CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91355bdc69f44dc2',cH: '4TnxtcSzeekQYg4oi.wuCd0XgnZt5uYN6YW017UDkbk-1739790919-1.2.1.1-JcBADfPmTcKfHttzRisQBAr7BUCe4vSOlBTbb_ZuWT24Kl3BH.KVJCP1uAwjz2sW',cUPMDTk: "\/2309\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=ZMLF.kJb7dHXan.dWzLc9zwC7uRbN3Kwg7iDLuI3LvQ-1739790919-1.0.1.1-Jw9V6OgkaWKTvRYQycyG400ZRWVhtw3vPRGI4P85yqE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790919',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/2309\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=ZMLF.kJb7dHXan.dWzLc9zwC7uRbN3Kwg7iDLuI3LvQ-1739790919-1.0.1.1-Jw9V6OgkaWKTvRYQycyG400ZRWVhtw3vPRGI4P85yqE",md: "3UXAFHwjhYk6Nv1kKCZ72iBIjOLMYsf4BNRv7bzUT3g-1739790919-1.2.1.1-zvAmOjubi5ByLxfel4RCzM58C3eP_wLqymeGRhFjavHWl6M5Dcej4L0Uu9dc3Svs2HrnAYoAK9FT1OXDwcH4arvjConZvLmbuBof040nRD7w4Ikw8mq4Kw6DYES3ZcSvijvciAtjw7d2Y5nMIPTBHv_gSHQcVLIisc.kMYahfll9Bz1qgKEYeZVSXLMIYwNbga0XDmP.CWrD74EPG_i13kWiRBdZ7jcLvpBmAgOBntkcTWozOaPm35fkRvl_fKcNGNj974.sYJ35L4P_9pcuPr6_vZ1RAVUG0XD0UM5LWM1nwJfHHnSYq1duu0fz3Auuf6A8AwKePUh7Fafpr0rua3ZwiA_KTqlIWygihlMQbgiwI0bbzk9OaCW64FtsVXwMkXSN_LfVQASr2I3fmySlh6VOvEBgM7i5acJ3xuYjR8us3eaNlEp1tZsmC9nCpGrjcTmOg.5qyG8VGEtjIxzr3fq79WNgqOdo0dn7NJh4cwHtiYrQe0OtvqzEdBH6_C6oISLlFwHsBIx1xS4fh0wv3BvuT5yew8mle1hCMSsGjmLL_zy2CYhs7gYSG_QUrWWnjDmXj_OUUoaFKWmS6_fbgQmOBwkYTCzjZnOjTryqPbWg6.TTLIew00qj000jF7_Cuhes9r.i5TalXabE5UpddmXb03FfEMj4Swgi_To_ogNmcIJbRmiRHxyScKJYqMlIIA.nKwTRHOWG7UQEWc0O.bdDo8q2bgqEVJy7MMY_T_msb_3LxXZ6CKAayUoy5zdCX.IpZxRkVudMwrxSuB4hUhA86vEa5ry9EwJ6dY3jUuwDkFea8Pl53BEOKgx0LdJKpvEm54sm2bqfkrxGYDvQ8ff97hy7kET4Hd9LoFGkJHFncN4e3FrFSWM97jVVvOakBpuMtjCTiE_nI1NlgmM8Titvum0U8VIwb5kciP2AH8IBUZkI2ENnoDhi80CZFqozVmkET0A_Xsg9QNVhGFU0ue8kGI3voUxytHjEcsb4_htOA70LyVVVOASSLCQXpgXUR5ugMCnEpMi3qm_.TZGZnwofDTLQccts4dhB9K1Sgmulw7uO3K_PcC5wnsgA.bHI3Od9vsM8fVR6wUyWfvq5RMCdOYHhqxJjbfUTeehb_Aq3ZjLzxfgJiMZILdagl3doo9lMT7.KueDTmqUFYalZd7YkBmWN1imL1osN1M3JXOG0jX73iGX1yw9Zhbqa05RuZ7A3SGvOeKJ5UKRa_lQRLfgm87xC3hjEx737eZGwghyZcb5awGjhoJZ15mqYbiK6CaEEYrvCzSAV4hozZptaWOApI4uD2Ra5v96PRwd6D6WT6epuL_Fnn3fx4R.DIpf7QUGzS.VYe8h6TNUbMkxSkPwQxQhxipfiWlhc42dWi_qSeTWyrFIZWiezudfL3pPfHg3a1mACLQ0RAf.cBVP3bUX89tbvoBV7huu6Gb_CjrPNQP2f4z8u1IiXf2DIf1XPfP3_ELU4THGcpl9UY_HzagjzcDhcfG_aYcRbrgICWdO29lFTTQEsUoq8QdOcNx1ev6GdcSFCq4bpH3xTQ7zHm.CY4naTdUAJeLp935IqZUji7uIfQUvZYXkyW9i6hHuf8smPde0aILI5qweEpIq45_0JKiQcLgjfrEvgzimVv_uWIe2pQhJ4tOFj9lnxftBTXaimERJaEremOOzRAoKWmgXxa2csXsF0COr8SkvchJruoroCLNjok4KVWxaNghXB9PtVngYGOgVNJoSc3LbYvSwgkROJZugDP9YulDgzZwBCqJa009IHU05pNansnLCdjRs4bho.K68WSzWxcuSGZrdoSZpD4vhTIUiwaZzj6SLbLYtZI2Jcu_jSIJ6vhlNvngPZ_W54_sHYpy9xIs8BBHGM1watOproBxUz1_5FHgY",mdrd: "EF5NwNuSykvCZf1r7ELk_XXxW6u_r0BhDHTDu0c_drM-1739790919-1.2.1.1-FQyQzmkPHHT5rDKPXnhCK0HjjKft_xWAXWqoL3RT_rKJYT0BRoHxLK37c6zJQ1v3lunw_DRPzX_f767d6z6h7JfuFJ6QyVnyy7phnPGYJvvm42naHyzDEKGwG55tMZUNGnF9Hzj0QZqmLe76xDli19Lxx5XAS51qEQIoow974GcCVecWsi3pefIW8ISb_KX9LXCoGFCTyHGpOlb.I9t.pLC1G0NK_F23lkrQsOnBTK6228uORC5Pe5NxkoQ9Fc.1EkdJKlqgx9s2Wek1q5WgvDeDyOZD6YLFMzRFRy2_f9gxgqK1V18tyjpSdr4Yc01KbyF32jxGqw0nYvlor7ZbNwOPkU8BQGLDLl5fqxMQRucYDV1WMS3sXtd2rtxTkaFCD0xkqfF86cD05KZW8zZidnUr8bRUA65AUzLWEciAC8UJm2RgOVz1jLm1ikihocVk1n2n1etbqDf3nbq2iawubrDqWRpzPXxg_SdZm9kZcM4nAK2ifnOhtuq44hQnXSOir1Q0V2x0PAhcYIB5KjgJwW1NGwZDtCcI1zB8hVNttIZGAnp.IDhvUrbdpeow2vj16uOVguYGCO54.kaetHLvr5YIyKa_1Sh_XYizggjY6YcXJ0EKCcq4jbrZKEoSkBMr4uoEE40ZhJYnL8YkCVOM2mDmTP5jlgGQxONVAAmLsKBVswJbbz1GOl56b5CJnRgqviAzir8rKPfYOWGw_0lrLChT_LYrL_RbP..5O.trLyrwRqA28hHjzPk2ZH3JCVg29YA_87P6.zX0dRoR1Q.EJbBMrEQEfPdO6ddIvwJ1BdNmUdVmDxDGLLl1cxh7meS.K8t5TFdYmPsDuhPjiZB69bzOI0Kk84qad82Nag5sv.wN.kBaaR54IKFu1MQeNgDh1VYJoLinHnhG_EpujYI2I36hbBDNdFLqmkMwLP9FFCYf4avJ3MSfOCT_ZcY9Zeh8oqCQT7XYXmZUPaPMVoKpjtcTHHfEw6QvI72ONvAHbLt.PgXWIa4mT.9Kycf2WQ5YJ6Og050FiT7WTSMiwJCgkKMQgw2cqs7g5Q4KKsN4eQKaRk22EP1bLOv3xTBPKiWguV3ZCX0FF8nlscc.z7YezkqxsWbQ.GnBzpabczcH9BfSFsb08fYx_y9gEQwH0_yJ2s98lvubYLb5pIimFyU1n7XpCNKl9HfplExhAtPM07V0gCH52SPvFjz2LritgfOoydgk3Tte_fRoQtkSInKdGRYp0aGjw3miqrtlSh0T5fvTgFsy._UEq0HeJSb1qE5Y29ugeBY094uv9vhAOMIOCaR6dQhG3R5Ht109oob5XZya.0Pvl3vEFiZBFd8S4PyO9YCOQL5MBIUMd8IcczT2L.n6Gqe6vw3vF.8bB5u9gyq3VdcQ0uP4aD89YIm3GEsF7hfg_2mbzRSQpgQkcfiVbcifJazRqBaEUL6GIHS9fjAiID35aIwYYcJYrNsX2H0PRKC5A8ih11l5N86E6ZwV2rAj_KSpr5VrnnIuRig31mv.wMmXvK1WbAT5H7XDT_9rZlb5QTZEsJBaj5EPqF0ypqoGFUkJvGttHehCTXoHg4zSau2kNd2aEEXIw.svB31CuYze1WN7wJPZbmj3iSEGiP68oVJQiocvh03smXc7LaAxlrwtYqPNMW5fYYI0M_LMDczzWmnDA7G.kWwIf95Kxnch_Xi13hOnbDLw2pbeCNtmIFku2EPqJbxwxTFmeTcTvuKfrElyjhIoVtWuD1Ra9AkL9b8uES6tSZg4eRWi1hvB.Db_8NZrw5SsYhF.QSFQZdfiGvntFO2Jmv9Hn_OamrrIMcrn1mWuE85AQuh8O50JplVykyycIt3lpNu6s4HSQJP448axhBU3K1HpkWDIuhXy2Cmntk6ZoSURn_Us329Kd3O5tzo3HPnO3JTkwix55IP28puHu82B2G.pGQkJKkiDn5diZDf2uLyfFU5uxOUmpstYtIotqeu3AbRCSX0YX1w1_5N1CoSrGFYdzIZD6A"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91355bdc69f44dc2';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/2309\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=ZMLF.kJb7dHXan.dWzLc9zwC7uRbN3Kwg7iDLuI3LvQ-1739790919-1.0.1.1-Jw9V6OgkaWKTvRYQycyG400ZRWVhtw3vPRGI4P85yqE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>