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Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">==Tool users== {{More citations needed section|date=January 2010}} While the exact hominid is up for debate, it is believed that some of the first Oldowan makers did fall within the ''Homo'' line.<ref name=":13"/> However, fossil evidence showed evolutionary features for human precision grip capabilities in Australopithecines.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Marzke |first=Mary W. |date=January 1997 |title=Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=91–110 |doi=10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199701)102:1<91::aid-ajpa8>3.0.co;2-g |pmid=9034041 |issn=0002-9483}}</ref> This leads to current anthropological thinking in which Oldowan tools were made by late ''[[Australopithecus]]'' and early ''Homo''. ''[[Homo habilis]]'' was named "skillful" because it was considered the earliest tool-using human ancestor. Indeed, the genus ''Homo'' was in origin intended to separate tool-using species from their tool-less predecessors, hence the name of ''[[Australopithecus garhi]]'', ''garhi'' meaning "surprise", a tool-using Australopithecine discovered in 1996 and described as the "missing link" between the genera ''Australopithecus'' and ''Homo''. There is also evidence that some species of ''Paranthropus'' utilized stone tools.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Susman |first1=R. L. |title=Who Made the Oldowan Tools? Fossil Evidence for Tool Behavior in Plio-Pleistocene Hominids |journal=Journal of Anthropological Research |date=July 1991 |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=129–151 |doi=10.1086/jar.47.2.3630322|s2cid=159678644 }}</ref> There is presently no evidence to show that Oldowan tools were the sole creation of members of the ''Homo'' line or that the ability to produce them was a special characteristic of only our ancestors. Research on tool use by modern wild chimpanzees in West Africa shows there is an operational sequence when chimpanzees use lithic implements to crack nuts. In the course of nut cracking, sometimes they will create unintentional flakes. Although the morphology of the chimpanzees' hammer is different from the Oldowan hammer, chimpanzees' ability to use stone tools indicates that the earliest lithic industries were probably not produced by only one kind of hominin species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carvalho |first1=S. |last2=Cunha |first2=E. |last3=Sousa |first3=C. |last4=Matsuzawa |first4=T. |title=Chaînes opératoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes'') nut cracking |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=July 2008 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=148–163 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.005|pmid=18359504 |hdl=10316/3758 |url=https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/3758/1/filefae083c89f29436aa3ecbb7b95f33e22.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Findings from fossil evidence and experimental replication of stone-tool users and manufacturers suggest the presence of physical characteristics of hand morphology for precise stone tool making.<ref name=":13"/><ref name=":2"/> The makers of Oldowan tools were mainly right-handed.<ref name="Klein2009">{{cite book|last=Klein|first=Richard G.|author-link=Richard G. Klein|title=The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSgCAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|access-date=20 May 2014|edition=Third|date=22 April 2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0-226-02752-4|pages=258–259}}</ref> "[[Handedness]]" ([[lateralization]]) had thus already evolved, though it is not clear how related to modern lateralization it was, since other animals show handedness as well.{{Clarify|date=September 2018}} In the mid-1970s, [[Glynn Isaac]] touched off a debate by proposing that human ancestors of this period had a "place of origin" and that they foraged outward from this home base, returning with high-quality [[Evolutionary models of food sharing|food to share]] and to be processed. Over the course of the last 30 years, a variety of competing theories about how foraging occurred have been proposed, each one implying certain kinds of social strategy. The available evidence from the distribution of tools and remains is not enough to decide which theories are the most probable. However, three main groups of theories predominate. * Glynn Isaac's model became the Central Forage Point, as he responded to critics that accused him of attributing too much "modern" behavior to early [[hominins]] with relatively free-form searches outward. * A second group of models took modern chimpanzee behavior as a starting point, having the [[hominids]] use relatively fixed routes of foraging, and leaving tools where it was best to do so on a constant track. * A third group of theories had relatively loose bands scouring the range, taking care to move carcasses from dangerous death sites and leaving tools more or less at random. Each group of models implies different grouping and social strategies, from the relative altruism of central base models to the relatively disjointed search models. (See also [[central foraging theory]] and [[Lewis Binford]].) Hominins probably lived in social groups that had contact with others. This conclusion is supported by the large number of bones at many sites, too large to be the work of one individual, and all of the scatter patterns implying many different individuals. Since modern primates in Africa have fluid boundaries between groups, as individuals enter, become the focus of bands, and others leave, it is also probable that the tools we find are the result of many overlapping groups working the same territories, and perhaps competing over them. Because of the huge expanse of time and the multiplicity of species associated with possible Oldowan tools, it is difficult to be more precise than this, since it is almost certain that different social groupings were used at different times and in different places. There is also the question of what mix of hunting, gathering and scavenging the tool users employed. Early models focused on the tool users as hunters. The animals butchered by the tools include [[waterbuck]], [[hartebeest]], [[springbok antelope|springbok]], pig and [[zebra]]. However, the disposition of the bones allows some question about hominin methods of obtaining meat. That they were omnivores is unquestioned, as the digging implement and the probable use of hammer stones to smash nuts indicate. Lewis Binford first noticed that the bones at Olduvai contained a disproportionately high incidence of extremities, which are low in food substance. He concluded other predators had taken the best meat, and the hominins had only scavenged. The counter view is that while hunting many large animals would be beyond the reach of an individual human, groups could bring down larger game, as pack hunting animals are capable of doing. 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