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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioonenjin" title="Ioonenjin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ioonenjin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="محرك أيوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محرك أيوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsor_i%C3%B3nicu" title="Propulsor iónicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Propulsor iónicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Іонны рухавік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іонны рухавік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Йонен двигател – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йонен двигател" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_i%C3%B2nic" title="Motor iònic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motor iònic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontov%C3%BD_motor" title="Iontový motor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iontový motor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-motor" title="Ion-motor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ion-motor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionenantrieb" title="Ionenantrieb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ionenantrieb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioonmootor" title="Ioonmootor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ioonmootor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_thruster" title="Ion thruster – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ion thruster" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsor_i%C3%B3nico" title="Propulsor iónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Propulsor iónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonpelilo" title="Jonpelilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jonpelilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_ioniko" title="Motor ioniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Motor ioniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پیشرانه یونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیشرانه یونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moteur_ionique" title="Moteur ionique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moteur ionique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ianinneall" title="Ianinneall – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ianinneall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="이온 기관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이온 기관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionski_pogon" title="Ionski pogon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ionski pogon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendorong_ion" title="Pendorong ion – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendorong ion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsore_ionico" title="Propulsore ionico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Propulsore ionico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מנוע יונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנוע יונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="იონის ძრავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იონის ძრავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonu_dzin%C4%93js" title="Jonu dzinējs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jonu dzinējs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionhajt%C3%B3m%C5%B1" title="Ionhajtómű – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ionhajtómű" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penujah_ion" title="Penujah ion – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penujah ion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionenmotor" title="Ionenmotor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ionenmotor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3" title="イオンエンジン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イオンエンジン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionemotor" title="Ionemotor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ionemotor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionemotor" title="Ionemotor – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ionemotor" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_ionic" title="Motor ionic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Motor ionic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="يوني ماشين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="يوني ماشين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silnik_jonowy" title="Silnik jonowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Silnik jonowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propulsor_de_%C3%ADons" title="Propulsor de íons – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Propulsor de íons" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_ionic" title="Motor ionic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Motor ionic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ионный двигатель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ионный двигатель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B3nov%C3%BD_motor" title="Iónový motor – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Iónový motor" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionski_pogon" title="Ionski pogon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ionski pogon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonski_motor" title="Jonski motor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jonski motor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionski_pogon" title="Ionski pogon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ionski pogon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionimoottori" title="Ionimoottori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ionimoottori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonmotor" title="Jonmotor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jonmotor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0yon_motoru" title="İyon motoru – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İyon motoru" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Іонний двигун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іонний двигун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_c%C6%A1_ion" title="Động cơ ion – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động cơ ion" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" title="離子引擎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="離子引擎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%99%A8" title="离子推力器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="离子推力器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg/300px-Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg/450px-Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg/600px-Ion_Engine_Test_Firing_-_GPN-2000-000482.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1482" /></a><figcaption>An ion engine test.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ion thruster</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> thruster. It works by using <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a> to push <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atoms">atoms</a> that have an electric charge) out of the back of the spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It takes a very long time for the spacecraft to speed up, but the fuel is used very efficiently. A thruster that has very high efficiency is said to have a high <a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a>. </p><p>It has to be carried into <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a> by a regular rocket, because the ions don't push hard enough for it to escape the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a>, but after it gets to outer space it can travel a very long way. An ion thruster needs lots of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> to work, so the spacecraft needs a very good way of producing electricity, such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar panels">solar panels</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ion thrusters are good for travelling between things in space that are very far away from each other. One example of this is <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">interplanetary</a> travel. Ion thrusters are good for this because they are efficient and can thrust for very long times.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chemical rocket thrusters ("regular" rocket thrusters) can only burn for short times, because they use fuel quickly and not efficiently. Because of this, chemical rockets only thrust for short times at important places during the journey. Ion thrusters use fuel very slowly and very efficiently. This means that ion thrusters can thrust continuously for the entire journey. In a slightly surprising way, this makes spacecraft that use ion thrusters faster than spacecraft that use chemical rockets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ion thrusters have been used on small space probes. In 2011 the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" title="Space probe">space probe</a> called <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a> used an ion thruster to get to the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> named <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 the thruster brought Dawn to the <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> named <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_thruster&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_thruster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeFelice" class="citation web cs1">DeFelice, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111185012/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/Ion_Propulsion1.html">"NASA - Ion Propulsion: Farther, Faster, Cheaper"</a>. <i>www.nasa.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/Ion_Propulsion1.html">the original</a> on 2020-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+-+Ion+Propulsion%3A+Farther%2C+Faster%2C+Cheaper&rft.aulast=DeFelice&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fglenn%2Ftechnology%2FIon_Propulsion1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIon+thruster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-dawn-spacecraft-enters-orbit-around-asteroid-vesta">"NASA's Dawn Spacecraft Enters Orbit Around Asteroid Vesta"</a>. <i>NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory+%28JPL%29&rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Dawn+Spacecraft+Enters+Orbit+Around+Asteroid+Vesta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnasas-dawn-spacecraft-enters-orbit-around-asteroid-vesta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIon+thruster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/blog/2015/3/we-did-it-dawn-arrives-at-dwarf-planet-ceres">"NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Blog | We Did It! Dawn Arrives at Dwarf Planet Ceres"</a>. <i>www.jpl.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory+Blog+%7C+We+Did+It%21+Dawn+Arrives+at+Dwarf+Planet+Ceres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fblog%2F2015%2F3%2Fwe-did-it-dawn-arrives-at-dwarf-planet-ceres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIon+thruster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks" id="stub"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lokomotivpiktogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lokomotivpiktogram.svg/30px-Lokomotivpiktogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lokomotivpiktogram.svg/45px-Lokomotivpiktogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lokomotivpiktogram.svg/60px-Lokomotivpiktogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="587" /></a></span> <i>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">short article</a> about <a href="/wiki/Category:Transport_stubs" title="Category:Transport stubs">transport</a> can be made longer. 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