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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cypriot S-300 missile capability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cypriot_S-300_missile_capability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Turkish reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cypriot,_Greek_and_Russian_counterreactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cypriot,_Greek_and_Russian_counterreactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cypriot, Greek and Russian counterreactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cypriot,_Greek_and_Russian_counterreactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Western reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_escalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_escalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further escalation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_escalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Defusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cypriot_agreement_with_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cypriot_agreement_with_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cypriot agreement with Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cypriot_agreement_with_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missile_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missile_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Missile testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missile_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Cyprus_dispute" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Cyprus dispute"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Cyprus_dispute" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Cyprus dispute"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cyprus_problem" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus problem</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a> (1955–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–64</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)" title="Bloody Christmas (1963)">Bloody Christmas</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tillyria" title="Battle of Tillyria">Battle of Tillyria</a> (1964)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1967" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Cypriot coup d'état">1974 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">1974 Turkish invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pentemili_beachhead" title="Battle of Pentemili beachhead">Battle of Pentemili beachhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha,_Santalaris_and_Aloda_massacre" title="Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre">Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">S-300 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_maritime_zones_dispute" title="Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute">Maritime zones dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Cyprus_gas_dispute" title="2018 Cyprus gas dispute">2018 dispute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Cypriot S-300 crisis</b> was a tense and rapidly escalating political standoff between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> between early 1997 and late 1998. The confrontation was sparked by Cypriot plans to install two Russian-made <a href="/wiki/S-300_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-300 (missile)">S-300</a> air-defence missile sites on their territory, provoking Turkey into threatening an attack or even all-out war if the missiles were not returned to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The missile deal with Russia represented the Cyprus government's first serious attempt at building a credible air defence system after years of Turkish superiority in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis effectively ended in December 1998 with the decision of the Cypriot government to transfer the S-300s to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Hellenic Air Force</a> in exchange for alternative weapons from Greece. The crisis also led to the collapse of Cyprus's coalition government.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greece's Hellenic Air Force installed the system on the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and as of 2000 the S-300s still operate there.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The S-300 system was completed in 1978. It is designed to defend against short and medium-range air attacks. At its time it was considered one of the world's most powerful air defence systems. Russia sold the S-300 system to 20 countries. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Imia_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Imia crisis">Imia crisis</a> in the Aegean Sea broke out in the final days of 1995 and reached its peak in January 1996. Failing to stop Turkish Air Force flights Greece concluded that the proportional U.S. arms sales made to both countries could not meet Greek needs. The first step took in this regard in 1996 was to sign a deal with Russia for the purchase of S-300 air defence system for deployment on Cyprus. </p><p>As of 1995, the Cypriot government had reportedly begun conceptualisation and planning of an integrated air-defence solution to defend the airspace of the Republic of Cyprus, which, according to local press reports, sustained nearly-daily airspace violations by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkish Air Force</a>, acting on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><i>de facto</i> Turkish state in the north</a>. Further heightening concerns was the recent sale of Israeli <a href="/wiki/ATACMS" title="ATACMS">ATACMS</a> long-range artillery rockets to Turkey; these weapons could be fired directly from bases on Turkey's southern coast with the capability of reaching Southern Cyprus. The Greek Cypriots determined that they had no ready means of defence against them. </p><p>On 3 January 1997, an unnamed defence source leaked information to the Cypriot media regarding the purchase of Russian-made <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">surface-to-air missiles</a>, a story picked up by <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Cyprus News Agency,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1997_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. The leak reported that the date for the conclusion of the sale between Russia and Cyprus for surface-to-air missile systems would be 4 January 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1997_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1997-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 January 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Cyprus">Foreign Minister of Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alekos_Michaelides" title="Alekos Michaelides">Alekos Michaelides</a>, announced to the world media that the government had acquired an air-defence capability in the form of Russian-made <a href="/wiki/S-300_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-300 (missile)">S-300</a> air-defence missiles and associated radars. At the stage, details were kept vague, and the media seized upon rumours ranging from claimed numbers of missiles and capability, to wildly-differing claims of the price for the purchase. </p><p>On the same day, a government spokesman, Yiannakis Cassoulides, made a statement in which he remarked that the Cyprus government had the legitimate right to enhance its "defence capabilities" and also said that the weapons purchase was "proportional" to the Turkish military buildup in the north of the island. Concurrently, Turkish Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Turhan_Tayan" title="Turhan Tayan">Turhan Tayan</a> was reported in Turkey as saying that the action would "undermine peace in the region".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russia's main defence export agency, Rosvooruzheniye, also added its comment to the media frenzy when its spokesman Valery Pogrebenkov stated that the sale of S-300 missiles to Cyprus would not adversely affect the balance of power in the region, as the weapons were "purely defensive".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cypriot_S-300_missile_capability">Cypriot S-300 missile capability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cypriot S-300 missile capability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoscowParade2009_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MoscowParade2009_7.jpg/250px-MoscowParade2009_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/MoscowParade2009_7.jpg/375px-MoscowParade2009_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/MoscowParade2009_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>S-300 systems similar to those sold to Cyprus</figcaption></figure> <p>Although never publicly revealed in exact detail and widely debated, many observers have concurred that the Cypriot government acquired two systems of S-300PMU-1s, each consisting of at least one 64N6E (BIG BIRD D) early-warning and battle management radar and a minimum of 16 5P85TE towed quadruple launchers and 75 48N6 missiles. The missiles would have had a maximum range of 150 km. Other equipment likely to have been provisioned in the purchase, based upon standard deployment practice for this type of weapon array, would have included the 83M6E command and control system, as well as support radar infrastructure and mobile engineer support vehicles. </p><p>The primary evidence for such a combat capability has come from gradual disclosure to the media of S-300PMU-1 capabilities in Crete after the 1998 deployment of the weapons to the Greek island. Also, digital aerial and satellite photography, such as that presented by <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a>, has allowed independent observers to suggest that at least three new military facilities were purpose-built in Cyprus for the deployment of the S-300s (two sites for the missile batteries and one mountain site for the 64N6E radar package). According to some of these observers, the radar site and one of the missile sites were installed in heavily fortified positions on the northern face of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus_(Cyprus)" title="Mount Olympus (Cyprus)">Mount Olympus</a>, the largest mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Troodos_Mountains" title="Troodos Mountains">Troodos Mountains</a>. Additionally, a second fortified missile site is claimed to exist near Droushia, a coastal village in the extreme west of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Turkish_reaction">Turkish reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Turkish reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 January 1997, Cypriot and US media sources reported that Turkey had overtly threatened either a pre-emptive strike to prevent the arrival of the missiles or an actual war in Cyprus as a response to the arrival of the missiles. Also, it threatened a blockade of Cyprus from Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkey also said that it might occupy an abandoned tourist resort in Cyprus if the Cypriot government did not back down.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkish Cypriot leader <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Denktash" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauf Denktash">Rauf Denktaş</a>, threatened to take over <a href="/wiki/Varosha,_Famagusta" title="Varosha, Famagusta">Varosha</a>, a disputed area that has been sealed off since Turkey's 1974 invasion of Cyprus. Most property in Varosha is owned by Greek Cypriots.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a>, when the purchase of S-300 was announced, obtained <a href="/wiki/Surface-to-surface_missiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-to-surface missiles">surface-to-surface missiles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, which could be used in a military operation to destroy the S-300 if they were installed on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, according to Turkish media and other countries' <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agencies</a>,Turkish pilots with their <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16s</a> were sent to Israel's <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> region to be trained on how to destroy the S-300s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Israeli radio reports, Turkish pilots were trained only on how to evade the S-300s, not on how to destroy them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israel embassy at Athens denied all reports.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1997, Turkish armed forces carried out a <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercise</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>, where they destroyed S-300 dummy missiles to prepare for operations against the real missiles on Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cypriot,_Greek_and_Russian_counterreactions"><span id="Cypriot.2C_Greek_and_Russian_counterreactions"></span>Cypriot, Greek and Russian counterreactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cypriot, Greek and Russian counterreactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cypriot government protested against the Turkish threats at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and asserted its right for self-defence and the need for effective deterrence.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">Cyprus President</a> <a href="/wiki/Glafcos_Clerides" title="Glafcos Clerides">Glafcos Clerides</a> said that the missiles would be deployed on the island but used only defensively.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Cypriot National Guard</a> were placed on their highest state of alert and mobilisation since the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">1974 invasion of the island by Turkey</a>. </p><p>Between January and June 1997, Greece reportedly increased the readiness of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Hellenic Air Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Navy" title="Hellenic Navy">Hellenic Navy</a> assets positioned closest to Cyprus and moved to support the Cypriot position tacitly that the missiles were designed only for defence. The situation was then escalated, this time by the Greek decision to send a small contingent of <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a> fighter jets to Cyprus as well as additional troops to reinforce the Greek <a href="/wiki/ELDYK" class="mw-redirect" title="ELDYK">ELDYK</a> contingent on the island. </p><p>Russia initially avoided direct confrontation with Turkey but insisted repeatedly that the sale of S-300s to Cyprus would proceed without interference. Turkey consequently looked to its strategic <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> partners, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for reassurances that it would not be prevented from acting against the perceived threat if the need arose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_reactions">Western reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Western reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkish threats led to a campaign by Western countries to prevent the system's deployment on Cyprus for fear of triggering a war in Cyprus that could draw in the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-the_guardian_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_guardian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> warned that a military buildup could harm Cyprus's application for membership.<sup id="cite_ref-the_guardian_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_guardian-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> strongly opposed Cyprus's plans to install the anti-aircraft weapons;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, it also warned Turkey not to attack. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> spokesman stated: "This is no time for the Turkish government to be making wild and dramatic statements, it would be completely out of bounds for Turkey to take this action."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_escalation">Further escalation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further escalation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the months leading up to June 1997, the two sides traded political rhetoric and aggressive propaganda as both attempted to justify their positions before the international community. </p><p>In September 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Navy">Turkish Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Coast_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Coast Guard">Turkish Coast Guard</a> began to board and search vessels heading to Cyprus, including Russian-flagged vessels in international waters. The situation alarmed not only the Greek Cypriots but also <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, as was evidenced by official statements in October 1997 indicating that Greece and Russia would engage in war with Turkey if Cyprus was attacked or blockaded. </p><p>By December, reports began to surface in Greek and Cypriot media forums that Russia was in the process of mobilising a large naval force with an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> with long-range warplanes, a guided-missile cruiser and attack submarines. The presumption was that the force would have two purposes: to transport S-300 missiles and other military articles via Greek waters to Cyprus, and to attack the Turkish Navy if it tried to intervene. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defusion">Defusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Defusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cyprus raised the possibility of cancelling the missile deployment in exchange for a flight moratorium over Cyprus, but Turkey rejected the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rather than face the political prospect of humiliation by conceding to Turkish demands for the sale to be cancelled outright, Clerides finally decided in December 1998 that the S-300 missile systems would be sent to <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. Ostensibly, the decision was made to ensure that the deal with Russia would proceed to the latter's economic benefit and that Greece would be compensated for the situation by receiving the defensive capability of the S-300s for Crete. The Turkish government decried the move as a "cynical attempt" to redirect the S-300 missile capability against its southwestern shores and airspace and to give much-desired air defence for Greek ships and aircraft heading from Crete to Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crisis also led to the collapse of the ruling coalition government in Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cypriot_agreement_with_Greece">Cypriot agreement with Greece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cypriot agreement with Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cypriot government never again seriously entertained the return of the S-300 air-defence missile systems to Cyprus for fear of unnecessarily damaging its reputation and position in European political circles. Consequently, in 2007, the missiles were finally and irrevocably sold to Greece in exchange for alternative military articles, reputed to consist of a significant quantity of short-range <a href="/wiki/TOR-M1" class="mw-redirect" title="TOR-M1">TOR-M1</a> missile systems and an undisclosed type of medium-range air-defence missile systems. Greece also supplied Cyprus with twelve self-propelled 155 mm artillery howitzers as partial rental payment for the use of the S-300s between 1999 and 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missile_testing">Missile testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Missile testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 December 2013, for the first time since the missile system was acquired, it was tested in Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to reports, which were not confirmed by either Greece or Israel, Greece activated the S-300 during some drills held between the two countries for Israel's warplanes to practise, test and learn the system's abilities. But a Greek official anonymously said that Greece does not permit any other country to test the system.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/turkey-hints-at-strike-on-cypriot-missiles-1282572.html">"Turkey hints at strike on Cypriot missiles"</a>. independent. 23 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+hints+at+strike+on+Cypriot+missiles&rft.pub=independent&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fturkey-hints-at-strike-on-cypriot-missiles-1282572.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828064132/http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/6323968.html">"Cyprus transfers controversial S300 missiles to Greece - People's Daily Online"</a>. <i>en.people.cn</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.people.cn&rft.atitle=Cyprus+transfers+controversial+S300+missiles+to+Greece+-+People%27s+Daily+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2F90001%2F90777%2F6323968.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIddon" class="citation web cs1">Iddon, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2022/06/30/does-greece-need-those-russian-s-300-missiles-on-crete/">"Does Greece 'Need' Those Russian S-300 Missiles On Crete?"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geimint.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=IMINT+%26+Analysis%3A+The+Cypriot+Missile+Crisis&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeimint.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F05%2Fcypriot-missile-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9701/10/cyprus/index.html?iref=newssearch">"Missile dispute threatens Cyprus truce"</a>. cnn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missile+dispute+threatens+Cyprus+truce&rft.pub=cnn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2F9701%2F10%2Fcyprus%2Findex.html%3Firef%3Dnewssearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=101298">"Τρία σενάρια για τους S-300"</a>. <i>Ειδήσεις - Νέα - Το Βήμα Online</i> (in Greek). tovima. 24 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82+-+%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1+-+%CE%A4%CE%BF+%CE%92%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1+Online&rft.atitle=%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82+S-300&rft.date=2008-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tovima.gr%2Frelatedarticles%2Farticle%2F%3Faid%3D101298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tovima.gr/relatedarticles/article/?aid=101298">"Turkey hints at strike on Cypriot missiles"</a> (in Greek). tovima. 24 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+hints+at+strike+on+Cypriot+missiles&rft.pub=tovima&rft.date=2008-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tovima.gr%2Frelatedarticles%2Farticle%2F%3Faid%3D101298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=398848">"Πρώτη δοκιμή S-300 στην Κρήτη"</a> (in Greek). enet.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AE+S-300+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7&rft.pub=enet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enet.gr%2F%3Fi%3Dnews.el.article%26id%3D398848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStürchler2009" class="citation book cs1">Stürchler, Nikolas (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_FKwFgzzmwC"><i>The Threat of Force in International Law</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521133616" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521133616"><bdi>978-0521133616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Threat+of+Force+in+International+Law&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-09&rft.isbn=978-0521133616&rft.aulast=St%C3%BCrchler&rft.aufirst=Nikolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_FKwFgzzmwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=fa5aff45763878a38dbe69b90783b004&mediatype=video&query=TURKEY+UNREST">"AP"</a>. <i>newsroom.ap.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newsroom.ap.org&rft.atitle=AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsroom.ap.org%2Feditorial-photos-videos%2Fdetail%3Fitemid%3Dfa5aff45763878a38dbe69b90783b004%26mediatype%3Dvideo%26query%3DTURKEY%2BUNREST&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-the_guardian-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-the_guardian_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-the_guardian_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1998/dec/30/cyprus">"Cyprus bows to pressure and drops missile plan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 30 December 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Cyprus+bows+to+pressure+and+drops+missile+plan&rft.date=1998-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1998%2Fdec%2F30%2Fcyprus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/9771a6add18992ec3223af26b2da09d2">"US Mediates Cyprus Missile Crisis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=US+Mediates+Cyprus+Missile+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2F9771a6add18992ec3223af26b2da09d2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9701/10/cyprus/index.html">"CNN - Missile dispute threatens Cyprus truce - Jan. 10, 1997"</a>. <i>edition.cnn.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edition.cnn.com&rft.atitle=CNN+-+Missile+dispute+threatens+Cyprus+truce+-+Jan.+10%2C+1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2F9701%2F10%2Fcyprus%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritage.org/europe/report/defusing-the-missile-crisis-the-aegean">"Defusing the Missile Crisis in the Aegean"</a>. <i>The Heritage Foundation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Defusing+the+Missile+Crisis+in+the+Aegean&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Feurope%2Freport%2Fdefusing-the-missile-crisis-the-aegean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Clerides is distorting history" in Cyprus Mail, by Elias Hazou, 5 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cyprus hands S300s to Greece in arms swap" in Cyprus Mail, Jean Christou, 19 December 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenciotti2014" class="citation web cs1">Cenciotti, David (January 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaviationist.com/2014/01/12/greece-fires-s300/">"Hellenic Air Force Fires S-300 Air Defense System for the first time"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hellenic+Air+Force+Fires+S-300+Air+Defense+System+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2014-01-12&rft.aulast=Cenciotti&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaviationist.com%2F2014%2F01%2F12%2Fgreece-fires-s300%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/report-israel-trained-against-russian-made-air-defence-system-in-greece-436320">"Report: Israel practiced defeating S-300 Russian defense system in Greece"</a>. <i>jpost.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jpost.com&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Israel+practiced+defeating+S-300+Russian+defense+system+in+Greece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fisrael-news%2Freport-israel-trained-against-russian-made-air-defence-system-in-greece-436320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+S-300+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cyprus_problem" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyprus_dispute" title="Template:Cyprus dispute"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyprus_dispute" title="Template talk:Cyprus dispute"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyprus_dispute" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyprus dispute"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cyprus_problem" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus problem</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Island divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus">Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_enclaves" title="Turkish Cypriot enclaves">Turkish Cypriot enclaves</a> (1963–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus">United Nations Buffer Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/London_and_Zurich_Agreements#Treaty_of_Guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="London and Zurich Agreements">Guarantor powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Cyprus,_Greece_and_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg/159px-Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="159" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg/239px-Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg/318px-Map_of_Cyprus%2C_Greece_and_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cypriot intercommunal violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1963)" title="Bloody Christmas (1963)">Bloody Christmas (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tillyria" title="Battle of Tillyria">Battle of Tillyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_and_displacements_during_the_Cyprus_conflict" title="Civilian casualties and displacements during the Cyprus conflict">Civilian casualties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Cypriot coup d'état">1974 Cypriot coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Turkish_invasion_(1974)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion (1974)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_during_the_Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Military operations during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reported_military_losses_during_the_Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Reported military losses during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Military losses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_combat_during_the_Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Air combat during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Air combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pentemili_beachhead" title="Battle of Pentemili beachhead">Battle of Pentemili beachhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Niki" title="Operation Niki">Operation Niki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochni_massacre" title="Tochni massacre">Tochni massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha,_Santalaris_and_Aloda_massacre" title="Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre">Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">S-300 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Turkey_maritime_zones_dispute" title="Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute">Maritime-zone dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Cyprus_gas_dispute" title="2018 Cyprus gas dispute">2018 Cyprus gas dispute</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enosis#The_Cypriot_Enosis_movement" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_enosis_referendum,_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot enosis referendum, 1950">Enosis referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akritas_plan" title="Akritas plan">Akritas plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">List of UNSC resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Demographic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nationality_in_Cyprus" title="History of nationality in Cyprus">History of nationality in Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_refugees" title="Cypriot refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclaved_Greek_Cypriots" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclaved Greek Cypriots">Enclaved Greek Cypriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_against_Northern_Cyprus" title="Embargo against Northern Cyprus">Embargo against Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9_September_Front" title="9 September Front">9 September Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gang_(organisation)" title="Black Gang (organisation)">Black Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOKA" title="EOKA">EOKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOKA-B" class="mw-redirect" title="EOKA-B">EOKA-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEKA" title="PEKA">PEKA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Resistance_Legion_for_the_Movement_Legion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Resistance Legion for the Movement Legion (page does not exist)">Turkish Resistance Legion for the Movement Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Resistance_Organisation" title="Turkish Resistance Organisation">Turkish Resistance Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawsuits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolides_v_Orams" title="Apostolides v Orams">Apostolides v Orams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_v._Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus v. Turkey">Cyprus v. Turkey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loizidou_v._Turkey" title="Loizidou v. Turkey">Loizidou v. Turkey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toumazou_et_al._v._Republic_of_Turkey_et_al." class="mw-redirect" title="Toumazou et al. v. Republic of Turkey et al.">Toumazou et al. v. Republic of Turkey et al.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_peace_process" title="Cyprus peace process">Peace process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_plan_(Cyprus)" title="ABC plan (Cyprus)">ABC plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annan_Plan_for_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Annan Plan for Cyprus">Annan reunification Plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Annan_Plan_referendums,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Annan Plan referendums, 2004">2004 referendums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution_(Cyprus)" title="Two-state solution (Cyprus)">Two-state solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932012_Cyprus_talks" title="2008–2012 Cyprus talks">2008–2012 talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Cyprus_talks" title="2014 Cyprus talks">2014 talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932017_Cyprus_talks" title="2015–2017 Cyprus talks">2015–2017 talks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cyprus_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cyprus_topics" title="Template:Cyprus topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cyprus_topics" title="Template talk:Cyprus topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cyprus_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cyprus topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cyprus_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cyprus-related_articles" title="Index of Cyprus-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Cyprus" title="Prehistoric Cyprus">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alasiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Cyprus" title="Ancient history of Cyprus">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_city-kingdoms_of_Cyprus" title="Ten city-kingdoms of Cyprus">Ten city-kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Revolt" title="Ionian Revolt">Ionian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Roman Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Cyprus">Byzantine Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Cyprus" title="Venetian Cyprus">Venetian rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Ottoman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_British_Cyprus" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of British Cyprus">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus_since_1878" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cyprus since 1878">Post-1878 overview</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taksim_(politics)" title="Taksim (politics)">Taksim</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Intercommunal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_refugees" title="Cypriot refugees">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cypriot S-300 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annan_Plan" title="Annan Plan">Annan Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">EU accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/80px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/120px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/160px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Cyprus" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Cyprus" title="Climate of Cyprus">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Cyprus" title="Districts of Cyprus">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Cyprus" title="List of earthquakes in Cyprus">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cyprus_islets" title="List of Cyprus islets">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Lakes of Cyprus">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Mountains of Cyprus">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Rivers of Cyprus">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Cyprus" title="Wildlife of Cyprus">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Cyprus" title="Politics of Cyprus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Cyprus" title="Chief Justice of Cyprus">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cyprus" title="Constitution of Cyprus">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Cyprus" title="Corruption in Cyprus">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">UN resolutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Cyprus">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_National_Guard" title="Cypriot National Guard">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_General_Staff" title="Chief of the National Guard General Staff">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Police" title="Cyprus Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Cyprus" title="List of political parties in Cyprus">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cyprus" title="President of Cyprus">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Cyprus" title="Agriculture in Cyprus">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Cyprus" title="List of banks in Cyprus">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Stock_Exchange" title="Cyprus Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Cyprus" title="Tourism in Cyprus">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Cyprus" title="Trade unions in Cyprus">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Cyprus" title="Transport in Cyprus">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012%E2%80%932013_Cypriot_financial_crisis" title="2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis">2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Society of Cyprus">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_nationality_law" title="Cypriot nationality law">Cypriot nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cyprus" title="Education in Cyprus">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Cyprus" title="Health in Cyprus">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cyprus" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cyprus">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cyprus" title="Public holidays in Cyprus">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cypriot_art" title="Category:Cypriot art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cinema_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Cinema of Cyprus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_literature" title="Cypriot literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Cyprus" title="Category:Mass media in Cyprus">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Cyprus" title="Sport in Cyprus">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Cyprus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Cyprus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cyprus" title="Demographics of Cyprus">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Greek Cypriot diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus">Greek Cypriots in Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linobambaki" title="Linobambaki">Linobambaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Turkish Cypriot diaspora">diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_settlers_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus">Settlers from Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Cyprus">Armenian Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cypriots" title="Maronite Cypriots">Maronite Cypriots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Cyprus" title="National symbols of Cyprus">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymn_to_Liberty" title="Hymn to Liberty">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Cyprus" title="Coat of arms of Cyprus">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cyprus" title="Flag of Cyprus">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Cyprus" title="Outline of Cyprus">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Cyprus-related_articles" title="Index of Cyprus-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cyprus" title="Category:Cyprus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cyprus" title="Portal:Cyprus">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&oldid=1194734776">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_S-300_crisis&oldid=1194734776</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1997_in_Cyprus" title="Category:1997 in Cyprus">1997 in Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1998_in_Cyprus" title="Category:1998 in Cyprus">1998 in 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