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Issue 4</div></div><div class="sap__metadata-section"><div class="sap__title" id="article-metadata-show-more"><div class="show-more"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Show more</div><div class="show-less"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">remove</span>Show less</div></div><div id="article-metadata-extra"><div class="sap__sidebar-section"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section-row"><div class="sap__sidebar-dates-graphic"><svg fill="none" height="131" viewBox="0 0 5 131" width="5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><line stroke="black" x1="2.5" x2="2.50001" y1="131" y2="4"></line><circle cx="2.5" cy="2.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle><circle cx="2.5" cy="65.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle><circle cx="2.5" cy="128.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle></svg></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section-dates"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Received</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">April 23, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Accepted</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">November 05, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Published</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">November 22, 2024</div></div></div></div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-section"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title_bold">Academic editors</div></div><style type="text/css">html{font-size:16px !important}.ds2-5-person-metadata{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.ds2-5-person-metadata__title{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);color:var(--text-primary, #070A15)}.ds2-5-person-metadata__content{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);color:var(--text-secondary, #676E7B);overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.ds2-5-person-metadata__links-container{display:flex;gap:var(--spacing-xs-16, 16px);padding-top:var(--spacing-xs-4, 4px)}.ds2-5-person-metadata__link{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);text-decoration-line:underline;color:var(--text-primary, #070A15)}</style><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata"><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__title">Dr. Luca Ansaloni</div><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__content">Editor-in-Chief</div><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__links-container"><a class="ds2-5-person-metadata__link" href="https://unipv.academia.edu/lucaansaloni" target="_blank">Profile</a><a class="ds2-5-person-metadata__link" href="https://unipv.unifind.cineca.it/get/person/052548" target="_blank">Institution</a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="sap__header-grid-contents"><div class="sap__header-mobile-top-row"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="DownloadButton" data-props="{"author":{"id":81836630,"first_name":"Moore","middle_initials":"I","last_name":"Mike-Ogburia","page_name":"MooreMikeOgburia","domain_name":"rsust","created_at":"2018-05-17T05:30:32.346-07:00","display_name":"Moore I Mike-Ogburia","url":"https://rsust.academia.edu/MooreMikeOgburia","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81836630/22047514/68447841/s200_moore.mike-ogburia.jpg"},"downloadUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119742880/download_file?s=sap","reactionPrompt":null,"work":{"id":125757920,"title":"Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical students of Rivers State University","translatedTitle":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.20935/AcadMed7417","issn":"2994-435X","abstract":"Despite vaccination progress and a return to normalcy, new SARS-CoV-2 variants highlight the ongoing threat and potential for future pandemics. This reemphasizes the importance of studying specific demographics, such as university students, to understand their perceptions and behaviors regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students at Rivers State University. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was utilized, encompassing 220 biomedical science students from March to August 2022. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted using GraphPad Prism 9 software, with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Vaccine hesitancy was highly prevalent at 91.8% (95% CI: 87.4–94.8). Significantpredictors of vaccine hesitancy included younger age (≤20 years) (RR = 1.088, 95% CI: 1.007–1.189, p = 0.0471), being single (RR = 1.327, 95% CI: 1.036–2.343, p = 0.0385), and employment in non-health-related fields (RR = 1.436, 95% CI: 1.100–2.455, p = 0.0076). The belief in the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccines was significantly associated with decreased vaccine hesitancy (RR = 0.9112, 95% CI: 0.8254–0.9857, p = 0.0265). Additionally, the perception that COVID-19 vaccines will always have adverse effects was also a significant predictor (RR = 1.110, 95% CI: 1.019–1.253, p = 0.0204). This study revealed a concerning prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students, emphasizing the importance of accurate information and targeted interventions to enhance vaccine acceptance within this vital demographic.","publisher":"Academia.edu","publicationDate":{"day":22,"month":11,"year":2024,"errors":{}},"publicationName":"Academia Medicine"},"translatedAbstract":"Despite vaccination progress and a return to normalcy, new SARS-CoV-2 variants highlight the ongoing threat and potential for future pandemics. This reemphasizes the importance of studying specific demographics, such as university students, to understand their perceptions and behaviors regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students at Rivers State University. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was utilized, encompassing 220 biomedical science students from March to August 2022. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted using GraphPad Prism 9 software, with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Vaccine hesitancy was highly prevalent at 91.8% (95% CI: 87.4–94.8). Significantpredictors of vaccine hesitancy included younger age (≤20 years) (RR = 1.088, 95% CI: 1.007–1.189, p = 0.0471), being single (RR = 1.327, 95% CI: 1.036–2.343, p = 0.0385), and employment in non-health-related fields (RR = 1.436, 95% CI: 1.100–2.455, p = 0.0076). The belief in the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccines was significantly associated with decreased vaccine hesitancy (RR = 0.9112, 95% CI: 0.8254–0.9857, p = 0.0265). Additionally, the perception that COVID-19 vaccines will always have adverse effects was also a significant predictor (RR = 1.110, 95% CI: 1.019–1.253, p = 0.0204). This study revealed a concerning prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students, emphasizing the importance of accurate information and targeted interventions to enhance vaccine acceptance within this vital demographic.","internalUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/125757920/Predictors_of_COVID_19_vaccine_hesitancy_among_biomedical_students_of_Rivers_State_University","translatedInternalUrl":"","createdAt":"2024-11-22T03:46:42.326-08:00","previewUrl":null,"currentUserCanEdit":null,"currentUserIsOwner":null,"ownerId":81836630,"coauthorsCanEdit":true,"documentType":"paper","coAuthorTags":[],"downloadableAttachments":[{"id":119742880,"title":"","fileType":"pdf","scribdThumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119742880/thumbnails/1.jpg","fileName":"268327_WEBPDF.PDF","downloadUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119742880/download_file","bulkDownloadFileName":"Predictors_of_COVID_19_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf","bulkDownloadUrl":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119742880/268327_WEBPDF-libre.PDF?1732276259=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPredictors_of_COVID_19_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf\u0026Expires=1732701535\u0026Signature=OBzH-WHMAVbbLopHfdQJQE8ozRgsT0f6IesDvk4uLTcIOJ9bYx-rX5RgdRpbl7vS7glwWdC5CFnlgBmchYNeEZfuu0a6~EPz5sroSfKh79Hp-bkA18ue3FAhSMzUjNK~OxtsS7gb8IvBa5Ktd8Rsm-Ie8tmNIWbk7gT8msggQPqUNljRQYNMfnEQ2O~kKWloWhwVNLqBObQp8bMmh0~ydWjAXf9BwLo7rLJp9zLx99wTXTaoWRjSlIKNDX4f7VzYgDjCoteYIRrY0Tq37g0f7gey58M2vbaarv4OKSg9RAmnmucOyOhAOiCqjGfQzx3IXGJQQizoAMlSBhQdosDPRA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Predictors_of_COVID_19_vaccine_hesitancy_among_biomedical_students_of_Rivers_State_University","translatedSlug":"","pageCount":9,"language":"en","contentType":"Work","owner":{"id":81836630,"firstName":"Moore","middleInitials":"I","lastName":"Mike-Ogburia","pageName":"MooreMikeOgburia","domainName":"rsust","createdAt":"2018-05-17T05:30:32.346-07:00","displayName":"Moore I Mike-Ogburia","url":"https://rsust.academia.edu/MooreMikeOgburia"},"attachments":[{"id":119742880,"title":"","fileType":"pdf","scribdThumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119742880/thumbnails/1.jpg","fileName":"268327_WEBPDF.PDF","downloadUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119742880/download_file","bulkDownloadFileName":"Predictors_of_COVID_19_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf","bulkDownloadUrl":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119742880/268327_WEBPDF-libre.PDF?1732276259=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPredictors_of_COVID_19_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf\u0026Expires=1732701536\u0026Signature=dt2IEQ-RGYhp2q8-SWV6QaJCZYJX-ZlPg3g9X8X~74z12SQhRD8d1PXEx9WgLTwusaRkLTY40eikPEMof74~aJWZhIpSojcUS5pwK5SW4A18qlYj1gL7KVJBRNSFR54amjDItfSQp2IUq7rAYKbvrZiPAN~rNbVcpceTPquhrwHl1iudLvrAsOVnz4sa4rxahEMeIII4UMW6zqRpk~~RCQz0BLuLDy4vo2vFnxqv-2rEoSKDXDNqreg-uzFBpZ7-rxkzruLjdAGx6mI2P-44rY~NtYJKLvI5bYZHPXVZY2S4F7JWNakKjfOKzHLHvC6OzP19jewHw~Ie5LTGb4SuzA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"researchInterests":[],"urls":[]},"displayClass":null}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="DownloadButton-react-component-bf0386dd-7d25-40bf-ae28-1fa1f375ad7b"></div> <div id="DownloadButton-react-component-bf0386dd-7d25-40bf-ae28-1fa1f375ad7b"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="CitationButton" data-props="{"citations":[{"name":"MLA","citation":"Mike-Ogburia, Moore, et al. 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Issue 4 <a class="sap__sidebar-content" href="https://www.doi.org/10.20935/AcadMed7417">doi.org/10.20935/AcadMed7417</a></div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section-row"><div class="sap__sidebar-dates-graphic"><svg fill="none" height="131" viewBox="0 0 5 131" width="5" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><line stroke="black" x1="2.5" x2="2.50001" y1="131" y2="4"></line><circle cx="2.5" cy="2.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle><circle cx="2.5" cy="65.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle><circle cx="2.5" cy="128.5" fill="black" r="2.5"></circle></svg></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section-dates"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Received</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">April 23, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Accepted</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">November 05, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title">Published</div><div class="sap__sidebar-content">November 22, 2024</div></div></div></div></div><div class="sap__sidebar-section"><div class="sap__sidebar-sub-section"><div class="sap__title_bold">Academic editors</div></div><style type="text/css">html{font-size:16px !important}.ds2-5-person-metadata{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.ds2-5-person-metadata__title{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);color:var(--text-primary, #070A15)}.ds2-5-person-metadata__content{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);color:var(--text-secondary, #676E7B);overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.ds2-5-person-metadata__links-container{display:flex;gap:var(--spacing-xs-16, 16px);padding-top:var(--spacing-xs-4, 4px)}.ds2-5-person-metadata__link{font-family:var(--type-font-family-sans-serif, "Roboto"),Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-size:var(--type-body-md-size, 16px);line-height:var(--type-body-md-line-height, 24px);font-weight:var(--type-body-md-font-weight, 400);text-decoration-line:underline;color:var(--text-primary, #070A15)}</style><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata"><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__title">Dr. Luca Ansaloni</div><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__content">Editor-in-Chief</div><div class="ds2-5-person-metadata__links-container"><a class="ds2-5-person-metadata__link" href="https://unipv.academia.edu/lucaansaloni" target="_blank">Profile</a><a class="ds2-5-person-metadata__link" href="https://unipv.unifind.cineca.it/get/person/052548" target="_blank">Institution</a></div></div></div></div><div class="sap__section" id="article-about"><a id="about"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">About this article</h2><div class="sap__sub-section"><h3 class="sap__section-title">Citation</h3><div class="sap__citation-grid"><div class="sap__citation-container"><div class="sap__title">MLA</div><div class="sap__content">Mike-Ogburia, Moore, et al. Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Biomedical Students of Rivers State University. Vol. 1, no. 4, Academia Medicine, 2024. https://doi.org/10.20935/AcadMed7417</div></div><div class="sap__citation-container"><div class="sap__title">APA</div><div class="sap__content">Mike-Ogburia, M., Hart, G., Vito-Peter, B., Dio, A., & Nwogu, V. (2024). Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical students of Rivers State University, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.20935/AcadMed7417</div></div><div class="sap__citation-container"><div class="sap__title">Chicago</div><div class="sap__content">Mike-Ogburia, Moore, Gift Hart, Barynem Vito-Peter, Aisha Dio, and Victory Nwogu. “Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among Biomedical Students of Rivers State University” 1, no. 4 (2024). doi:10.20935/AcadMed7417.</div></div><div class="sap__citation-container"><div class="sap__title">Vancouver</div><div class="sap__content">Mike-Ogburia M, Hart G, Vito-Peter B, Dio A, Nwogu V. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical students of Rivers State University. 2024;1(4). https://doi.org/10.20935/AcadMed7417</div></div><div class="sap__citation-container"><div class="sap__title">Harvard</div><div class="sap__content">Mike-Ogburia, M. et al. (2024) “Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical students of Rivers State University.” Academia Medicine, 1(4). doi: 10.20935/AcadMed7417.</div></div></div></div><div class="sap__sub-section"><h3 class="sap__section-title">Publication dates & DOI</h3><div class="sap__publication-section-row"><div class="sap__content-container"><div class="sap__title">Received</div><div class="sap__content">April 23, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__content-container"><div class="sap__title">Accepted</div><div class="sap__content">November 05, 2024</div></div><div class="sap__content-container"><div class="sap__title">Published</div><div class="sap__content">November 22, 2024</div></div></div></div><div class="sap__sub-section"><div class="sap__title">DOI</div><a class="sap__content" href="https://www.doi.org/10.20935/AcadMed7417">doi.org/10.20935/AcadMed7417</a></div></div><div id="article-download-container"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="DownloadButton" data-props="{"author":{"id":81836630,"first_name":"Moore","middle_initials":"I","last_name":"Mike-Ogburia","page_name":"MooreMikeOgburia","domain_name":"rsust","created_at":"2018-05-17T05:30:32.346-07:00","display_name":"Moore I Mike-Ogburia","url":"https://rsust.academia.edu/MooreMikeOgburia","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81836630/22047514/68447841/s200_moore.mike-ogburia.jpg"},"downloadUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119742880/download_file?s=sap","reactionPrompt":null,"work":{"id":125757920,"title":"Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical students of Rivers State University","translatedTitle":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.20935/AcadMed7417","issn":"2994-435X","abstract":"Despite vaccination progress and a return to normalcy, new SARS-CoV-2 variants highlight the ongoing threat and potential for future pandemics. This reemphasizes the importance of studying specific demographics, such as university students, to understand their perceptions and behaviors regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students at Rivers State University. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was utilized, encompassing 220 biomedical science students from March to August 2022. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted using GraphPad Prism 9 software, with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Vaccine hesitancy was highly prevalent at 91.8% (95% CI: 87.4–94.8). Significantpredictors of vaccine hesitancy included younger age (≤20 years) (RR = 1.088, 95% CI: 1.007–1.189, p = 0.0471), being single (RR = 1.327, 95% CI: 1.036–2.343, p = 0.0385), and employment in non-health-related fields (RR = 1.436, 95% CI: 1.100–2.455, p = 0.0076). The belief in the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccines was significantly associated with decreased vaccine hesitancy (RR = 0.9112, 95% CI: 0.8254–0.9857, p = 0.0265). Additionally, the perception that COVID-19 vaccines will always have adverse effects was also a significant predictor (RR = 1.110, 95% CI: 1.019–1.253, p = 0.0204). This study revealed a concerning prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students, emphasizing the importance of accurate information and targeted interventions to enhance vaccine acceptance within this vital demographic.","publisher":"Academia.edu","publicationDate":{"day":22,"month":11,"year":2024,"errors":{}},"publicationName":"Academia Medicine"},"translatedAbstract":"Despite vaccination progress and a return to normalcy, new SARS-CoV-2 variants highlight the ongoing threat and potential for future pandemics. This reemphasizes the importance of studying specific demographics, such as university students, to understand their perceptions and behaviors regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students at Rivers State University. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was utilized, encompassing 220 biomedical science students from March to August 2022. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted using GraphPad Prism 9 software, with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Vaccine hesitancy was highly prevalent at 91.8% (95% CI: 87.4–94.8). Significantpredictors of vaccine hesitancy included younger age (≤20 years) (RR = 1.088, 95% CI: 1.007–1.189, p = 0.0471), being single (RR = 1.327, 95% CI: 1.036–2.343, p = 0.0385), and employment in non-health-related fields (RR = 1.436, 95% CI: 1.100–2.455, p = 0.0076). The belief in the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccines was significantly associated with decreased vaccine hesitancy (RR = 0.9112, 95% CI: 0.8254–0.9857, p = 0.0265). Additionally, the perception that COVID-19 vaccines will always have adverse effects was also a significant predictor (RR = 1.110, 95% CI: 1.019–1.253, p = 0.0204). This study revealed a concerning prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students, emphasizing the importance of accurate information and targeted interventions to enhance vaccine acceptance within this vital demographic.","internalUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/125757920/Predictors_of_COVID_19_vaccine_hesitancy_among_biomedical_students_of_Rivers_State_University","translatedInternalUrl":"","createdAt":"2024-11-22T03:46:42.326-08:00","previewUrl":null,"currentUserCanEdit":null,"currentUserIsOwner":null,"ownerId":81836630,"coauthorsCanEdit":true,"documentType":"paper","coAuthorTags":[],"downloadableAttachments":[{"id":119742880,"title":"","fileType":"pdf","scribdThumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/119742880/thumbnails/1.jpg","fileName":"268327_WEBPDF.PDF","downloadUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119742880/download_file","bulkDownloadFileName":"Predictors_of_COVID_19_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf","bulkDownloadUrl":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/119742880/268327_WEBPDF-libre.PDF?1732276259=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPredictors_of_COVID_19_vaccine_hesitancy.pdf\u0026Expires=1732701535\u0026Signature=OBzH-WHMAVbbLopHfdQJQE8ozRgsT0f6IesDvk4uLTcIOJ9bYx-rX5RgdRpbl7vS7glwWdC5CFnlgBmchYNeEZfuu0a6~EPz5sroSfKh79Hp-bkA18ue3FAhSMzUjNK~OxtsS7gb8IvBa5Ktd8Rsm-Ie8tmNIWbk7gT8msggQPqUNljRQYNMfnEQ2O~kKWloWhwVNLqBObQp8bMmh0~ydWjAXf9BwLo7rLJp9zLx99wTXTaoWRjSlIKNDX4f7VzYgDjCoteYIRrY0Tq37g0f7gey58M2vbaarv4OKSg9RAmnmucOyOhAOiCqjGfQzx3IXGJQQizoAMlSBhQdosDPRA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Predictors_of_COVID_19_vaccine_hesitancy_among_biomedical_students_of_Rivers_State_University","translatedSlug":"","pageCount":9,"language":"en","contentType":"Work","owner":{"id":81836630,"firstName":"Moore","middleInitials":"I","lastName":"Mike-Ogburia","pageName":"MooreMikeOgburia","domainName":"rsust","createdAt":"2018-05-17T05:30:32.346-07:00","displayName":"Moore 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class="ds2-5-article-card"><div class="ds2-5-article-card__metadata"><div class="ds2-5-article-card__metadata__article-type"><span class="color-indicator review_article"></span><span>Review article</span></div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__metadata__publication_date">November 11, 2024</div></div><a class="ds2-5-article-card__article-title-link" href="/articles/10.20935/AcadMed7394?source=academia-medicine-sap-page">From data to diagnosis: leveraging deep learning in IoT-based healthcare</a><div class="ds2-5-article-card__authors">Miracle Atianashie, Chukwuma Chinaza Adaobi</div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group"><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__label">downloads</div><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__value">824</div></div></div><div class="ds2-5-article-card__stat-group__stat"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small"><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__label">views</div><div class="ds2-5-stat--basic-small__value">2,997</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>Mike-Ogburia, Hart, Vito-Peter, Dio, Nwogu, and Ansaloni: Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical students of Rivers State University</title> </head> <body><div id="article-root"> <div id="article-front-container" class="sap__front-container"> <div id="article-front-column" class="sap__front"> <div id="article-front" class="sap__front"> <div class="sap__metadata sap__centered"><h1 class="sap__document-title">Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical students of Rivers State University</h1></div> <div class="sap__metadata sap__author-list"> <div class="sap__metadata sap__author"> <div class="sap__author-names"><div class="sap__metadata-group"><p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="id1"></a>Moore Ikechi Mike-Ogburia<a href="#anote-1">*</a><span class="sap__generated"> [</span><a href="#aff1">1</a>,<a href="#aff2">2</a><span class="sap__generated">]</span></p></div></div> <div class="sap__author-info"><div class="sap__metadata-group"></div></div> <span>,</span> </div> <div class="sap__metadata sap__author"> <div class="sap__author-names"><div class="sap__metadata-group"><p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="id2"></a>Gift Mibilanyeofori Hart<span class="sap__generated"> [</span><a href="#aff1">1</a><span class="sap__generated">]</span></p></div></div> <div class="sap__author-info"><div class="sap__metadata-group"></div></div> <span>,</span> </div> <div class="sap__metadata sap__author"> <div class="sap__author-names"><div class="sap__metadata-group"><p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="id3"></a>Barynem Vito-Peter<span class="sap__generated"> [</span><a href="#aff1">1</a><span class="sap__generated">]</span></p></div></div> <div class="sap__author-info"><div class="sap__metadata-group"></div></div> <span>,</span> </div> <div class="sap__metadata sap__author"> <div class="sap__author-names"><div class="sap__metadata-group"><p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="id4"></a>Aisha Dio<span class="sap__generated"> [</span><a href="#aff1">1</a><span class="sap__generated">]</span></p></div></div> <div class="sap__author-info"><div class="sap__metadata-group"></div></div> <span>,</span> </div> <div class="sap__metadata sap__author"> <div class="sap__author-names"><div class="sap__metadata-group"><p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="id5"></a>Victory Chidinma Nwogu<span class="sap__generated"> [</span><a href="#aff1">1</a><span class="sap__generated">]</span></p></div></div> <div class="sap__author-info"><div class="sap__metadata-group"></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="affiliation-list-link-area"><a id="affiliation-list-link" data-target="#affiliation-list" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)"><span>Author Affiliations</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="chevron" class="" width="16px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" style="vertical-align: middle;"><path d="m12 15.375-6-6 1.4-1.4 4.6 4.6 4.6-4.6 1.4 1.4Z" class="expand-more" fill="#222233"></path></svg></a></div> <div id="affiliation-list" class="sap__metadata sap__two-column sap__table collapse"><div class="affiliation-list-items"><div class="sap__row"> <div class="sap__cell sap__empty"></div> <div class="sap__cell"><div class="sap__metadata-group"> <p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="aff1"></a><sup>1</sup>Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.</p> <p class="sap__metadata-entry"><a id="aff2"></a><sup>2</sup>School of Public Health, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.</p> <a id="anote-1"></a><p class="sap__metadata-entry">*Correspondence to moore.mike-ogburia@ust.edu.ng</p> </div></div> </div></div></div> <div class="sap__dates-and-open-access"><div class="sap__metadata-area"> <p class="sap__metadata-entry"><span class="sap__generated"><a id="open-access-link" data-target="#sap__Open-Access" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)"><span>Open Access</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" id="chevron-open-access" class="" width="16px" height="16px" viewbox="0 0 24 24" style="vertical-align: middle;"><path d="m12 15.375-6-6 1.4-1.4 4.6 4.6 4.6-4.6 1.4 1.4Z" class="expand-more" fill="#222233"></path></svg></a></span></p> <div class="sap__metadata-chunk"><div id="sap__Open-Access" class="collapse"><div class="sap__metadata-chunk-content"><p>© 2024 copyright by the authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). <a target="xrefwindow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a></p></div></div></div> </div></div> </div> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="id6"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title"><span class="sap__generated">Abstract</span></h2> <p class="first" id="id7">Despite vaccination progress and a return to normalcy, new SARS-CoV-2 variants highlight the ongoing threat and potential for future pandemics. This reemphasizes the importance of studying specific demographics, such as university students, to understand their perceptions and behaviors regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students at Rivers State University. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was utilized, encompassing 220 biomedical science students from March to August 2022. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and Fisher’s exact tests were conducted using GraphPad Prism 9 software, with statistical significance set at <i>p</i> ≤ 0.05. Vaccine hesitancy was highly prevalent at 91.8% (95% CI: 87.4–94.8). Significant predictors of vaccine hesitancy included younger age (≤20 years) (RR = 1.088, 95% CI: 1.007–1.189, <i>p</i> = 0.0471), being single (RR = 1.327, 95% CI: 1.036–2.343, <i>p</i> = 0.0385), and employment in non-health-related fields (RR = 1.436, 95% CI: 1.100–2.455, <i>p</i> = 0.0076). The belief in the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccines was significantly associated with decreased vaccine hesitancy (RR = 0.9112, 95% CI: 0.8254–0.9857, <i>p</i> = 0.0265). Additionally, the perception that COVID-19 vaccines will always have adverse effects was also a significant predictor (RR = 1.110, 95% CI: 1.019–1.253, <i>p</i> = 0.0204). This study revealed a concerning prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students, emphasizing the importance of accurate information and targeted interventions to enhance vaccine acceptance within this vital demographic.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sap__spacer"></div> </div> <div id="article-container"> <div id="article-text"> <div id="article-body" class="sap__body"> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec1"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">1. Introduction</h2> <p id="id8">The emergence of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggered unprecedented repercussions on a global scale, deeply affecting public health, economies, and societal welfare. With millions of individuals worldwide impacted by its effects, COVID-19 posed formidable challenges to healthcare infrastructures and resource allocation [<a href="#ref1">1</a>, <a href="#ref2">2</a>]. The rapid development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines have been pivotal in controlling the spread of the virus, with over 70% of the global population having received at least one dose of a vaccine [<a href="#ref3">3</a>].</p> <p id="id9">Although many countries have lifted restrictions and are moving toward normalcy [<a href="#ref4">4</a>, <a href="#ref5">5</a>], the emergence of new variants [<a href="#ref6">6</a>–<a href="#ref8">8</a>] and the possibility of future pandemics [<a href="#ref9">9</a>] underscore the importance of understanding and addressing vaccine hesitancy. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic can inform strategies to improve vaccine uptake in current and future public health crises. Therefore, investigating vaccine hesitancy remains relevant for preparing to meet the ongoing and future public health challenges.</p> <p id="id10">Despite significant progress, vaccine hesitancy remains a barrier to achieving optimal vaccination coverage. Globally, varying levels of vaccine acceptance have been observed, influenced by factors such as misinformation, mistrust in healthcare systems, and concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy [<a href="#ref10">10</a>–<a href="#ref12">12</a>]. Vaccination rates in Nigeria remain suboptimal, with approximately 42% of the population having received at least one vaccine dose and only about 36% fully vaccinated as of November 2023 [<a href="#ref3">3</a>]. These figures highlight the need to address vaccine hesitancy to improve public health outcomes.</p> <p id="id11">University students represent a critical demographic in the context of vaccine uptake due to their high levels of social interaction and mobility, which can facilitate virus transmission [<a href="#ref13">13</a>]. Biomedical science students, in particular, hold a unique position, given their educational background and potential influence on public health perspectives within their communities. Understanding their attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination is essential, as they are future healthcare professionals who can play a pivotal role in promoting vaccine acceptance.</p> <p id="id12">Vaccine hesitancy, defined as the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines [<a href="#ref14">14</a>] emerged as a significant concern during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among university students [<a href="#ref15">15</a>]. In Nigeria, limited research has focused specifically on biomedical science students, despite their potential to significantly impact public health outcomes.</p> <p id="id13">Rivers State University (RSU), situated in Port Harcourt, Nigeria, is a prominent educational institution within the region, serving as a beacon for young, aspiring biomedical professionals. These students represent a microcosm of future healthcare leaders who are poised to shape the trajectory of healthcare delivery in their communities. Given their pivotal role in shaping public health policies and practices, it becomes imperative to understand their perspectives on crucial matters such as COVID-19 vaccination. However, there exists a dearth of research specifically focused on the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among this student population in Nigeria. Recognizing the heightened susceptibility of students to acquire and transmit the virus, particularly amid the false assumption of invulnerability [<a href="#ref16">16</a>], it becomes paramount to explore the dynamics of vaccine hesitancy within this context.</p> <p id="id14">This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students at RSU in Port Harcourt. By identifying the factors influencing their attitudes toward vaccination, targeted interventions can be developed to enhance vaccine acceptance, not only for COVID-19 but also for future infectious diseases.</p> </div> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec2"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">2. Materials and methods</h2> <div class="sap__sub-section"> <a id="sec2_1"></a><h3 class="sap__section-title">2.1. Study design</h3> <p id="id15">The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design to investigate the prevalence and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students at RSU, Port Harcourt, from March to August 2022.</p> </div> <div class="sap__sub-section"> <a id="sec2_2"></a><h3 class="sap__section-title">2.2. Study area</h3> <p id="id16">The study was exclusively conducted within the Department of Medical Laboratory Science at RSU in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. This department serves as the nucleus of education for biomedical science students, commonly known as medical laboratory science students. The deliberate selection of this department was strategic, given its central role in shaping the academic and professional trajectory of students within the biomedical sciences. Renowned for its rigorous curriculum and dedication to grooming future healthcare professionals, the Department of Medical Laboratory Science at RSU offers a distinctive academic milieu for exploring the prevalence and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among students who are poised to make significant contributions to medical diagnostics and healthcare delivery in the region and beyond. Situated in Port Harcourt, the capital city of Rivers State (<b><a href="#fig001">Figure 1</a></b>), the study benefits from the dynamic backdrop of this vibrant urban center, enabling an exploration of the perspectives and behaviors of these students within the broader societal and regional context. Encompassing the diverse academic and cultural landscape of RSU, the study area provides valuable insights into how biomedical science students respond to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, offering implications for public health strategies and interventions tailored to this specific academic community.</p> <div class="sap__fig sap__figure_panel"> <a id="fig001"></a><h5 class="sap__label">Figure 1</h5> <div class="sap__caption"><h3 class="sap__title">(a) Map of Rivers State highlighting Port Harcourt (study area), (b) map of Nigeria highlighting Rivers State, and (c) map of Africa highlighting Nigeria [<a href="#ref17">17</a>].</h3></div> <img alt="media/image3.png" src="https://journals.academia-photos.com/4/7417/image3.png"> </div> </div> <div class="sap__sub-section"> <a id="sec2_3"></a><h3 class="sap__section-title">2.3. Study population, sample size, and sample technique</h3> <p id="id17">The study population consisted exclusively of undergraduate students enrolled in the Department of Medical Laboratory Science at RSU, Port Harcourt, constituting a vital subset of the medical laboratory science community.</p> <p id="id18">To ensure a representative sample, the sample size for this study was determined to be 220 participants using a sample size calculator for prevalence studies [<a href="#ref18">18</a>]. This calculation was based on the findings of a previous study that reported a 13% prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and resistance among university students [<a href="#ref19">19</a>]. To account for potential nonresponse, an additional 20% was added to the calculated sample size, resulting in a total sample size of 220 participants.</p> <p id="id19">A stratified sampling technique was employed to ensure proportional representation from different academic levels within the study population. Specifically, 50 students were included from the first- and second-year classes (lower years), while each subsequent upper academic year (third to fifth year) comprised 40 students each.</p> </div> <div class="sap__sub-section"> <a id="sec2_4"></a><h3 class="sap__section-title">2.4. Data collection</h3> <p id="id20">The data collection for this study employed an interviewer-administered questionnaire, designed based on the existing literature to explore multifaceted aspects [<a href="#ref12">12</a>, <a href="#ref15">15</a>, <a href="#ref19">19</a>, <a href="#ref20">20</a>]. The questionnaire covered different sections, including participant sociodemographic characteristics, vaccine hesitancy, perceptions toward COVID-19/COVID-19 vaccine, and the rationale behind any hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccination. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were ensured through several steps. Content validity was established by conducting an extensive literature review and consulting with experts to ensure that all items accurately reflected the constructs of vaccine hesitancy. Face validity was further confirmed through expert review, involving a specialist in infectious disease management to ensure that the questions adequately addressed vaccine hesitancy, and a measurement and evaluation expert to identify and correct issues, such as confusing, leading, or double-barreled questions. The questionnaire was revised accordingly. Pilot testing was conducted with 22 participants (10% of the sample size) to further refine the questions for clarity and relevance. Reliability was assessed using Cohen’s kappa to evaluate inter-rater agreement, yielding a substantial agreement with a kappa value of 0.71, indicating that the questionnaire consistently and reliably measured vaccine hesitancy.</p> </div> <div class="sap__sub-section"> <a id="sec2_5"></a><h3 class="sap__section-title">2.5. Variables</h3> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec2_5_1"></a><h4 class="sap__subsection-title">Dependent variables</h4> <p id="id21">The dependent variable in this study was vaccine hesitancy, defined as reluctance or refusal to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.</p> </div> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec2_5_2"></a><h4 class="sap__subsection-title">Independent variables</h4> <p id="id22">The independent variables examined in this study encompassed various sociodemographic characteristics and perceptions toward COVID-19 and its vaccines. Sociodemographic variables included age, gender, marital status, academic year, occupation (besides studies), nature of employment, and religion. Perceptions toward COVID-19 and its vaccines, such as the belief that COVID-19 still exists, perceptions of the lethality of COVID-19, vulnerability to COVID-19 infection, belief in the protective efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, concerns about adverse effects of vaccines, the notion that COVID-19 vaccines can transmit the virus, the belief that vaccines were developed too quickly, and concerns about the potential of COVID-19 vaccines to cause infertility.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sap__sub-section"> <a id="sec2_6"></a><h3 class="sap__section-title">2.6. Bias mitigation strategies</h3> <p id="id23">This study utilized several approaches to mitigate bias. Stratified sampling was used to reduce selection bias. The use of standardized questionnaires helped minimize measurement bias. Reporting bias was reduced by strictly adhering to a predetermined analysis plan.</p> </div> <div class="sap__sub-section"> <a id="sec2_7"></a><h3 class="sap__section-title">2.7. Data analysis</h3> <p id="id24">The data collected for the study were initially entered into Microsoft Excel 365. The data were then cleaned and checked for completeness and accuracy before being exported to GraphPad Prism 9 for further analysis. Data analysis employed both descriptive and inferential statistics to unveil key insights into the predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical laboratory science students at RSU, Port Harcourt. Descriptive statistics were used initially to succinctly summarize sociodemographic characteristics, providing a comprehensive overview of the study population. The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was calculated as a percentage of students expressing reluctance or refusal to vaccinate. The exploration of associations between categorical variables was facilitated by Fisher’s exact tests, providing valuable insights into potential relationships within the dataset. Relative risks (RRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to quantify the strength of these associations. Statistical significance was set at <i>p ≤</i> 0.05.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec3"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">3. Results</h2> <p id="id25">A total of 220 participants, aged between 16 and 32 years (mean age = 21.45 years), participated in the study. Most of the participants were over 20 years old (54.1%), predominantly female (64.1%), and single (95.5%). The majority were unemployed (62.7%), while 82 participants (37.3%) were employed, with 85.36% working in establishments unrelated to health. Most participants identified as Christian (97.7%).</p> <p id="id26">The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in this study was 91.8% (95% CI: 87.4–94.8) (<b><a href="#fig002">Figure 2</a></b>), with 202 out of the 220 participants hesitant to COVID-19 vaccination.</p> <p id="id27">Age was significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy (<i>p</i> = 0.0471). Students aged 20 years or younger exhibited a higher prevalence of vaccine hesitancy (96%) compared to those older than 20 years (88.2%). The RR of vaccine hesitancy for the younger age group was 1.088, with a 95% CI of 1.007–1.189, indicating that they were approximately 8.8% more likely to be hesitant than their older counterparts. Marital status was also significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy (<i>p</i> = 0.0385). Single students had a higher prevalence of vaccine hesitancy (92.9%) compared to married students (70%). The RR for single students was 1.327 (95% CI: 1.036–2.343), suggesting that they were significantly more likely to be hesitant than married students. Among those who were employed in addition to their studies (<i>n</i> = 82), the nature of employment was significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy (<i>p</i> = 0.0076). Students employed in areas unrelated to health had a higher prevalence of vaccine hesitancy (95.7%) compared to those in health-related employment (66.7%). The RR for students in non-health-related jobs was 1.436 (95% CI: 1.100–2.455), indicating a significantly higher likelihood of hesitancy. Other sociodemographic factors such as gender, academic year, employment status, and religion did not show a statistically significant association with vaccine hesitancy (<i>p</i> > 0.05) (<b><a href="#table001">Table 1</a></b>).</p> <div class="sap__fig sap__figure_panel"> <a id="fig002"></a><h5 class="sap__label">Figure 2</h5> <div class="sap__caption"><h4 class="sap__subsection-title">Prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among study participants.</h4></div> <img alt="media/image4.png" src="https://journals.academia-photos.com/4/7417/image4.png"> </div> <div class="sap__table-wrap sap__figure_panel"> <a id="table001"></a><h5 class="sap__label">Table 1</h5> <div class="sap__caption"><h4 class="sap__subsection-title">Association between vaccine hesitancy and the sociodemographic characteristics of study participants</h4></div> <table frame="box" rules="all" cellpadding="6"> <a id="id28"></a><thead> <a id="id29"></a><tr> <a id="id30"></a><th align="left"> <a id="id31"></a>Variable</th> <th> <a id="id32"></a><i>N</i> </th> <th> <a id="id33"></a>Hesitant (%)</th> <th> <a id="id34"></a>Non-hesitant (%)</th> <th> <a id="id35"></a>RR: 95% CI</th> <th> <a id="id36"></a><i>p</i> Value</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <a id="id37"></a><tr> <a id="id38"></a><td colspan="4"> <a id="id39"></a><b>Age</b> </td> <td><a id="id40"></a></td> <td><a id="id41"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id42"></a><td> <a id="id43"></a>≤20</td> <td> <a id="id44"></a>101</td> <td> <a id="id45"></a>97 (96)</td> <td> <a id="id46"></a>4 (4)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id47"></a>1.088: 1.007–1.189</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id48"></a>0.0471*</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id49"></a><td> <a id="id50"></a>>20</td> <td> <a id="id51"></a>119</td> <td> <a id="id52"></a>105 (88.2)</td> <td> <a id="id53"></a>14 (11.8)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id54"></a><td> <a id="id55"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id56"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id57"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id58"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id59"></a><td colspan="4"> <a id="id60"></a><b>Gender</b> </td> <td><a id="id61"></a></td> <td><a id="id62"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id63"></a><td> <a id="id64"></a>Male</td> <td> <a id="id65"></a>79</td> <td> <a id="id66"></a>74 (93.7)</td> <td> <a id="id67"></a>5 (6.3)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id68"></a>1.032: 0.9395–1.117</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id69"></a>0.6099</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id70"></a><td> <a id="id71"></a>Female</td> <td> <a id="id72"></a>141</td> <td> <a id="id73"></a>128 (90.8)</td> <td> <a id="id74"></a>13 (9.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id75"></a><td> <a id="id76"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id77"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id78"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id79"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id80"></a><td colspan="4"> <a id="id81"></a><b>Marital status</b> </td> <td><a id="id82"></a></td> <td><a id="id83"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id84"></a><td> <a id="id85"></a>Single</td> <td> <a id="id86"></a>210</td> <td> <a id="id87"></a>195 (92.9)</td> <td> <a id="id88"></a>15 (7.14)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id89"></a>1.327: 1.036–2.343</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id90"></a>0.0385*</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id91"></a><td> <a id="id92"></a>Married</td> <td> <a id="id93"></a>10</td> <td> <a id="id94"></a>7 (70)</td> <td> <a id="id95"></a>3 (30)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id96"></a><td> <a id="id97"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id98"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id99"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id100"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id101"></a><td colspan="4"> <a id="id102"></a><b>Academic year</b> </td> <td><a id="id103"></a></td> <td><a id="id104"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id105"></a><td> <a id="id106"></a>Lower years</td> <td> <a id="id107"></a>100</td> <td> <a id="id108"></a>93 (93)</td> <td> <a id="id109"></a>7 (7)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id110"></a>1.024: 0.9390–1.114</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id111"></a>0.6276</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id112"></a><td> <a id="id113"></a>Upper years</td> <td> <a id="id114"></a>120</td> <td> <a id="id115"></a>109 (90.8)</td> <td> <a id="id116"></a>11 (9.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id117"></a><td> <a id="id118"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id119"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id120"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id121"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id122"></a><td colspan="4"> <a id="id123"></a><b>Occupation (apart from studies)</b> </td> <td><a id="id124"></a></td> <td><a id="id125"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id126"></a><td> <a id="id127"></a>Unemployed</td> <td> <a id="id128"></a>138</td> <td> <a id="id129"></a>127 (92)</td> <td> <a id="id130"></a>11 (7.97)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id131"></a>1.006: 0.9286–1.112</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id132"></a>>0.9999</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id133"></a><td> <a id="id134"></a>Employed</td> <td> <a id="id135"></a>82</td> <td> <a id="id136"></a>75 (91.5)</td> <td> <a id="id137"></a>7 (8.5)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id138"></a><td> <a id="id139"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id140"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id141"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id142"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id143"></a><td colspan="4"> <a id="id144"></a><b>Nature of employment (<i>N</i> = 82)</b> </td> <td><a id="id145"></a></td> <td><a id="id146"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id147"></a><td> <a id="id148"></a>Unrelated to health</td> <td> <a id="id149"></a>70</td> <td> <a id="id150"></a>67 (95.7)</td> <td> <a id="id151"></a>3 (4.29)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id152"></a>1.436: 1.100–2.455</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id153"></a>0.0076<a href="#table-fn1_1"><sup>*</sup></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id154"></a><td> <a id="id155"></a>Related to health</td> <td> <a id="id156"></a>12</td> <td> <a id="id157"></a>8 (66.7)</td> <td> <a id="id158"></a>4 (33.3)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id159"></a><td> <a id="id160"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id161"></a>82</td> <td> <a id="id162"></a>75 (91.5)</td> <td> <a id="id163"></a>7 (8.5)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id164"></a><td colspan="4"> <a id="id165"></a><b>Religion</b> </td> <td><a id="id166"></a></td> <td><a id="id167"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id168"></a><td> <a id="id169"></a>Christians</td> <td> <a id="id170"></a>215</td> <td> <a id="id171"></a>197 (91.6)</td> <td> <a id="id172"></a>18 (8.4)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id173"></a>0.9163: 0.8716–1.622</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id174"></a>>0.9999</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id175"></a><td> <a id="id176"></a>Non-Christians</td> <td> <a id="id177"></a>5</td> <td> <a id="id178"></a>5 (100)</td> <td> <a id="id179"></a>0 (0)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id180"></a><td> <a id="id181"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id182"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id183"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id184"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="sap__table-wrap-foot"><div class="sap__fn-group"><div class="sap__footnote"> <a id="table-fn1_1"></a><p id="id185">* Statistical significance <i>p <</i> 0.05.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <p id="id186"><b><a href="#table002">Table 2</a></b> illustrates the association between vaccine hesitancy and participants’ perceptions of COVID-19 and its vaccines. The findings highlight that certain misconceptions and beliefs significantly influence vaccine hesitancy among the participants. A significant association was found regarding the belief that COVID-19 vaccines are protective against the virus (<i>p</i> = 0.0265). Among the participants who believed in the protective effect of the vaccines, 87.3% were hesitant to receive the vaccine, while 12.7% were non-hesitant. In contrast, among those who were unsure or did not believe in the vaccine’s protective ability, a higher hesitancy rate of 95.8% was observed, with only 4.2% being non-hesitant. The RR was 0.9112 (95% CI: 0.8254–0.9857), indicating that belief in vaccine efficacy was associated with a decreased likelihood of hesitancy. Another significant association was found with the perception that vaccines will always have adverse effects (<i>p</i> = 0.0204). Participants who believed that vaccines invariably cause adverse effects exhibited a higher hesitancy rate of 95.1%, compared to an 85.7% hesitancy rate among those who did not hold this belief or were unsure. The RR was 1.110 (95% CI: 1.019–1.253), suggesting that concerns about adverse effects increased the likelihood of vaccine hesitancy. Other perceptions did not show a statistically significant association with vaccine hesitancy (<i>p</i> > 0.05).</p> <p id="id187">The study also investigated the rationale behind COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, presenting a breakdown of the percentage distribution of various factors influencing hesitancy among the students. Safety concerns emerged as the predominant factor, cited by 44.1% of participants, highlighting a substantial apprehension regarding the safety profile of the vaccines. Efficacy concerns were noted by 11.9%, signifying a portion of the population remained skeptical about the vaccines’ effectiveness. Conspiracy theories contributed significantly, with 21.8% expressing hesitancy based on such narratives. Adverse reactions constituted a notable factor, influencing 32.7% of participants. Other factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy included lack of time (7.4%), no specific reason (3.5%), lack of interest (2.5%), and religious beliefs (2.5%). The minimal percentage attributing hesitancy to a lack of information (1%) suggests that, in this cohort, information gaps played a comparatively minor role (<b><a href="#fig003">Figure 3</a></b>).</p> <div class="sap__table-wrap sap__figure_panel"> <a id="table002"></a><h5 class="sap__label">Table 2</h5> <div class="sap__caption"><h4 class="sap__subsection-title">Association between vaccine hesitancy and perceptions of COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccine among study participants</h4></div> <table frame="box" rules="all" cellpadding="6"> <a id="id188"></a><thead> <a id="id189"></a><tr> <a id="id190"></a><th align="left"> <a id="id191"></a>Variable</th> <th> <a id="id192"></a><i>N</i> </th> <th> <a id="id193"></a>Hesitant (%)</th> <th> <a id="id194"></a>Non-hesitant (%)</th> <th> <a id="id195"></a>RR: 95% CI</th> <th> <a id="id196"></a><i>p</i> Value</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <a id="id197"></a><tr> <a id="id198"></a><td colspan="5"> <a id="id199"></a><b>COVID-19 still exists</b> </td> <td><a id="id200"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id201"></a><td> <a id="id202"></a>Yes</td> <td> <a id="id203"></a>174</td> <td> <a id="id204"></a>157 (90.2)</td> <td> <a id="id205"></a>17 (9.8)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id206"></a>0.9223: 0.8633–1.022</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id207"></a>0.1308</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id208"></a><td> <a id="id209"></a>No or unsure</td> <td> <a id="id210"></a>46</td> <td> <a id="id211"></a>45 (97.8)</td> <td> <a id="id212"></a>1 (2.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id213"></a><td> <a id="id214"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id215"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id216"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id217"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id218"></a><td colspan="5"> <a id="id219"></a><b>COVID-19 can kill</b> </td> <td><a id="id220"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id221"></a><td> <a id="id222"></a>Yes</td> <td> <a id="id223"></a>187</td> <td> <a id="id224"></a>172 (92)</td> <td> <a id="id225"></a>15 (8)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id226"></a>1.012: 0.9292–1.207</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id227"></a>0.7383</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id228"></a><td> <a id="id229"></a>No or unsure</td> <td> <a id="id230"></a>33</td> <td> <a id="id231"></a>30 (90.9)</td> <td> <a id="id232"></a>3 (9.1)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id233"></a><td> <a id="id234"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id235"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id236"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id237"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id238"></a><td colspan="4"> <a id="id239"></a><b>Vulnerable to COVID-19 infection</b> </td> <td><a id="id240"></a></td> <td><a id="id241"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id242"></a><td> <a id="id243"></a>Yes</td> <td> <a id="id244"></a>107</td> <td> <a id="id245"></a>100 (93.5)</td> <td> <a id="id246"></a>7 (6.5)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id247"></a>1.035: 0.9524–1.130</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id248"></a>0.4648</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id249"></a><td> <a id="id250"></a>No or unsure</td> <td> <a id="id251"></a>113</td> <td> <a id="id252"></a>102 (90.3)</td> <td> <a id="id253"></a>11 (9.7)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id254"></a><td> <a id="id255"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id256"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id257"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id258"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id259"></a><td colspan="5"> <a id="id260"></a><b>COVID-19 vaccines are protective against COVID-19</b> </td> <td><a id="id261"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id262"></a><td> <a id="id263"></a>Yes</td> <td> <a id="id264"></a>102</td> <td> <a id="id265"></a>89 (87.3)</td> <td> <a id="id266"></a>13 (12.7)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id267"></a>0.9112: 0.8254–0.9857</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id268"></a>0.0265*</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id269"></a><td> <a id="id270"></a>No or unsure</td> <td> <a id="id271"></a>118</td> <td> <a id="id272"></a>113 (95.8)</td> <td> <a id="id273"></a>5 (4.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id274"></a><td> <a id="id275"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id276"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id277"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id278"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id279"></a><td colspan="5"> <a id="id280"></a><b>The vaccines will always have adverse effects</b> </td> <td><a id="id281"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id282"></a><td> <a id="id283"></a>Yes</td> <td> <a id="id284"></a>143</td> <td> <a id="id285"></a>136 (95.1)</td> <td> <a id="id286"></a>7 (4.9)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id287"></a>1.110: 1.019–1.253</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id288"></a>0.0204<a href="#table-fn2_1"><sup>*</sup></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id289"></a><td> <a id="id290"></a>No or unsure</td> <td> <a id="id291"></a>77</td> <td> <a id="id292"></a>66 (85.7)</td> <td> <a id="id293"></a>11 (14.3)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id294"></a><td> <a id="id295"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id296"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id297"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id298"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id299"></a><td colspan="5"> <a id="id300"></a><b>COVID-19 vaccines can transmit the virus</b> </td> <td><a id="id301"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id302"></a><td> <a id="id303"></a>Yes</td> <td> <a id="id304"></a>39</td> <td> <a id="id305"></a>35 (89.7)</td> <td> <a id="id306"></a>4 (10.3)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id307"></a>0.9727: 0.8254–1.061</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id308"></a>0.5335</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id309"></a><td> <a id="id310"></a>No or unsure</td> <td> <a id="id311"></a>181</td> <td> <a id="id312"></a>167 (92.3)</td> <td> <a id="id313"></a>14 (7.7)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id314"></a><td> <a id="id315"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id316"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id317"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id318"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id319"></a><td colspan="5"> <a id="id320"></a><b>COVID-19 vaccines were developed too quickly</b> </td> <td><a id="id321"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id322"></a><td> <a id="id323"></a>Yes</td> <td> <a id="id324"></a>166</td> <td> <a id="id325"></a>150 (90.4)</td> <td> <a id="id326"></a>16 (9.64)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id327"></a>0.9384: 0.8742–1.039</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id328"></a>0.2531</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id329"></a><td> <a id="id330"></a>No or unsure</td> <td> <a id="id331"></a>54</td> <td> <a id="id332"></a>52 (96.3)</td> <td> <a id="id333"></a>2 (3.7)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id334"></a><td> <a id="id335"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id336"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id337"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id338"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id339"></a><td colspan="5"> <a id="id340"></a><b>COVID-19 vaccines can cause infertility</b> </td> <td><a id="id341"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id342"></a><td> <a id="id343"></a>Yes</td> <td> <a id="id344"></a>19</td> <td> <a id="id345"></a>18 (94.7)</td> <td> <a id="id346"></a>1 (5.26)</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id347"></a>1.035: 0.8216–1.114</td> <td valign="top" rowspan="3"> <a id="id348"></a>>0.9999</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id349"></a><td> <a id="id350"></a>No or unsure</td> <td> <a id="id351"></a>201</td> <td> <a id="id352"></a>184 (91.5)</td> <td> <a id="id353"></a>17 (8.5)</td> </tr> <tr> <a id="id354"></a><td> <a id="id355"></a>Total</td> <td> <a id="id356"></a>220</td> <td> <a id="id357"></a>202 (91.8)</td> <td> <a id="id358"></a>18 (8.2)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="sap__table-wrap-foot"><div class="sap__fn-group"><div class="sap__footnote"> <a id="table-fn2_1"></a><p id="id359">* Statistical significance <i>p</i> < 0.05.</p> </div></div></div> </div> <div class="sap__fig sap__figure_panel"> <a id="fig003"></a><h5 class="sap__label">Figure 3</h5> <div class="sap__caption"><h4 class="sap__subsection-title">Rationale for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among study participants.</h4></div> <img alt="media/image5.png" src="https://journals.academia-photos.com/4/7417/image5.png"> </div> </div> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec4"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">4. Discussion</h2> <p id="id360">The study’s findings revealed a remarkably high prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the students, reaching 91.8% despite their robust medical and biological science background. This finding raises critical concerns about the willingness of this student population to accept the COVID-19 vaccination, which is pivotal in global efforts to curb the spread of the virus. Interestingly, this prevalence surpasses the 65% vaccine hesitancy reported in a previous Nigerian study [<a href="#ref12">12</a>] while aligning closely with the 95% hesitancy rate observed among nonmedical students in Pakistan [<a href="#ref15">15</a>]. Several factors might explain this discrepancy. Regional differences within Nigeria could contribute to varying levels of vaccine acceptance. Port Harcourt, a city in southern Nigeria, where this study was conducted, may have unique cultural, social, or political factors influencing vaccine perceptions compared to the eastern region studied by Uzochukwu et al. [<a href="#ref12">12</a>]. Furthermore, the participants in our study, although biomedical students, might have had increased exposure to complex scientific debates surrounding vaccine development, potentially leading to greater scrutiny and skepticism. Their academic training may also make them more aware of the uncertainties and limitations associated with rapid vaccine development and deployment, thereby influencing their hesitancy.</p> <p id="id361">The study identified age as a significant predictor of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students, with those aged 20 years or younger exhibiting a higher prevalence of vaccine hesitancy compared to older students. This finding implies that younger students may be more reluctant to accept vaccination, potentially impacting overall public health efforts to control the pandemic within this demographic. Increased hesitancy among younger students may be due to factors such as perceived lower risk of severe disease outcomes, greater susceptibility to social media misinformation, or less exposure to credible health information sources. This finding is corroborated by similar studies in Nigeria [<a href="#ref21">21</a>] and Germany [<a href="#ref22">22</a>], but it differs from the findings of Uzochukwu et al. [<a href="#ref12">12</a>] in Nigeria. The discrepancy could be attributed to differences in study populations, as the study by Uzochukwu et al. [<a href="#ref12">12</a>] involved a mixed population of staff and students in a Nigerian university.</p> <p id="id362">Vaccine hesitancy was significantly associated with marital status, with single students being approximately 32.7% more likely to exhibit vaccine hesitancy than their married counterparts. This finding implies that marital status influences attitudes toward vaccination, potentially due to differences in life responsibilities, risk perceptions, or social support systems. Married students may feel a greater responsibility to protect not only themselves but also their families, leading to higher vaccine acceptance. They may also benefit from stronger support networks that encourage positive health behaviors, including vaccination. This finding aligns with similar studies conducted in Nigeria [<a href="#ref21">21</a>] and Iraq [<a href="#ref23">23</a>], suggesting a trend in vaccine hesitancy among unmarried individuals across different regions. However, it diverges from the findings of a previous study by Uzochukwu et al. [<a href="#ref12">12</a>], in which married students exhibited a higher level of vaccine hesitancy. This discrepancy highlights the complexity of vaccine acceptance behaviors and the potential influence of contextual factors, such as cultural norms, socioeconomic status, and access to information. The varying patterns observed across studies highlight the need for further research to elucidate the underlying determinants of vaccine hesitancy across diverse populations and contexts.</p> <p id="id363">The nature of employment among students was a significant predictor of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Those employed in non-health-related fields were 43.6% more likely to exhibit vaccine hesitancy than their peers working in health-related sectors. This suggests that students engaged in health-related employment may have greater exposure to medical information, a heightened awareness of vaccination benefits, and a better understanding of COVID-19 risks. Their work environments likely reinforce the importance of vaccines in preventing disease transmission. Conversely, students in non-health-related jobs may have limited access to accurate health information, making them more susceptible to misinformation or less aware of vaccine benefits. These findings align with results from a previous study [<a href="#ref20">20</a>], highlighting the influence of occupational factors on individuals’ attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination.</p> <p id="id364">Belief in the protective effect of COVID-19 vaccines was significantly associated with decreased vaccine hesitancy among participants. Those who believed in the vaccine’s efficacy were less likely to be hesitant than those who did not. This finding highlights the critical role that confidence in vaccine effectiveness plays in influencing individuals’ willingness to be vaccinated. The reduced hesitancy among those who believe in the vaccine’s efficacy may be attributed to a better understanding of immunology and the benefits of vaccination, possibly stemming from their biomedical education. These findings are corroborated by previous studies [<a href="#ref19">19</a>, <a href="#ref20">20</a>], which underscore the pivotal role of information, misinformation, and individual beliefs in influencing vaccine acceptance.</p> <p id="id365">A significant association was observed between the perception that vaccines will always have adverse effects and vaccine hesitancy among participants. Those who believed that vaccines invariably cause adverse effects were approximately 11% more likely to be vaccine-hesitant than those who did not hold such beliefs, which aligns with the findings of previous studies [<a href="#ref12">12</a>, <a href="#ref20">20</a>]. This suggests that concerns about adverse effects significantly increase the likelihood of vaccine hesitancy. The heightened hesitancy may be attributed to misinformation or exaggerated fears about vaccine safety.</p> <p id="id366">The delineation of rationales influencing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, as reported by the biomedical science students at RSU, provides distinctive insight into the reasons underpinning this reluctance or refusal to be vaccinated. Safety concerns emerged as the most prevalent factor, cited by 44.1% of participants. This finding mirrors similar observations in the existing literature [<a href="#ref12">12</a>, <a href="#ref19">19</a>, <a href="#ref20">20</a>], highlighting a significant degree of concern among students about the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines. Addressing these safety concerns is of paramount importance in enhancing vaccine confidence and uptake within this population.</p> <p id="id367">Efficacy concerns, highlighted by 11.9% of participants, shed light on a subset of the student population that harbors doubts about the effectiveness of the vaccines. This finding resonates with similar observations in previous studies conducted in Nigeria [<a href="#ref12">12</a>] and other regions [<a href="#ref19">19</a>], underscoring the importance of addressing misconceptions surrounding vaccine efficacy. It underscores the critical need for clear and transparent communication regarding the demonstrated efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing infection, severe illness, and transmission.</p> <p id="id368">Conspiracy theories emerged as a noteworthy contributor to vaccine hesitancy, with 21.8% of participants expressing hesitancy based on such narratives. This finding aligns with similar observations reported in previous studies [<a href="#ref12">12</a>, <a href="#ref19">19</a>], underscoring the pervasive impact of misinformation on individuals’ attitudes toward vaccination. It underscores the pressing need for targeted interventions aimed at countering false narratives and enhancing health literacy among students.</p> <p id="id369">Adverse reactions constituted a notable factor influencing vaccine hesitancy, with 32.7% of participants citing this concern. Findings from previous studies also highlight adverse reactions as a key factor influencing vaccine hesitancy [<a href="#ref12">12</a>, <a href="#ref20">20</a>], thereby corroborating the observations made in the current study. Addressing this apprehension involves providing accurate information about the rarity of severe adverse events and the overall safety profile of the vaccines.</p> <p id="id370">Other factors contributing to vaccine hesitancy included lack of time (7.4%), no specific reason (3.5%), lack of interest (2.5%), and religious beliefs (2.5%). The minimal percentage attributing hesitancy to a lack of information (1%) suggests that in this cohort, information gaps played a relatively minor role. This is an interesting finding, indicating that hesitancy is more deeply rooted in concerns about safety, efficacy, and external influences such as conspiracy theories.</p> <p id="id371">One limitation inherent in this study is the reliance on self-reported data, which introduces the potential for recall bias and social desirability bias, potentially influencing the accuracy of responses. Participants may inadvertently provide inaccurate or exaggerated information due to memory lapses or a desire to present themselves in a favorable light. Additionally, the study’s focus on a specific university setting, while advantageous for detailed exploration within this context, may constrain the generalizability of findings to broader populations. Factors unique to the university environment, such as demographics and institutional policies, may influence the prevalence and predictors of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy differently compared to other settings. As such, caution should be exercised when extrapolating the study findings to broader populations, and further research encompassing diverse settings and demographics is warranted to validate and augment the study’s findings.</p> <p id="id372">Future research should explore the underlying reasons for vaccine hesitancy among younger and single students, as well as those in non-health-related fields, to develop targeted interventions. Additionally, studies could assess the impact of tailored educational campaigns on reducing hesitancy and investigate how emerging COVID-19 variants may further influence vaccine attitudes across diverse student populations.</p> </div> <div class="sap__section"> <a id="sec5"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">5. Conclusions</h2> <p id="id373">In conclusion, this study offers a comprehensive examination of the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among biomedical science students at RSU, Port Harcourt. A staggering 91.8% of students reported vaccine hesitancy, with younger age, being unmarried, working in establishments unrelated to health as well as disbelief in the vaccine protective ability and perceptions of adverse effects emerging as significant predictors of vaccine hesitancy. Additionally, safety concerns, conspiracy theories, and adverse reactions were identified as pivotal factors shaping vaccine hesitancy. These findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted interventions that address safety perceptions, dispel misinformation, and tailor strategies to the diverse sociocultural contexts within the student community. As future healthcare professionals, understanding and addressing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in this cohort are crucial for fostering informed decision-making and enhancing public health outcomes.</p> </div> </div> <div id="article-back" class="sap__back"> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="abbreviations1"></a><h4 class="sap__block-title">Abbreviations</h4> <div class="sap__def-list"> <a id="id374"></a><div class="sap__def-list sap__table"> <div class="sap__def-item sap__row" id="id375"><div class="sap__def-term sap__cell" id="id376"><p>CI: confidence interval</p></div></div> <div class="sap__def-item sap__row" id="id377"><div class="sap__def-term sap__cell" id="id378"><p>COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019</p></div></div> <div class="sap__def-item sap__row" id="id379"><div class="sap__def-term sap__cell" id="id380"><p>RR: relative risk</p></div></div> <div class="sap__def-item sap__row" id="id381"><div class="sap__def-term sap__cell" id="id382"><p>RSU: Rivers State University</p></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="id384"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Acknowledgments</h2> <p id="id383">The authors are grateful to the students of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science who participated in this study. We also appreciate the support received from the staff and Head of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec6"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Funding</h2> <p id="id385">The authors declare no financial support for the research, authorship, or publication of this article.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec7"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Author contributions</h2> <p id="id386">Conceptualization, M.I.M. and G.M.H.; methodology, M.I.M. and G.M.H.; formal analysis, M.I.M.; resources, G.M.H.; data curation, M.I.M., G.M.H., B.V., A.D. and V.C.N.; writing—original draft preparation, M.I.M. and G.M.H.; writing—review and editing, M.I.M., G.M.H., B.V., A.D. and V.C.N.; supervision, M.I.M.; project administration, M.I.M. and G.M.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="id388"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Conflict of interest</h2> <p id="id387">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec9"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Data availability statement</h2> <p id="id389">Data supporting these findings are available within the article, at <a target="xrefwindow" href="https://doi.org/10.20935/AcadMed7417" id="id390">https://doi.org/10.20935/AcadMed7417</a>, or upon request.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec10"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Institutional review board statement</h2> <p id="id391">This study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the ethics review committee of the Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University (MLS/2022/ERC/UG/DE.2017/4737, approved on June 14, 2022).</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec11"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Informed consent statement</h2> <p id="id392">The aim of the study was duly communicated to the participants before obtaining informed consent. Additionally, the parents/ guardians of willing students under the age of 18 years were contacted to obtain consent prior to enrolling their children/ wards in the study.</p> </div> <div class="sap__back-section"> <a id="sec12"></a><h2 class="sap__main-title">Publisher’s note</h2> <p id="id393">Academia.edu Journals stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. 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PLoS One. 2023;18(3):e0282523. doi: <a target="xrefwindow" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282523" id="id463">10.1371/journal.pone.0282523</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="sap__spacer"></div> </div> <div id="article-keywords" class="sap__sub-section"> <h3 class="sap__section-title"> Keywords </h3> <div class="sap__title sap__display-row">COVID-19, vaccine, hesitancy, predictors, risk factors, biomedical science, medical laboratory science, Rivers State University</div> </div> </div></body> </html> </div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb }); </script> <script>(() => { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const tableOfContents = document.querySelector('#article-table-of-contents'); // const mobileTableOfContents = 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