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</div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Andromeda Galaxy</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Andromeda_Galaxy" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Andromeda+Galaxy" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Galaxy M31" redirects here. For the smartphone, see <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_M31" title="Samsung Galaxy M31">Samsung Galaxy M31</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Andromeda Galaxy is a <a href="/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">barred spiral galaxy</a> and is the nearest major galaxy to the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>. It was originally named the Andromeda Nebula and is cataloged as Messier 31, M31, and NGC 224. Andromeda has a <a href="/wiki/Galaxy#Isophotal_diameter" title="Galaxy">D25 isophotal diameter</a> of about 46.56 <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Parsecs_and_kiloparsecs" title="Parsec">kiloparsecs</a> (152,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a>)<a href="#cite_note-RC3-9">[8]</a> and is approximately 765 kpc (2.5 million light-years) from Earth. The galaxy's name stems from the area of Earth's sky in which it appears, the <a href="/wiki/Constellation_of_Andromeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Constellation of Andromeda">constellation of Andromeda</a>, which itself is named after <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(mythology)" title="Andromeda (mythology)">the princess</a> who was the wife of <a href="/wiki/Perseus" title="Perseus">Perseus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RC3-9">[8]</a> <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #ddd;">Andromeda Galaxy</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:M31-Andromede-16-09-2023-Hamois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/M31-Andromede-16-09-2023-Hamois.jpg/290px-M31-Andromede-16-09-2023-Hamois.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/M31-Andromede-16-09-2023-Hamois.jpg/435px-M31-Andromede-16-09-2023-Hamois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/M31-Andromede-16-09-2023-Hamois.jpg/580px-M31-Andromede-16-09-2023-Hamois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8161" data-file-height="5395"></a><div class="infobox-caption">A visible light image of the Andromeda Galaxy and two satellite galaxies. <a href="/wiki/Messier_32" title="Messier 32">Messier 32</a> is above the galactic nucleus and <a href="/wiki/Messier_110" title="Messier 110">Messier 110</a> is at the bottom.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddd;">Observation data (<a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)#Julian_years_and_J2000" title="Epoch (astronomy)">J2000</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">epoch</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ænˈdrɒmɪdə/</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Andromeda (constellation)">Andromeda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">Right ascension</a></th><td class="infobox-data">00h 42m 44.3s<a href="#cite_note-ned-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">Declination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+41° 16′ 9″<a href="#cite_note-ned-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></th><td class="infobox-data">z = −0.001004 (minus sign indicates <a href="/wiki/Blueshift" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueshift">blueshift</a>)<a href="#cite_note-ned-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Heliocentric radial velocity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−301 ± 1 km/s<a href="#cite_note-Karachentsevetal2006-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_distance_ladder" title="Cosmic distance ladder">Distance</a></th><td class="infobox-data">765 <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Parsecs_and_kiloparsecs" title="Parsec">kpc</a> (2.50 <a href="/wiki/Light-year#Definitions" title="Light-year">Mly</a>)<a href="#cite_note-adam-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a> (V)</th><td class="infobox-data">3.44<a href="#cite_note-SIMBAD-M31-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-GAXEL-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a> (V)</th><td class="infobox-data">−21.5<a href="#cite_note-blue_mag-6">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ribas2005-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddd;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification" title="Galaxy morphological classification">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SA(s)b<a href="#cite_note-ned-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(1.5±0.2)×1012<a href="#cite_note-GalaxyMass-8">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var>☉</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Number of stars</th><td class="infobox-data">~1 trillion (1012)<a href="#cite_note-trillion-stars-12">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">46.56 <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Parsecs_and_kiloparsecs" title="Parsec">kpc</a> (152,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a>) (diameter; <a href="/wiki/Galaxy#Isophotal_diameter" title="Galaxy">D25 isophote</a>)<a href="#cite_note-ned-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-RC3-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-AndromedaHalo-11">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Apparent size</a> (V)</th><td class="infobox-data">3.167° × 1°<a href="#cite_note-ned-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddd;">Other designations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Messier_object" title="Messier object">M</a>31, <a href="/wiki/New_General_Catalogue" title="New General Catalogue">NGC</a> 224, <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_General_Catalogue" title="Uppsala General Catalogue">UGC</a> 454, <a href="/wiki/Principal_Galaxies_Catalogue" title="Principal Galaxies Catalogue">PGC</a> 2557, <a href="/wiki/Second_Cambridge_Catalogue_of_Radio_Sources" title="Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources">2C</a> 56 (Core),<a href="#cite_note-ned-1">[1]</a> CGCG 535-17, <a href="/wiki/Morphological_Catalogue_of_Galaxies" title="Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies">MCG</a> +07-02-016, <a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a> 00400+4059, <a href="/wiki/2MASX" class="mw-redirect" title="2MASX">2MASX</a> J00424433+4116074, GC 116, h 50, Bode 3, Flamsteed 58, Hevelius 32, Ha 3.3, IRC +40013</td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Virial_mass" title="Virial mass">virial mass</a> of the Andromeda Galaxy is of the same order of magnitude as that of the Milky Way, at 1 <a href="/wiki/1000000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000000 (number)">trillion</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a> (2.0×1042 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograms</a>). The mass of either galaxy is difficult to estimate with any accuracy, but it was long thought that the Andromeda Galaxy was more massive than the Milky Way by a margin of some 25% to 50%.<a href="#cite_note-Kafle2018-13">[11]</a> However, this has been called into question by early-21st-century studies indicating a possibly lower mass for the Andromeda Galaxy<a href="#cite_note-Kafle2018-13">[11]</a> and a higher mass for the Milky Way.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-As-Now-15">[13]</a> The Andromeda Galaxy has a <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> of about 46.56 kpc (152,000 ly), making it the largest member of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> of galaxies in terms of extension.<a href="#cite_note-As-Now-15">[13]</a> The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are <a href="/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_Way_collision" title="Andromeda–Milky Way collision">expected to collide with each other</a> in around 4–5 billion years,<a href="#cite_note-Schiavi-16">[14]</a> merging to potentially form a giant <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">elliptical galaxy</a><a href="#cite_note-milky-way-collide-17">[15]</a> or a large <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_galaxy" title="Lenticular galaxy">lenticular galaxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ueda2014-18">[16]</a> With an <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> of 3.4, the Andromeda Galaxy is among the brightest of the <a href="/wiki/Messier_object" title="Messier object">Messier objects</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Frommert_&_Kronberg_2007-19">[17]</a> and is visible to the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> from Earth on moonless nights,<a href="#cite_note-Messie-20">[18]</a> even when viewed from areas with moderate <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RC3-9">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Observation_history">1 Observation history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#%22Island_universes%22_hypothesis">1.1 "Island universes" hypothesis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#21st_century">1.2 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#General">2 General</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Formation_and_history">2.1 Formation and history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Distance_estimate">2.2 Distance estimate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Mass_estimates">2.3 Mass estimates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Luminosity_estimates">2.4 Luminosity estimates</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Structure">3 Structure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Nucleus">3.1 Nucleus</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Discrete_sources">4 Discrete sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Globular_clusters">5 Globular clusters</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#PA-99-N2_event_and_possible_exoplanet_in_galaxy">5.1 PA-99-N2 event and possible exoplanet in galaxy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Nearby_and_satellite_galaxies">6 Nearby and satellite galaxies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Collision_with_the_Milky_Way">7 Collision with the Milky Way</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Amateur_observation">8 Amateur observation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Observation_history">Observation history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Observation history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auv0175.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Auv0175.png/220px-Auv0175.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Auv0175.png/220px-Auv0175.png" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Auv0175.png/330px-Auv0175.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Auv0175.png/440px-Auv0175.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Oldest surviving depiction of the Andromeda (dots at the tip of the mouth of the lower), by <a href="/wiki/Al-Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sufi">Al-Sufi</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Fixed_Stars" title="The Book of Fixed Stars">The Book of Fixed Stars</a> (from around 964 CE) in a manuscript from 1009–1010 CE<a href="#cite_note-w718-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-j307-22">[20]</a></figcaption></figure> The Andromeda Galaxy is visible to the naked eye in dark skies.<a href="#cite_note-firstName-23">[21]</a> Around the year 964 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Persian</a> astronomer <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sufi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi">Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi</a> described the Andromeda Galaxy in his <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Fixed_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Fixed Stars">Book of Fixed Stars</a> as a "nebulous smear" or "small cloud".<a href="#cite_note-Hafez-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_chart" title="Star chart">Star charts</a> of that period labeled it as the Little Cloud.<a href="#cite_note-NSOG-25">[23]</a> In 1612, the German astronomer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> gave an early description of the Andromeda Galaxy based on telescopic observations.<a href="#cite_note-Aati-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Maupertuis" title="Pierre Louis Maupertuis">Pierre Louis Maupertuis</a> conjectured in 1745 that the blurry spot was an island universe.<a href="#cite_note-Kant-27">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Messier" title="Charles Messier">Charles Messier</a> cataloged Andromeda as object M31 in 1764 and incorrectly credited Marius as the discoverer despite it being visible to the naked eye. In 1785, the astronomer <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> noted a faint reddish hue in the core region of Andromeda.<a href="#cite_note-Messie-20">[18]</a> He believed Andromeda to be the nearest of all the "great <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebulae</a>", and based on the color and magnitude of the <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebula</a>, he incorrectly guessed that it was no more than 2,000 times the distance of <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, or roughly 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a> (5.5 <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Parsecs_and_kiloparsecs" title="Parsec">kpc</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Herschel_1785-28">[26]</a> In 1850, <a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse</a>, made a drawing of Andromeda's <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy#Structure" title="Spiral galaxy">spiral structure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In 1864, <a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> noted that the <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> of Andromeda differed from that of a gaseous nebula.<a href="#cite_note-Huggins_&_Miller_1864-30">[28]</a> The spectrum of Andromeda displays a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/continuum" class="extiw" title="wikt:continuum">continuum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequencies</a>, superimposed with dark <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">absorption lines</a> that help identify the chemical composition of an object. Andromeda's spectrum is very similar to the spectra of individual stars, and from this, it was deduced that Andromeda has a stellar nature. In 1885, a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/SN_1885A" title="SN 1885A">S Andromedae</a>) was seen in Andromeda, the first and so far only one observed in that galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-%C3%96pik_1922-31">[29]</a> At the time, it was called "Nova 1885"<a href="#cite_note-Backhouse_1888-32">[30]</a>—the difference between "<a href="/wiki/Novae" class="mw-redirect" title="Novae">novae</a>" in the modern sense and supernovae was not yet known. Andromeda was considered to be a nearby object, and it was not realized that the "nova" was much brighter than ordinary novae.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andromeda_Nebula_-_Isaac_Roberts,_29_December_1888_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Andromeda_Nebula_-_Isaac_Roberts%2C_29_December_1888_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Andromeda_Nebula_-_Isaac_Roberts%2C_29_December_1888_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1065"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 276px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Andromeda_Nebula_-_Isaac_Roberts%2C_29_December_1888_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Andromeda_Nebula_-_Isaac_Roberts%2C_29_December_1888_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Andromeda_Nebula_-_Isaac_Roberts%2C_29_December_1888_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Andromeda_Nebula_-_Isaac_Roberts%2C_29_December_1888_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Andromeda_Nebula_-_Isaac_Roberts%2C_29_December_1888_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Andromeda_Nebula_-_Isaac_Roberts%2C_29_December_1888_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The earliest known photograph of the Great Andromeda "Nebula" (with <a href="/wiki/Messier_110" title="Messier 110">M110</a> to the upper right), by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roberts" title="Isaac Roberts">Isaac Roberts</a> (29 December 1888)</figcaption></figure> In 1888, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Roberts" title="Isaac Roberts">Isaac Roberts</a> took one of the first photographs of Andromeda, which was still commonly thought to be a nebula within our galaxy. Roberts mistook Andromeda and similar "spiral nebulae" as <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoplanetary disc">star systems being formed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NebPix-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-sciPho-34">[32]</a> In 1912, <a href="/wiki/Vesto_Slipher" title="Vesto Slipher">Vesto Slipher</a> used <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> to measure the <a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">radial velocity</a> of Andromeda with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>—the largest velocity yet measured, at 300 km/s (190 mi/s).<a href="#cite_note-Slipher_1913-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='"Island_universes"_hypothesis'>"Island universes" hypothesis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=2" title='Edit section: "Island universes" hypothesis' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andromeda_constellation_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Andromeda_constellation_map.svg/220px-Andromeda_constellation_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Andromeda_constellation_map.svg/220px-Andromeda_constellation_map.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Andromeda_constellation_map.svg/330px-Andromeda_constellation_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Andromeda_constellation_map.svg/440px-Andromeda_constellation_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Location of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) in the Andromeda constellation</figcaption></figure> As early as 1755, the German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> proposed the hypothesis that the Milky Way is only one of many galaxies in his book <a href="/wiki/Universal_Natural_History_and_Theory_of_the_Heavens" title="Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens">Universal Natural History and Theory of the Heavens</a>. Arguing that a structure like the Milky Way would look like a circular nebula viewed from above and like an <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">ellipsoid</a> if viewed from an angle, he concluded that the observed elliptical nebulae like Andromeda, which could not be explained otherwise at the time, were indeed galaxies similar to the Milky Way, not nebulae, as Andromeda was commonly believed to be.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> In 1917, <a href="/wiki/Heber_Doust_Curtis" title="Heber Doust Curtis">Heber Curtis</a> observed a <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">nova</a> within Andromeda. After searching the photographic record, 11 more novae were discovered. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 <a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">magnitudes</a> fainter than those that occurred elsewhere in the sky. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 500,000 ly (32 billion AU). Although this estimate is about fivefold lower than the best estimates now available, it was the first known estimate of the distance to Andromeda that was correct to within an order of magnitude (i.e., to within a factor of ten of the current estimates, which place the distance around 2.5 million light-years<a href="#cite_note-Karachentsevetal2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-karachentsevetal2004-37">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ribas2005-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-McConnachieetal2005-38">[36]</a>). Curtis became a proponent of the so-called "island universes" hypothesis: that <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy#Spiral_nebula" title="Spiral galaxy">spiral nebulae</a> were actually independent galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-Curtis_1988-39">[37]</a> In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Debate_(astronomy)" title="Great Debate (astronomy)">Great Debate</a> between <a href="/wiki/Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a> and Curtis took place concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hubble_1929-40">[38]</a> To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is, in fact, an external galaxy, Curtis also noted the appearance of dark lanes within Andromeda that resembled the dust clouds in our own galaxy, as well as historical observations of the Andromeda Galaxy's significant <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shift</a>. In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_%C3%96pik" title="Ernst Öpik">Ernst Öpik</a> presented a method to estimate the distance of Andromeda using the measured velocities of its stars. His result placed the Andromeda Nebula far outside our galaxy at a distance of about 450 kpc (1,500 kly).<a href="#cite_note-%C3%96pik_1922-31">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> settled the debate in 1925 when he identified extragalactic <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheid variable stars</a> for the first time on astronomical photos of Andromeda. These were made using the 100-inch (2.5 m) <a href="/wiki/Hooker_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooker telescope">Hooker telescope</a>, and they enabled the distance of the Great Andromeda Nebula to be determined. His measurement demonstrated conclusively that this feature was not a cluster of stars and gas within our own galaxy, but an entirely separate galaxy located a significant distance from the Milky Way.<a href="#cite_note-Hubble_1929-40">[38]</a> In 1943, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade">Walter Baade</a> was the first person to resolve stars in the central region of the Andromeda Galaxy. Baade identified two distinct populations of stars based on their <a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metallicity</a>, naming the young, high-velocity stars in the disk <a href="/wiki/Type-A_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Type-A star">Type I</a> and the older, red stars in the bulge Type II.<a href="#cite_note-Baade_1944-41">[39]</a> This nomenclature was subsequently adopted for stars within the Milky Way and elsewhere. (The existence of two distinct populations had been noted earlier by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-Baade_1944-41">[39]</a> Baade also discovered that there were two types of Cepheid variable stars, which resulted in doubling the distance estimate to Andromeda, as well as the remainder of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-Gribbin_2001-42">[40]</a> In 1950, radio <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">emissions</a> from the Andromeda Galaxy were detected by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanbury_Brown" title="Robert Hanbury Brown">Robert Hanbury Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Hazard" title="Cyril Hazard">Cyril Hazard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_&_Hazard_1950-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown_&_Hazard_1951-44">[42]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio maps</a> of the galaxy were made in the 1950s by <a href="/wiki/John_E._Baldwin" title="John E. Baldwin">John Baldwin</a> and collaborators at the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Astrophysics_Group" title="Cavendish Astrophysics Group">Cambridge Radio Astronomy Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-van_der_Kruit_&_Allen_1976-45">[43]</a> The core of the Andromeda Galaxy is called 2C 56 in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Cambridge_Catalogue_of_Radio_Sources" title="Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources">2C</a> radio astronomy catalog. In 1959 rapid rotation of the semi-stellar nucleus of M31 was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Andre_Lallemand" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Lallemand">Andre Lallemand</a>, M. Duschene and Merle Walker<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick Observatory</a>, using the 120-inch telescope, coudé Spectrograph, and Lallemand electronographic camera. They estimated the mass of the nucleus to be about 1.3 x 107 solar masses. The second example of this phenomenon was found in 1961 in the nucleus of M32 by M.F Walker<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick Observatory</a>, using the same equipment as used for the discovery of the nucleus of M31. He estimated the nuclear mass to be between 0.8 and 1 x 107 solar masses. Such rotation is now considered to be evidence of the existence of supermassive black holes in the nuclei of these galaxies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 21st century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Largest_Mosaic_of_Andromeda_by_Hubble_jan_16_2025-extra_details.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Largest_Mosaic_of_Andromeda_by_Hubble_jan_16_2025-extra_details.jpg/220px-Largest_Mosaic_of_Andromeda_by_Hubble_jan_16_2025-extra_details.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7680" data-file-height="4320"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Largest_Mosaic_of_Andromeda_by_Hubble_jan_16_2025-extra_details.jpg/220px-Largest_Mosaic_of_Andromeda_by_Hubble_jan_16_2025-extra_details.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Largest_Mosaic_of_Andromeda_by_Hubble_jan_16_2025-extra_details.jpg/330px-Largest_Mosaic_of_Andromeda_by_Hubble_jan_16_2025-extra_details.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Largest_Mosaic_of_Andromeda_by_Hubble_jan_16_2025-extra_details.jpg/440px-Largest_Mosaic_of_Andromeda_by_Hubble_jan_16_2025-extra_details.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Largest Mosaic of Andromeda by Hubble with details: (a) Clusters of bright blue stars embedded within the galaxy, background galaxies seen much farther away, and photo-bombing by a couple bright foreground stars that are actually inside our Milky Way; (b) NGC 206 the most conspicuous star cloud in Andromeda; (c) A young cluster of blue newborn stars; (d) The satellite galaxy M32, that may be the residual core of a galaxy that once collided with Andromeda; (e) Dark dust lanes across myriad stars.</figcaption></figure> In 2009, an occurrence of <a href="/wiki/Microlensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Microlensing">microlensing</a>—a phenomenon caused by the deflection of light by a massive object—may have led to the first discovery of a planet in the Andromeda Galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-Ingrosso_2009-48">[46]</a> In 2020, observations of linearly polarized radio emission with the <a href="/wiki/Westerbork_Synthesis_Radio_Telescope" title="Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope">Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Effelsberg_100-m_Radio_Telescope" title="Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope">Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a> revealed ordered magnetic fields aligned along the "10-kpc ring" of gas and star formation.<a href="#cite_note-Beck_2020-49">[47]</a> In 2025, NASA published a huge mosaic made by the Hubble Space Telescope, assembled from approximately 600 separate overlapping fields of view taken over 10 years of Hubble observation. Hubble resolves an estimated 200 million stars that are hotter than our Sun, but still a fraction of the galaxy’s total estimated stellar population. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="General">General</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: General" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The estimated distance of the Andromeda Galaxy from our own was doubled in 1953 when it was discovered that there is a second, dimmer type of <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheid variable star</a>. In the 1990s, measurements of both standard <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giants</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">red clump</a> stars from the <a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> satellite measurements were used to calibrate the Cepheid distances.<a href="#cite_note-Holland_1998-50">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanek_&_Garnavich_1998-51">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_history">Formation and history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Formation and history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andromeda_Galaxy_560mm_FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Andromeda_Galaxy_560mm_FL.jpg/220px-Andromeda_Galaxy_560mm_FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4114" data-file-height="2778"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Andromeda_Galaxy_560mm_FL.jpg/220px-Andromeda_Galaxy_560mm_FL.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Andromeda_Galaxy_560mm_FL.jpg/330px-Andromeda_Galaxy_560mm_FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Andromeda_Galaxy_560mm_FL.jpg/440px-Andromeda_Galaxy_560mm_FL.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Processed image of the Andromeda Galaxy, with enhancement of <a href="/wiki/H-alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="H-alpha">H-alpha</a> to highlight its star-forming regions</figcaption></figure> A major <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_merger" title="Galaxy merger">merger</a> occurred 2 to 3 billion years ago at the Andromeda location, involving two galaxies with a mass ratio of approximately 4.<a href="#cite_note-Hammer_et_al._2018-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-D'Souza_and_Bell-53">[51]</a> The discovery of a recent merger in the Andromeda galaxy was first based on interpreting its anomalous age-velocity dispersion relation,<a href="#cite_note-Dorman_et_al._2014-54">[52]</a> as well as the fact that 2 billion years ago, star formation throughout Andromeda's disk was much more active than today.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_et_al._2015-55">[53]</a> Modeling<a href="#cite_note-Hammer_et_al._2018-52">[50]</a> of this violent collision shows that it has formed most of the galaxy's (metal-rich) <a href="/wiki/Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">galactic halo</a>, including the Giant Stream,<a href="#cite_note-Ibata_et_al._2001-56">[54]</a> and also the extended thick disk, the young age thin disk, and the static 10 kpc ring. During this epoch, its rate of <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a> would have been <a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxy" title="Starburst galaxy">very high</a>, to the point of becoming a <a href="/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy" title="Luminous infrared galaxy">luminous infrared galaxy</a> for roughly 100 million years. Modeling also recovers the bulge profile, the large bar, and the overall halo density profile. Andromeda and the <a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy" title="Triangulum Galaxy">Triangulum Galaxy</a> (M33) might have had a very close passage 2–4 billion years ago, but it seems unlikely from the last measurements from the Hubble Space Telescope.<a href="#cite_note-Patel_et_al._2017-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distance_estimate">Distance estimate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distance estimate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milky_Way_and_Andromeda_in_space,_to_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Milky_Way_and_Andromeda_in_space%2C_to_scale.jpg/220px-Milky_Way_and_Andromeda_in_space%2C_to_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Milky_Way_and_Andromeda_in_space%2C_to_scale.jpg/220px-Milky_Way_and_Andromeda_in_space%2C_to_scale.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Milky_Way_and_Andromeda_in_space%2C_to_scale.jpg/330px-Milky_Way_and_Andromeda_in_space%2C_to_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Milky_Way_and_Andromeda_in_space%2C_to_scale.jpg/440px-Milky_Way_and_Andromeda_in_space%2C_to_scale.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Illustration showing both the size of each galaxy and the distance between the two galaxies, to scale</figcaption></figure> At least four distinct techniques have been used to estimate distances from Earth to the Andromeda Galaxy. In 2003, using the infrared <a href="/wiki/Surface_brightness_fluctuation" title="Surface brightness fluctuation">surface brightness fluctuations</a> (I-SBF) and adjusting for the new period-luminosity value and a metallicity correction of −0.2 mag dex−1 in (O/H), an estimate of 2.57 ± 0.06 million <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a> (162.5 ± 3.8 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>) was derived. A 2004 Cepheid variable method estimated the distance to be 2.51 ± 0.13 million light-years (770 ± 40 kpc).<a href="#cite_note-Karachentsevetal2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-karachentsevetal2004-37">[35]</a> In 2005, an eclipsing <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary star</a> was discovered in the Andromeda Galaxy. The binary<a href="#cite_note-M31VJ-58">[c]</a> is made up of two hot blue stars of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">types</a> O and B. By studying the eclipses of the stars, astronomers were able to measure their sizes. Knowing the sizes and temperatures of the stars, they were able to measure their <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">visual</a> and absolute magnitudes are known, the distance to the star can be calculated. The stars lie at a distance of 2.52 ± 0.14 million ly (159.4 ± 8.9 billion AU) and the whole Andromeda Galaxy at about 2.5 million ly (160 billion AU).<a href="#cite_note-Ribas2005-7">[6]</a> This new value is in excellent agreement with the previous, independent Cepheid-based distance value. The <a href="/wiki/Tip_of_the_red-giant_branch" title="Tip of the red-giant branch">TRGB</a> method was also used in 2005 giving a distance of 2.56 ± 0.08 million ly (161.9 ± 5.1 billion AU).<a href="#cite_note-McConnachieetal2005-38">[36]</a> Averaged together, these distance estimates give a value of 2.54 ± 0.11 million ly (160.6 ± 7.0 billion AU).<a href="#cite_note-avg_dist-59">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_estimates">Mass estimates</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mass estimates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_Finds_Giant_Halo_Around_the_Andromeda_Galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hubble_Finds_Giant_Halo_Around_the_Andromeda_Galaxy.jpg/220px-Hubble_Finds_Giant_Halo_Around_the_Andromeda_Galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2954" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hubble_Finds_Giant_Halo_Around_the_Andromeda_Galaxy.jpg/220px-Hubble_Finds_Giant_Halo_Around_the_Andromeda_Galaxy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hubble_Finds_Giant_Halo_Around_the_Andromeda_Galaxy.jpg/330px-Hubble_Finds_Giant_Halo_Around_the_Andromeda_Galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hubble_Finds_Giant_Halo_Around_the_Andromeda_Galaxy.jpg/440px-Hubble_Finds_Giant_Halo_Around_the_Andromeda_Galaxy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Giant halo around Andromeda Galaxy<a href="#cite_note-Hubble-halo-60">[56]</a></figcaption></figure> Until 2018, mass estimates for the Andromeda Galaxy's halo (including <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">dark matter</a>) gave a value of approximately 1.5×1012 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var>☉</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jorge_Pe%C3%B1arrubia2014-61">[57]</a> compared to 8×1011 <var>M</var>☉ for the Milky Way. This contradicted even earlier measurements that seemed to indicate that the Andromeda Galaxy and Milky Way are almost equal in mass. In 2018, the earlier measurements for equality of mass were re-established by radio results as approximately 8×1011 <var>M</var>☉.<a href="#cite_note-Kafle_et_al._2018-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Need4Speed-1-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-cosmic-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Space.com-65">[61]</a> In 2006, the Andromeda Galaxy's <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy#Galactic_spheroid" title="Spiral galaxy">spheroid</a> was determined to have a higher stellar density than that of the Milky Way,<a href="#cite_note-Kalirai_et_al_2006-66">[62]</a> and its galactic stellar disk was estimated at twice the diameter of that of the Milky Way.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman_et_al_2006-10">[9]</a> The total mass of the Andromeda Galaxy is estimated to be between 8×1011 <var>M</var>☉<a href="#cite_note-Kafle_et_al._2018-62">[58]</a> and 1.1×1012 <var>M</var>☉.<a href="#cite_note-Barmby_2006-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barmby2007-68">[64]</a> The stellar mass of M31 is 10–15×1010 <var>M</var>☉, with 30% of that mass in the central <a href="/wiki/Bulge_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulge (astronomy)">bulge</a>, 56% in the <a href="/wiki/Disc_(galaxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc (galaxy)">disk</a>, and the remaining 14% in the <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy#Galactic_spheroid" title="Spiral galaxy">stellar halo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tamm2012-69">[65]</a> The radio results (similar mass to the Milky Way Galaxy) should be taken as likeliest as of 2018, although clearly, this matter is still under active investigation by several research groups worldwide. As of 2019, current calculations based on escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements put the Andromeda Galaxy at 0.8×1012 <var>M</var>☉,<a href="#cite_note-Need4Speed-70">[66]</a> which is only half of the Milky Way's newer mass, calculated in 2019 at 1.5×1012 <var>M</var>☉.<a href="#cite_note-daily-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-SA-20190308-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-ARX-20190208-73">[69]</a> In addition to stars, the Andromeda Galaxy's <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> contains at least 7.2×109 <var>M</var>☉<a href="#cite_note-BraunThilkerWalterbosCorbelli2009-74">[70]</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral hydrogen">neutral hydrogen</a>, at least 3.4×108 <var>M</var>☉ as molecular <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (within its innermost 10 kiloparsecs), and 5.4×107 <var>M</var>☉ of <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar dust">dust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Andromedandust-75">[71]</a> The Andromeda Galaxy is surrounded by a massive halo of hot gas that is estimated to contain half the mass of the stars in the galaxy. The nearly invisible halo stretches about a million light-years from its host galaxy, halfway to our Milky Way Galaxy. Simulations of galaxies indicate the halo formed at the same time as the Andromeda Galaxy. The halo is enriched in elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, formed from <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>, and its properties are those expected for a galaxy that lies in the "green valley" of the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_color%E2%80%93magnitude_diagram" title="Galaxy color–magnitude diagram">Galaxy color-magnitude diagram</a> (see <a href="#Luminosity_estimates">below</a>). Supernovae erupt in the Andromeda Galaxy's star-filled disk and eject these heavier elements into space. Over the Andromeda Galaxy's lifetime, nearly half of the heavy elements made by its stars have been ejected far beyond the galaxy's 200,000-light-year-diameter stellar disk.<a href="#cite_note-Hubble-halo-a-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Massive-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evidence-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-HaloFind-79">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luminosity_estimates">Luminosity estimates</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Luminosity estimates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The estimated <a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a> of the Andromeda Galaxy, ~2.6×1010 <a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity"><var>L</var>☉</a>, is about 25% higher than that of our own galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-vdb-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moskvitch_2010-81">[77]</a> However, the galaxy has a high <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">inclination</a> as seen from Earth, and its <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">interstellar dust</a> absorbs an unknown amount of light, so it is difficult to estimate its actual brightness and other authors have given other values for the luminosity of the Andromeda Galaxy (some authors even propose it is the second-brightest galaxy within a radius of 10 <a href="/wiki/Megaparsec" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaparsec">megaparsecs</a> of the Milky Way, after the <a href="/wiki/Sombrero_Galaxy" title="Sombrero Galaxy">Sombrero Galaxy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Karachentsev2004-82">[78]</a> with an absolute magnitude of around −22.21<a href="#cite_note-bright_m31-83">[e]</a> or close<a href="#cite_note-McCall2014-84">[79]</a>). An estimation done with the help of <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> published in 2010 suggests an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> (in the blue) of −20.89 (that with a <a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">color index</a> of +0.63 translates to an absolute visual magnitude of −21.52,<a href="#cite_note-blue_mag-6">[a]</a> compared to −20.9 for the Milky Way), and a total luminosity in that <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of 3.64×1010 <var>L</var>☉.<a href="#cite_note-Tempel2010-85">[80]</a> The rate of star formation in the Milky Way is much higher, with the Andromeda Galaxy producing only about one solar mass per year compared to 3–5 solar masses for the Milky Way. The rate of <a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">novae</a> in the Milky Way is also double that of the Andromeda Galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-Liller_&_Mayer_1987-86">[81]</a> This suggests that the latter once experienced a great star formation phase, but is now in a relative state of quiescence, whereas the Milky Way is experiencing more active star formation.<a href="#cite_note-vdb-80">[76]</a> Should this continue, the luminosity of the Milky Way may eventually overtake that of the Andromeda Galaxy. According to recent studies, the Andromeda Galaxy lies in what is known in the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_color%E2%80%93magnitude_diagram" title="Galaxy color–magnitude diagram">galaxy color–magnitude diagram</a> as the "green valley", a region populated by galaxies like the Milky Way in transition from the "blue cloud" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the "red sequence" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas in the interstellar medium. In simulated galaxies with similar properties to the Andromeda Galaxy, star formation is expected to extinguish within about five billion years, even accounting for the expected, short-term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way.<a href="#cite_note-MWAY-87">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Andromeda_Galaxy_M31_-_Heic1502a_Full_resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zooming In on the Andromeda Galaxy – A panorama of foreground stars and the Andromeda Galaxy's nucleus. The image is the largest ever taken by the Hubble Space Telescope."><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andromeda_Galaxy_M31_-_Heic1502a_Full_resolution.jpg/600px-Andromeda_Galaxy_M31_-_Heic1502a_Full_resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="40000" data-file-height="12788"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 600px;height: 192px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andromeda_Galaxy_M31_-_Heic1502a_Full_resolution.jpg/600px-Andromeda_Galaxy_M31_-_Heic1502a_Full_resolution.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="600" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andromeda_Galaxy_M31_-_Heic1502a_Full_resolution.jpg/900px-Andromeda_Galaxy_M31_-_Heic1502a_Full_resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Andromeda_Galaxy_M31_-_Heic1502a_Full_resolution.jpg/1200px-Andromeda_Galaxy_M31_-_Heic1502a_Full_resolution.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Andromeda_Galaxy_M31_-_Heic1502a_Full_resolution.jpg" title="File:Andromeda Galaxy M31 - Heic1502a Full resolution.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Zooming_In_on_the_Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Zooming In on the Andromeda Galaxy">Zooming In on the Andromeda Galaxy</a> – A panorama of foreground stars and the Andromeda Galaxy's nucleus. The image is the largest ever taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv/220px--A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="186" data-mwtitle="A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv/A_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AA_Swift_Tour_of_M31.ogv&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></video><figcaption>A narrated tour of the Andromeda Galaxy, made by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Swift_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift satellite">Swift satellite</a> team</figcaption></figure> Based on its appearance in visible light, the Andromeda Galaxy is classified as an SA(s)b galaxy in the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification#De_Vaucouleurs_system" title="Galaxy morphological classification">de Vaucouleurs–Sandage extended classification system</a> of spiral galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-ned-1">[1]</a> However, infrared data from the <a href="/wiki/2MASS" title="2MASS">2MASS</a> survey and the <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> showed that Andromeda is actually a <a href="/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">barred spiral galaxy</a>, like the Milky Way, with Andromeda's bar major axis oriented 55 degrees anti-clockwise from the disc major axis.<a href="#cite_note-Beaton_2006-88">[83]</a> There are various methods used in astronomy in defining the size of a galaxy, and each method can yield different results concerning one another. The most commonly employed is the D25 standard, the <a href="/wiki/Isophote" title="Isophote">isophote</a> where the photometric brightness of a galaxy in the B-band (445 nm wavelength of light, in the blue part of the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a>) reaches 25 mag/arcsec2.<a href="#cite_note-GalaxySize-89">[84]</a> The Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC3) used this standard for Andromeda in 1991, yielding an isophotal diameter of 46.56 kiloparsecs (152,000 light-years) at a distance of 2.5 million light-years.<a href="#cite_note-RC3-9">[8]</a> An earlier estimate from 1981 gave a diameter for Andromeda at 54 kiloparsecs (176,000 light-years).<a href="#cite_note-AtlasofAndromeda-90">[85]</a> A study in 2005 by the <a href="/wiki/Keck_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Keck telescopes">Keck telescopes</a> shows the existence of a tenuous sprinkle of stars, or <a href="/wiki/Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">galactic halo</a>, extending outward from the galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman_et_al_2006-10">[9]</a> The stars in this halo behave differently from the ones in Andromeda's main galactic disc, where they show rather disorganized orbital motions as opposed to the stars in the main disc having more orderly orbits and uniform velocities of 200 km/s.<a href="#cite_note-Chapman_et_al_2006-10">[9]</a> This diffuse halo extends outwards away from Andromeda's main disc with the diameter of 67.45 kiloparsecs (220,000 light-years).<a href="#cite_note-Chapman_et_al_2006-10">[9]</a> The galaxy is inclined an estimated 77° relative to Earth (where an angle of 90° would be edge-on). Analysis of the cross-sectional shape of the galaxy appears to demonstrate a pronounced, S-shaped warp, rather than just a flat disk.<a href="#cite_note-UC_Santa_Cruz_2001-91">[86]</a> A possible cause of such a warp could be gravitational interaction with the satellite galaxies near the Andromeda Galaxy. The Galaxy <a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy" title="Triangulum Galaxy">M33</a> could be responsible for some warp in Andromeda's arms, though more precise distances and radial velocities are required. Spectroscopic studies have provided detailed measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve" title="Galaxy rotation curve">rotational velocity of the Andromeda Galaxy</a> as a function of radial distance from the core. The rotational velocity has a maximum value of 225 km/s (140 mi/s) at 1,300 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a> (82 million <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>) from the core, and it has its minimum possibly as low as 50 km/s (31 mi/s) at 7,000 ly (440 million AU) from the core. Further out, rotational velocity rises out to a radius of 33,000 ly (2.1 billion AU), where it reaches a peak of 250 km/s (160 mi/s). The velocities slowly decline beyond that distance, dropping to around 200 km/s (120 mi/s) at 80,000 ly (5.1 billion AU). These velocity measurements imply a concentrated mass of about 6×109 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var>☉</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy nucleus">nucleus</a>. The total mass of the galaxy increases <a href="/wiki/Linearity" title="Linearity">linearly</a> out to 45,000 ly (2.8 billion AU), then more slowly beyond that radius.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin_&_Ford_1970-92">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy#Spiral_arms" title="Spiral galaxy">spiral arms</a> of the Andromeda Galaxy are outlined by a series of <a href="/wiki/H_II_region" title="H II region">HII regions</a>, first studied in great detail by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade">Walter Baade</a> and described by him as resembling "beads on a string". His studies show two spiral arms that appear to be tightly wound, although they are more widely spaced than in our galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-Arp_1964-93">[88]</a> His descriptions of the spiral structure, as each arm crosses the major axis of the Andromeda Galaxy, are as follows<a href="#cite_note-Bergh1991-94">[89]</a>§pp1062<a href="#cite_note-Hodge1966-95">[90]</a>§pp92: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Baade's spiral arms of M31 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Arms (N=cross M31's major axis at north, S=cross M31's major axis at south) </th> <th>Distance from center (<a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">arcminutes</a>) (N*/S*) </th> <th>Distance from the center (kpc) (N*/S*) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">N1/S1</td> <td>3.4/1.7</td> <td>0.7/0.4</td> <td>Dust arms with no <a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics#OB_associations" title="Stellar kinematics">OB associations</a> of <a href="/wiki/H_II_region" title="H II region">HII regions</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">N2/S2</td> <td>8.0/10.0</td> <td>1.7/2.1</td> <td>Dust arms with some OB associations </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">N3/S3</td> <td>25/30</td> <td>5.3/6.3</td> <td>As per N2/S2, but with some HII regions too </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">N4/S4</td> <td>50/47</td> <td>11/9.9</td> <td>Large numbers of OB associations, HII regions, and little dust </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">N5/S5</td> <td>70/66</td> <td>15/14</td> <td>As per N4/S4 but much fainter </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">N6/S6</td> <td>91/95</td> <td>19/20</td> <td>Loose OB associations. No dust is visible. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">N7/S7</td> <td>110/116</td> <td>23/24</td> <td>As per N6/S6 but fainter and inconspicuous </td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg/300px-Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="88" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8193" data-file-height="2410"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 88px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg/300px-Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="88" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg/450px-Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg/600px-Andromeda_galaxy_Ssc2005-20a1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Image of the Andromeda Galaxy taken by Spitzer in infrared, 24 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a> (Credit: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a>–<a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech</a>/Karl D. Gordon, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>)</figcaption></figure> Since the Andromeda Galaxy is seen close to edge-on, it is difficult to study its spiral structure. Rectified images of the galaxy seem to show a fairly normal spiral galaxy, exhibiting two continuous trailing arms that are separated from each other by a minimum of about 13,000 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a> (820 million <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>) and that can be followed outward from a distance of roughly 1,600 ly (100 million AU) from the core. Alternative spiral structures have been proposed such as a single spiral arm<a href="#cite_note-Simien1978-96">[91]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Flocculent_spiral_galaxy" title="Flocculent spiral galaxy">flocculent</a><a href="#cite_note-Haas2000-97">[92]</a> pattern of long, filamentary, and thick spiral arms.<a href="#cite_note-ned-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walterbos1988-98">[93]</a> The most likely cause of the distortions of the spiral pattern is thought to be interaction with galaxy satellites <a href="/wiki/Messier_32" title="Messier 32">M32</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messier_110" title="Messier 110">M110</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon2006-99">[94]</a> This can be seen by the displacement of the <a href="/wiki/H_I_region" title="H I region">neutral hydrogen clouds</a> from the stars.<a href="#cite_note-Braun_1991-100">[95]</a> In 1998, images from the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">Infrared Space Observatory</a> demonstrated that the overall form of the Andromeda Galaxy may be transitioning into a <a href="/wiki/Ring_galaxy" title="Ring galaxy">ring galaxy</a>. The gas and dust within the galaxy are generally formed into several overlapping rings, with a particularly prominent ring formed at a radius of 32,000 ly (9.8 kpc) from the core,<a href="#cite_note-ESA_1998-10-14-101">[96]</a> nicknamed by some astronomers the ring of fire.<a href="#cite_note-M31youngclusters-102">[97]</a> This ring is hidden from visible light images of the galaxy because it is composed primarily of cold dust, and most of the star formation that is taking place in the Andromeda Galaxy is concentrated there.<a href="#cite_note-Andromedan10kpcring-103">[98]</a> Later studies with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> showed how the Andromeda Galaxy's spiral structure in the infrared appears to be composed of two spiral arms that emerge from a central bar and continue beyond the large ring mentioned above. Those arms, however, are not continuous and have a segmented structure.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon2006-99">[94]</a> Close examination of the inner region of the Andromeda Galaxy with the same telescope also showed a smaller dust ring that is believed to have been caused by the interaction with M32 more than 200 million years ago. Simulations show that the smaller galaxy passed through the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy along the latter's polar axis. This collision stripped more than half the mass from the smaller M32 and created the ring structures in Andromeda.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard-Smithsonian_2006-10-18-104">[99]</a> It is the co-existence of the long-known large ring-like feature in the gas of Messier 31, together with this newly discovered inner ring-like structure, offset from the <a href="/wiki/Barycenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycenter">barycenter</a>, that suggested a nearly head-on collision with the satellite M32, a milder version of the <a href="/wiki/Cartwheel_Galaxy" title="Cartwheel Galaxy">Cartwheel encounter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Block2006-105">[100]</a> Studies of the extended halo of the Andromeda Galaxy show that it is roughly comparable to that of the Milky Way, with stars in the halo being generally "<a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">metal-poor</a>", and increasingly so with greater distance.<a href="#cite_note-Kalirai_et_al_2006-66">[62]</a> This evidence indicates that the two galaxies have followed similar evolutionary paths. They are likely to have accreted and assimilated about 100–200 low-mass galaxies during the past 12 billion years.<a href="#cite_note-Bullock_&_Johnston_2005-106">[101]</a> The stars in the extended halos of the Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way may extend nearly one-third the distance separating the two galaxies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleus">Nucleus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nucleus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M31_nucleus_(labels).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/M31_nucleus_%28labels%29.jpg/220px-M31_nucleus_%28labels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/M31_nucleus_%28labels%29.jpg/220px-M31_nucleus_%28labels%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/M31_nucleus_%28labels%29.jpg/330px-M31_nucleus_%28labels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/M31_nucleus_%28labels%29.jpg/440px-M31_nucleus_%28labels%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hubble image of the Andromeda Galaxy core showing P1, P2 and P3, with P3 containing M31*. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> photo</figcaption></figure> The Andromeda Galaxy is known to harbor a dense and compact star cluster at its very center, similar to <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">our own galaxy</a>. A large telescope creates a visual impression of a star embedded in the more diffuse surrounding bulge. In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> was used to image the Andromeda Galaxy's inner nucleus. The nucleus consists of two concentrations separated by 1.5 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a> (4.9 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">ly</a>). The brighter concentration, designated as P1, is offset from the center of the galaxy. The dimmer concentration, P2, falls at the true center of the galaxy and contains an embedded star cluster, called P3,<a href="#cite_note-Bender_et_al_2005-107">[102]</a> containing many <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a>-bright <a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A-stars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a>, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=M31*&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M31* (page does not exist)">M31*</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[104]</a> The black hole is classified as a low-luminosity <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">AGN</a> (LLAGN) and it was detected only in <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio wavelengths</a> and in <a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">x-rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[104]</a> It was quiescent in 2004–2005, but it was highly variable in 2006–2007.<a href="#cite_note-:0-108">[103]</a> The mass of M31* was measured at 3–5 × 107 <var>M</var>☉ in 1993,<a href="#cite_note-Lauer-110">[105]</a> and at 1.1–2.3 × 108 <var>M</var>☉ in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Bender_et_al_2005-107">[102]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Velocity_dispersion" title="Velocity dispersion">velocity dispersion</a> of material around it is measured to be ≈ 160 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">km/s</a> (100 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi/s</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Gebhardt_et_al_2000-111">[106]</a> It has been proposed that the observed double nucleus could be explained if P1 is the projection of a disk of stars in an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric orbit</a> around the central black hole.<a href="#cite_note-Tremaine_1995-112">[107]</a> The eccentricity is such that stars linger at the orbital <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">apocenter</a>, creating a concentration of stars. It has been postulated that such an eccentric disk could have been formed from the result of a previous black hole merger, where the release of gravitational waves could have "kicked" the stars into their current eccentric distribution.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> P2 also contains a compact disk of hot, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral-class</a> A stars. The A stars are not evident in redder filters, but in blue and ultraviolet light they dominate the nucleus, causing P2 to appear more prominent than P1.<a href="#cite_note-hubblesite_1993-07-20-114">[109]</a> While at the initial time of its discovery it was hypothesized that the brighter portion of the double nucleus is the remnant of a small galaxy "cannibalized" by the Andromeda Galaxy,<a href="#cite_note-Schewe_&_Stein_1993-115">[110]</a> this is no longer considered a viable explanation, largely because such a nucleus would have an exceedingly short lifetime due to <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal disruption</a> by the central black hole. While this could be partially resolved if P1 had its own black hole to stabilize it, the distribution of stars in P1 does not suggest that there is a black hole at its center.<a href="#cite_note-Tremaine_1995-112">[107]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Discrete_sources">Discrete sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Discrete sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA20061_-_Andromeda_in_High-Energy_X-rays,_Figure_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PIA20061_-_Andromeda_in_High-Energy_X-rays%2C_Figure_1.jpg/400px-PIA20061_-_Andromeda_in_High-Energy_X-rays%2C_Figure_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6289" data-file-height="3538"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PIA20061_-_Andromeda_in_High-Energy_X-rays%2C_Figure_1.jpg/400px-PIA20061_-_Andromeda_in_High-Energy_X-rays%2C_Figure_1.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PIA20061_-_Andromeda_in_High-Energy_X-rays%2C_Figure_1.jpg/600px-PIA20061_-_Andromeda_in_High-Energy_X-rays%2C_Figure_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PIA20061_-_Andromeda_in_High-Energy_X-rays%2C_Figure_1.jpg/800px-PIA20061_-_Andromeda_in_High-Energy_X-rays%2C_Figure_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Andromeda Galaxy in high-energy X-ray and ultraviolet light (released 5 January 2016)</figcaption></figure> Apparently, by late 1968, no <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> had been detected from the Andromeda Galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-Fujimoto_et_al_1969-116">[111]</a> A balloon flight on 20 October 1970 set an upper limit for detectable hard X-rays from the Andromeda Galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_1973-117">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> BAT all-sky survey successfully detected hard X-rays coming from a region centered 6 arcseconds away from the galaxy center. The emission above 25 keV was later found to be originating from a single source named <a href="/wiki/3XMM_J004232.1%2B411314" title="3XMM J004232.1+411314">3XMM J004232.1+411314</a>, and identified as a binary system where a compact object (a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a> or a black hole) accretes matter from a star.<a href="#cite_note-Marelli_et_al._2017-118">[113]</a> Multiple X-ray sources have since been detected in the Andromeda Galaxy, using observations from the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s (ESA) <a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> orbiting observatory. Robin Barnard et al. hypothesized that these are candidate black holes or <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>, which are heating the incoming gas to millions of <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvins</a> and emitting X-rays. Neutron stars and black holes can be distinguished mainly by measuring their masses.<a href="#cite_note-Barnard_Kolb_&_Osborne_2005-119">[114]</a> An observation campaign of <a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a> space mission identified 40 objects of this kind in the galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-And-Scand-120">[115]</a> In 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Microquasar" title="Microquasar">microquasar</a>, a radio burst emanating from a smaller black hole was detected in the Andromeda Galaxy. The progenitor black hole is located near the galactic center and has about 10 <var>M</var>☉. It was discovered through data collected by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> probe and was subsequently observed by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-Ray_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra X-Ray Observatory">Chandra X-Ray Observatory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">Very Large Array</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Very_Long_Baseline_Array" title="Very Long Baseline Array">Very Long Baseline Array</a>. The microquasar was the first observed within the Andromeda Galaxy and the first outside of the Milky Way Galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-prostak-2012-121">[116]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Globular_clusters">Globular clusters</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Globular clusters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_cluster_in_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Star_cluster_in_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/400px-Star_cluster_in_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 320px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Star_cluster_in_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/400px-Star_cluster_in_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="320" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Star_cluster_in_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/600px-Star_cluster_in_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Star_cluster_in_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/800px-Star_cluster_in_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Star clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy<a href="#cite_note-And-Clustr-122">[117]</a></figcaption></figure> There are approximately 460 <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">globular clusters</a> associated with the Andromeda Galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-Barmby_&_Huchra_2001-123">[118]</a> The most massive of these clusters, identified as <a href="/wiki/Mayall_II" title="Mayall II">Mayall II</a>, nicknamed Globular One, has a greater luminosity than any other known globular cluster in the <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> of galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-hubblesite_1996-04-24-124">[119]</a> It contains several million stars and is about twice as luminous as <a href="/wiki/Omega_Centauri" title="Omega Centauri">Omega Centauri</a>, the brightest known globular cluster in the Milky Way. Globular One (or G1) has several stellar populations and a structure too massive for an ordinary globular. As a result, some consider G1 to be the remnant core of a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">dwarf galaxy</a> that was consumed by Andromeda in the distant past.<a href="#cite_note-Meylan_et_al_2001-125">[120]</a> The cluster with the greatest apparent brightness is G76 which is located in the southwest arm's eastern half.<a href="#cite_note-NSOG-25">[23]</a> Another massive globular cluster, named 037-B327 and discovered in 2006 as is heavily reddened by the Andromeda Galaxy's <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">interstellar dust</a>, was thought to be more massive than G1 and the largest cluster of the Local Group;<a href="#cite_note-SuperStr-126">[121]</a> however, other studies have shown it is actually similar in properties to G1.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen06-127">[122]</a> Unlike the globular clusters of the Milky Way, which show a relatively low age dispersion, Andromeda Galaxy's globular clusters have a much larger range of ages: from systems as old as the galaxy itself to much younger systems, with ages between a few hundred million years to five billion years.<a href="#cite_note-Formations-128">[123]</a> In 2005, astronomers discovered a completely new type of star cluster in the Andromeda Galaxy. The new-found clusters contain hundreds of thousands of stars, a similar number of stars that can be found in globular clusters. What distinguishes them from the globular clusters is that they are much larger—several hundred light-years across—and hundreds of times less dense. The distances between the stars are, therefore, much greater within the newly discovered extended clusters.<a href="#cite_note-Huxor_et_al_2005-129">[124]</a> The most massive globular cluster in the Andromeda Galaxy, B023-G078, likely has a central intermediate black hole of almost 100,000 solar masses.<a href="#cite_note-central_black_hole-130">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PA-99-N2_event_and_possible_exoplanet_in_galaxy">PA-99-N2 event and possible exoplanet in galaxy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: PA-99-N2 event and possible exoplanet in galaxy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/PA-99-N2" title="PA-99-N2">PA-99-N2</a></div> PA-99-N2 was a microlensing event detected in the Andromeda Galaxy in 1999. One of the explanations for this is the gravitational lensing of a red giant by a star with a mass between 0.02 and 3.6 times that of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, which suggested that the star is likely orbited by a planet. This possible exoplanet would have a mass 6.34 times that of Jupiter. If finally confirmed, it would be the first ever found <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_planet" title="Extragalactic planet">extragalactic planet</a>. However, anomalies in the event were later found.<a href="#cite_note-Better_needed-131">[126]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Nearby_and_satellite_galaxies">Nearby and satellite galaxies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nearby and satellite galaxies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Andromeda%27s_satellite_galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Andromeda's satellite galaxies">Andromeda's satellite galaxies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M31,_the_Andromeda_Galaxy,_Killarney_Provincial_Park_Observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/M31%2C_the_Andromeda_Galaxy%2C_Killarney_Provincial_Park_Observatory.jpg/220px-M31%2C_the_Andromeda_Galaxy%2C_Killarney_Provincial_Park_Observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5496" data-file-height="3664"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/M31%2C_the_Andromeda_Galaxy%2C_Killarney_Provincial_Park_Observatory.jpg/220px-M31%2C_the_Andromeda_Galaxy%2C_Killarney_Provincial_Park_Observatory.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/M31%2C_the_Andromeda_Galaxy%2C_Killarney_Provincial_Park_Observatory.jpg/330px-M31%2C_the_Andromeda_Galaxy%2C_Killarney_Provincial_Park_Observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/M31%2C_the_Andromeda_Galaxy%2C_Killarney_Provincial_Park_Observatory.jpg/440px-M31%2C_the_Andromeda_Galaxy%2C_Killarney_Provincial_Park_Observatory.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Andromeda Galaxy with <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxy" title="Satellite galaxy">satellite galaxies</a> <a href="/wiki/Messier_32" title="Messier 32">M32</a> (center left above the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic nucleus">galactic nucleus</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Messier_110" title="Messier 110">M110</a> (center right below the galaxy)</figcaption></figure> Like the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy has smaller <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxy" title="Satellite galaxy">satellite galaxies</a>, consisting of over 20 known <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">dwarf galaxies</a>. The Andromeda Galaxy's dwarf galaxy population is very similar to the Milky Way's, but the galaxies are much more numerous.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> The best-known and most readily observed satellite galaxies are <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_Galaxy_M32" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical Galaxy M32">M32</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_Galaxy_M110" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptical Galaxy M110">M110</a>. Based on current evidence, it appears that M32 underwent a close encounter with the Andromeda Galaxy in the past. M32 may once have been a larger galaxy that had its stellar disk removed by M31 and underwent a sharp increase of <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a> in the core region, which lasted until the relatively recent past.<a href="#cite_note-Bekki_et_al_2001-133">[128]</a> M110 also appears to be interacting with the Andromeda Galaxy, and astronomers have found in the halo of the latter a stream of metal-rich stars that appear to have been stripped from these satellite galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-Ibata_et_al_2001-134">[129]</a> M110 does contain a dusty lane, which may indicate recent or ongoing star formation.<a href="#cite_note-Young_2000-135">[130]</a> M32 has a young stellar population as well.<a href="#cite_note-Rudenko-136">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy" title="Triangulum Galaxy">Triangulum Galaxy</a> is a non-dwarf galaxy that lies 750,000 light-years from Andromeda. It is currently unknown whether it is a satellite of Andromeda.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> In 2006, it was discovered that nine of the satellite galaxies lie in a plane that intersects the core of the Andromeda Galaxy; they are not randomly arranged as would be expected from independent interactions. This may indicate a common tidal origin for the satellites.<a href="#cite_note-Koch_&_Grebel_2006-138">[133]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Collision_with_the_Milky_Way">Collision with the Milky Way</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Collision with the Milky Way" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_Way_collision" title="Andromeda–Milky Way collision">Andromeda–Milky Way collision</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collision_paths_of_our_Milky_Way_galaxy_and_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Collision_paths_of_our_Milky_Way_galaxy_and_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/300px-Collision_paths_of_our_Milky_Way_galaxy_and_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Collision_paths_of_our_Milky_Way_galaxy_and_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/300px-Collision_paths_of_our_Milky_Way_galaxy_and_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Collision_paths_of_our_Milky_Way_galaxy_and_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/450px-Collision_paths_of_our_Milky_Way_galaxy_and_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Collision_paths_of_our_Milky_Way_galaxy_and_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg/600px-Collision_paths_of_our_Milky_Way_galaxy_and_the_Andromeda_galaxy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Illustration of the collision path between the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy</figcaption></figure> The Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at about 110 kilometres (68 miles) per second.<a href="#cite_note-nature-139">[134]</a> It has been measured approaching relative to the Sun at around 300 km/s (190 mi/s)<a href="#cite_note-ned-1">[1]</a> as the Sun orbits around the center of the galaxy at a speed of approximately 225 km/s (140 mi/s). This makes the Andromeda Galaxy one of about 100 observable <a href="/wiki/Blueshift" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueshift">blueshifted</a> galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-Answers-140">[135]</a> Andromeda Galaxy's tangential or sideways velocity concerning the Milky Way is relatively much smaller than the approaching velocity and therefore it is expected to collide directly with the Milky Way in about 2.5–4 billion years. A likely outcome of the collision is that the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_merger" title="Galaxy merger">galaxies will merge</a> to form a giant <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">elliptical galaxy</a><a href="#cite_note-Cox_&_Loeb_2008-141">[136]</a> or possibly large <a href="/wiki/Disc_galaxy" title="Disc galaxy">disc galaxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ueda2014-18">[16]</a> Such events are frequent among the galaxies in <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_group" title="Galaxy group">galaxy groups</a>. The fate of Earth and the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> in the event of a collision is currently unknown. Before the galaxies merge, there is a small chance that the Solar System could be ejected from the Milky Way or join the Andromeda Galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-Cain_2007-142">[137]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Amateur_observation">Amateur observation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Amateur observation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_over_Andromeda_(rotated).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moon_over_Andromeda_%28rotated%29.jpg/220px-Moon_over_Andromeda_%28rotated%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1968"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moon_over_Andromeda_%28rotated%29.jpg/220px-Moon_over_Andromeda_%28rotated%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moon_over_Andromeda_%28rotated%29.jpg/330px-Moon_over_Andromeda_%28rotated%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Moon_over_Andromeda_%28rotated%29.jpg/440px-Moon_over_Andromeda_%28rotated%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Superimposing picture showing sizes of the Moon and the Andromeda Galaxy as observed from Earth. Because the galaxy is not very bright from an amateur's point of view, its size is not evident.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a></figcaption></figure> Under most viewing conditions, the Andromeda Galaxy is one of the most distant objects that can be seen with the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a>, due to its sheer size. (<a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy" title="Triangulum Galaxy">M33</a> and, for observers with exceptionally good vision, <a href="/wiki/Messier_81" title="Messier 81">M81</a> can be seen under <a href="/wiki/Bortle_scale" title="Bortle scale">very dark</a> skies.)<a href="#cite_note-StarChild-145">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-S&T-obs-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> The galaxy is commonly located in the sky about the constellations <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">Cassiopeia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(constellation)" title="Pegasus (constellation)">Pegasus</a>. Andromeda is best seen during autumn nights in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> when it passes high overhead, reaching its <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">highest point</a> around midnight in October, and two hours earlier each successive month. In the early evening, it rises in the east in September and sets in the west in February.<a href="#cite_note-physics-149">[144]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> the Andromeda Galaxy is visible between October and December, best viewed from as far north as possible. <a href="/wiki/Binoculars" title="Binoculars">Binoculars</a> can reveal some larger structures of the galaxy and its two brightest <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxy" title="Satellite galaxy">satellite galaxies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messier_32" title="Messier 32">M32</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messier_110" title="Messier 110">M110</a>.<a href="#cite_note-S&T-150">[145]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">amateur telescope</a> can reveal Andromeda's disk, some of its brightest globular clusters, dark dust lanes, and the large star cloud <a href="/wiki/NGC_206" title="NGC 206">NGC 206</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Backyard-151">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-A-Mall-152">[147]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Messier_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Messier objects">List of Messier objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_galaxies" title="List of galaxies">List of galaxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_General_Catalogue" title="New General Catalogue">New General Catalogue</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-blue_mag-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blue_mag_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blue_mag_6-1">b</a> Blue absolute magnitude of −20.89 – <a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a> of 0.63 = −21.52 </li> <li id="cite_note-AndromedaHalo-11"><a href="#cite_ref-AndromedaHalo_11-0">^</a> This is the diameter as measured through the D25 standard. The halo extends up to a distance of 67.45 kiloparsecs (220,000 ly).<a href="#cite_note-Chapman_et_al_2006-10">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-M31VJ-58"><a href="#cite_ref-M31VJ_58-0">^</a> J00443799+4129236 is at <a href="/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial coordinate system">celestial coordinates</a> <a href="/wiki/Right_Ascension" class="mw-redirect" title="Right Ascension">R.A.</a> 00h 44m 37.99s, <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">Dec.</a> +41° 29′ 23.6″. </li> <li id="cite_note-avg_dist-59"><a href="#cite_ref-avg_dist_59-0">^</a> average(787 ± 18, 770 ± 40, 772 ± 44, 783 ± 25) = ((787 + 770 + 772 + 783) / 4) ± (182 + 402 + 442 + 252)0.5 / 2 = 778 ± 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-bright_m31-83"><a href="#cite_ref-bright_m31_83-0">^</a> Blue absolute magnitude of −21.58 (see reference) – <a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a> of 0.63 = absolute visual magnitude of −22.21 </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ned-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ned_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ned_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ned_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ned_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ned_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ned_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ned_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ned_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ned_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ned_1-9">j</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?objname=M+031&extend=no&hconst=73&omegam=0.27&omegav=0.73&corr_z=1&out_csys=Equatorial&out_equinox=J2000.0&obj_sort=RA+or+Longitude&of=pre_text&zv_breaker=30000.0&list_limit=5&img_stamp=YES">"Results for Messier 31"</a>. 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"First Determination of the Distance and Fundamental Properties of an Eclipsing Binary in the Andromeda Galaxy". <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal Letters">Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>. 635 (1): L37 – L40. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0511045">astro-ph/0511045</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...635L..37R">2005ApJ...635L..37R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F499161">10.1086/499161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119522151">119522151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=First+Determination+of+the+Distance+and+Fundamental+Properties+of+an+Eclipsing+Binary+in+the+Andromeda+Galaxy&rft.volume=635&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL37+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EL40%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0511045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119522151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F499161&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ApJ...635L..37R&rft.aulast=Ribas&rft.aufirst=Ignasi&rft.au=Jordi%2C+Carme&rft.au=Vilardell%2C+Francesc&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+Edward+L.&rft.au=Hilditch%2C+Ron+W.&rft.au=Guinan%2C+Edward+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GalaxyMass-8"><a href="#cite_ref-GalaxyMass_8-0">^</a> "The median values of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses are MG = 0.8+0.4 −0.3×1012 M☉ and MA = 1.5+0.5 −0.4×1012 M☉ at a 68% level" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeñarrubiaMaWalkerMcConnachie2014" class="citation journal cs1">Peñarrubia, Jorge; Ma, Yin-Zhe; Walker, Matthew G.; McConnachie, Alan W. (29 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu879">"A dynamical model of the local cosmic expansion"</a>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 433 (3): 2204–2222. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.0306">1405.0306</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MNRAS.443.2204P">2014MNRAS.443.2204P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu879">10.1093/mnras/stu879</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119295582">119295582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=A+dynamical+model+of+the+local+cosmic+expansion&rft.volume=433&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2204-%3C%2Fspan%3E2222&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1405.0306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119295582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu879&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014MNRAS.443.2204P&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1arrubia&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft.au=Ma%2C+Yin-Zhe&rft.au=Walker%2C+Matthew+G.&rft.au=McConnachie%2C+Alan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fstu879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988">, but compare "[we estimate] the virial mass and radius of the galaxy to be 0.8×10<s style="display:none">^</s>12 ± 0.1×10<s style="display:none">^</s>12 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">M☉</a> (1.59×1042 ± 2.0×1041 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>)" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafleSharmaLewisRobotham2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsty082">"The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda Galaxy"</a>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03949">1801.03949</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.475.4043K">2018MNRAS.475.4043K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsty082">10.1093/mnras/sty082</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54039546">54039546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Need+for+Speed%3A+Escape+velocity+and+dynamical+mass+measurements+of+the+Andromeda+Galaxy&rft.volume=475&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4043-%3C%2Fspan%3E4054&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54039546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018MNRAS.475.4043K&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1801.03949&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsty082&rft.aulast=Kafle&rft.aufirst=Prajwal+R.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Sanjib&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Geraint+F.&rft.au=Robotham%2C+Aaron+S.+G.&rft.au=Driver%2C+Simon+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fsty082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RC3-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RC3_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RC3_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RC3_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RC3_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RC3_9-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_VaucouleursDe_VaucouleursCorwinButa1991" class="citation book cs1">De Vaucouleurs, Gerard; De Vaucouleurs, Antoinette; Corwin, Herold G.; Buta, Ronald J.; Paturel, Georges; Fouque, Pascal (1991). Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991rc3..book.....D">1991rc3..book.....D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Third+Reference+Catalogue+of+Bright+Galaxies&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991rc3..book.....D&rft.aulast=De+Vaucouleurs&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft.au=De+Vaucouleurs%2C+Antoinette&rft.au=Corwin%2C+Herold+G.&rft.au=Buta%2C+Ronald+J.&rft.au=Paturel%2C+Georges&rft.au=Fouque%2C+Pascal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman_et_al_2006-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_et_al_2006_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_et_al_2006_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_et_al_2006_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_et_al_2006_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_et_al_2006_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapmanIbataLewisFerguson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chapman, Scott C.; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (2006). "A kinematically selected, metal-poor spheroid in the outskirts of M31". <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysical Journal">Astrophysical Journal</a>. 653 (1): 255–266. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0602604">astro-ph/0602604</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ApJ...653..255C">2006ApJ...653..255C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508599">10.1086/508599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14774482">14774482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+kinematically+selected%2C+metal-poor+spheroid+in+the+outskirts+of+M31&rft.volume=653&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E266&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0602604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14774482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F508599&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ApJ...653..255C&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Scott+C.&rft.au=Ibata%2C+Rodrigo+A.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Geraint+F.&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Annette+M.+N.&rft.au=Irwin%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=McConnachie%2C+Alan+W.&rft.au=Tanvir%2C+Nial+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> Also see the press release, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509072644/http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html">"Andromeda's Stellar Halo Shows Galaxy's Origin to Be Similar to That of Milky Way"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Caltech" class="mw-redirect" title="Caltech">Caltech Media Relations</a>. 27 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pr.caltech.edu/media/Press_Releases/PR12801.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andromeda%27s+Stellar+Halo+Shows+Galaxy%27s+Origin+to+Be+Similar+to+That+of+Milky+Way&rft.pub=Caltech+Media+Relations&rft.date=2006-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpr.caltech.edu%2Fmedia%2FPress_Releases%2FPR12801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trillion-stars-12"><a href="#cite_ref-trillion-stars_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Young, Kelly (6 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9282-andromeda-galaxy-hosts-a-trillion-stars.html">"The Andromeda galaxy hosts a trillion stars"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. Retrieved 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Andromeda+galaxy+hosts+a+trillion+stars&rft.date=2006-06-06&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn9282-andromeda-galaxy-hosts-a-trillion-stars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kafle2018-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kafle2018_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kafle2018_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafleSharmaLewisRobotham2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F.; et al. (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsty082">"The Need for Speed: Escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda Galaxy"</a>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 475 (3): 4043–4054. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.03949">1801.03949</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018MNRAS.475.4043K">2018MNRAS.475.4043K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsty082">10.1093/mnras/sty082</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54039546">54039546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Need+for+Speed%3A+Escape+velocity+and+dynamical+mass+measurements+of+the+Andromeda+Galaxy&rft.volume=475&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4043-%3C%2Fspan%3E4054&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54039546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018MNRAS.475.4043K&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1801.03949&rft.issn=0035-8711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fsty082&rft.aulast=Kafle&rft.aufirst=Prajwal+R.&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Sanjib&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Geraint+F.&rft.au=Robotham%2C+Aaron+S.+G.&rft.au=Driver%2C+Simon+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252Fsty082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez-CorredoiraPrietoGarzónWang2018" class="citation journal cs1">López-Corredoira, M.; Prieto, C. 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Sky & Telescope.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+%26+Telescope&rft.atitle=How+to+See+the+Farthest+Thing+You+Can+See&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fobserving%2Fhow-to-see-the-farthest-thing-you-can-see090920150909%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2019" class="citation web cs1">Garner, Rob (20 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/messier-33-the-triangulum-galaxy">"Messier 33 (The Triangulum Galaxy)"</a>. NASA. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Messier+33+%28The+Triangulum+Galaxy%29&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fgoddard%2F2019%2Fmessier-33-the-triangulum-galaxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2010" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Philip S. (2010). Cosmic Challenge: The Ultimate Observing List for Amateurs. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139493680" title="Special:BookSources/9781139493680"><bdi>9781139493680</bdi></a>. <q>But can [M81's] diffuse 7.9-magnitude glow actually be glimpsed without any optical aid? The answer is yes, but with a few important qualifications. Not only must the observing site be extraordinarily dark and completely absent of any atmospheric interferences, either natural or artificial, but the observer must have exceptionally keen vision.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmic+Challenge%3A+The+Ultimate+Observing+List+for+Amateurs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139493680&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-physics-149"><a href="#cite_ref-physics_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.ucla.edu/~huffman/m31.html">"Observing the Andromeda Galaxy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California&rft.atitle=Observing+the+Andromeda+Galaxy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.ucla.edu%2F~huffman%2Fm31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-S&T-150"><a href="#cite_ref-S&T_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2015" class="citation news cs1">King, Bob (16 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/observing/watch-andromeda-blossom-in-binoculars091620151609/">"Watch Andromeda Blossom in Binoculars"</a>. Sky & Telescope.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+%26+Telescope&rft.atitle=Watch+Andromeda+Blossom+in+Binoculars&rft.date=2015-09-16&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fobserving%2Fwatch-andromeda-blossom-in-binoculars091620151609%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Backyard-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Backyard_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805132930/http://backyard-astro.com/focusonarchive/m31/m31.html#Anchor-11481">"Observing M31, the Andromeda Galaxy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.backyard-astro.com/focusonarchive/m31/m31.html#Anchor-11481">the original</a> on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Observing+M31%2C+the+Andromeda+Galaxy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backyard-astro.com%2Ffocusonarchive%2Fm31%2Fm31.html%23Anchor-11481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-Mall-152"><a href="#cite_ref-A-Mall_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astronomy-mall.com/Adventures.In.Deep.Space/gcm31.htm">"Globular Clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy"</a>. www.astronomy-mall.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.astronomy-mall.com&rft.atitle=Globular+Clusters+in+the+Andromeda+Galaxy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomy-mall.com%2FAdventures.In.Deep.Space%2Fgcm31.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" class="extiw" title="commons:Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"> <li>The Andromeda Galaxy on <a href="/wiki/WikiSky" class="mw-redirect" title="WikiSky">WikiSky</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Andromeda+Galaxy&img_source=DSS2">DSS2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Andromeda+Galaxy&img_source=SDSS">SDSS</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Andromeda+Galaxy&img_source=GALEX">GALEX</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Andromeda+Galaxy&img_source=IRAS">IRAS</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Andromeda+Galaxy&img_source=HALPHA">Hydrogen α</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Andromeda+Galaxy&img_source=RASS">X-Ray</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Andromeda+Galaxy&img_source=IMG_all">Astrophoto</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/?object=Andromeda+Galaxy">Sky Map</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisky.org/starview?object=Andromeda+Galaxy">Articles and images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722021459/http://blackholes.stardate.org/directory/factsheet.php?p=M31">StarDate: M31 Fact Sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.messier.seds.org/m/m031.html">Messier 31, SEDS Messier pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_Picture_of_the_Day" title="Astronomy Picture of the Day">Astronomy Picture of the Day</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap981017.html">A Giant Globular Cluster in M31</a> 1998 October 17.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap040718.html">M31: The Andromeda Galaxy</a> 2004 July 18.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap051222.html">Andromeda Island Universe</a> 2005 December 22.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100109.html">Andromeda Island Universe</a> 2010 January 9.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100219.html">WISE Infrared Andromeda</a> 2010 February 19.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130801.html">M31's angular size compared with full Moon</a> 2013 August 1.</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beskeen.com/gallery/galaxy/m31/m31.shtml">M31 and its central Nuclear Spiral</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.starpointing.com/ccd/m31.html">Amateur photography – M31</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro.neutral.org/imagehtml/20050903_m31.html">Globular Clusters in M31</a> at The Curdridge Observatory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116120359/http://www.astronomy.com/news/2005/11/first-direct-distance-to-andromeda">First direct distance to Andromeda</a> − <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_(magazine)" title="Astronomy (magazine)">Astronomy magazine</a> article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solstation.com/x-objects/andromeda.htm">Andromeda Galaxy</a> at SolStation.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/A/Andromeda.html">Andromeda Galaxy at The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, & Spaceflight</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightskyinfo.com/archive/m31_galaxy">M31, the Andromeda Galaxy</a> at NightSkyInfo.com</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThan2006" class="citation news cs1">Than, Ker (23 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.com/scienceastronomy/060123_andromeda_plane.html">"Strange Setup: Andromeda's Satellite Galaxies All Lined Up"</a>. Space.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Strange+Setup%3A+Andromeda%27s+Satellite+Galaxies+All+Lined+Up&rft.date=2006-01-23&rft.aulast=Than&rft.aufirst=Ker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2F060123_andromeda_plane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204305/http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/CBAT_M31.html">M31 (Apparent) Novae Page</a> (IAU)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herschel.esac.esa.int/Images/2011/M31_COMPO_A.jpg">Multi-wavelength composite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/zooniverse/andromeda-project">Andromeda Project</a> (crowd-source)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraySzymanekMerrifield" class="citation web cs1">Gray, Meghan; <a href="/wiki/Nik_Szymanek" title="Nik Szymanek">Szymanek, Nik</a>; Merrifield, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deepskyvideos.com/videos/messier/M31_andromeda.html">"M31 – Andromeda Galaxy"</a>. Deep Sky Videos. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deep+Sky+Videos&rft.atitle=M31+%E2%80%93+Andromeda+Galaxy&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft.au=Szymanek%2C+Nik&rft.au=Merrifield%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deepskyvideos.com%2Fvideos%2Fmessier%2FM31_andromeda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndromeda+Galaxy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2015/news-2015-02.html">Hubble's High-Definition Panoramic View of the Andromeda Galaxy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2022/027/01G4NM6207PRA9YES60C5RKKA5">Infrared-Radio Image of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rockchucksummit.com/m31-andromeda-galaxy/">Creative Commons Astrophotography M31 Andromeda image download & processing guide</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/19px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/29px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/38px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li></ul></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&oldid=1276057336">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&oldid=1276057336</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Andromeda_Galaxy&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 February 2025, at 17:01 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda-sterrestelsel" title="Andromeda-sterrestelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Andromeda-sterrestelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="المرأة المسلسلة (مجرة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المرأة المسلسلة (مجرة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia_d%27Andromeda" title="Galaxia d'Andromeda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Galaxia d'Andromeda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Անտրոմետա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Անտրոմետա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxa_d%27Andr%C3%B3meda" title="Galaxa d'Andrómeda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Galaxa d'Andrómeda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_qalaktikas%C4%B1" title="Andromeda qalaktikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Andromeda qalaktikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آندرومدا قالاکسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آندرومدا قالاکسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5" title="অ্যানড্রোমিডা ছায়াপথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যানড্রোমিডা ছায়াপথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_G%C3%AEn-h%C3%B4" title="Andromeda Gîn-hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Andromeda Gîn-hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Андромеда галактикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Андромеда галактикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Галактыка Андрамеды – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галактыка Андрамеды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Галяктыка Андрамэды – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галяктыка Андрамэды" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="एंड्रोमिडा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एंड्रोमिडा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Андромеда (галактика) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Андромеда (галактика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_(galaksija)" title="Andromeda (galaksija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Andromeda (galaksija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksienn_Andromeda" title="Galaksienn Andromeda – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Galaksienn Andromeda" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A0xia_d%27Andr%C3%B2meda" title="Galàxia d'Andròmeda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Galàxia d'Andròmeda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Андромеда галактики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Андромеда галактики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie_v_Andromed%C4%9B" title="Galaxie v Andromedě – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Galaxie v Andromedě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia_d%27Andromeda" title="Galassia d'Andromeda – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Galassia d'Andromeda" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_(galaeth)" title="Andromeda (galaeth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Andromeda (galaeth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedagalaksen" title="Andromedagalaksen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Andromedagalaksen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedagalaxie" title="Andromedagalaxie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Andromedagalaxie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeeda_galaktika" title="Andromeeda galaktika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Andromeeda galaktika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Γαλαξίας της Ανδρομέδας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλαξίας της Ανδρομέδας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia_de_Andr%C3%B3meda" title="Galaxia de Andrómeda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Galaxia de Andrómeda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_galaksio" title="Andromeda galaksio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Andromeda galaksio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_galaxia" title="Andromeda galaxia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Andromeda galaxia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="کهکشان آندرومدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کهکشان آندرومدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie_d%27Androm%C3%A8de" title="Galaxie d'Andromède – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galaxie d'Andromède" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9altra_Andraim%C3%A9ide" title="Réaltra Andraiméide – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réaltra Andraiméide" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-rollagys_y_Ven_Gheulit" title="Co-rollagys y Ven Gheulit – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-rollagys y Ven Gheulit" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia_de_Andr%C3%B3meda" title="Galaxia de Andrómeda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Galaxia de Andrómeda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%A4_%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="안드로메다 은하 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안드로메다 은하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiliau_h%C5%8Dk%C5%AB_o_%CA%BBAnakolomeka" title="Wiliau hōkū o ʻAnakolomeka – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Wiliau hōkū o ʻAnakolomeka" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Անդրոմեդայի գալակտիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անդրոմեդայի գալակտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="एण्ड्रोमेडा गैलेक्सी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एण्ड्रोमेडा गैलेक्सी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_(galaktika)" title="Andromeda (galaktika) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Andromeda (galaktika)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi_Andromeda" title="Galaksi Andromeda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galaksi Andromeda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B9%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Андромедæйы галактикæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Андромедæйы галактикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%B3meda_(stj%C3%B6rnu%C3%BEoka)" title="Andrómeda (stjörnuþoka) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Andrómeda (stjörnuþoka)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia_di_Andromeda" title="Galassia di Andromeda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galassia di Andromeda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%94" title="גלקסיית אנדרומדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלקסיית אנדרומדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi_Andromeda" title="Galaksi Andromeda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Galaksi Andromeda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1" title="ದೇವಯಾನಿ ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾಂಡ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೇವಯಾನಿ ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾಂಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ანდრომედეს გალაქტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანდრომედეს გალაქტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Андромеда галактикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Андромеда галактикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majarra_ya_Mara" title="Majarra ya Mara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majarra ya Mara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya_Andromeday%C3%AA" title="Galaksiya Andromedayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Galaksiya Andromedayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Андромеда – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Андромеда" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxias_Andromedae" title="Galaxias Andromedae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Galaxias Andromedae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedas_galaktika" title="Andromedas galaktika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Andromedas galaktika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedagalaxie" title="Andromedagalaxie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Andromedagalaxie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedos_galaktika" title="Andromedos galaktika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Andromedos galaktika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androm%C3%A9da-galaxis" title="Androméda-galaxis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Androméda-galaxis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Андромеда (галаксија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Андромеда (галаксија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="ആൻഡ്രോമീഡ ഗാലക്സി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൻഡ്രോമീഡ ഗാലക്സി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="देवयानी दीर्घिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="देवयानी दीर्घिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ანდრომედაშ გალაქტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ანდრომედაშ გალაქტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_(%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89)" title="اندروميدا (جالاكسى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اندروميدا (جالاكسى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%DB%B3%DB%B1" title="مسیه ۳۱ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مسیه ۳۱" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi_Andromeda" title="Galaksi Andromeda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Galaksi Andromeda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Адаг чуулганы галактик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Адаг чуулганы галактик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE" title="အင်ဒရိုမီဒါ ဂလက်ဆီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အင်ဒရိုမီဒါ ဂလက်ဆီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedanevel" title="Andromedanevel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Andromedanevel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A1%E3%83%80%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3" title="アンドロメダ銀河 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンドロメダ銀河" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_224" title="NGC 224 – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="NGC 224" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedagalaksen" title="Andromedagalaksen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Andromedagalaksen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedagalaksen" title="Andromedagalaksen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Andromedagalaksen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_31" title="Messier 31 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Messier 31" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andiroomeedaa" title="Andiroomeedaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Andiroomeedaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_tumanligi" title="Andromeda tumanligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Andromeda tumanligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7" title="اینڈرومیڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اینڈرومیڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%90%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اندرومېدا کهکشان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اندرومېدا کهکشان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktyka_Andromedy" title="Galaktyka Andromedy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Galaktyka Andromedy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia_de_Andr%C3%B4meda" title="Galáxia de Andrômeda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galáxia de Andrômeda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_(galaxie)" title="Andromeda (galaxie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Andromeda (galaxie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Галактика Андромеды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галактика Андромеды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Андромеда галактика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Андромеда галактика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda-Dook" title="Andromeda-Dook – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Andromeda-Dook" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksia_e_Andromed%C3%ABs" title="Galaksia e Andromedës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Galaksia e Andromedës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%B2mida" title="Andròmida – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Andròmida" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BA" title="ඇන්ඩ්‍රොමීඩා චක්‍රාවාටය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇන්ඩ්‍රොමීඩා චක්‍රාවාටය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_galaxy" title="Andromeda galaxy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Andromeda galaxy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%8A%D8%A7_%DA%AA%D9%87%DA%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انڊروميڊا ڪهڪشان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انڊروميڊا ڪهڪشان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_(galaxia)" title="Andromeda (galaxia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Andromeda (galaxia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedina_galaksija" title="Andromedina galaksija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Andromedina galaksija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Андромеда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Андромеда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_(galaksija)" title="Andromeda (galaksija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Andromeda (galaksija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedan_galaksi" title="Andromedan galaksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Andromedan galaksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromedagalaxen" title="Andromedagalaxen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andromedagalaxen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiyang_Andromeda" title="Galaksiyang Andromeda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Galaksiyang Andromeda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="அந்திரொமேடா பேரடை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அந்திரொமேடா பேரடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Андромеда Томанлыгы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Андромеда Томанлыгы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ดาราจักรแอนดรอเมดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาราจักรแอนดรอเมดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_Galaksisi" title="Andromeda Galaksisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Andromeda Galaksisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Галактика Андромеди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галактика Андромеди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%A7" title="اینڈرومیڈا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اینڈرومیڈا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_h%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn_N%E1%BB%AF" title="Thiên hà Tiên Nữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên hà Tiên Nữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%8E%E5%AE%BF%E5%A2%9E%E5%BB%BF%E4%B8%80" title="奎宿增廿一 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="奎宿增廿一" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya_Andromeda" title="Galaksiya Andromeda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Galaksiya Andromeda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E5%A5%B3%E5%BA%A7%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="仙女座星系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="仙女座星系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1l%C3%A1ks%C3%AC_Androm%E1%BA%B9%CC%81d%C3%A0" title="Gáláksì Andromẹ́dà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gáláksì Andromẹ́dà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E5%A5%B3%E5%BA%A7%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="仙女座星系 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="仙女座星系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_224" title="NGC 224 – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="NGC 224" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andruomedas_galakt%C4%97ka" title="Andruomedas galaktėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Andruomedas galaktėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E5%A5%B3%E5%BA%A7%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="仙女座星系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="仙女座星系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 February 2025, at 17:01 (UTC).</li> <li 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