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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_Convention_for_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>United Nations Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_Convention_for_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alberta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alberta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alberta</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alberta-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alberta subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alberta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Targeted_sterilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeted_sterilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Targeted sterilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeted_sterilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Columbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Columbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>British Columbia</span> </div> </a> <button 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Category:Human rights in Canada"> series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Canadian human rights </a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/CanadaHRICON.png/130px-CanadaHRICON.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/CanadaHRICON.png/195px-CanadaHRICON.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/CanadaHRICON.png/260px-CanadaHRICON.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Source law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implied_bill_of_rights" title="Implied bill of rights">Implied bill of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Bill_of_Rights" title="Saskatchewan Bill of Rights">Saskatchewan Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Bill_of_Rights" title="Canadian Bill of Rights">Canadian Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_2_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Free expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_7_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Liberty and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_3_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_6_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_10_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 10 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_15_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_22_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 22 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_legislation_in_Canada" title="Category:Human rights legislation in Canada"><i>Category:Legislation</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_civil_rights_case_law" title="Category:Canadian civil rights case law"><i>Category:Case law</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Core areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_Canada_Act" title="Accessible Canada Act">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Canada" title="Disability in Canada">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_equity_(Canada)" title="Employment equity (Canada)">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted suicide in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression_in_Canada" title="Freedom of expression in Canada">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_family_law" title="Canadian family law">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_Canada" title="Hate speech laws in Canada">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_immigration_and_refugee_law" title="Canadian immigration and refugee law">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_law" title="Canadian Aboriginal law">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_society" title="Just society">Just society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">Minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Health_Act" title="Canada Health Act">Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement#Canada" title="Parental rights movement">Parental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law_in_Canada" title="Prostitution law in Canada">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_privacy_law" title="Canadian privacy law">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Freedom of religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_regulation_in_Canada" title="Rent regulation in Canada">Tenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans%27_Bill_of_Rights" title="Veterans' Bill of Rights">Veterans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Abuses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Indigenous genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Schools</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Health-care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">Relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_murdered_Indigenous_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing and murdered Indigenous women">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_excessive_police_force_incidents_in_Canada" title="List of excessive police force incidents in Canada">Excessive police force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Canada" title="Slavery in Canada">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Canada" title="Human trafficking in Canada">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_head_tax" title="Chinese head tax">Chinese head tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_experiments" title="Montreal experiments">Montreal experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komagata_Maru_incident" title="Komagata Maru incident">Komagata Maru incident</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Canadians" title="Internment of Japanese Canadians">Japanese internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadian_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Canadian internment">Italian internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses_in_Canada" title="Category:Human rights abuses in Canada"><i>Category:Human rights abuses</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_human_rights_sidebar" title="Template:Canadian human rights sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_human_rights_sidebar" title="Template talk:Canadian human rights sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_human_rights_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian human rights sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Compulsory sterilization in Canada</b> of individuals deemed mentally unfit or "socially inadequate" was widespread in the early to mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-v992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief was that by preventing these individuals from reproducing, society would be protected from the perceived negative impact of their genes. This led to <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilization</a> of thousands of people, many of whom were Indigenous women, individuals with disabilities, and those deemed to have "undesirable" traits.<sup id="cite_ref-u982_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal basis for compulsory sterilization in Canada can be traced back to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a> in Alberta in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-z007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This legislation allowed for the sterilization of individuals deemed mentally deficient or mentally ill without their consent.<sup id="cite_ref-z007_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar legislation existed in British Columbia, although records on sterilizations there are incomplete.<sup id="cite_ref-u799_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u799-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, sterilizations occurred in Saskatchewan, Quebec, Manitoba, Ontario and other regions without specific legal frameworks.<sup id="cite_ref-f723_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f723-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-c048_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c048-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-h185_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h185-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These laws remained in place until the 1970s, when public opinion began to shift and the practice was eventually deemed unethical and inhumane.<sup id="cite_ref-z411_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z411-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite legislation Indigenous women allege they were coerced into consenting to sterilization, often during vulnerable moments such as childbirth, from the mid 1970s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-r237_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r237-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2021, the Standing Committee on <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights in Canada">Human Rights in Canada</a> found that compulsory sterilization is ongoing in Canada and its extent has been underestimated.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bill was introduced to Parliament in 2024 to end the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-y318_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y318-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although current views that might define these actions as racist or <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a>, they were seen as progressive at the time. Canadian <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> beliefs and practices operated via institutionalization and medical judgements, similar to other nations at the time, some modern scholars contend this was a form of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples</a>, aimed at limiting the rights and existence of a group of people.<sup id="cite_ref-w533_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w533-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-u982_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u982-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_eugenics_in_Canada">History of eugenics in Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of eugenics in Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical trajectory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_trium_liberorum#Eugenic_implications" title="Jus trium liberorum">Jus trium liberorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea" title="Lex Papia Poppaea">Lex Papia Poppaea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_incest" title="Jewish views on incest">Jewish views on incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest in the Bible</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics#United_Kingdom" title="History of eugenics">British eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily<br />Diseased Offspring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Health_Court" title="Hereditary Health Court">Hereditary Health Courts</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">US eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont" title="Eugenics Survey of Vermont">Eugenics Survey of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_ex._rel._Tarlow_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia">Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_v._Sparkman" title="Stump v. Sparkman">Stump v. Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States#Eugenics_and_race" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History_of_eugenics_in_Canada">Canadian eugenics</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Japanese eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Mexican eugenics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation_in_Sweden" title="Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden">Swedish sterilization program (1906–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Peruvian sterilization program (1990–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning in Singapore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neo-eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-eugenics">Neo-eugenics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_genome_editing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="He Jiankui genome editing incident">He Jiankui genome editing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Human genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted<br />reproductive technology</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-war academic proponents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brigham" title="Carl Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Darwin (Leonhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_DeCourcy_Ward" title="Robert DeCourcy Ward">DeCourcy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_M._Elderton" title="Ethel M. Elderton">Elderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Goldscheid" title="Rudolf Goldscheid">Goldscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Guyer" title="Michael F. Guyer">Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Holmes#Eugenics" title="Samuel Jackson Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka#Controversy_and_criticism" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Hrdlička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Jennings" title="Herbert Spencer Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan#Eugenics" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Key" title="Wilhelmine Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Eugenics" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Mittmann" title="Otfrid Mittmann">Mittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliano_Moreira" title="Juliano Moreira">Moreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn (Henry Fairfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson#Political_views_and_eugenics" title="Karl Pearson">Pearson (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farnham_Perkins" title="Henry Farnham Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eusebio Hernández Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisc_Rainer#Biological_anthropology" title="Francisc Rainer">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Relgis#Eugenics" title="Eugen Relgis">Relgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schallmayer" title="Wilhelm Schallmayer">Schallmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Scharffenberg" title="Johan Scharffenberg">Scharffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeevich_Serebrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky">Serebrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ernest_Southard" title="Elmer Ernest Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig#Beliefs" title="F. W. Taussig">Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman#Eugenics" title="Lewis Terman">Terman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla#On_society" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike#Eugenics" title="Edward Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes#Intelligence_testing_and_eugenics" title="Robert Yerkes">Yerkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Evang" title="Karl Evang">Karl Evang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Alfred_Mj%C3%B8en&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Alfred Mjøen (page does not exist)">Jon Alfred Mjøen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Alfred_Mj%C3%B8en" class="extiw" title="no:Jon Alfred Mjøen">no</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Post-war academic remnants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar#Work_on_human_enhancement" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Bell (Julia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Carl" title="Noah Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Carter" title="Cedric Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Coleman_(demographer)#Career" title="David Coleman (demographer)">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington#Sociobiology_and_the_Lysenko_Affair" title="C. D. Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanania" title="Richard Hanania">Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon" title="C. Nash Herndon">Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ingle" title="Dwight Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff" title="Seymour Itzkoff">Itzkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Kallmann" title="Franz Josef Kallmann">Kallmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Koch" title="Lene Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Laski" title="Frida Laski">Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#Nazism" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacEachran" title="John M. MacEachran">MacEachran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller (Geoffrey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Miller" title="Edward M. Miller">Miller (Edward M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_te_Nijenhuis" title="Jan te Nijenhuis">Nijenhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson (Roger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Pendell" title="Elmer Pendell">Pendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Popenoe" title="Paul Popenoe">Popenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rostand" title="Jean Rostand">Rostand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley#Racist_and_eugenicist_views" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vining_Jr." title="Daniel Vining Jr.">Vining Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkmar_Weiss" title="Volkmar Weiss">Weiss</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pamphlets and manifestos</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Genius" title="Hereditary Genius">Hereditary Genius</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892–1893)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_(novel)#Eugenicist_thought_in_Gallia" title="Gallia (novel)">Gallia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_the_Nation:_A_Study_in_the_Decay_of_Races_by_the_Survival_of_the_Unfit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood of the Nation: A Study in the Decay of Races by the Survival of the Unfit">The Blood of the Nation</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901/1910)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Training_of_the_Human_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Training of the Human Plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Essays in Eugenics">Essays in Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_at_the_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind at the Crossroads">Mankind at the Crossroads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection#Eugenics" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural<br />Selection</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Us,_or_the_World_as_it_Might_Be" title="After Us, or the World as it Might Be">After Us</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_manifesto" title="Eugenics manifesto">Eugenics manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Bottles_for_New_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bottles for New Wine">New Bottles for New Wine</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_with_the_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dance with the Devil">The Dance with the Devil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilized_Man%27s_Eight_Deadly_Sins" title="Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins">Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyondism" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyondism">Beyondism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Human_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules for the Human Park">Rules for the Human Park</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics:_A_Reassessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Eugenics">Jewish Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy">Selective Breeding and the Birth of<br />Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Without significant post-war activity</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League#History" title="American Birth Control League">ABCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Study_and_Prevention_of_Infant_Mortality" title="American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality">AASPIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science#Departments_on_life_studies" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">Carrel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory#History" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">CSHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Women%27s_Guild" title="Co-operative Women's Guild">Co-operative Women's Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">EBNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">ERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_Commission" title="Heredity Commission">Heredity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_Foundation" title="Human Betterment Foundation">HBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_League" title="Human Betterment League">Human Betterment League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques#history" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Ethnology_and_Eugenics" title="International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics">IAAEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">IFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry#History" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Hygiene_Association_of_New_South_Wales" title="Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales">RHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">State Institute for Racial Biology</a></li></ul> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">With significant post-war activity</div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics#Annals_of_Eugenics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies#History_and_funding" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_and_Education_on_Eugenics_and_Dysgenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics">FREED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">HDF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social,_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies">J. Soc. Political Econ. Stud.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">LCI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenPsych" title="OpenPsych">OpenPsych</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prevention" title="Project Prevention">Project Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">Repository for Germinal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Institute for Social Research">Ulster Institute for Social Research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell_bibliography" title="Raymond Cattell bibliography">Raymond Cattell bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/14px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/21px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/29px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:History of Science">History of Science portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> movements appeared in many <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> jurisdictions in response to historical, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">social</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> processes occurring at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> invented the term "eugenics" in 1883, building it from its Greek roots meaning "good in birth" or "noble in heredity".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The science of eugenics was concerned with the improvement of the human standard and focused on the influence that would give 'the more suitable <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">races</a> or strain of blood a better chance of prevailing speedily over the less suitable'".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="This sentence may contain perspectives and opinions without stating whose they are. (August 2018)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eugenicists were concerned with managing the direction <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a> would take: <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, about which Galton's cousin <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> wrote, was insufficient to deal with the needs of modern society.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If left solely to nature, eugenicists argued, the dangerous classes, who were thought to have a high-volume reproductive rate, would take over. These ideas, which were promoted abroad, were quick to gain popularity in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in the early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> was home of the first "eugenics movement" in the country when the League for the Care and Protection of <a href="/wiki/Feeble-minded" title="Feeble-minded">Feebleminded</a> Persons was established in the province in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Quebec, Ontario, and elsewhere, academics and physicians worked to enlist <a href="/wiki/Hereditarianism" title="Hereditarianism">hereditarians</a> to their ranks and publicly supported eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eugenicists sought to actively support the <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> of some women while at the same time seeking to ensure their cooperation in efforts to curb the reproduction of others through their support for measures like marriage regulation, <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">sterilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many eugenicists were prepared to support certain rights for some women to the extent that these would help support the political and economic enterprise of nation building based on an inherently <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial</a> notion of who belonged.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Official compulsory sterilization as a part of the eugencis movement in Canada began in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ideology worked to conceal the historical and material relations that gave rise to many of the social problems of Canadian society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by allocating the causes to <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> and illness within individuals instead. Adoption of proposed interventions like <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">sterilization</a> served as a cost-effective public health solution allowing systemic explanations to be avoided, private interests to benefit and exploitative relations to continue. In their efforts, eugenicists also encouraged the reproduction of the "fit", namely women of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a>, middle- and upper-class origins.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing a decrease in the birth rate due to their increased access to education, the achievement of work outside the home and rising infant mortality rates, eugenicists sought to bring these women "back home" by enticing them to become crusaders to the eugenic cause.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Nations_Convention_for_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide">United Nations Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United Nations Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article II of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Crime of Genocide</a> defines genocide as any of the following acts committed with the <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">intent to destroy</a> in whole or in part a national, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> group as such:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>a) Killing members of the group; </p><p>b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; </p><p>c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; </p><p>d) Imposing measures to prevent births within the group; </p><p>e) Forcibly transferring children from one group to another. </p><p>An international conference of The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human Rights</a> Commission, held in Montreal, stated in March, 1999 that Canada "is in <a href="/wiki/Violations_of_human_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Violations of human rights">violation</a> of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> in its treatment of its <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">aboriginal people</a>" and that the condition of natives in Canada is "the most pressing human rights issue facing Canadians." (The Vancouver Sun, April 10, 1999).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Committee_Against_Torture" title="Committee Against Torture">United Nations Committee Against Torture</a> reviewed Canada in 2018. The report cited concern over recent cases of forced or compulsory sterilization of Indigenous women and girls in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same concerns were repeated during the re-evaluation of Canada by the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a> and UN Special Rapporteurs in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alberta">Alberta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alberta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></div> <p>The most damaging sterilization program in Canadian history was afforded via the passing of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></i> of 1928. From the years 1928 to 1972, sterilizations, both compulsory and optional, were performed on nearly 3000 individuals of varying ages and ethnicities. In total, over 2800 procedures were performed. Initially, the act only provisioned sterilizations where consent was given by the subject or legal guardian of the subject, depending on the competency of the individual scheduled to undergo the operation. The 1937 amendment to the act allowed for sterilizations to be carried out without consent in the case of those deemed mentally defective. Sterilization of individuals deemed <a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentally ill">mentally ill</a> still required consent. At the end of World War II, while other eugenic sterilization programs were being phased out, Alberta continued on, even increasing the scope of eligibility for sterilizations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They continued until 1972, when approximately 5000 people were operated upon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeted_sterilization">Targeted sterilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Targeted sterilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Youths, minorities, and women were sterilized in disproportionately high numbers. Minors, because of their legal dependency on adults, were almost always assigned as "mental defectives", thus bypassing the parental consent requirement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Albertan Aboriginal people and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a>, regardless of age, were also targeted. Towards the end of Alberta's sterilization program, Aboriginal people and Métis made up 25% of the sterilizations performed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, those of Aboriginal ancestry were disproportionately assigned the "mentally deficient" rating, which denied them their legal rights and made them eligible for sterilization without consent. Aboriginal people represented only 2.3% of the general population in Alberta, but made up 6% of the institutionalized population.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (September 2014)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> Women, particularly women who were young, poor, and unmarried, were also disproportionately represented; they were thought to be at high risk for prostitution or at the very least promiscuity, activities suspected of breeding further immorality. While it was conceded that sterilization would not change the behavior of these women, sterilization was intended to prevent them from bearing similarly defective progeny.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the inaccuracy of <a href="/wiki/IQ_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ testing">IQ testing</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the tremendous grey area in classifying the mentally defective, nearly 3000 people were rendered sterile by the <i><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></i>. The true nature of the Act was revealed when <a href="/wiki/Leilani_Muir" title="Leilani Muir">Leilani Muir</a>, a former inmate of the Michener Centre (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Training_School" title="Provincial Training School">Provincial Training School for Mental Defectives</a>, PTS), discovered in 1971 that she had been sterilized. After being admitted to the PTS at age 10 as an unwanted and abused child, Leilani was given a substandard education. She was inaccurately designated a mentally defective <a href="/wiki/Moron_(psychology)" title="Moron (psychology)">moron</a> (an individual with an IQ between 51 and 70), effectively nullifying her <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. She was administered powerful <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a> agents without any due cause, as she had not manifested any symptoms of psychosis during her incarceration at the PTS. Eventually she was given an impromptu IQ test, on which she scored a 64. Shortly thereafter, she was taken before the Eugenics Board, and sterilization was authorized pending her mother's consent (which was readily given). </p><p>In 1995, in damages for her humiliation at being labeled a moron and her subsequent sterilization, Leilani was awarded C$750,000 and C$230,000 (together $1.76 million in 2023 dollars). Since the victory, another 1300 cases have been opened, several of them concerning individuals who may have actual mental disabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Columbia">British Columbia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British Columbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1933 British Columbia became one of two provinces to implement a clear <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenic</a> sexual <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">sterilization</a> law. The province's <i>Sexual Sterilization Act</i>, legislated in 1933 and repealed in 1973, closely resembled <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Alberta's 1928 legislation</a>, although the practices differed.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act created a Board of Eugenics, consisting of a judge, psychiatrist, and social worker.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board was granted the authority to order the sterilization, with consent, of any inmate recommended to them by a superintendent, who "if discharged ... without being subjected to an operation for sexual sterilization would be likely to produce or bear children who by reason of inheritance would have a tendency to serious mental disease or mental deficiency".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the individuals presented for sterilization under the province's eugenics program came through <a href="/wiki/Riverview_Hospital_(Coquitlam)" title="Riverview Hospital (Coquitlam)">Riverview Hospital</a> (Essondale).<sup id="cite_ref-:10_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison to the "2834 individuals sterilized under Alberta's eugenic policy, historian Angus McLaren has estimated that in British Columbia no more than a few hundred individuals were sterilized".<sup>[2]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disparity between the numbers sterilized in the two provinces can be attributed in part to the tighter provisions of British Columbia's <i>Sexual Sterilization Act</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the Alberta legislation was amended twice to increase the program's scope and efficiency, British Columbia's sterilization program remained unchanged.<sup>[3]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this appears to have settled the issue, in the early 1970s the public would learn that coercive sterilizations were in fact taking place in the North in spite of the lack of legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeted_peoples">Targeted peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Targeted peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Concepts of race</a> have long been connected to dealings with <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Aboriginal peoples in Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eugenic ideology served as a convenient justification for the terrible circumstances created by <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> and it was instrumental in determining how to interfere in the lives of Aboriginal peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interventions were often guided by the view that the less progressed were a hazard to society and this justified drastic invasions in their lives. Initial measures advocated in the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Negative_eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative eugenics">negative eugenics</a> including marriage regulation, <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a> and sterilization were all imposed on <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Aboriginal peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Policy">Policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Canadian sterilization laws created a Eugenics Board that could impose sterilizations on people without their consent. This developed into a familiar practice, especially in relation to Indigenous men, women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1926 Adolf Lorenz of Vancouver stated, "our sense of humanity is destroying humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We are allowing more and more of the poorer human stock to survive and reproduce. '' Sterilization was the best method to decrease the number of <a href="/wiki/Feeble-minded" title="Feeble-minded">feeble-minded</a> being produced.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the feeble-minded were sterilized and the "problem cured."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to conclude who was a potential candidate for <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">sterilization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Institutionalization_of_children_with_disabilities_in_Russia" title="Institutionalization of children with disabilities in Russia">institutionalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">intelligence tests</a> were being overseen in schools, hospitals, and boys and girls schools. Intelligence tests were initiated in California, which also had the most active eugenic policy in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, such as the "Honourable <a href="/wiki/William_Sloan_(politician)" title="William Sloan (politician)">William Sloan</a>", stated California was the leader in developing and carrying out a eugenics act.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the Act, only people who were a "patient or in custody" of an institution as defined by the "Mental Hospitals Act" or the "Industrial Home for Girls" or the "<a href="/wiki/Industrial_Schools_Act_1868" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Schools Act 1868">industrial School Act</a>" would be affected by the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ''These individuals, termed by the Act as "inmates", would be involved or living in <a href="/wiki/Riverview_Hospital_(Coquitlam)" title="Riverview Hospital (Coquitlam)">Essondale</a> (now known as Riverview Psychiatric Institution), or the Boys' or Girls' Industrial Schools (for children deemed delinquent).<sup id="cite_ref-:15_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decisions as to which inmates would be sterilized were to be made by the Board of Eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Eugenics consisted of a judge, a psychiatrist, and a social worker who were appointed by the Lieutenant Governor in Council. The Board of Eugenics would receive recommendations from one of the above institutions if the superintendent of the institution believed that the release of an inmate would result "by reason of inheritance" in having children who would have "serious <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mental_Deficiency_Act_1913" title="Mental Deficiency Act 1913">mental deficiency</a>.''<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recommendations were to be in writing and were to include a history of the inmate to support the institution's recommendation for sexual sterilization.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inmate may, there after, be examined or seen by the Board of Eugenics.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If after the examination of the inmate the Board of Eugenics unanimously agreed that this person would be likely to produce children who would have a serious mental disease or mental deficiency due to inheritance, the Board of Eugenics could order, in writing, that the sterilization take place.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Board of Eugenics would or could appoint the doctor who would perform the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the Board of Eugenics believed that the inmate was not capable of consent, a spouse, guardian, or family member would be requested give their for consent. If the inmate had no family, the Provincial Secretary, the predecessor of the Superintendent of the Ministry of Social Services, was to consent on the inmate's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1867- <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canadian Constitution Act</a> gives federal parliament legislative authority over "Indians, and Lands reserved for Indians<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1870- <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Residential Schools</a> in operation<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1872- Victoria Lunatic Asylum, British Columbia's first asylum for the insane opens.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1873- British Columbia passes the "Insane Asylums Act."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1876- Canada passes the "<a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1878- British Columbia's Victoria Asylum closed, and the Provincial Asylum for the Insane is opened in New Westminster.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1883- Work therapy introduced in British Columbia's asylums<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1883- "Eugenics" coined by Galton<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1897- British Columbia passes the "Hospitals for the Insane Act"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1897- New Westminster asylum is renamed the Provincial Hospital for the Insane (PHI)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1904- New mental hospital opened in Coquitlam, British Columbia<sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1925- British Columbia Royal Commission on Mental Hygiene report.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1927- <i>Canadian Medical Association Journal</i> publishes the editorial "Eugenics and the Medical Profession"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1928- George Godwin's <i>Columbia, or the Future of Canada</i> is published in the <i>To-day and To-morrow</i> Series<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1933- British Columbia passes "An Act respecting Sexual Sterilization"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1945- Essondale Report released<sup id="cite_ref-:9_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1948- Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1950- British Columbia's Provincial Hospital for the Insane is renamed Woodlands School<sup id="cite_ref-:10_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1951- Canada amends the "Indian Act"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964- British Columbia's Colquitz forensic psychiatric hospital closes<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1973- British Columbia repeals the Sexual Sterilization Act<sup id="cite_ref-:15_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1982- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms signed into law<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1985- Following a nationwide trend in de-institutionalization, British Columbia closes Tranquille<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1986- Valleyview Hospital in British Columbia closes<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1988- British Columbia Mental Health Society is founded<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998- The Mental Health Initiative in British Columbia introduces a new plan for the development of mental health services<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002- British Columbia releases "The Need to Know: Administrative Review on Woodlands School"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003- British Columbia Minister of Children and Family Development issues apology to former residents of Woodlands<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manitoba">Manitoba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Manitoba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent court discussions in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> have investigated the legality and ethical permissibility of involuntary sterilization of the mentally disabled. Focusing on those individuals found legally incompetent, the 1990 and 1992 reports outlined the scenarios where an involuntary sterilization could be warranted. As stated by the 1990 discussion, three conditions are necessary for an individual to undergo any medical procedure. </p> <ul><li>The individual must be informed of both the nature, and risks/benefits of the procedure.</li> <li>The consent must be voluntary, not the product of coercion, threat, or fraud.</li> <li>The individual must be competent enough to give the above consent.</li></ul> <p>Individuals who are legally incompetent include minors and sufficiently disabled adults. </p><p>The discussion reached a consensus that involuntary sterilization (or sterilization with substituted consent) is only permissible if it has an explicit positive effect on the physical or mental health of the individual: this is called therapeutic sterilization. One such case involved was a seriously disabled girl with an aversive phobia to blood, who was scheduled to undergo a hysterectomy. The rationale of the surgery was not eugenic, but rather to protect the girl from the direct mental trauma that would likely arise upon initiation of menses. This judgement was seen to be on the very threshold between therapeutic and nontherapeutic surgical intervention. </p><p>This discussion also cites a landmark case in substituted consent known as the Mrs. E. vs. Eve case. In it, a mother, "Mrs. E.", wished to have her moderately intellectually disabled daughter "Eve" sterilized to save her the emotional distress potentially caused by pregnancy and childbirth. Additionally, it was argued that Eve would neither be capable of using any other method of contraception, nor caring for a child should she become pregnant. Since the sterilization was not explicitly therapeutic and carried grave physical harm and an intrusion on Eve's rights, Mrs. E. could not be given the authority to have her daughter sterilized. It was then explored whether or not the government itself could make the decision, using <i><a href="/wiki/Parens_patriae" title="Parens patriae">parens patriae</a></i> jurisdiction. <i>Parens patriae</i> allows the government to make authorizations in the "best interests" where no other source of consent can be attained; this includes children and mentally disabled persons. In the Eve case, the risks were deemed too high and the benefits too obscure to authorize a nontherapeutic sterilization via <i>parens patriae</i> jurisdiction, since a surgical sterilization is an irreversible procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontario">Ontario</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although eugenic sterilization was never instituted in Ontario, the issue saw considerable debate concurrent with the enactment of sterilization laws in Alberta and British Columbia. The formation of the Eugenics Society of Canada (ESC) in 1930 sought to organize supporters of eugenics into a coherent group in order to make their lobbying of the government more effective. Founded in Ontario, the ESC boasted a large number of physicians in its ranks, including Clarence Hincks, one of the most devoted proponents of the Alberta <i>Sexual Sterilization Act</i>. Other notable members included the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, <a href="/wiki/H._A._Bruce" class="mw-redirect" title="H. A. Bruce">H. A. Bruce</a>, and eminent psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Farrar" title="Clarence B. Farrar">Clarence B. Farrar</a>, who had been head of the Toronto Psychiatric Hospital since 1925. As social traits like criminality and promiscuity began to edge off the list of heritable traits, the ESC found itself adapting its strategy to that of birth control, while maintaining a focus on economic benefit. It garnered considerable support, but was never able to table eugenic sterilization effectively in the political arena. The ESC met its end shortly after a public relations blunder in 1938, when a representative implied the ESC and the Nazi party sought to achieve similar goals through similar means. It is not surprising then, that when World War II broke out in 1939, the ESC lost nearly all of its support. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northwest_Territories">Northwest Territories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Northwest Territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, charges were brought against Dr. Andrew Kotaska, who sterilized an <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuk</a> woman after removing both of her fallopian tubes, despite only having her consent to remove one. This occurred in a hospital in <a href="/wiki/Yellowknife" title="Yellowknife">Yellowknife</a>. This is the first documented case of a doctor being sanctioned for compulsory sterilization in Canada. His actions were found "unethical" by investigators.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Indigenous+women+in+Canada+forcibly+sterilized+decades+after+other+rich+countries+stopped&rft.date=2023-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fcanada-Indigenous-women-sterilization-apology-reparations-ebcacc0f27b8d4c12d8690718202531d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACompulsory+sterilization+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination427" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">Nationality or citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-gooder_derogation" title="Do-gooder derogation">Anti-altruistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">mental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">in poverty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-group_favoritism" title="In-group favoritism">In-group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgroup_favoritism" title="Outgroup favoritism">Outgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autistic_supremacism" title="Autistic supremacism">Autistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_supremacy" title="Black supremacy">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_supremacy" title="Jewish supremacy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Australian_sentiment" title="Anti-Australian sentiment">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Austrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Austrian sentiment">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Black_racism" title="Anti-Black racism">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Han_sentiment" title="Anti-Han sentiment">Han people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Dutch_sentiment" title="Anti-Dutch sentiment">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-English_sentiment" title="Anti-English sentiment">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Estonian_sentiment" title="Anti-Estonian sentiment">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-French_sentiment" title="Anti-French sentiment">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">Anti-Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Montenegrin_sentiment" title="Anti-Montenegrin sentiment">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophobia" title="Lusophobia">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Spanish_sentiment" title="Anti-Spanish sentiment">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-white_racism" title="Anti-white racism">White people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_bias" title="Algorithmic bias">Algorithmic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_bias" title="Academic bias">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_academia" title="Sexism in academia">Sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">Environmental racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">Transgender genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions" title="Intersex medical interventions">Intersex medical interventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">Racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_LGBTQ%2B_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against LGBTQ+ people">LGBTQ+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Linguicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_stress" title="Minority stress">Minority stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_exclusion" title="Moral exclusion">Moral exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Braves_tomahawk_chop_and_name_controversy" title="Atlanta Braves tomahawk chop and name controversy">Braves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_name_and_logo_controversy" title="Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy">Blackhawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs_name_controversy" title="Kansas City Chiefs name controversy">Chiefs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Occupational</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_apartheid" title="Occupational apartheid">Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injustice" title="Occupational injustice">Injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Segregation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_prosecution" title="Selective prosecution">Selective prosecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentencing_disparity" title="Sentencing disparity">Sentencing disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_evil" title="Structural evil">Structural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">Structural inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_wage_discrimination" title="Algorithmic wage discrimination">Algorithmic wage discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact" title="Disparate impact">Disparate impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">Fagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protecting_Women%27s_Private_Spaces_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act">Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit_study" title="Audit study">Audit study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases of despair">Diseases of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonperson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nonperson (disambiguation)">Nonperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_sexism" title="Reverse sexism">Reverse sexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prejudice_and_discrimination" title="Category:Prejudice and discrimination">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Violence_and_discrimination_against_Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada201" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_against_Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Template:Discrimination against Indigenous peoples in Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_against_Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Template talk:Discrimination against Indigenous peoples in Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_against_Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination against Indigenous peoples in Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Violence_and_discrimination_against_Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada201" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Violence and discrimination against <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism_in_Canada" title="Settler colonialism in Canada">Settler colonialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gradual_Civilization_Act" title="Gradual Civilization Act">Gradual Civilization Act</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_Treaties" title="Numbered Treaties">Numbered Treaties</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police#Role_in_colonization" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Role of the RCMP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential school system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_gravesites" title="Canadian Indian residential school gravesites">gravesites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_residential_schools_in_Canada" title="List of Indian residential schools in Canada">list</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Chanie_Wenjack" title="Chanie Wenjack">Chanie Wenjack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Forced sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_nutrition_experiments" title="First Nations nutrition experiments">First Nations nutrition experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixties_Scoop" title="Sixties Scoop">Sixties Scoop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimelman_Report" title="Kimelman Report">Kimelman Report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Eskimo_Dog#RCMP_dog_killings" title="Canadian Eskimo Dog">RCMP dog killings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada#Indigenous_Peoples" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pass_system_(Canadian_history)" title="Pass system (Canadian history)">Pass system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potlatch_ban" title="Potlatch ban">Potlatch ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_agent_(Canada)" title="Indian agent (Canada)">Indian agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hospital" title="Indian hospital">Indian hospitals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific<br />issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structural violence<span class="wrap"> </span>and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_alert" title="Birth alert">Birth alerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_poverty_in_Canada#Indigenous_child_poverty_in_Canada" title="Child poverty in Canada">Child poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Canada#Indigenous_peoples" title="Climate change in Canada">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_sentencing_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Criminal sentencing of Indigenous peoples in Canada">Criminal sentencing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_and_the_Canadian_criminal_justice_system" title="Indigenous peoples and the Canadian criminal justice system">Mass incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_food_security_in_Canada" title="Indigenous food security in Canada">Food insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care_in_Canada#Aboriginal_children_in_foster_care" title="Foster care in Canada">Foster care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity#Ethnic_and_racial_disparities" title="Health equity">Healthcare inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sinclair" title="Death of Brian Sinclair">Brian Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joyce_Echaquan" title="Death of Joyce Echaquan">Joyce Echaquan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_drinking_water_advisories" title="Long-term drinking water advisories">Long-term DWAs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women" title="Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women">Missing and Murdered<span class="wrap"> </span>Indigenous Women</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highway_of_Tears" title="Highway of Tears">Highway of Tears</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highway_of_Tears#Victims" title="Highway of Tears">list of victims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Winnipeg_serial_killings" title="2022 Winnipeg serial killings">Winnipeg serial killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Immaculate_Basil" title="Disappearance of Immaculate Basil">Immaculate Basil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Tina_Fontaine" title="Death of Tina Fontaine">Tina Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Pamela_Holopainen" title="Disappearance of Pamela Holopainen">Pamela Holopainen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kentner" title="Barbara Kentner">Barbara Kentner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Tammy_Lamondin-Gagnon" title="Disappearance of Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon">Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Serena_McKay" title="Murder of Serena McKay">Serena McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Helen_Betty_Osborne" title="Murder of Helen Betty Osborne">Helen Betty Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Jean_Virginia_Sampare" title="Disappearance of Jean Virginia Sampare">Jean Virginia Sampare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Loretta_Saunders" title="Murder of Loretta Saunders">Loretta Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Amber_Tuccaro" title="Death of Amber Tuccaro">Amber Tuccaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Lisa_Marie_Young" title="Disappearance of Lisa Marie Young">Lisa Marie Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women_and_Girls_activists" title="Category:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls activists">Activists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_against_Indigenous_Canadians" title="Police brutality against Indigenous Canadians">Police brutality<span class="wrap"> </span>and misconduct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_GasLink_pipeline#Protests" title="Coastal GasLink pipeline">Violence against Wetʼsuwetʼen protesters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Canadian_pipeline_and_railway_protests" title="2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustafsen_Lake_standoff" title="Gustafsen Lake standoff">Gustafsen Lake standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipperwash_Crisis" title="Ipperwash Crisis">Ipperwash Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipperwash_Inquiry" title="Ipperwash Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Regis_Korchinski-Paquet" title="Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet">Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Chantel_Moore" title="Killing of Chantel Moore">Killing of Chantel Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatoon_freezing_deaths" title="Saskatoon freezing deaths">Saskatoon freezing deaths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Stonechild" title="Neil Stonechild">Neil Stonechild</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_William_Ramsay" title="David William Ramsay">Judge David William Ramsay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmINext" title="AmINext">AmINext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_history_wars" title="Canadian history wars">History wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_our_Stolen_Children_Camp" title="Justice for our Stolen Children Camp">Justice for our Stolen Children Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Hide_campaign" title="Moose Hide campaign">Moose Hide campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDress_Project" title="REDress Project">REDress Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dress_Day" title="Red Dress Day">Red Dress Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_handprint" title="Red handprint">Red handprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_in_Spirit" title="Sisters in Spirit">Sisters in Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_With_Our_Sisters" title="Walking With Our Sisters">Walking With Our Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Memorial_March" title="Women's Memorial March">Women's Memorial March</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions<br />and inquiries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Residential_Schools_Settlement_Agreement" title="Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement">IRSSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_for_Truth_and_Reconciliation" title="National Day for Truth and Reconciliation">Holiday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Inquiry_into_Missing_and_Murdered_Indigenous_Women_and_Girls" title="National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls">National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Criminal_Code_(minimum_sentence_for_offences_involving_trafficking_of_persons_under_the_age_of_eighteen_years)" title="An Act to amend the Criminal Code (minimum sentence for offences involving trafficking of persons under the age of eighteen years)"><i>An Act to amend the Criminal Code</i> for trafficking of minors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Pana" title="E-Pana">Project E-Pana</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples_Act_(Canada)" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (Canada)">United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous land claims in Canada">Indigenous<span class="wrap"> </span>land claims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_specific_land_claims_in_Canada" title="Indigenous specific land claims in Canada">Specific claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Treaty_Process" title="British Columbia Treaty Process">British Columbia Treaty Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_Land_Claims" title="Yukon Land Claims">Yukon Land Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_defender" title="Land defender">Land protection</a> and<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Water_protectors" title="Water protectors">Water protection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_Church_Crisis" title="Burnt Church Crisis">Burnt Church Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_River_land_dispute" title="Grand River land dispute">Caledonia land dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayoquot_protests" title="Clayoquot protests">Clayoquot protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Pipeline#Indigenous_lands_and_peoples" title="Keystone Pipeline">Keystone Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Creek_old-growth_logging_protests" title="Fairy Creek old-growth logging protests">Old-growth logging protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Mountain_pipeline#Protests" title="Trans Mountain pipeline">Trans Mountain pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unist%CA%BCot%CA%BCen_Camp" title="Unistʼotʼen Camp">Unistʼotʼen Camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_the_Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Media portrayals of the Canadian Indian residential school system">Portrayals of the residential school system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_residential_schools_in_Canada" title="Category:Works about residential schools in Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Dawn" title="Finding Dawn">Finding Dawn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foster_Child_(1987_film)" title="Foster Child (1987 film)">Foster 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