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<span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posts_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posts_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Posts and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posts_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Prokhorov</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" title="ألكسندر بروخروف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر بروخروف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Proxorov" title="Aleksandr Proxorov – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aleksandr Proxorov" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81" title="الکساندر میخایلوویچ پروخورف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکساندر میخایلوویچ پروخورف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AD" title="আলেক্সান্দর প্রখরভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলেক্সান্দর প্রখরভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alexander Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Прохоров Александр Михайлович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Прохоров Александр Михайлович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Аляксандр Міхайлавіч Прохараў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Міхайлавіч Прохараў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александър Прохоров – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Прохоров" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikh%C3%A0ilovitx_Pr%C3%B3khorov" title="Aleksandr Mikhàilovitx Prókhorov – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aleksandr Mikhàilovitx Prókhorov" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Prochorov" title="Alexandr Michajlovič Prochorov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr Michajlovič Prochorov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_M._Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr M. Prokhorov – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aleksandr M. Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Michailowitsch_Prochorow" title="Alexander Michailowitsch Prochorow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Michailowitsch Prochorow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Prohhorov" title="Aleksandr Prohhorov – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aleksandr Prohhorov" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86" title="Αλεξάντρ Πρόχοροφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντρ Πρόχοροφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Pr%C3%B3jorov" title="Aleksandr Prójorov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aleksandr Prójorov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Pro%C4%A5orov" title="Aleksandr Proĥorov – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandr Proĥorov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexander Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81" title="الکساندر میخایلوویچ پروخورف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر میخایلوویچ پروخورف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Mikha%C3%AFlovitch_Prokhorov" title="Alexandre Mikhaïlovitch Prokhorov – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Mikhaïlovitch Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Mikhailovich_Prokhorov" title="Alexandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alexandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alexander Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%ED%98%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84" title="알렉산드르 프로호로프 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드르 프로호로프" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Ալեքսանդր Պրոխորով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Պրոխորով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB" title="अलेक्सान्द्र एम प्रोखोरोफ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अलेक्सान्द्र एम प्रोखोरोफ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Mihajlovi%C4%8D_Prohorov" title="Aleksandar Mihajlovič Prohorov – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandar Mihajlovič Prohorov" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Mihailovich_Prohorov" title="Alexandr Mihailovich Prohorov – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alexandr Mihailovich Prohorov" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mikhailovich_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Prokhorov – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aleksandr Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Prochorov" title="Aleksandr Michajlovič Prochorov – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksandr Michajlovič Prochorov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91" title="אלכסנדר פרוכורוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר פרוכורוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრე პროხოროვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრე პროხოროვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александр Михайлович Прохоров – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Александр Михайлович Прохоров" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Prokhorov" title="Aleksander Prokhorov – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aleksander Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Prokhorov – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aleksandr Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Proxorov" title="Aleksander Proxorov – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Aleksander Proxorov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александр Прохоров – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Александр Прохоров" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prochorov" title="Alexander Prochorov – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Prochorov" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs_Prohorovs" title="Aleksandrs Prohorovs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aleksandrs Prohorovs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Proxorov" title="Aleksander Proxorov – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aleksander Proxorov" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александар Прохоров – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Александар Прохоров" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9" title="अलेक्सांद्र प्रोखोरोव्ह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अलेक्सांद्र प्रोखोरोव्ह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრე პროხოროვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალექსანდრე პროხოროვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" title="الكسندر بروخروف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر بروخروف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81" title="الکساندر میخایلوویچ پروخورف – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الکساندر میخایلوویچ پروخورف" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alexander Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Prochorov" title="Aleksandr Prochorov – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aleksandr Prochorov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD" title="अलेक्सान्द्र एम प्रोखोरोभ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अलेक्सान्द्र एम प्रोखोरोभ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95" title="アレクサンドル・プロホロフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドル・プロホロフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Prokhorov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aleksandr Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Prokhorov – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aleksandr Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Proxorov" title="Aleksandr Proxorov – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aleksandr Proxorov" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81" title="الیگزنڈر پروخروف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیگزنڈر پروخروف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Prochorow" title="Aleksandr Prochorow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksandr Prochorow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Prokhorov – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aleksandr Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Mihailovici_Prohorov" title="Alexandr Mihailovici Prohorov – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexandr Mihailovici Prohorov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Прохоров, Александр Михайлович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прохоров, Александр Михайлович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB" title="अलेक्सान्द्र एम प्रोखोरोफ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अलेक्सान्द्र एम प्रोखोरोफ" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alexander Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Prochorov" title="Alexandr Michajlovič Prochorov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexandr Michajlovič Prochorov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Mihajlovi%C4%8D_Prohorov" title="Aleksander Mihajlovič Prohorov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aleksander Mihajlovič Prohorov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="ئەلێکساندەر پرۆخۆرۆڤ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلێکساندەر پرۆخۆرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александар Прохоров – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Прохоров" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Prohorov" title="Aleksandar Prohorov – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandar Prohorov" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Prohorov" title="Aleksandr Prohorov – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksandr Prohorov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_M._Prochorov" title="Aleksandr M. Prochorov – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aleksandr M. Prochorov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александр Прохоров – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Александр Прохоров" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Александр Прохоров – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Александр Прохоров" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Prohorov" title="Aleksandr Prohorov – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aleksandr Prohorov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Прохоров Олександр Михайлович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прохоров Олександр Михайлович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88" title="الیکزینڈر پروکورو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الیکزینڈر پروکورو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_Prokhorov" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%9B%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E9%9C%8D%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet-Russian physicist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alexander Prokhorov</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Александр Прохоров</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg/220px-Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Prokhorov in 1964</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alexander Michael Prochoroff</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-07-11</span>)</span>11 July 1916<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Peeramon,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Peeramon, Queensland">Peeramon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 January 2002<span style="display:none">(2002-01-08)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Lasers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">masers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">1964 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a><br />1987 <a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Gold_Medal" title="Lomonosov Gold Medal">Lomonosov Gold Medal</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov</b><sup id="cite_ref-nobel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (born <b>Alexander Michael Prochoroff</b>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Про́хоров</span>; 11 July 1916 – 8 January 2002) was a Russian <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and researcher on <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">masers</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> for which he shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1964 with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Michael Prochoroff was born on 11 July 1916 at Russell Road, <a href="/wiki/Peeramon,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Peeramon, Queensland">Peeramon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia (now 322 Gadaloff Road, <a href="/wiki/Butchers_Creek,_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="Butchers Creek, Queensland">Butchers Creek</a>, situated about 30 km from <a href="/wiki/Atherton,_Queensland" title="Atherton, Queensland">Atherton</a>), to Mikhail Ivanovich Prokhorov and Maria Ivanovna (née Mikhailova), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> revolutionaries who had emigrated from Russia to escape repression by the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsarist</a> regime. As a child he attended Butchers Creek State School.<sup id="cite_ref-birth_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birth-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, the family returned to Russia. In 1934, Prokhorov entered the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a> to study physics. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> from 1930 to 1944. Prokhorov graduated with honors in 1939 and moved to Moscow to work at the <a href="/wiki/Lebedev_Physical_Institute" title="Lebedev Physical Institute">Lebedev Physical Institute</a>, in the oscillations laboratory headed by academician <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Papaleksi" title="Nikolai Papaleksi">N. D. Papaleksi</a>. His research there was devoted to propagation of radio waves in the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>. At the onset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in June 1941, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. Prokhorov fought in the infantry, was wounded twice in battles, and was awarded three medals, including the <a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Courage%22_(Russia)" title="Medal "For Courage" (Russia)">Medal For Courage</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-family_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was demobilized in 1944 and returned to the Lebedev Institute where, in 1946, he defended his Ph.D. thesis on "Theory of Stabilization of Frequency of a Tube Oscillator in the Theory of a Small Parameter".<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bse_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hero_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hero-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, Prokhorov started working on coherent radiation emitted by electrons orbiting in a cyclic <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a> called a <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">synchrotron</a>. He demonstrated that the emission is mostly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> spectral range. His results became the basis of his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> on "Coherent Radiation of Electrons in the Synchrotron Accelerator", defended in 1951. By 1950, Prokhorov was assistant chief of the oscillation laboratory. Around that time, he formed a group of young scientists to work on radiospectroscopy of molecular rotations and vibrations, and later on <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">quantum electronics</a>. The group focused on a special class of molecules which have three (non-degenerate) moments of inertia. The research was conducted both on experiment and theory. In 1954, Prokhorov became head of the laboratory. Together with <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> he developed theoretical grounds for creation of a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_harmonic_oscillator" title="Quantum harmonic oscillator">molecular oscillator</a> and constructed such a device based on <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. They also proposed a method for the production of population inversion using inhomogeneous electric and magnetic fields. Their results were first presented at a national conference in 1952, but not published until 1954–1955.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hero_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hero-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, Prokhorov started his research in the field of <a href="/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonance" title="Electron paramagnetic resonance">electron paramagnetic resonance</a> (EPR). He focused on relaxation times of ions of the <a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">iron group elements</a> in a lattice of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a>, but also investigated other, "non-optical", topics, such as magnetic phase transitions in <a href="/wiki/DPPH" title="DPPH">DPPH</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, while studying <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>-doped variation of aluminium oxide, he came upon the idea of using this material as an active medium of a <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>. As a new type of laser resonator, he proposed, in 1958, an "open type" cavity design, which is widely used today. In 1963, together with A. S. Selivanenko, he suggested a laser using two-quantum transitions. For his pioneering work on lasers and masers, in 1964, he received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> shared with <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nobel_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hero_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hero-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posts_and_awards">Posts and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Posts and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustaf_VI_Adolf_and_Alexander_Prokhorov_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gustaf_VI_Adolf_and_Alexander_Prokhorov_1964.jpg/220px-Gustaf_VI_Adolf_and_Alexander_Prokhorov_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gustaf_VI_Adolf_and_Alexander_Prokhorov_1964.jpg/330px-Gustaf_VI_Adolf_and_Alexander_Prokhorov_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Gustaf_VI_Adolf_and_Alexander_Prokhorov_1964.jpg/440px-Gustaf_VI_Adolf_and_Alexander_Prokhorov_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Prokhorov with King <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf" title="Gustaf VI Adolf">Gustaf VI Adolf</a> and wife of Townes at the Nobel Prize banquet in 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1959, Prokhorov became a professor at <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> – the most prestigious university in the Soviet Union; the same year, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Prize" title="Lenin Prize">Lenin Prize</a>. In 1960, he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> and elected Academician in 1966. In 1967, he was awarded his first <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a> (he received five of them during life, in 1967, 1969, 1975, 1981 and 1986). In 1968, he became vice-director of the Lebedev Institute and in 1971 took the position of Head of Laboratory of another prestigious Soviet institution, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology" title="Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology</a>. In the same year, he was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983 he was elected a Member of the <a href="/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina" class="mw-redirect" title="German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina">German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1982 and 1998, Prokhorov served as acting director of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and after 1998 as honorary director. After his death in 2002, the institute was renamed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._M._Prokhorov_General_Physics_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute (page does not exist)">A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16655721#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q16655721"><span title=""A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span> of the Russian Academy of Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hero_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hero-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prokhorov was a Member and one of the Honorary Presidents of the International Academy of Science, Munich and supported 1993 the foundation and development of the Russian Section of International Academy of Science, Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1969, Prokhorov became a <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a>, the highest degree of distinction in the Soviet Union for achievements in national economy and culture. He received the second such award in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-hero_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hero-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in 1969, he was the chief editor of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a>. He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Eugene_Ives" title="Frederic Eugene Ives">Frederic Ives</a> Medal, the highest distinction of the <a href="/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical Society of America">Optical Society of America</a> (OSA), in 2000<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became an Honorary OSA Member in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Demidov_Prize" title="Demidov Prize">Demidov Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died on 8 January 2002 at <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prokhorov became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, together with three other academicians – <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Nikolayevich_Tychonoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Nikolayevich Tychonoff">Andrey Tychonoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Dorodnitsyn" title="Anatoly Dorodnitsyn">Anatoly Dorodnitsyn</a> and Georgy Skryabin – he signed the famous open letter<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called "when they lose honor and conscience"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Когда теряют честь и совесть), denouncing <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Sakharov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Sakharov">Andrey Sakharov</a>'s article<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolay_Basov_and_Aleksandr_Prokhorov_with_wives_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nicolay_Basov_and_Aleksandr_Prokhorov_with_wives_1964.jpg/220px-Nicolay_Basov_and_Aleksandr_Prokhorov_with_wives_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nicolay_Basov_and_Aleksandr_Prokhorov_with_wives_1964.jpg/330px-Nicolay_Basov_and_Aleksandr_Prokhorov_with_wives_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Nicolay_Basov_and_Aleksandr_Prokhorov_with_wives_1964.jpg/440px-Nicolay_Basov_and_Aleksandr_Prokhorov_with_wives_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Basov and Prokhorov with wives in Stockholm in 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>Both of Prokhorov's parents died during World War II. Prokhorov married <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a> Galina Shelepina in 1941, and they had a son, Kiril, born in 1945. Following his father, Kiril Prokhorov became a physicist in the field of optics and is currently leading a laser-related laboratory at the A. M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-family_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-family-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RUSMARKA-2143.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/RUSMARKA-2143.jpg/220px-RUSMARKA-2143.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/RUSMARKA-2143.jpg/330px-RUSMARKA-2143.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/RUSMARKA-2143.jpg/440px-RUSMARKA-2143.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Prokhorov on 2016 <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> of Russia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mandelstam Prize (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_Prize" title="Lenin Prize">Lenin Prize</a> (1959)</li> <li>Five <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of Lenin">Orders of Lenin</a> (including 11 May 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Patriotic_War" title="Order of the Patriotic War">Order of the Patriotic War</a>, 1st class (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a>, twice (1969, 1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Courage%22_(Russia)" title="Medal "For Courage" (Russia)">Medal For Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_State_Prize" title="USSR State Prize">USSR State Prize</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_for_the_Fatherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit for the Fatherland">Order of Merit for the Fatherland</a>, 2nd class (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Prize_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="State Prize of the Russian Federation">State Prize of the Russian Federation</a> (1998)</li> <li>Medal Frederick Ayvesa (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demidov_Prize" title="Demidov Prize">Demidov Prize</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Gold_Medal" title="Lomonosov Gold Medal">Lomonosov Gold Medal</a> (Moscow State University, 1987)</li> <li>Award of the Council of Ministers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Prize_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="State Prize of the Russian Federation">State Prize of the Russian Federation</a> in science and technology (2003, posthumously) for the development of scientific and technological foundations of metrological support of measurements of length in the microwave and nanometer ranges and their application in microelectronics and nanotechnology</li> <li>Foreign Member of the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences">Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_100th_Anniversary_since_the_Birth_of_Vladimir_Il%27ich_Lenin%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"">Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary since the Birth of Vladimir Il'ich Lenin"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Victory_over_Germany_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941%E2%80%931945%22" title="Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"">Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22Twenty_Years_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941-1945%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"">Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22Thirty_Years_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941-1945%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"">Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%22Forty_Years_of_Victory_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941-1945%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"">Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_Valiant_Labour_in_the_Great_Patriotic_War_1941-1945%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"">Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22Veteran_of_Labour%22" title="Medal "Veteran of Labour"">Medal "Veteran of Labour"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Medal_%2250_Years_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_USSR%22" title="Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"">Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_800th_Anniversary_of_Moscow%22" title="Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"">Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_%22In_Commemoration_of_the_850th_Anniversary_of_Moscow%22" title="Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"">Medal "In Commemoration of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A. M. Prokhorov (Editor in Chief), J. M. Buzzi, P. Sprangle, K. Wille.<i> Coherent Radiation Generation and Particle Acceleration</i>, 1992, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88318-926-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88318-926-7">0-88318-926-7</a>. <i>Research Trends in Physics</i> series published by the American Institute of Physics Press (presently <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050323204949/http://www.springer-sbm.de/index.php?id=121&L=0">Springer</a>, New York)</li> <li>V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov (Editors) <i><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> Science and Technology Vol 1: <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a> Diamond Interaction. Plasma Diamond Reactors</i> (Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889545-23-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-889545-23-6">1-889545-23-6</a>.</li> <li>V. Stefan and A. M. Prokhorov (Editors). <i><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> Science and Technology Vol 2</i> (Stefan University Press Series on Frontiers in Science and Technology) 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-889545-24-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-889545-24-4">1-889545-24-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nobel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobel_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/83">Alexander Prokhorov</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83552#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1964 <i>Quantum Electronics</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birth-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birth_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tablelander (newspaper) 19 July 2016 'Prokharov centenary'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2016" class="citation journal cs1">Collins, Stephen (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://optics.org.au/resources/aosnews/2016-3.pdf">"National Science Week 2016 - "Prokhorov Centenary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>AOS News</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1832-4436">1832-4436</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221012236/https://optics.org.au/resources/aosnews/2016-3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AOS+News&rft.atitle=National+Science+Week+2016+-+%22Prokhorov+Centenary&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=14-15&rft.date=2016-10&rft.issn=1832-4436&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foptics.org.au%2Fresources%2Faosnews%2F2016-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Prokhorov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-family-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-family_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-family_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpi.ru/memory/amp.php">Основные даты жизни и деятельности академика А.М. Прохорова</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101211173542/http://www.gpi.ru/memory/amp.php">Archived</a> 11 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bse-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bse_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article093736.html">Прохоров Александр Михайлович</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151005091809/http://bse.sci-lib.com/article093736.html">Archived</a> 5 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hero-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hero_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hero_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hero_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hero_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hero_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10290">Прохоров Александр Михайлович</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515001525/http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10290">Archived</a> 15 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at warheroes.ru <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. M. Prokhorov and V.B. Fedorov, Soviet Physics JETP 16 (1963) 1489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/member/4512/">"List of Members"</a>. <i>www.leopoldina.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004034903/http://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/list-of-members/member/4512/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leopoldina.org&rft.atitle=List+of+Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leopoldina.org%2Fen%2Fmembers%2Flist-of-members%2Fmember%2F4512%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Prokhorov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias-icsd.org/resources/ICSD-IAS-Presidium.pdf">"Presidium of the International Academy of Science= Ias-icsd.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134720/http://www.ias-icsd.org/resources/ICSD-IAS-Presidium.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidium+of+the+International+Academy+of+Science%3D+Ias-icsd.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias-icsd.org%2Fresources%2FICSD-IAS-Presidium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Prokhorov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias-icsd.org/history.html">"Foundation of the Russian Section of the International Academy of Science= ias-icsd.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142953/http://www.ias-icsd.org/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foundation+of+the+Russian+Section+of+the+International+Academy+of+Science%3D+ias-icsd.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias-icsd.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Prokhorov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/osaawards/awardsdesc/ivesquinn/">Frederic Ives Medal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200857/http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/osaawards/awardsdesc/ivesquinn/">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/honorarymembers/">OSA Honorary Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820032024/http://www.osa.org/aboutosa/awards/honorarymembers">Archived</a> 20 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСост._И._Г._БебихГ._Н._МихайловаА._В._Троицкий2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Сост. И. Г. Бебих; Г. Н. Михайлова; А. В. Троицкий (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070821120614/http://www.naukaran.ru/sb/2003_3-4/17.shtml"><bdi lang="ru">Александр Михайлович Прохоров, 1916–2002 (Материалы к биобиблиогр. ученых) 2-е изд., доп.</bdi></a> (in Russian). М.: Наука. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-02-033176-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-02-033176-7"><bdi>5-02-033176-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naukaran.ru/sb/2003_3-4/17.shtml">the original</a> on 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+1916%E2%80%932002+%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%BA+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80.+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%29+2-%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4.%2C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF.&rft.place=%D0%9C.&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=5-02-033176-7&rft.au=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82.+%D0%98.+%D0%93.+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%85&rft.au=%D0%93.+%D0%9D.+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.au=%D0%90.+%D0%92.+%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naukaran.ru%2Fsb%2F2003_3-4%2F17.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Prokhorov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-03/laser-pioneer-nobel-prize-winner-alex-prokhorov/7681260">"Australia's forgotten Nobel Prize winner: Laser pioneer Alexander Prokhorov"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 3 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170402073757/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-08-03/laser-pioneer-nobel-prize-winner-alex-prokhorov/7681260">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+forgotten+Nobel+Prize+winner%3A+Laser+pioneer+Alexander+Prokhorov&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-08-03%2Flaser-pioneer-nobel-prize-winner-alex-prokhorov%2F7681260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Prokhorov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/material/press/sakharov/83.htm">Когда теряют честь и совесть</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091119230326/http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/material/press/sakharov/83.htm">Archived</a> 19 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=8526">"1. Андрей Сахаров. ОПАСНОСТЬ ТЕРМОЯДЕРНОЙ ВОЙНЫ (Открытое письмо доктору Сиднею Дреллу) ::: Боннэр Е.Г. - Постскриптум: Книга о горьковской ссылке ::: Боннэр Елена Георгиевна ::: Воспоминания о ГУЛАГе :: База данных :: Авторы и тексты"</a>. <i>www.sakharov-center.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713231520/https://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/auth/?t=page&num=8526">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sakharov-center.ru&rft.atitle=1.+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%AC+%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%AF%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%99+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%99%D0%9D%D0%AB+%28%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8E+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%29+%3A%3A%3A+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80+%D0%95.%D0%93.+-+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%3A+%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B5+%3A%3A%3A+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80+%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%3A%3A%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%93%D0%B5+%3A%3A+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%3A%3A+%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sakharov-center.ru%2Fasfcd%2Fauth%2F%3Ft%3Dpage%26num%3D8526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Prokhorov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9EMwAAAAIBAJ&pg=1164,1223149&hl=en">"The Montreal Gazette – Google News Archive Search"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221035511/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=9EMwAAAAIBAJ&pg=1164%2C1223149&dq=foreign+affairs+sakharov&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Montreal+Gazette+%E2%80%93+Google+News+Archive+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D9EMwAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1164%2C1223149%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Prokhorov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221010931/http://www.gpi.ru/staff_s.php?eng=0&id=44">"Кирилл Александрович Прохоров"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpi.ru/staff_s.php?eng=0&id=44">the original</a> on 21 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Aleksandr_Prokhorov" class="extiw" title="commons:Category: Aleksandr Prokhorov">Aleksandr Prokhorov</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/83">Alexander Prokhorov</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83552#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1964 <i>Quantum Electronics</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051127034311/http://i-lasers.com/">Prokhorov's role in the invention of lasers and masers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://novodevichye.com/prohorov/">Prokhorov's grave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Novodevichy cemetery">Novodevichy cemetery</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1964_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1964_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1964 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1964_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1964 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> (Soviet Union)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Prokhorov</a> (Soviet Union)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Emil Bloch</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1960_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1960 Nobel Prize winners">1960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1961_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1961 Nobel Prize winners">1961</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1962_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1962 Nobel Prize winners">1962</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1963_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1963 Nobel Prize winners">1963</a></dd> <dd><b>1964 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1965_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1965 Nobel Prize winners">1965</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1966_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1966 Nobel Prize winners">1966</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1967_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1967 Nobel Prize winners">1967</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1968 Nobel Prize winners">1968</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1969_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1969 Nobel Prize winners">1969</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83552#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83552#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83552#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118875671">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80103813">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134810992">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134810992">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36557272">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210507&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1077702">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072293543">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90160112">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000029643&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100937&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwx9l104v5cck">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811421235305606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810688780005606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007307716505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13939066">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01518208?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=36913121500">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:prokhorov.a-m">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/208230">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/aleksandr-m-prochorov/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118875671.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118875671">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035411147">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&oldid=1252314010">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&oldid=1252314010</a>"</div></div> <div 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