black Crook">The Black Crook</a></i> but was otherwise unrelated.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Like his friend Sullivan, Clay was an inveterate gambler, and he eventually lost the money his father left him and had to rely on his earnings from music.<sup id="cite_ref-yp_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Between the 1876 and 1881 productions Gilbert and Sullivan had written <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sorcerer" title="The Sorcerer">The Sorcerer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore" title="H.M.S. Pinafore">H.M.S. Pinafore</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance">The Pirates of Penzance</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Patience_(opera)" title="Patience (opera)">Patience</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The revival was the first production at the Opera Comique after the <a href="/wiki/D%27Oyly_Carte_Opera_Company" title="D'Oyly Carte Opera Company">D'Oyly Carte Opera Company</a> moved from there to the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Theatre" title="Savoy Theatre">Savoy Theatre</a> during the run of <i>Patience</i>, which totalled 578 performances at the two theatres.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-g389-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g389_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g389_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (2001), p. 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knowles, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5559">"Clay, Frederic Emes (1838–1889)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190947/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5559">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 6 February 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grove_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grove_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knowles, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000005923">"Clay, Frederic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180605120329/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000005923">Archived</a> 5 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Grove Music Online</i>, Oxford University Press, 2001. Retrieved 6 February 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yp_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yp_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yp_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yp_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yp_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yp_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yp_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mr Frederic Clay at Clarence Chambers", <i>The Yorkshire Post</i>, 18 April 1883, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Her Majesty's Levee", <i>The Morning Chronicle</i>, 12 May 1859, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-era-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-era_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Death of Mr Frederic Clay", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Era_(newspaper)" title="The Era (newspaper)">The Era</a></i>, 30 November 1889, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Theatres", <i>The Era</i>, 14 July 1861, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Royal English Opera", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 24 March 1862, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Royal English Opera", <i>The Times</i>, 24 January 1865, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Royal English Opera", <i>The Morning Post</i>, 24 March 1862, p. 6; "Royal English Opera", <i>The Standard</i>, 24 March 1862, p. 3; "Music." <i>The Daily News</i>, 24 January 1865, p. 2; "Royal English Opera", <i>The Standard</i>, 24 January 1865, p. 3; and "Royal English Opera", <i>The Times</i>, 24 January 1865, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (1986), p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a87-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a87_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a87_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a87_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ainger, p. 87; Jacobs, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Births, Marriages and Deaths", <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i>, 2 October 1869, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Civil Service Musical Society", <i>The Standard</i>, 23 July 1866, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Table Talk", <i>The Musical Standard</i>, 4 November 1871, p. 355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (1986), p. 19 and (2001), p. 389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Royal Gallery of Illustration", <i>The Morning Post</i>, 23 November 1869, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Searle, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crowther, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g758-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g758_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g758_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (2001), p. 758</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Gentleman in Black", <i>The Morning Post</i>, 27 May 1870, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ngo-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ngo_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ngo_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knowles, p. 878</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (2001), p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g390-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g390_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g390_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g390_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (2001), p. 390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivière, pp. 176–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Green Old Age</i>", <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Sporting_and_Dramatic_News" title="Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News">Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News</a></i>, 7 November 1874, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (2001), p. 389; and "Advertisements and Notices", <i>The Era</i>, 27 June 1875, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timesobit-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timesobit_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obituary, <i>The Times</i>, 29 November 1889, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Theatre Royal", <i>Birmingham Daily Post</i>, 5 July 1876, p. 7; "Drama", <i>The Daily News</i>, 6 October 1876, p. 3; "The Strand", <i>The Era</i>, 8 October 1876, p. 13; "Standard Theatre", <i>The New York Times</i>, 14 December 1879, p. 7; and "The Drama in America", <i>The Era</i>, 11 January 1880, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g1657-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g1657_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g1657_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (2001), p. 1657</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Opera Comique", <i>The Times</i>, 18 October 1881, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rollins and Witts, pp. 5–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rollins and Witts, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (1986), p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (1986), p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gänzl (1986), pp. 228 and 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rivière, p. 220; and Jacobs, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sull-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sull_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sull_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan, p. 552</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baker-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baker_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baker_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Slonimsky<i> et al</i>, pp. 657–658</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Ainger, Michael (2002). <i>Gilbert and Sullivan – A Dual Biography</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514769-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514769-8"><bdi>978-0-19-514769-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilbert+and+Sullivan+%E2%80%93+A+Dual+Biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514769-8&rft.aulast=Ainger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther2011" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Andrew (2011). <i>Gilbert of Gilbert & Sullivan</i>. London: The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5589-1"><bdi>978-0-7524-5589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gilbert+of+Gilbert+%26+Sullivan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-5589-1&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGänzl1986" class="citation book cs1">Gänzl, Kurt (1986). <i>The British Musical Theatre, Vol.1 1865–1914</i>. Basingstoke: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-39839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-39839-5"><bdi>978-0-333-39839-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Musical+Theatre%2C+Vol.1+1865%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-333-39839-5&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4nzl&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGänzl2001" class="citation book cs1">Gänzl, Kurt (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmu00ganz_0/page/390/mode/2up"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Musical Theatre</i></a> (second ed.). New York: Schirmer Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864970-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864970-2"><bdi>978-0-02-864970-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Musical+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Schirmer+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864970-2&rft.aulast=G%C3%A4nzl&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofmu00ganz_0%2Fpage%2F390%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1984" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Arthur (1984). <i>Arthur Sullivan: A Victorian Musician</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315443-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-315443-8"><bdi>978-0-19-315443-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Sullivan%3A+A+Victorian+Musician&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-315443-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1992" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, Christopher (1992). "Clay, Frederic". In Stanley Sadie (ed.). <i>The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-48552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-48552-1"><bdi>978-0-333-48552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clay%2C+Frederic&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-333-48552-1&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivière1893" class="citation book cs1">Rivière, Jules (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924022429322/mode/2up"><i>My Musical Life and Recollections</i></a>. London: Sampson Low, Marston. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1028184155">1028184155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Musical+Life+and+Recollections&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Marston&rft.date=1893&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1028184155&rft.aulast=Rivi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924022429322%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollinsR._John_Witts1962" class="citation book cs1">Rollins, Cyril; R. John Witts (1962). <i>The D'Oyly Carte Opera Company in Gilbert and Sullivan Operas: A Record of Productions, 1875–1961</i>. London: Michael Joseph. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504581419">504581419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+D%27Oyly+Carte+Opera+Company+in+Gilbert+and+Sullivan+Operas%3A+A+Record+of+Productions%2C+1875%26ndash%3B1961&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504581419&rft.aulast=Rollins&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft.au=R.+John+Witts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearle1968" class="citation book cs1">Searle, Townley (1968) [1931]. <i>A Bibliography of Sir William Schwenck Gilbert</i>. New York: Franklin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1147707940">1147707940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bibliography+of+Sir+William+Schwenck+Gilbert&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Franklin&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1147707940&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=Townley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlonimskyLaura_KuhnDennis_McIntire2001" class="citation book cs1">Slonimsky, Nicholas; Laura Kuhn; Dennis McIntire (2001). "Clay, Frederic". <i>Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians</i>. New York: Schirmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865525-3"><bdi>978-0-02-865525-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clay%2C+Frederic&rft.btitle=Baker%27s+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Musicians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schirmer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865525-3&rft.aulast=Slonimsky&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Laura+Kuhn&rft.au=Dennis+McIntire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1911" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Arthur (1911) [1890]. "Clay, Frederic". In George Grove; J. A. Fuller Maitland (eds.). <i>A Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i> (second ed.). London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86048631">86048631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Clay%2C+Frederic&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86048631&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrederic+Clay" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://musicaltheatreguide.com/composers/clay/frederic_clay.htm">List of Clay works</a> at The Guide to Light Opera & Operetta</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Clay,_Frederic_Emes" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Clay, Frederic Emes">Free scores by Frederic Clay</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5497008#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5497008#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5497008#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081412568">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/61731305">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1956746/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxcTJRVJcx8kJBt7HkMT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82205494">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13892557n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13892557n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Clay, Frederic <1838-1889>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MUSV071860">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35723457">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810692735905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283663505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14578924">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b73951a7-0a75-4dc3-8e7b-df86a1d8775d">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/103980">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1058865">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/080006329">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v69w8d">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30023700">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&oldid=1255144687">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&oldid=1255144687</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Romantic_composers" title="Category:English Romantic composers">English Romantic composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Category:People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan">People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1838_births" title="Category:1838 births">1838 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1889_deaths" title="Category:1889 deaths">1889 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_composers" title="Category:19th-century English composers">19th-century English composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_musicians" title="Category:19th-century English musicians">19th-century English musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suicides_by_drowning_in_England" title="Category:Suicides by drowning in England">Suicides by drowning in England</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_February_2021" title="Category:EngvarB from February 2021">EngvarB from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2021">Use dmy dates from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_with_IMSLP_links" title="Category:Composers with IMSLP links">Composers with IMSLP links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_International_Music_Score_Library_Project_links" title="Category:Articles with International Music Score Library Project links">Articles with International Music Score Library Project links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 10:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Clay&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59b954b7fb-jz69k","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.389","walltime":"0.567","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2251,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":31592,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4039,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":58506,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 454.076 1 -total"," 30.36% 137.859 11 Template:Cite_book"," 21.96% 99.716 1 Template:Authority_control"," 17.20% 78.090 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.51% 38.622 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.48% 33.955 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.50% 29.507 7 Template:Main_other"," 5.89% 26.742 1 Template:SDcat"," 5.85% 26.564 1 Template:Redirect"," 3.04% 13.785 1 Template:EngvarB"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.208","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5916762,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-74878d4b-gf9kr","timestamp":"20241204185750","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Frederic Clay","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederic_Clay","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5497008","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5497008","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-05T19:50:04Z","dateModified":"2024-11-03T10:56:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/9\/91\/Frederic-Clay-ILN.jpg","headline":"English composer"}</script> </body> </html>