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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early Gothic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_English_and_High_Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_English_and_High_Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Early English</i> and <i>High Gothic</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_English_and_High_Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rayonnant_Gothic_and_Decorated_Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rayonnant_Gothic_and_Decorated_Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Rayonnant Gothic</i> and <i>Decorated Style</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rayonnant_Gothic_and_Decorated_Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Gothic:_flamboyant_and_perpendicular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Gothic:_flamboyant_and_perpendicular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><i>Late Gothic</i>: <i>flamboyant</i> and <i>perpendicular</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Gothic:_flamboyant_and_perpendicular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Decline and transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival,_rediscovery_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival,_rediscovery_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Survival, rediscovery and revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival,_rediscovery_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Structural elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structural_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structural elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structural_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pointed_arches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pointed_arches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pointed arches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pointed_arches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rib_vaults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rib_vaults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Rib vaults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rib_vaults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_vaults_(13th–15th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_vaults_(13th–15th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Later vaults (13th–15th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_vaults_(13th–15th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Columns_and_piers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Columns_and_piers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Columns and piers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Columns_and_piers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flying_buttresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flying_buttresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Flying buttresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flying_buttresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towers_and_spires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towers_and_spires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Towers and spires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towers_and_spires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Tracery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements_of_Romanesque_and_Gothic_architecture_compared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_of_Romanesque_and_Gothic_architecture_compared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Elements of Romanesque and Gothic architecture compared</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_of_Romanesque_and_Gothic_architecture_compared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevations_and_the_search_for_height" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevations_and_the_search_for_height"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Elevations and the search for height</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevations_and_the_search_for_height-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>West front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_end" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_end"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>East end</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_end-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sculpture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portals_and_tympanum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portals_and_tympanum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Portals and tympanum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portals_and_tympanum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grotesques_and_Labyrinths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grotesques_and_Labyrinths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Grotesques and Labyrinths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grotesques_and_Labyrinths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_and_stained_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_and_stained_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Windows and stained glass</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Windows_and_stained_glass-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Windows and stained glass subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Windows_and_stained_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rose_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rose_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Rose windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rose_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1180–1230" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1180–1230"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>High Gothic architectural elements, 1180–1230</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1180–1230-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rayonnant_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1230–1350" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rayonnant_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1230–1350"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Rayonnant Gothic architectural elements, 1230–1350</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rayonnant_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1230–1350-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flamboyant_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1350–1550" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flamboyant_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1350–1550"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Flamboyant Gothic architectural elements, 1350–1550</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flamboyant_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1350–1550-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Palaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Civic architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>University Gothic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Military architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Synagogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influences_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influences_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romanesque_and_Norman_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanesque_and_Norman_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.1</span> <span>Romanesque and Norman influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanesque_and_Norman_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.2</span> <span>Islamic influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19.3</span> <span>Armenian influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subvarieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subvarieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Subvarieties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subvarieties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Subvarieties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Subvarieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.1</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.1.1</span> <span>Mediterranean styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.1.2</span> <span>Northern styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronological_subsets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_subsets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.2</span> <span>Chronological subsets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronological_subsets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.3</span> <span>Type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Notable examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.2</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.3</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.4</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.5</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.7</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.8</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.9</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.11</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.12</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.13</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.14</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.15</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.16</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.17</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.18</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.19</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.20</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21.21</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gothic architecture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiese_argitektuur" title="Gotiese argitektuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gotiese argitektuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عمارة قوطية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة قوطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquiteutura_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arquiteutura gótica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arquiteutura gótica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qotika_(memarl%C4%B1q)" title="Qotika (memarlıq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qotika (memarlıq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="গথিক স্থাপত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গথিক স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_ki%C3%A0n-tio%CC%8Dk" title="Gothic kiàn-tio̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gothic kiàn-tio̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гатычная архітэктура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гатычная архітэктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гатычная архітэктура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гатычная архітэктура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готическа архитектура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Готическа архитектура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektouriezh_c%27hotek" title="Arkitektouriezh c'hotek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arkitektouriezh c'hotek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_g%C3%B2tica" title="Arquitectura gòtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arquitectura gòtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotick%C3%A1_architektura" title="Gotická architektura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gotická architektura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensaern%C3%AFaeth_Gothig" title="Pensaernïaeth Gothig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pensaernïaeth Gothig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotische_Baukunst" title="Gotische Baukunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gotische Baukunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooti_arhitektuur" title="Gooti arhitektuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gooti arhitektuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γοτθική αρχιτεκτονική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γοτθική αρχιτεκτονική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arquitectura gótica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura gótica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika_arkitekturo" title="Gotika arkitekturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gotika arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura_gotikoa" title="Arkitektura gotikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arkitektura gotikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="معماری گوتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معماری گوتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_gothique" title="Architecture gothique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture gothique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotyk" title="Gotyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gotyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailtireacht_Ghotach" title="Ailtireacht Ghotach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailtireacht Ghotach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arquitectura gótica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arquitectura gótica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%94%95_%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95" title="고딕 건축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고딕 건축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գոթական ճարտարապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոթական ճարտարապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="गॉथिक वास्तुकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गॉथिक वास्तुकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goti%C4%8Dka_arhitektura" title="Gotička arhitektura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gotička arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik_arkitekturo" title="Gotik arkitekturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gotik arkitekturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur_Gotik" title="Arsitektur Gotik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arsitektur Gotik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectura_gothic" title="Architectura gothic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Architectura gothic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_gotica" title="Architettura gotica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura gotica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אדריכלות גותית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות גותית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗಾತಿಕ್ ವಾಸ್ತು ಶೈಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾತಿಕ್ ವಾಸ್ತು ಶೈಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="გოტიკური არქიტექტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გოტიკური არქიტექტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtindo_wa_Kigothi" title="Mtindo wa Kigothi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtindo wa Kigothi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_francigenum" title="Opus francigenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Opus francigenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotika_(arhitekt%C5%ABra)" title="Gotika (arhitektūra) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gotika (arhitektūra)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik" title="Gotik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gotik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotikin%C4%97_architekt%C5%ABra" title="Gotikinė architektūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gotikinė architektūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiek" title="Gotiek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gotiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arciteta_gotica" title="Arciteta gotica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Arciteta gotica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готска архитектура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Готска архитектура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2" title="ഗോത്തിക് വാസ്തുകല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗോത്തിക് വാസ്തുകല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عماره قوطيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عماره قوطيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_bina_Goth" title="Seni bina Goth – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni bina Goth" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiek_(bouwkunst)" title="Gotiek (bouwkunst) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gotiek (bouwkunst)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B7%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="ゴシック建築 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴシック建築" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk_arkitektur" title="Gotisk arkitektur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gotisk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk_arkitektur" title="Gotisk arkitektur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gotisk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estyle_gothique" title="Estyle gothique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Estyle gothique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_gotica" title="Arquitectura gotica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arquitectura gotica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxitekturada_gotika_uslubi" title="Arxitekturada gotika uslubi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arxitekturada gotika uslubi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="گوتھک فن تعمیر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گوتھک فن تعمیر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architetura_g%C3%B2tica" title="Architetura gòtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Architetura gòtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architektura_gotycka" title="Architektura gotycka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Architektura gotycka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitetura_g%C3%B3tica" title="Arquitetura gótica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arquitetura gótica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhitectura_gotic%C4%83" title="Arhitectura gotică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Arhitectura gotică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готична архитектура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Готична архитектура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готическая архитектура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Готическая архитектура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_airchitectur" title="Gothic airchitectur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gothic airchitectur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals" title="Gothic cathedrals – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gothic cathedrals" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotick%C3%A1_architekt%C3%BAra" title="Gotická architektúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gotická architektúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotska_arhitektura" title="Gotska arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gotska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готичка архитектура – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Готичка архитектура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goti%C4%8Dka_arhitektura" title="Gotička arhitektura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gotička arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiikka" title="Gotiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gotiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotisk_arkitektur" title="Gotisk arkitektur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gotisk arkitektur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitekturang_Gotiko" title="Arkitekturang Gotiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Arkitekturang Gotiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கோதிக் கட்டிடக்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோதிக் கட்டிடக்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="สถาปัตยกรรมกอทิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรมกอทิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotik_mimari" title="Gotik mimari – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gotik mimari" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Готична архітектура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Готична архітектура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="گوتھک فن تعمیر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گوتھک فن تعمیر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_Gothic" title="Kiến trúc Gothic – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kiến trúc Gothic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotiek" title="Gotiek – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Gotiek" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="哥特式建筑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哥特式建筑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="哥德式建築 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哥德式建築" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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For the visual arts, see <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a>. For the fashion of the subculture, see <a href="/wiki/Gothic_subculture#Fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic subculture">Gothic subculture § Fashion</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gothic church" redirects here. For the church of the Goths in the Early Middle Ages, see <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Gothic architecture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/250px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/375px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/500px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5867" data-file-height="5050" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/250px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/375px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/500px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3936" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rouen_(38564194996).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rouen_%2838564194996%29.jpg/250px-Rouen_%2838564194996%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rouen_%2838564194996%29.jpg/375px-Rouen_%2838564194996%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Rouen_%2838564194996%29.jpg/500px-Rouen_%2838564194996%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1275" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption"><b>Top:</b> West front of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> in England (1225-1240); <b>middle:</b> <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (1238–1248); <b>bottom:</b> tympanum of <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a> (15th century)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">Late 12th century–16th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Europe and West Asia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenian architecture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influenced</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-Gothic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-Gothic (page does not exist)">Post-Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture#Baroque_Gothic" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Baroque Gothic</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gothic architecture</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural style</a> that was prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It evolved from <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a>. It originated in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> regions of northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The style at the time was sometimes known as <i>opus Francigenum</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">French work</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>);<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term <i>Gothic</i> was first applied contemptuously during the later <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, by those ambitious to revive the <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">architecture of classical antiquity</a>. </p><p>The defining design element of Gothic architecture is the <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointed arch (architecture)">pointed arch</a>. The use of the pointed arch in turn led to the development of the pointed <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a>, combined with elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> windows.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>, near Paris, the choir was reconstructed between 1140 and 1144, drawing together for the first time the developing Gothic architectural features. In doing so, a new architectural style emerged that emphasized verticality and the effect created by the transmission of light through <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> windows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon20158–9_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon20158–9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common examples are found in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">ecclesiastical architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish churches</a>. It is also the architecture of many <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">town halls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guildhall" title="Guildhall">guildhalls</a>, universities and, less prominently today, private dwellings. Many of the finest examples of medieval Gothic architecture are listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. </p><p>With the development of Renaissance architecture in Italy during the mid-15th century, the Gothic style was supplanted by the new style, but in some regions, notably England and Belgium, Gothic continued to flourish and develop into the 16th century. A series of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revivals</a> began in mid-18th century <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, spread through 19th-century Europe and continued, largely for churches and university buildings, into the 20th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_the_Goths" title="Name of the Goths">Name of the Goths</a></div><p> Medieval contemporaries described the style as <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">opus Francigenum</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'French work' or '<a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> work', as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">opus modernum</i></span>, 'modern work', <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">novum opus</i></span>, 'new work', or as <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">maniera tedesca</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'German style'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Gothic architecture" originated as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> description. <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> used the term "barbarous German style" in his <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives of the Artists</a></i> to describe what is now considered the Gothic style,<sup id="cite_ref-vas_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the introduction to the <i>Lives</i> he attributes various architectural features to the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, whom he held responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Vasari wrote, Italy had experienced a century of building in the <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvian</a> architectural vocabulary of <a href="/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order">classical orders</a> revived in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and seen as evidence of a new <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> of learning and refinement. Thus the Gothic style, being in opposition to classical architecture, from that point of view was associated with the destruction of advancement and sophistication.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assumption that classical architecture was better than Gothic architecture was widespread and proved difficult to defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vasari was echoed in the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>, who referred to <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> (<i>Gotz</i> and <i>Ostrogotz</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The polymath architect <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> disapproved of the name Gothic for pointed architecture. He compared it to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, which he called the '<a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracen</a> style', pointing out that the pointed arch's sophistication was not owed to the Goths but to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. He wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This we now call the Gothic manner of architecture (so the Italians called what was not after the Roman style) though the Goths were rather destroyers than builders; I think it should with more reason be called the Saracen style, for these people wanted neither arts nor learning: and after we in the west lost both, we borrowed again from them, out of their Arabic books, what they with great diligence had translated from the Greeks.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Christopher Wren, <i>Report on St Paul's</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Wren was the first to popularize the belief that it was not the Europeans, but the Saracens that had created the Gothic style. The term 'Saracen' was still in use in the 18th century and it typically referred to all Muslims, including the Arabs and Berbers. Wren mentions Europe's architectural debt to the Saracens no fewer than twelve times in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also decidedly broke with tradition in his assumption that Gothic architecture did not merely represent a violent and bothersome mistake, as suggested by Vasari. Rather, he saw that the Gothic style had developed over time along the lines of a changing society, and that it was thus a legitimate architectural style of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was no secret that Wren strongly disliked the building practices of the Gothic style. When he was appointed Surveyor of the Fabric at Westminster Abbey in the year 1698, he expressed his distaste for the Gothic style in a letter to the bishop of Rochester:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nothing was thought magnificent that was not high beyond Measure, with the Flutter of Arch-buttresses, so we call the sloping Arches that poise the higher Vaultings of the Nave. The Romans always concealed their Butments, whereas the Normans thought them ornamental. These I have observed are the first Things that occasion the Ruin of Cathedrals, being so much exposed to the Air and Weather; the Coping, which cannot defend them, first failing, and if they give Way, the Vault must spread. Pinnacles are no Use, and as little Ornament.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Christopher Wren, <i>Parentalia</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The chaos of the Gothic left much to be desired in Wren's eyes. His aversion of the style was so strong that he refused to put a Gothic roof on the new St. Paul's, despite being pressured to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wren much preferred symmetry and straight lines in architecture, which is why he constantly praised the classic architecture of 'the Ancients' in his writings. </p><p>Even though he openly expressed his distaste for the Gothic style, Wren did not blame the Saracens for the apparent lack of ingenuity. Quite the opposite: he praised the Saracens for their 'superior' vaulting techniques and their widespread use of the pointed arch.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wren claimed the inventors of the Gothic had seen the Saracen architecture during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, also called the <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a> or Holy War, organised by the Kingdom of France in the year 1095: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Holy War gave the Christians, who had been there, an Idea of the Saracen Works, which were afterwards by them imitated in the West; and they refined upon it every day, as they proceeded in building Churches.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Christopher Wren, <i>Parentalia</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>There are several chronological issues that arise with this statement, which is one of the reasons why Wren's theory is rejected by many. The earliest examples of the pointed arch in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> date from before the <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Holy War</a> in the year 1095; this is widely regarded as proof that the Gothic style could not have possibly been derived from Saracen architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several authors have taken a stance against this allegation, claiming that the Gothic style had most likely filtered into Europe in other ways, for example through Spain or Sicily. The Spanish architecture from the Moors could have favoured the emergence of the Gothic style long before the Crusades took place. This could have happened gradually through merchants, travelers and pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to a 19th-century correspondent in the London journal <i><a href="/wiki/Notes_and_Queries" title="Notes and Queries">Notes and Queries</a></i>, Gothic was a derisive misnomer; the pointed arcs and architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">later Middle Ages</a> was quite different from the rounded arches prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and the period of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a> in Italy:</p><blockquote><p>There can be no doubt that the term 'Gothic' as applied to pointed styles of ecclesiastical architecture was used at first contemptuously, and in derision, by those who were ambitious to imitate and revive the Grecian orders of architecture, after the revival of classical literature. But, without citing many authorities, such as <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>, and others, who lent their aid in depreciating the old mediaeval style, which they termed Gothic, as synonymous with every thing that was barbarous and rude, it may be sufficient to refer to the celebrated Treatise of Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wotton" title="Henry Wotton">Henry Wotton</a>, entitled <i>The Elements of Architecture</i>, ... printed in London so early as 1624. ... But it was a strange misapplication of the term to use it for the pointed style, in contradistinction to the circular, formerly called Saxon, now Norman, Romanesque, &c. These latter styles, like <a href="/wiki/Lombard_architecture" title="Lombard architecture">Lombardic</a>, Italian, and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a>, of course belong more to the Gothic period than the light and elegant structures of the pointed order which succeeded them.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_b_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_b-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_Teruel_desde_la_torre_de_la_iglesia_del_Salvador,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2014-01-10,_DD_82.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vista_de_Teruel_desde_la_torre_de_la_iglesia_del_Salvador%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-01-10%2C_DD_82.JPG/220px-Vista_de_Teruel_desde_la_torre_de_la_iglesia_del_Salvador%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-01-10%2C_DD_82.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vista_de_Teruel_desde_la_torre_de_la_iglesia_del_Salvador%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-01-10%2C_DD_82.JPG/330px-Vista_de_Teruel_desde_la_torre_de_la_iglesia_del_Salvador%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-01-10%2C_DD_82.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Vista_de_Teruel_desde_la_torre_de_la_iglesia_del_Salvador%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-01-10%2C_DD_82.JPG/440px-Vista_de_Teruel_desde_la_torre_de_la_iglesia_del_Salvador%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2014-01-10%2C_DD_82.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3585" data-file-height="5100" /></a><figcaption>Pointed arches in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_the_church_of_San_Salvador" title="Tower of the church of San Salvador">Tower of the church of San Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Influences_upon_Gothic_architecture" title="Influences upon Gothic architecture">Influences upon Gothic architecture</a></div> <p>The Gothic style of architecture was strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> which preceded it; by the growing population and wealth of European cities, and by the desire to express local grandeur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986126_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986126-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was influenced by theological doctrines which called for more light<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127–128_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127–128-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by technical improvements in vaults and buttresses that allowed much greater height and larger windows. It was also influenced by the necessity of many churches, such as <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, to accommodate growing numbers of pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986131_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986131-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It adapted features from earlier styles. According to Charles Texier (French historian, architect, and archaeologist) and Josef Strzygowski (Polish-Austrian art historian), after lengthy research and study of cathedrals in the medieval city of <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>, the capital of the medieval kingdom of Armenia concluded to have discovered the oldest Gothic arch. According to these historians, the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Hripsime_Church" title="Saint Hripsime Church">Saint Hripsime Church</a> near the Armenian religious seat Etchmiadzin was built in the fourth century A.D. and was repaired in 618. The cathedral of Ani was built in 980–1012 A.D. However many of the elements of Islamic and Armenian architecture that have been cited as influences on Gothic architecture also appeared in Late Roman and Byzantine architecture, the most noticeable example being the pointed arch and flying buttress.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable example is the capitals, which are forerunners of the Gothic style and deviated from the Classical standards of ancient Greece and Rome with serpentine lines and naturalistic forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Periods">Periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Architecture "became a leading form of artistic expression during the late Middle Ages".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gothic architecture began in the earlier 12th century in northwest France and England and spread throughout Latin Europe in the 13th century; by 1300, a first "international style" of Gothic had developed, with common design features and formal language. A second "international style" emerged by 1400, alongside innovations in England and central Europe that produced both the perpendicular and flamboyant varieties. Typically, these typologies are identified as:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>c</i>.1130–<i>c</i>.1240 <i>Early</i> to <i>High Gothic</i> and <i>Early English</i></li> <li><i>c</i>.1240–<i>c</i>.1350 <i>Rayonnant</i> and <i>Decorated Style</i></li> <li><i>c</i>.1350–<i>c</i>.1500 <i>Late Gothic</i>: <i>flamboyant</i> and <i>perpendicular</i></li> <li><i>c</i>.16th–18th century <i>Post-Gothic</i></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 965px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Gothic: Basilica of Saint-Denis, west façade (1135–1340)"><img alt="Early Gothic: Basilica of Saint-Denis, west façade (1135–1340)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/132px-Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/198px-Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg/264px-Saint-Denis_-_Fa%C3%A7ade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Gothic">Early Gothic</a>: Basilica of Saint-Denis, west façade (1135–1340)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Gothic: nave of Sens Cathedral (1135–1176)"><img alt="Early Gothic: nave of Sens Cathedral (1135–1176)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg/150px-Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg/225px-Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg/300px-Interior_of_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Sens-6974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Gothic">Early Gothic</a>: nave of <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a> (1135–1176)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_(40805457492).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early English; choir of Canterbury Cathedral (1174–1180)"><img alt="Early English; choir of Canterbury Cathedral (1174–1180)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg/150px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg/225px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg/300px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_%2840805457492%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8687" data-file-height="5791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early English; choir of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> (1174–1180)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Gothic; nave of Notre-Dame de Paris (1185–1200)"><img alt="Early Gothic; nave of Notre-Dame de Paris (1185–1200)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg/137px-NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg/205px-NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg/274px-NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early Gothic; nave of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> (1185–1200)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="High Gothic; Chartres Cathedral choir (1210–1250)"><img alt="High Gothic; Chartres Cathedral choir (1210–1250)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG/133px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG/200px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG/266px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> choir (1210–1250)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rayonnant: west front of Strasbourg Cathedral (1277–1490)"><img alt="Rayonnant: west front of Strasbourg Cathedral (1277–1490)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/150px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/225px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/300px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6574" data-file-height="8402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a>: west front of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> (1277–1490)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rayonnant: Sainte-Chapelle upper level (1238-1248)"><img alt="Rayonnant: Sainte-Chapelle upper level (1238-1248)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/101px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/151px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg/201px-Sainte_Chapelle_-_Upper_level_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1961" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> upper level (1238-1248)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral_Choirs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rayonnant – angel's choir of Lincoln Cathedral (14th century)"><img alt="Rayonnant – angel's choir of Lincoln Cathedral (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lincoln_Cathedral_Choirs.jpg/150px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Choirs.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lincoln_Cathedral_Choirs.jpg/225px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Choirs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Lincoln_Cathedral_Choirs.jpg/300px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Choirs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> – angel's choir of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Minster,_York_(13451378175).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perpendicular Gothic; choir of York Minister (1361–1405)"><img alt="Perpendicular Gothic; choir of York Minister (1361–1405)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg/133px-York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg/199px-York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg/266px-York_Minster%2C_York_%2813451378175%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2761" data-file-height="4156" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a>; choir of <a href="/wiki/York_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="York Minister">York Minister</a> (1361–1405) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cologne cathedral (1248-1880)"><img alt="Cologne cathedral (1248-1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/123px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/185px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg/246px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Westfassade_2022_ohne_Ger%C3%BCst-0968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3062" data-file-height="4969" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne cathedral">Cologne cathedral</a> (1248-1880)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_tour_du_Beurre.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamboyant; "Butter Tower" of Rouen Cathedral (1488–1506)"><img alt="Flamboyant; "Butter Tower" of Rouen Cathedral (1488–1506)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/La_tour_du_Beurre.JPG/150px-La_tour_du_Beurre.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/La_tour_du_Beurre.JPG/225px-La_tour_du_Beurre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/La_tour_du_Beurre.JPG/300px-La_tour_du_Beurre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a>; "Butter Tower" of <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a> (1488–1506)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral,_West_view_20170609_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-Gothic; Orléans Cathedral (1601–1829)"><img alt="Post-Gothic; Orléans Cathedral (1601–1829)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral%2C_West_view_20170609_1.jpg/138px-Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral%2C_West_view_20170609_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral%2C_West_view_20170609_1.jpg/207px-Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral%2C_West_view_20170609_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral%2C_West_view_20170609_1.jpg/276px-Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral%2C_West_view_20170609_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="5294" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-Gothic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-Gothic (page does not exist)">Post-Gothic</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral" title="Orléans Cathedral">Orléans Cathedral</a> (1601–1829)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sens,_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%88tienne,_1135-1534_(31).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sens%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%88tienne%2C_1135-1534_%2831%29.jpg/220px-Sens%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%88tienne%2C_1135-1534_%2831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sens%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%88tienne%2C_1135-1534_%2831%29.jpg/330px-Sens%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%88tienne%2C_1135-1534_%2831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sens%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%88tienne%2C_1135-1534_%2831%29.jpg/440px-Sens%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%88tienne%2C_1135-1534_%2831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>Early Gothic</i> triple elevation<br />Sens Cathedral (1135–1164)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Gothic">Early Gothic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic architecture</a></div><p>Norman architecture on either side of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> developed in parallel towards <i>Early Gothic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gothic features, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a>, had appeared in England, Sicily and Normandy in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rib-vaults were employed in some parts of the cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a> (1093–)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Lessay_Abbey" title="Lessay Abbey">Lessay Abbey</a> in Normandy (1098).<sup id="cite_ref-Gothique_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gothique-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the first buildings to be considered fully Gothic are the royal funerary abbey of the French kings, the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint Denis">Abbey of Saint-Denis</a> (1135–1144), and the archiepiscopal cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Sens" title="Sens">Sens</a> (1135–1164). They were the first buildings to systematically combine rib vaulting, buttresses, and pointed arches.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the characteristics of later <i>Early English</i> were already present in the lower <i><a href="/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a></i> of Saint-Denis.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a> until the 13th century, developed its own version of Gothic. One of these was the Norman <a href="/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a>, a small apse or chapel attached to the choir at the east end of the church, which typically had a half-dome. The <a href="/wiki/Lantern_tower" title="Lantern tower">lantern tower</a> was another common feature in Norman Gothic.<sup id="cite_ref-Gothique_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gothique-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of early Norman Gothic is <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Cathedral" title="Bayeux Cathedral">Bayeux Cathedral</a> (1060–1070) where the Romanesque cathedral nave and choir were rebuilt into the Gothic style. <a href="/wiki/Lisieux_Cathedral" title="Lisieux Cathedral">Lisieux Cathedral</a> was begun in 1170.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201530_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201530-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a> (begun 1185) was rebuilt from Romanesque to Gothic with distinct Norman features, including a lantern tower, deeply moulded decoration, and high pointed arcades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201530–31_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201530–31-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coutances_Cathedral" title="Coutances Cathedral">Coutances Cathedral</a> was remade into Gothic beginning about 1220. Its most distinctive feature is the octagonal lantern on the crossing of the transept, decorated with ornamental ribs, and surrounded by sixteen bays and sixteen lancet windows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201530_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201530-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saint-Denis was the work of the Abbot <a href="/wiki/Suger" title="Suger">Suger</a>, a close adviser of Kings <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a>. Suger reconstructed portions of the old Romanesque church with the <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> in order to remove walls and to make more space for windows. He described the new ambulatory as "a circular ring of chapels, by virtue of which the whole church would shine with the wonderful and uninterrupted light of most luminous windows, pervading the interior beauty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To support the vaults he also introduced columns with capitals of carved vegetal designs, modelled upon the classical columns he had seen in Rome. In addition, he installed a circular rose window over the portal on the façade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These also became a common feature of Gothic cathedrals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBGA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBGA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some elements of Gothic style appeared very early in England. <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> was the first cathedral to employ a rib vault, built between 1093 and 1104.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201510_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201510-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first cathedral built entirely in the new style was <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a>, begun between 1135 and 1140 and consecrated in 1160.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201510–11_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201510–11-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sens Cathedral features a Gothic choir, and six-part rib vaults over the nave and collateral aisles, alternating pillars and doubled columns to support the vaults, and buttresses to offset the outward thrust from the vaults. One of the builders who is believed to have worked on Sens Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sens" title="William of Sens">William of Sens</a>, later travelled to England and became the architect who, between 1175 and 1180, reconstructed the choir of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> in the new Gothic style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201510–11_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201510–11-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a> was influential in its strongly vertical appearance and in its three-part elevation, typical of subsequent Gothic buildings, with a clerestory at the top supported by a <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a>, all carried on high arcades of pointed arches.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following decades flying buttresses began to be used, allowing the construction of lighter, higher walls.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic</a> churches were heavily influenced both by the ambulatory and side-chapels around the choir at Saint-Denis, and by the paired towers and triple doors on the western façade.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Sens was quickly followed by <a href="/wiki/Senlis_Cathedral" title="Senlis Cathedral">Senlis Cathedral</a> (begun 1160), and <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> (begun 1160). Their builders abandoned the traditional plans and introduced the new Gothic elements from Saint-Denis. The builders of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame</a> went further by introducing the flying buttress, heavy columns of support outside the walls connected by arches to the upper walls. The buttresses counterbalanced the outward thrust from the rib vaults. This allowed the builders to construct higher, thinner walls and larger windows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/25-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz.jpg/220px-25-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/25-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz.jpg/330px-25-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/25-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz.jpg/440px-25-Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_Metz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>High Gothic</i> flying buttresses<br />Metz Cathedral (1220–)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png/220px-Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png/330px-Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png/440px-Facade_de_Notre_Dame_de_Reims.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><i>High Gothic</i> west front, <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> (1211–)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_English_and_High_Gothic"><i>Early English</i> and <i>High Gothic</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early English and High Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic architecture</a></div> <p>Following the destruction by fire of the choir of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> in 1174, a group of master builders was invited to propose plans for the reconstruction. The master-builder <a href="/wiki/William_of_Sens" title="William of Sens">William of Sens</a>, who had worked on Sens Cathedral, won the competition.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work began that same year, but in 1178 William was badly injured by falling from the scaffolding, and returned to France, where he died.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBWoS_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBWoS-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work was continued by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Englishman" title="William the Englishman">William the Englishman</a> who replaced his French namesake in 1178. The resulting structure of the choir of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> is considered the first work of <i>Early English Gothic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cathedral churches of <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester</a> (1175–), <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells</a> (<i>c</i>.1180–), <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln</a> (1192–), and <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury</a> (1220–) are all, with Canterbury, major examples.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tiercerons</i> – decorative vaulting ribs – seem first to have been used in vaulting at Lincoln Cathedral, installed <i>c</i>.1200.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of a triforium, <i>Early English</i> churches usually retained a gallery.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1194</span>–1250) was a brief but very productive period, which produced some of the great landmarks of Gothic art. The first building in the High Gothic (French: <i lang="fr">Classique</i>) was <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>, an important pilgrimage church south of Paris. The Romanesque cathedral was destroyed by fire in 1194, but was swiftly rebuilt in the new style, with contributions from King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Pope Celestine III</a>, local gentry, merchants, craftsmen, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_the_Lionheart" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard the Lionheart">Richard the Lionheart</a>, king of England. The builders simplified the elevation used at Notre Dame, eliminated the tribune galleries, and used flying buttresses to support the upper walls. The walls were filled with stained glass, mainly depicting the story of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> but also, in a small corner of each window, illustrating the crafts of the guilds who donated those windows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986131_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986131-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The model of Chartres was followed by a series of new cathedrals of unprecedented height and size. These were <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> (begun 1211), where <a href="/wiki/Coronations_of_the_kings_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronations of the kings of France">coronations of the kings of France</a> took place; <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> (1220–1226); <a href="/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral" title="Bourges Cathedral">Bourges Cathedral</a> (1195–1230) (which, unlike the others, continued to use six-part rib vaults); and <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> (1225–).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986129–132_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986129–132-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In central Europe, the High Gothic style appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, first at <a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a> (1220–), whose Romanesque cathedral was rebuilt in the style of Reims Cathedral; then <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Liebfrauenkirche,_Trier" title="Liebfrauenkirche, Trier">Liebfrauenkirche</a> parish church (1228–), and then throughout the <i>Reich</i>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/St._Elizabeth%27s_Church,_Marburg" title="St. Elizabeth's Church, Marburg">Elisabethkirche</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> (1235–) and the cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> (<i>c</i>.1235–).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In High Gothic, the whole surface of the clerestory was given over to windows. At Chartres Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Plate_tracery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tracery">plate tracery</a> was used for the rose window, but at Reims the bar-tracery was free-standing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lancet windows were supplanted by multiple lights separated by <i>geometrical</i> bar-tracery.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tracery of this kind distinguishes <i>Middle Pointed</i> style from the simpler <i>First Pointed</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside, the nave was divided into by regular bays, each covered by a quadripartite rib vaults.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other characteristics of the High Gothic were the development of rose windows of greater size, using bar-tracery, higher and longer flying buttresses, which could reach up to the highest windows, and walls of sculpture illustrating biblical stories filling the façade and the fronts of the transept. Reims Cathedral had two thousand three hundred statues on the front and back side of the façade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986129–132_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986129–132-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new High Gothic churches competed to be the tallest, with increasingly ambitious structures lifting the vault yet higher. Chartres Cathedral's height of 38 m (125 ft) was exceeded by Beauvais Cathedral's 48 m (157 ft), but on account of the latter's collapse in 1248, no further attempt was made to build higher.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attention turned from achieving greater height to creating more awe-inspiring decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986129–132_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986129–132-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6574" data-file-height="8402" /></a><figcaption><i>Rayonnant Gothic</i> west front<br />Strasbourg Cathedral (1276–)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rayonnant_Gothic_and_Decorated_Style"><i>Rayonnant Gothic</i> and <i>Decorated Style</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rayonnant Gothic and Decorated Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decorated_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated Gothic">Decorated Gothic</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> Gothic</i> maximized the coverage of stained glass windows such that the walls are effectively entirely glazed; examples are the nave of Saint-Denis (1231–) and the royal chapel of <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a> on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> (<i>c</i>.1241–1248).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high and thin walls of French <i>Rayonnant Gothic</i> allowed by the flying buttresses enabled increasingly ambitious expanses of glass and decorated tracery, reinforced with ironwork.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after Saint-Denis, in the 1250s, Louis IX commissioned the rebuilt transepts and enormous rose windows of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> (1250s for the north transept, 1258 for the beginning of south transept).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale199389_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale199389-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This first 'international style' was also used in the clerestory of <a href="/wiki/Metz_Cathedral" title="Metz Cathedral">Metz Cathedral</a> (<i>c</i>. 1245–), then in the choir of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>'s cathedral (<i>c</i>. 1250–), and again in the nave of the cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> (<i>c</i>. 1250–).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Masons elaborated a series of tracery patterns for windows – from the basic <i>geometrical</i> to the <i>reticulated</i> and the <i>curvilinear –</i> which had superseded the lancet window.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bar-tracery of the <i>curvilinear, flowing</i>, and <i>reticulated</i> types distinguish <i>Second Pointed</i> style.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Decorated Gothic</i> similarly sought to emphasize the windows, but excelled in the ornamentation of their tracery. Churches with features of this style include Westminster Abbey (1245–), the cathedrals at <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a> (after 1257–) and <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> (1275–), <a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath Abbey</a> (1298–), and the retro choir at <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> (<i>c</i>.1320–).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <i>Rayonnant</i> developed its second 'international style' with increasingly autonomous and sharp-edged tracery mouldings apparent in the cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand" title="Clermont-Ferrand">Clermont-Ferrand</a> (1248–), the papal collegiate church at <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilique_Saint-Urbain_de_Troyes" title="Basilique Saint-Urbain de Troyes">Saint-Urbain</a> (1262–), and the west façade of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> (1276–1439)).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1300, there were examples influenced by Strasbourg in the cathedrals of <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> (1273–), <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> (<i>c</i>. 1275–), and in the cathedral nave at <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> (1292–).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prag,_Prager_Burg,_Veitsdom_--_2019_--_6662.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Prag%2C_Prager_Burg%2C_Veitsdom_--_2019_--_6662.jpg/220px-Prag%2C_Prager_Burg%2C_Veitsdom_--_2019_--_6662.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Prag%2C_Prager_Burg%2C_Veitsdom_--_2019_--_6662.jpg/330px-Prag%2C_Prager_Burg%2C_Veitsdom_--_2019_--_6662.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Prag%2C_Prager_Burg%2C_Veitsdom_--_2019_--_6662.jpg/440px-Prag%2C_Prager_Burg%2C_Veitsdom_--_2019_--_6662.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption><i>Flamboyant Gothic</i> east end,<br />Prague Cathedral (1344–)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry7Chapel_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Henry7Chapel_02.jpg/220px-Henry7Chapel_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Henry7Chapel_02.jpg/330px-Henry7Chapel_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Henry7Chapel_02.jpg/440px-Henry7Chapel_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><i>Perpendicular Gothic</i> east end, Henry VII Chapel (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1503</span>–1512)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Gothic:_flamboyant_and_perpendicular"><span class="anchor" id="Late_Gothic"></span><i>Late Gothic</i>: <i>flamboyant</i> and <i>perpendicular</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late Gothic: flamboyant and perpendicular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a></div> <p>Central Europe began to lead the emergence of a new, international <i>flamboyant</i> style with the construction of a new cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (1344–) under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Parler" title="Peter Parler">Peter Parler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model of rich and variegated tracery and intricate reticulated rib-vaulting was definitive in the <i>Late Gothic</i> of continental Europe, emulated not only by the collegiate churches and cathedrals, but by urban parish churches which rivalled them in size and magnificence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minster at <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a> and other parish churches like the Heilig-Kreuz-Münster at <a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Gm%C3%BCnd" title="Schwäbisch Gmünd">Schwäbisch Gmünd</a> (<i>c</i>.1320–), <a href="/wiki/St._Barbara%27s_Church,_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="St. Barbara's Church, Kutná Hora">St Barbara's Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Kutná Hora">Kutná Hora</a> (1389–), and the Heilig-Geist-Kirche (1407–) and <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Church,_Landshut" title="St. Martin's Church, Landshut">St Martin's Church</a> (<i>c</i>.1385–) in <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a> are typical.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of <a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">ogees</a> was especially common.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Sainte_Chapelle_du_Chateau_de_Vincennes_ancienne_demeure_royale_Vers_le_Bois_de_Vincennes_en_France_angle_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Paris_Sainte_Chapelle_du_Chateau_de_Vincennes_ancienne_demeure_royale_Vers_le_Bois_de_Vincennes_en_France_angle_3.JPG/220px-Paris_Sainte_Chapelle_du_Chateau_de_Vincennes_ancienne_demeure_royale_Vers_le_Bois_de_Vincennes_en_France_angle_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Paris_Sainte_Chapelle_du_Chateau_de_Vincennes_ancienne_demeure_royale_Vers_le_Bois_de_Vincennes_en_France_angle_3.JPG/330px-Paris_Sainte_Chapelle_du_Chateau_de_Vincennes_ancienne_demeure_royale_Vers_le_Bois_de_Vincennes_en_France_angle_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Paris_Sainte_Chapelle_du_Chateau_de_Vincennes_ancienne_demeure_royale_Vers_le_Bois_de_Vincennes_en_France_angle_3.JPG/440px-Paris_Sainte_Chapelle_du_Chateau_de_Vincennes_ancienne_demeure_royale_Vers_le_Bois_de_Vincennes_en_France_angle_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes" title="Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes">Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes</a> (1370s)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>flamboyant</i> style was characterised by the multiplication of the ribs of the vaults, with new purely decorative ribs, called tiercons and liernes, and additional diagonal ribs. One common ornament of <i>flamboyant</i> in France is the <i>arc-en-accolade</i>, an arch over a window topped by a pinnacle, which was itself topped with <a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(architecture)" title="Fleuron (architecture)">fleuron</a>, and flanked by other pinnacles. Examples of French <i>flamboyant</i> building include the west façade of <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a>, and especially the façades of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes" title="Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes">Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes</a> (1370s) and choir <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>'s abbey church (1448).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200636-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, ornamental rib-vaulting and tracery of <i>Decorated Gothic</i> co-existed with, and then gave way to, the <i>perpendicular</i> style from the 1320s, with straightened, orthogonal tracery topped with <a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">fan-vaulting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Perpendicular</i> <i>Gothic</i> was unknown in continental Europe and unlike earlier styles had no equivalent in Scotland or Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It first appeared in the cloisters and chapter-house (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1332</span>) of <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">Old St Paul's Cathedral</a> in London by <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsey_(architect)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ramsey (architect)">William de Ramsey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chancel of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1337</span>–1357) and its latter 14th century cloisters are early examples.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arches</a> were often used, and lierne vaults seen in early buildings were developed into fan vaults, first at the latter 14th century chapter-house of <a href="/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral" title="Hereford Cathedral">Hereford Cathedral</a> (demolished 1769) and cloisters at Gloucester, and then at <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ely" title="Reginald Ely">Reginald Ely</a>'s <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a> (1446–1461) and the brothers <a href="/wiki/William_Vertue" title="William Vertue">William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vertue" title="Robert Vertue">Robert Vertue</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Chapel" title="Henry VII Chapel">Henry VII Chapel</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1503</span>–1512) at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Perpendicular</i> is sometimes called <i>Third Pointed</i> and was employed over three centuries; the fan-vaulted staircase at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a> built around 1640.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lacey patterns of tracery continued to characterize continental Gothic building, with very elaborate and articulated vaulting, as at Saint Barbara's, Kutná Hora (1512).<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain areas, Gothic architecture continued to be employed until the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in provincial and ecclesiastical contexts, notably at <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_transition">Decline and transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decline and transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-Gothic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-Gothic (page does not exist)">Post-Gothic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St.-Eustache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/St.-Eustache.jpg/220px-St.-Eustache.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/St.-Eustache.jpg/330px-St.-Eustache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/St.-Eustache.jpg/440px-St.-Eustache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="2211" /></a><figcaption>Paris, Saint-Eustache (1532–1633)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadt-_und_Residenzkirche_B%C3%BCckeburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stadt-_und_Residenzkirche_B%C3%BCckeburg.jpg/220px-Stadt-_und_Residenzkirche_B%C3%BCckeburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stadt-_und_Residenzkirche_B%C3%BCckeburg.jpg/330px-Stadt-_und_Residenzkirche_B%C3%BCckeburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stadt-_und_Residenzkirche_B%C3%BCckeburg.jpg/440px-Stadt-_und_Residenzkirche_B%C3%BCckeburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Bückeburg, Stadtkirche (1611–1615)</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the mid-15th century, the Gothic style gradually lost its dominance in Europe. It had never been popular in Italy, and in the mid-15th century the Italians, drawing upon ancient Roman ruins, returned to classical models. The dome of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> (1420–1436) by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon, Rome</a>, was one of the first Renaissance landmarks, but it also employed Gothic technology; the outer skin of the dome was supported by a framework of twenty-four ribs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986179_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986179-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th century, as <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a> from Italy began to appear in France and other countries in Europe. The Gothic style began to be described as outdated, ugly and even barbaric. The term "Gothic" was first used as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> description. <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> used the term "barbarous German style" in his 1550 <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Excellent_Painters,_Sculptors,_and_Architects" title="Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects">Lives of the Artists</a></i> to describe what is now considered the Gothic style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari1991117,_527_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari1991117,_527-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the introduction to the <i>Lives</i> he attributed various architectural features to the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> whom he held responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and erecting new ones in this style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasari190783_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasari190783-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a> also mocked the Gothic style in the 1669 poem <i>La Gloire</i>: "...the insipid taste of Gothic ornamentation, these odious monstrosities of an ignorant age, produced by the torrents of barbarism..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrodecki19779_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodecki19779-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dominant styles in Europe became in turn <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Renaissance architecture">Italian Renaissance architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a>, and the grand classicism of the <i><a href="/wiki/Style_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Style Louis XIV">style Louis XIV</a></i>. </p><p>The Kings of France had first-hand knowledge of the new Italian style, because of the military campaign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a> to Naples and Milan (1494), and especially the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> (1500–1505) to restore French control over Milan and Genoa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986210_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986210-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They brought back Italian paintings, sculpture and building plans, and, more importantly, Italian craftsmen and artists. The Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Georges_d%27Amboise" title="Georges d'Amboise">Georges d'Amboise</a>, chief minister of Louis XII, built the <a href="/wiki/Chateau_of_Gaillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau of Gaillon">Chateau of Gaillon</a> near Rouen (1502–1510) with the assistance of Italian craftsmen. The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Blois">Château de Blois</a> (1515–1524) introduced the Renaissance loggia and open stairway. King Francois I installed <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Chateau_of_Chambord" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau of Chambord">Chateau of Chambord</a> in 1516, and introduced a Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Long_gallery" title="Long gallery">long gallery</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a> in 1528–1540. In 1546 Francois I began building the first example of French classicism, the square courtyard of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lescot" title="Pierre Lescot">Pierre Lescot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986211_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986211-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, new Gothic buildings, particularly churches, continued to be built. New Gothic churches built in Paris in this period included <a href="/wiki/Saint-Merri" title="Saint-Merri">Saint-Merri</a> (1520–1552) and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain_l%27Auxerrois" title="Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois">Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois</a>. The first signs of classicism in Paris churches did not appear until 1540, at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais" title="Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais">Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais</a>. The largest new church, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Eustache,_Paris" title="Saint-Eustache, Paris">Saint-Eustache</a> (1532–1560), rivalled Notre-Dame in size, 105 m (344 ft) long, 44 m (144 ft) wide, and 35 m (115 ft) high. As construction of this church continued, elements of Renaissance decoration, including the system of classical orders of columns, were added to the design, making it a Gothic-Renaissance hybrid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETexier201224–26_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETexier201224–26-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany, some Italian elements were introduced at the Fugger Chapel of <a href="/wiki/St._Anne%27s_Church,_Augsburg" title="St. Anne's Church, Augsburg">St. Anne's Church, Augsburg</a>, (1510–1512) combined with Gothic vaults; and others appeared in the Church of St. Michael in Munich, but in Germany Renaissance elements were used primarily for decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986211_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986211-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Renaissance elements also appeared in Spain, in the new palace begun by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> in Granada, within the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> (1485–1550), inspired by Bramante and Raphael, but it was never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986225_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986225-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first major Renaissance work in Spain was <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a>, the monastery-palace built by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986227_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986227-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, England was largely isolated from architectural developments on the continent. The first classical building in England was the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House#Old_Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Old Somerset House</a> in London (1547–1552) (since demolished), built by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset</a>, who was regent as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> for <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> until the young king came of age in 1547. Somerset's successor, <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland</a>, sent the architectural scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Shute_(architect)" title="John Shute (architect)">John Shute</a> to Italy to study the style. Shute published the first book in English on classical architecture in 1570. The first English houses in the new style were <a href="/wiki/Burghley_House" title="Burghley House">Burghley House</a> (1550s–1580s) and <a href="/wiki/Longleat" title="Longleat">Longleat</a>, built by associates of Somerset.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986238_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986238-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With those buildings, a new age of architecture began in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986236_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986236-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gothic architecture, usually churches or university buildings, continued to be built. Ireland was an island of Gothic architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries, with the construction of <a href="/wiki/St_Columb%27s_Cathedral" title="St Columb's Cathedral">Derry Cathedral</a> (completed 1633), <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Cathedral,_Sligo" title="St John the Baptist Cathedral, Sligo">Sligo Cathedral</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1730</span>), and <a href="/wiki/Down_Cathedral" title="Down Cathedral">Down Cathedral</a> (1790–1818) are other examples.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th and 18th century several important Gothic buildings were constructed at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tower" title="Tom Tower">Tom Tower</a> (1681–82) at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a>. It also appeared, in a whimsical fashion, in <a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Twickenham" title="Twickenham">Twickenham</a> <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_Hill_House" title="Strawberry Hill House">Strawberry Hill</a> (1749–1776). The two western towers of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> were constructed between 1722 and 1745 by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a>, opening a new period of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gothic architecture survived the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a> and flourished again in a revival from the late 18th century and throughout the 19th.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Perpendicular</i> was the first Gothic style revived in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survival,_rediscovery_and_revival"><span id="Survival.2C_rediscovery_and_revival"></span>Survival, rediscovery and revival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Survival, rediscovery and revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Giles%27_Cathedral,_High_Street,_Royal_Mile,_Edinburgh_(57)_-_The_Thistle_Chapel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/St_Giles%27_Cathedral%2C_High_Street%2C_Royal_Mile%2C_Edinburgh_%2857%29_-_The_Thistle_Chapel.jpg/220px-St_Giles%27_Cathedral%2C_High_Street%2C_Royal_Mile%2C_Edinburgh_%2857%29_-_The_Thistle_Chapel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/St_Giles%27_Cathedral%2C_High_Street%2C_Royal_Mile%2C_Edinburgh_%2857%29_-_The_Thistle_Chapel.jpg/330px-St_Giles%27_Cathedral%2C_High_Street%2C_Royal_Mile%2C_Edinburgh_%2857%29_-_The_Thistle_Chapel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/St_Giles%27_Cathedral%2C_High_Street%2C_Royal_Mile%2C_Edinburgh_%2857%29_-_The_Thistle_Chapel.jpg/440px-St_Giles%27_Cathedral%2C_High_Street%2C_Royal_Mile%2C_Edinburgh_%2857%29_-_The_Thistle_Chapel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thistle_Chapel" title="Thistle Chapel">Thistle Chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh%27s_High_Kirk" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh's High Kirk">Edinburgh's High Kirk</a> (completed 1910)</figcaption></figure><p>In England, partly in response to a philosophy propounded by the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> and others associated with the emerging revival of 'high church' or <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> ideas during the second quarter of the 19th century, neo-Gothic began to become promoted by influential establishment figures as the preferred style for ecclesiastical, civic and institutional architecture. The appeal of this <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revival</a> (which after 1837, in Britain, is sometimes termed <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Gothic">Victorian Gothic</a>), gradually widened to encompass "low church" as well as "high church" clients. This period of more universal appeal, spanning 1855–1885, is known in Britain as <a href="/wiki/High_Victorian_Gothic" title="High Victorian Gothic">High Victorian Gothic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> in London by Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Charles Barry</a> with interiors by a major exponent of the early Gothic Revival, <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Welby_Pugin" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Welby Pugin">Augustus Welby Pugin</a>, is an example of the Gothic revival style from its earlier period in the second quarter of the 19th century. Examples from the <i>High Victorian Gothic</i> period include <a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott" title="George Gilbert Scott">George Gilbert Scott</a>'s design for the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a> in London, and <a href="/wiki/William_Butterfield" title="William Butterfield">William Butterfield</a>'s chapel at <a href="/wiki/Keble_College,_Oxford" title="Keble College, Oxford">Keble College, Oxford</a>. From the second half of the 19th century onwards, it became more common in Britain for neo-Gothic to be used in the design of non-ecclesiastical and non-governmental buildings types. Gothic details even began to appear in working-class housing schemes subsidised by philanthropy, though given the expense, less frequently than in the design of upper and middle-class housing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The middle of the 19th century was a period marked by the restoration, and in some cases modification, of ancient monuments and the construction of neo-Gothic edifices such as the nave of <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Clotilde,_Paris" title="Sainte-Clotilde, Paris">Sainte-Clotilde</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> as speculation of mediaeval architecture turned to technical consideration. London's Palace of Westminster, <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras railway station</a>, New York's <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)">St Patrick's Cathedral</a> are also famous examples of Gothic Revival buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style also reached the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> in the period, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Cathedral_(Hong_Kong)" title="St John's Cathedral (Hong Kong)">St John's Cathedral</a> located at the centre of <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Hong_Kong" title="Victoria, Hong Kong">Victoria City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central,_Hong_Kong" title="Central, Hong Kong">Central, Hong Kong</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strawberry Hill House, Twickenham (begun 1749, completed in 1776), designed for Horace Walpole"><img alt="Strawberry Hill House, Twickenham (begun 1749, completed in 1776), designed for Horace Walpole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg/120px-Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg/180px-Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg/240px-Strawberry_Hill_House_from_garden_in_2012_after_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="1455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Strawberry Hill House, Twickenham (begun 1749, completed in 1776), designed for Horace Walpole</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin-Mitte_Friedrichswerdersche_Kirche_asv2023-09_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Friedrichswerder Church, Berlin (1824–1831) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel"><img alt="Friedrichswerder Church, Berlin (1824–1831) by Karl Friedrich Schinkel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Berlin-Mitte_Friedrichswerdersche_Kirche_asv2023-09_img1.jpg/90px-Berlin-Mitte_Friedrichswerdersche_Kirche_asv2023-09_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Berlin-Mitte_Friedrichswerdersche_Kirche_asv2023-09_img1.jpg/135px-Berlin-Mitte_Friedrichswerdersche_Kirche_asv2023-09_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Berlin-Mitte_Friedrichswerdersche_Kirche_asv2023-09_img1.jpg/180px-Berlin-Mitte_Friedrichswerdersche_Kirche_asv2023-09_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3303" data-file-height="4404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Friedrichswerder_Church" title="Friedrichswerder Church">Friedrichswerder Church, Berlin</a> (1824–1831) by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel" title="Karl Friedrich Schinkel">Karl Friedrich Schinkel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Ben_1_2012-07-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben) (completed in 1859) and the Houses of Parliament in London (1840–1876)"><img alt="Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben) (completed in 1859) and the Houses of Parliament in London (1840–1876)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Big_Ben_1_2012-07-03.jpg/90px-Big_Ben_1_2012-07-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Big_Ben_1_2012-07-03.jpg/135px-Big_Ben_1_2012-07-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Big_Ben_1_2012-07-03.jpg/180px-Big_Ben_1_2012-07-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Elizabeth Tower (Big Ben)</a> (completed in 1859) and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a> in London (1840–1876)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sainte-Clotilde, Paris (1846–1857)"><img alt="Sainte-Clotilde, Paris (1846–1857)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG/79px-P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG/119px-P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG/159px-P1020476_Paris_VII_Basilique_Saint-Clotilde_rwk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Clotilde,_Paris" title="Sainte-Clotilde, Paris">Sainte-Clotilde, Paris</a> (1846–1857)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Votivkirche_(a).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Votivkirche, Vienna (1856–1879)"><img alt="Votivkirche, Vienna (1856–1879)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wien_-_Votivkirche_%28a%29.JPG/80px-Wien_-_Votivkirche_%28a%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wien_-_Votivkirche_%28a%29.JPG/120px-Wien_-_Votivkirche_%28a%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wien_-_Votivkirche_%28a%29.JPG/160px-Wien_-_Votivkirche_%28a%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="5175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Votivkirche,_Vienna" title="Votivkirche, Vienna">Votivkirche, Vienna</a> (1856–1879)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohel_David_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ohel David Synagogue, Pune (completed 1867)"><img alt="Ohel David Synagogue, Pune (completed 1867)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ohel_David_Synagogue.jpg/90px-Ohel_David_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ohel_David_Synagogue.jpg/135px-Ohel_David_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ohel_David_Synagogue.jpg/180px-Ohel_David_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ohel_David_Synagogue" title="Ohel David Synagogue">Ohel David Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> (completed 1867)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frere-Hall-Karachi-Shamail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frere Hall, Karachi, (completed 1865)"><img alt="Frere Hall, Karachi, (completed 1865)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Frere-Hall-Karachi-Shamail.jpg/120px-Frere-Hall-Karachi-Shamail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Frere-Hall-Karachi-Shamail.jpg/180px-Frere-Hall-Karachi-Shamail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Frere-Hall-Karachi-Shamail.jpg/240px-Frere-Hall-Karachi-Shamail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1935" data-file-height="1935" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frere_Hall" title="Frere Hall">Frere Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, (completed 1865)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saks_Fifth_Avenue_and_St_Patrick%27s_aerial_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York City, (completed 1878)"><img alt="St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York City, (completed 1878)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_and_St_Patrick%27s_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/99px-Saks_Fifth_Avenue_and_St_Patrick%27s_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_and_St_Patrick%27s_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/149px-Saks_Fifth_Avenue_and_St_Patrick%27s_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Saks_Fifth_Avenue_and_St_Patrick%27s_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg/198px-Saks_Fifth_Avenue_and_St_Patrick%27s_aerial_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="2866" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral (Manhattan)">St. Patrick's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, (completed 1878)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parliament_of_Hungary_November_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hungarian Parliament Building, Budapest (1885–1904)"><img alt="Hungarian Parliament Building, Budapest (1885–1904)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Parliament_of_Hungary_November_2017.jpg/120px-Parliament_of_Hungary_November_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Parliament_of_Hungary_November_2017.jpg/180px-Parliament_of_Hungary_November_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Parliament_of_Hungary_November_2017.jpg/240px-Parliament_of_Hungary_November_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building" title="Hungarian Parliament Building">Hungarian Parliament Building</a>, Budapest (1885–1904)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Offices_of_the_Prefecture_of_the_Dodecanese_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palazzo del Governatore, Rhodes (1927) designed by Florestano Di Fausto"><img alt="Palazzo del Governatore, Rhodes (1927) designed by Florestano Di Fausto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Offices_of_the_Prefecture_of_the_Dodecanese_02.jpg/120px-Offices_of_the_Prefecture_of_the_Dodecanese_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Offices_of_the_Prefecture_of_the_Dodecanese_02.jpg/180px-Offices_of_the_Prefecture_of_the_Dodecanese_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Offices_of_the_Prefecture_of_the_Dodecanese_02.jpg/240px-Offices_of_the_Prefecture_of_the_Dodecanese_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Palazzo del Governatore</i>, Rhodes (1927) designed by <a href="/wiki/Florestano_Di_Fausto" title="Florestano Di Fausto">Florestano Di Fausto</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_elements">Structural elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Structural elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:664px;max-width:664px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ely_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766558.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ely_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766558.jpg/168px-Ely_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766558.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ely_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766558.jpg/252px-Ely_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766558.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ely_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766558.jpg/336px-Ely_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1766558.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The south western tower at Ely Cathedral, England</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham.2_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Durham.2_crop.jpg/160px-Durham.2_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Durham.2_crop.jpg/240px-Durham.2_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Durham.2_crop.jpg/320px-Durham.2_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The nave vault with pointed <a href="/wiki/Transverse_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse arch">transverse arches</a> at Durham Cathedral</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_aux_hommes_int%C3%A9rieur_03.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Abbaye_aux_hommes_int%C3%A9rieur_03.jpeg/170px-Abbaye_aux_hommes_int%C3%A9rieur_03.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Abbaye_aux_hommes_int%C3%A9rieur_03.jpeg/255px-Abbaye_aux_hommes_int%C3%A9rieur_03.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Abbaye_aux_hommes_int%C3%A9rieur_03.jpeg/340px-Abbaye_aux_hommes_int%C3%A9rieur_03.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The sexpartite ribbed vault at Saint Etienne, Caen</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg/150px-Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg/225px-Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg/300px-Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="3470" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Cefalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Cefalu">Cathedral of Cefalu</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pointed_arches">Pointed arches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pointed arches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch" title="Pointed arch">Pointed arch</a></div> <p>The defining characteristic of the Gothic style is the <a href="/wiki/Pointed_arch" title="Pointed arch">pointed arch</a>, which was widely used in both structure and decoration. The pointed arch did not originate in Gothic architecture; they had been employed for centuries in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> in pre-Islamic as well as <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a> for arches, arcades, and ribbed vaults.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gothic architecture, particularly in the later Gothic styles, they became the most visible and characteristic element, giving a sensation of verticality and pointing upward, like the spires. Gothic <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaults</a> covered the nave, and pointed arches were commonly used for the arcades, windows, doorways, in the <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a>, and especially in the later Gothic styles decorating the façades.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also sometimes used for more practical purposes, such as to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults, as in the nave and aisles of <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>, built in 1093.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Gothic pointed arches were lancet lights or <a href="/wiki/Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">lancet windows</a>, which are narrow windows terminating in a lancet arch. A lancet arch has a radius longer than their breadth (width) and resembles the blade of a <a href="/wiki/Lancet_(surgery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancet (surgery)">lancet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 12th-century <i>First Pointed</i> phase of Gothic architecture (also called the <i>Lancet style</i>) and before the introduction of tracery in the windows in later styles, lancet windows predominated Gothic building.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> style of Gothic architecture is particularly known for lavish pointed details such as the <i>arc-en-accolade</i>, where a pointed arch over a doorway was topped by a pointed sculptural ornament called a <a href="/wiki/Fleuron_(architecture)" title="Fleuron (architecture)">fleuron</a> and by pointed pinnacles on either side. The arches of the doorway were further decorated with small cabbage-shaped sculptures called <i>chou-frisés</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200637_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200637-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells-Cathedral_9762.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eastern end of Wells Cathedral (begun 1175)"><img alt="Eastern end of Wells Cathedral (begun 1175)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wells-Cathedral_9762.jpg/120px-Wells-Cathedral_9762.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wells-Cathedral_9762.jpg/180px-Wells-Cathedral_9762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Wells-Cathedral_9762.jpg/240px-Wells-Cathedral_9762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eastern end of Wells Cathedral (begun 1175)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims_Cathedral,_exterior_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West front of Reims Cathedral, pointed arches within arches (1211–1275)"><img alt="West front of Reims Cathedral, pointed arches within arches (1211–1275)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Reims_Cathedral%2C_exterior_%284%29.jpg/120px-Reims_Cathedral%2C_exterior_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Reims_Cathedral%2C_exterior_%284%29.jpg/180px-Reims_Cathedral%2C_exterior_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Reims_Cathedral%2C_exterior_%284%29.jpg/240px-Reims_Cathedral%2C_exterior_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West front of <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, pointed arches within arches (1211–1275)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Salisbury,_Salisbury,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-12,_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lancet windows of transept of Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258)"><img alt="Lancet windows of transept of Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG/98px-Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="98" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG/148px-Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG/197px-Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_35-37_HDR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="5153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lancet windows of <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> (1220–1258)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln,_Cathedral_20060726_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pointed arches in the arcades, triforium, and clerestory of Lincoln Cathedral (1185–1311)"><img alt="Pointed arches in the arcades, triforium, and clerestory of Lincoln Cathedral (1185–1311)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lincoln%2C_Cathedral_20060726_015.jpg/120px-Lincoln%2C_Cathedral_20060726_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lincoln%2C_Cathedral_20060726_015.jpg/180px-Lincoln%2C_Cathedral_20060726_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Lincoln%2C_Cathedral_20060726_015.jpg/240px-Lincoln%2C_Cathedral_20060726_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pointed arches in the arcades, <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> (1185–1311)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_4235.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A detail of the windows and galleries of the west front of Strasbourg Cathedral (1215–1439)"><img alt="A detail of the windows and galleries of the west front of Strasbourg Cathedral (1215–1439)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_4235.jpg/120px-Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_4235.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_4235.jpg/180px-Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_4235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_4235.jpg/240px-Cathedrale-de-Strasbourg-IMG_4235.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A detail of the windows and galleries of the west front of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> (1215–1439)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rib_vaults">Rib vaults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rib vaults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">Rib vault</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ossature.voute.arc.ogive.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ossature.voute.arc.ogive.png/220px-Ossature.voute.arc.ogive.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ossature.voute.arc.ogive.png/330px-Ossature.voute.arc.ogive.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ossature.voute.arc.ogive.png/440px-Ossature.voute.arc.ogive.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>Structure of an early six-part Gothic rib vault. (drawing by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gothic <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> was one of the essential elements that made the great height and large windows of Gothic architecture possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017122_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017122-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the semi-circular <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vault</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> buildings, where the weight pressed directly downward, and required thick walls and small windows, the Gothic rib vault was made of diagonal crossing arched ribs. These ribs directed the <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> outwards to the corners of the vault, and downwards via slender <a href="/wiki/Colonnette" title="Colonnette">colonnettes</a> and bundled columns, to the pillars and columns below. The space between the ribs was filled with thin panels of small pieces of stone, which were much lighter than earlier <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin vaults</a>. The outward thrust against the walls was countered by the weight of <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a>. As a result, the massive, thick walls of Romanesque buildings were no longer needed, as since the vaults were supported by columns and <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a>, the walls could be made thinner and higher, and filled with windows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198846_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198846-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201510–11_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201510–11-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechmann2017183–185_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechmann2017183–185-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earlier Gothic rib vaults, used at <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a> (begun between 1135 and 1140) and <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> (begun 1163), were divided by the ribs into six compartments. They were very difficult to build and could only cross a limited space. Since each vault covered two bays, they needed support on the ground floor from <a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_supports" title="Alternation of supports">alternating columns and piers</a>. In later construction, the design was simplified, and the rib vaults were divided into only four compartments. The alternating rows of alternating columns and piers receiving the vaults' weight were replaced by simple pillars, each receiving the same weight. A single vault could cross the nave. This method was used at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (1194–1220), <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> (begun 1220), and <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four-part vaults made it possible for taller buildings to be constructed. Notre-Dame, which had begun with six-part vaults, reached a height of 35 m (115 ft). Amiens Cathedral, which had begun with the newer four-part ribs, reached a height of 42.3 m (139 ft) at the transept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198846_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198846-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201518–28_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201518–28-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early six-part rib vaults in Sens Cathedral (1135–1164)"><img alt="Early six-part rib vaults in Sens Cathedral (1135–1164)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_09.jpg/120px-Sens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_09.jpg/180px-Sens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Sens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_09.jpg/240px-Sens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early six-part rib vaults in <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a> (1135–1164)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_1,_Kent,_UK_-_Diliff_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rib vaults of choir of Canterbury Cathedral (1174–77)"><img alt="Rib vaults of choir of Canterbury Cathedral (1174–77)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff_crop.jpg/120px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff_crop.jpg/180px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff_crop.jpg/240px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4882" data-file-height="4834" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rib vaults of choir of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> (1174–77)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims_Cathedral,_interior_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stronger four-part rib vaults in nave of Reims Cathedral (1211–1275)"><img alt="Stronger four-part rib vaults in nave of Reims Cathedral (1211–1275)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reims_Cathedral%2C_interior_%284%29.jpg/120px-Reims_Cathedral%2C_interior_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reims_Cathedral%2C_interior_%284%29.jpg/180px-Reims_Cathedral%2C_interior_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Reims_Cathedral%2C_interior_%284%29.jpg/240px-Reims_Cathedral%2C_interior_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stronger four-part rib vaults in nave of <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> (1211–1275)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Cathedral_Interior_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rectangular four-part vault over a single bay in Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258)"><img alt="A rectangular four-part vault over a single bay in Salisbury Cathedral (1220–1258)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Salisbury_Cathedral_Interior_01.jpg/120px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Interior_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Salisbury_Cathedral_Interior_01.jpg/180px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Interior_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Salisbury_Cathedral_Interior_01.jpg/240px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Interior_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rectangular four-part vault over a single <a href="/wiki/Bay_(architecture)" title="Bay (architecture)">bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> (1220–1258)</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucero,_Catedral_de_Sevilla,_Sevilla,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015-12-06,_DD_94-96_HDR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Crucero%2C_Catedral_de_Sevilla%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_94-96_HDR.JPG/220px-Crucero%2C_Catedral_de_Sevilla%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_94-96_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Crucero%2C_Catedral_de_Sevilla%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_94-96_HDR.JPG/330px-Crucero%2C_Catedral_de_Sevilla%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_94-96_HDR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Crucero%2C_Catedral_de_Sevilla%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_94-96_HDR.JPG/440px-Crucero%2C_Catedral_de_Sevilla%2C_Sevilla%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-06%2C_DD_94-96_HDR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6501" data-file-height="4300" /></a><figcaption>A crossing vault in <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_vaults_(13th–15th_century)"><span id="Later_vaults_.2813th.E2.80.9315th_century.29"></span>Later vaults (13th–15th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later vaults (13th–15th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, the four-part rib vault, with two diagonals crossing at the center of the traverse, was the type used almost exclusively until the end of the Gothic period. However, in England, several imaginative new vaults were invented which had more elaborate decorative features. They became a signature of the later English Gothic styles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first of these new vaults had an additional rib, called a <a href="/wiki/Tierceron" class="mw-redirect" title="Tierceron">tierceron</a>, which ran down the median of the vault.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017126_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017126-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It first appeared in the vaults of the choir of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> at the end of the 12th century, then at Worcester Cathedral in 1224, and then the south transept of <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 14th century brought the invention of several new types of vaults which were more and more decorative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974157_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974157-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vaults often copied the forms form of the elaborate tracery of the Late Gothic styles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017126_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017126-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar vault">stellar vault</a>, where a group of additional ribs between the principal ribs forms a star design. The oldest vaults of this kind were found in the crypt of Saint Stephen at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Palace">Westminster Palace</a>, built about 1320. A second type was called a reticulated vault, which had a network of additional decorative ribs, in triangles and other geometric forms, placed between or over the traverse ribs. These were first used in the choir of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral" title="Bristol Cathedral">Bristol Cathedral</a> in about 1311. Another late Gothic form, the <a href="/wiki/Fan_vault" title="Fan vault">fan vault</a>, with ribs spreading upwards and outwards, appeared later in the 14th century. An example is the cloister of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1370</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another new form was the skeleton vault, which appeared in the English <a href="/wiki/Decorated_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorated style">Decorated style</a>. It has an additional network of ribs, like the ribs of an umbrella, which criss-cross the vault but are only directly attached to it at certain points. It appeared in a chapel of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> in 1300.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then several other English churches. This style of vault was adopted in the 14th century in particular by German architects, particularly <a href="/wiki/Peter_Parler" title="Peter Parler">Peter Parler</a>, and in other parts of central Europe. Another exists in the south porch of the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Cathedral">Prague Cathedral</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elaborate vaults also appeared in civic architecture. An example is the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Hall" title="Vladislav Hall">Vladislav Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Benedikt_Ried" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedikt Ried">Benedikt Ried</a> in 1493. The ribs twist and intertwine in fantasy patterns, which later critics called "Rococo Gothic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974170_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974170-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 965px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perpendicular_Vaulting.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lierne vaults of Gloucester Cathedral (Perpendicular Gothic)"><img alt="Lierne vaults of Gloucester Cathedral (Perpendicular Gothic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perpendicular_Vaulting.JPG/133px-Perpendicular_Vaulting.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perpendicular_Vaulting.JPG/200px-Perpendicular_Vaulting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Perpendicular_Vaulting.JPG/266px-Perpendicular_Vaulting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lierne vaults of <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a> (Perpendicular Gothic)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aisle.bristol.cathedral.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skeleton-vault in aisle of Bristol Cathedral (c. 1311–1340)"><img alt="Skeleton-vault in aisle of Bristol Cathedral (c. 1311–1340)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aisle.bristol.cathedral.arp.jpg/149px-Aisle.bristol.cathedral.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aisle.bristol.cathedral.arp.jpg/224px-Aisle.bristol.cathedral.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Aisle.bristol.cathedral.arp.jpg/299px-Aisle.bristol.cathedral.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skeleton-vault in aisle of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral" title="Bristol Cathedral">Bristol Cathedral</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1311</span>–1340)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_cathedral_13_Nave_vault.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincoln Cathedral – quadripartite form, with tierceron ribs and ridge rib with carved bosses"><img alt="Lincoln Cathedral – quadripartite form, with tierceron ribs and ridge rib with carved bosses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lincoln_cathedral_13_Nave_vault.jpg/150px-Lincoln_cathedral_13_Nave_vault.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lincoln_cathedral_13_Nave_vault.jpg/225px-Lincoln_cathedral_13_Nave_vault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lincoln_cathedral_13_Nave_vault.jpg/300px-Lincoln_cathedral_13_Nave_vault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lincoln Cathedral – quadripartite form, with tierceron ribs and ridge rib with carved bosses</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bremer_Dom_Juli_2009_PD_060.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bremen Cathedral, Germany – north aisle, a reticular (net) vault with intersecting ribs"><img alt="Bremen Cathedral, Germany – north aisle, a reticular (net) vault with intersecting ribs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bremer_Dom_Juli_2009_PD_060.JPG/133px-Bremer_Dom_Juli_2009_PD_060.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bremer_Dom_Juli_2009_PD_060.JPG/200px-Bremer_Dom_Juli_2009_PD_060.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bremer_Dom_Juli_2009_PD_060.JPG/266px-Bremer_Dom_Juli_2009_PD_060.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bremen Cathedral, Germany – north aisle, a reticular (net) vault with intersecting ribs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfsberg_Sankt_Marein_Pfarrkirche_Mariae_Himmelfahrt_Netzrippengewoelbe_03092014_742.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of the Assumption, St Marein, Austria – star vault with intersecting lierne ribs"><img alt="Church of the Assumption, St Marein, Austria – star vault with intersecting lierne ribs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wolfsberg_Sankt_Marein_Pfarrkirche_Mariae_Himmelfahrt_Netzrippengewoelbe_03092014_742.jpg/133px-Wolfsberg_Sankt_Marein_Pfarrkirche_Mariae_Himmelfahrt_Netzrippengewoelbe_03092014_742.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wolfsberg_Sankt_Marein_Pfarrkirche_Mariae_Himmelfahrt_Netzrippengewoelbe_03092014_742.jpg/200px-Wolfsberg_Sankt_Marein_Pfarrkirche_Mariae_Himmelfahrt_Netzrippengewoelbe_03092014_742.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wolfsberg_Sankt_Marein_Pfarrkirche_Mariae_Himmelfahrt_Netzrippengewoelbe_03092014_742.jpg/266px-Wolfsberg_Sankt_Marein_Pfarrkirche_Mariae_Himmelfahrt_Netzrippengewoelbe_03092014_742.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of the Assumption, <a href="/wiki/Wolfsberg_District" title="Wolfsberg District">St Marein, Austria</a> – star vault with intersecting lierne ribs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%B3vedas_catedral_Salamanca_40.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salamanca Cathedral, Spain Flamboyant S-shaped and circular lierne ribs. (16th–18th century)"><img alt="Salamanca Cathedral, Spain Flamboyant S-shaped and circular lierne ribs. (16th–18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/B%C3%B3vedas_catedral_Salamanca_40.jpg/150px-B%C3%B3vedas_catedral_Salamanca_40.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/B%C3%B3vedas_catedral_Salamanca_40.jpg/225px-B%C3%B3vedas_catedral_Salamanca_40.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/B%C3%B3vedas_catedral_Salamanca_40.jpg/300px-B%C3%B3vedas_catedral_Salamanca_40.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salamanca Cathedral, Spain Flamboyant S-shaped and circular lierne ribs. (16th–18th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacobins-11(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of the Jacobins, Toulouse – palm tree vault (1275–1292)"><img alt="Church of the Jacobins, Toulouse – palm tree vault (1275–1292)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jacobins-11%281%29.jpg/133px-Jacobins-11%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jacobins-11%281%29.jpg/200px-Jacobins-11%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Jacobins-11%281%29.jpg/266px-Jacobins-11%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Jacobins" title="Church of the Jacobins">Church of the Jacobins</a>, Toulouse – palm tree vault (1275–1292)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterborough_Retrochoir_fan_vaulting.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Peterborough Cathedral, retrochoir – intersecting fan vaults"><img alt="Peterborough Cathedral, retrochoir – intersecting fan vaults" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Peterborough_Retrochoir_fan_vaulting.JPG/148px-Peterborough_Retrochoir_fan_vaulting.JPG" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Peterborough_Retrochoir_fan_vaulting.JPG/222px-Peterborough_Retrochoir_fan_vaulting.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Peterborough_Retrochoir_fan_vaulting.JPG/296px-Peterborough_Retrochoir_fan_vaulting.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peterborough Cathedral, retrochoir – intersecting fan vaults</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Rococo Gothic" vaults of Vladislav Hall of Prague Castle (1493)"><img alt=""Rococo Gothic" vaults of Vladislav Hall of Prague Castle (1493)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg/150px-Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg/225px-Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg/300px-Prag_Vladislav-Saal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Rococo Gothic" vaults of <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Hall" title="Vladislav Hall">Vladislav Hall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a> (1493)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columns_and_piers">Columns and piers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Columns and piers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">Column</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">Pier (architecture)</a></div> <p>In early French Gothic architecture, the capitals of the columns were modeled after Roman columns of the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order">Corinthian order</a>, with finely-sculpted leaves. They were used in the ambulatory of the Abbey church of Saint-Denis. According to its builder, the Abbot Suger, they were inspired by the columns he had seen in the ancient baths in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were used later at Sens, at Notre-Dame de Paris and at Canterbury in England. </p><p>In early Gothic churches with six-part rib vaults, the columns in the nave alternated with more massive piers to provide support for the vaults. With the introduction of the four-part rib vault, all of the piers or columns in the nave could have the same design. In the High Gothic period, a new form was introduced, composed of a central core surrounded several attached slender columns, or colonettes, going up to the vaults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara201797_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara201797-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These clustered columns were used at Chartres, Amiens, Reims and Bourges, Westminster Abbey and Salisbury Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201440_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201440-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another variation was a quadrilobe column, shaped like a clover, formed of four attached columns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201440_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201440-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, the clustered columns were often ornamented with stone rings, as well as columns with carved leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara201797_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara201797-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later styles added further variations. Sometimes the piers were rectangular and fluted, as at Seville Cathedral, In England, parts of columns sometimes had contrasting colours, using combining white stone with dark <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Purbeck marble">Purbeck marble</a>. In place of the Corinthian capital, some columns used a stiff-leaf design. In later Gothic, the piers became much taller, reaching up more than half of the nave. Another variation, particularly popular in eastern France, was a column without a capital, which continued upward without capitals or other interruption, all the way to the vaults, giving a dramatic display of verticality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201440_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201440-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 965px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Int%C3%A9rieur_cath_de_Sens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Gothic – Alternating columns and piers, Sens Cathedral (12th century)"><img alt="Early Gothic – Alternating columns and piers, Sens Cathedral (12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Int%C3%A9rieur_cath_de_Sens.jpg/150px-Int%C3%A9rieur_cath_de_Sens.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Int%C3%A9rieur_cath_de_Sens.jpg/225px-Int%C3%A9rieur_cath_de_Sens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Int%C3%A9rieur_cath_de_Sens.jpg/300px-Int%C3%A9rieur_cath_de_Sens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="5152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early Gothic – Alternating columns and piers, <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a> (12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReimsCattedraleInternoPareteNavataCentrale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High Gothic – Clustered columns of Reims Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="High Gothic – Clustered columns of Reims Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ReimsCattedraleInternoPareteNavataCentrale.jpg/144px-ReimsCattedraleInternoPareteNavataCentrale.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ReimsCattedraleInternoPareteNavataCentrale.jpg/216px-ReimsCattedraleInternoPareteNavataCentrale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/ReimsCattedraleInternoPareteNavataCentrale.jpg/288px-ReimsCattedraleInternoPareteNavataCentrale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High Gothic – Clustered columns of <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave,_Wiltshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early English Gothic – Clustered columns in Salisbury Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="Early English Gothic – Clustered columns in Salisbury Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/150px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/225px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/300px-Salisbury_Cathedral_Nave%2C_Wiltshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5255" data-file-height="6361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early English Gothic – Clustered columns in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1,_Kent,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perpendicular Gothic – Columns without interruption from floor to the vaults. Canterbury Cathedral nave (late 14th century)."><img alt="Perpendicular Gothic – Columns without interruption from floor to the vaults. Canterbury Cathedral nave (late 14th century)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/150px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/225px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/300px-Canterbury_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Kent%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5329" data-file-height="5066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Perpendicular Gothic – Columns without interruption from floor to the vaults. <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> nave (late 14th century).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navata_certosa_pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Gothic - Clustered columns in Certosa di Pavia (15th century)."><img alt="Late Gothic - Clustered columns in Certosa di Pavia (15th century)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Navata_certosa_pavia.jpg/150px-Navata_certosa_pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Navata_certosa_pavia.jpg/225px-Navata_certosa_pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Navata_certosa_pavia.jpg/300px-Navata_certosa_pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Gothic - Clustered columns in <a href="/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia" title="Certosa di Pavia">Certosa di Pavia</a> (15th century).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bueckeburg_Stadtkirche_n_O1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-Gothic - Columns with Renaissance capitals in the city church in Bückeburg (17th century)"><img alt="Post-Gothic - Columns with Renaissance capitals in the city church in Bückeburg (17th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bueckeburg_Stadtkirche_n_O1.JPG/150px-Bueckeburg_Stadtkirche_n_O1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bueckeburg_Stadtkirche_n_O1.JPG/225px-Bueckeburg_Stadtkirche_n_O1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Bueckeburg_Stadtkirche_n_O1.JPG/300px-Bueckeburg_Stadtkirche_n_O1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="3454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Post-Gothic - Columns with Renaissance capitals in the city church in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCckeburg" title="Bückeburg">Bückeburg</a> (17th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flying_buttresses">Flying buttresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Flying buttresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">Flying buttress</a></div> <p>An important feature of Gothic architecture was the <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttress</a>, a half-arch outside the building which carried the thrust of weight of the roof or vaults inside over a roof or an aisle to a heavy stone column. The buttresses were placed in rows on either side of the building, and were often topped by heavy stone pinnacles, both to give extra weight and for additional decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buttresses had existed since Roman times, usually set directly against the building, but the Gothic vaults were more sophisticated. In later structures, the buttresses often had several arches, each reaching in to a different level of the structure. The buttresses permitted the buildings to be both taller, and to have thinner walls, with greater space for windows.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the buttresses and pinnacles became more elaborate supporting statues and other decoration, as at <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>. The arches had an additional practical purpose; they contained lead channels which carried rainwater off the roof; it was expelled from the mouths of stone <a href="/wiki/Gargoyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargoyles">gargoyles</a> placed in rows on the buttresses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198850–51_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198850–51-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flying buttresses were used less frequently in England, where the emphasis was more on length than height. One example of English buttresses was <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, whose choir and buttresses were rebuilt in Gothic style by William of Sens and William the Englishman.<sup id="cite_ref-EBWoS_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBWoS-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they were very popular in Germany: in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> the buttresses were lavishly decorated with statuary and other ornament, and were a prominent feature of the exterior. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Canterbury Cathedral with simple wall buttresses and flying buttresses (rebuilt into Gothic 1174–1177)"><img alt="Canterbury Cathedral with simple wall buttresses and flying buttresses (rebuilt into Gothic 1174–1177)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Canterbury_Cathedral_04.JPG/160px-Canterbury_Cathedral_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Canterbury_Cathedral_04.JPG/240px-Canterbury_Cathedral_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Canterbury_Cathedral_04.JPG/320px-Canterbury_Cathedral_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> with simple wall buttresses and flying buttresses (rebuilt into Gothic 1174–1177)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln,_UK_-_panoramio_(30).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East end of Lincoln Cathedral, with wall buttress, and chapter house with flying buttresses. (1185–1311)"><img alt="East end of Lincoln Cathedral, with wall buttress, and chapter house with flying buttresses. (1185–1311)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lincoln%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2830%29.jpg/160px-Lincoln%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2830%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lincoln%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2830%29.jpg/240px-Lincoln%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2830%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lincoln%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2830%29.jpg/320px-Lincoln%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2830%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">East end of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>, with wall buttress, and chapter house with flying buttresses. (1185–1311)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flying buttresses of Notre Dame de Paris (c. 1230)"><img alt="Flying buttresses of Notre Dame de Paris (c. 1230)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg/142px-Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg/213px-Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg/284px-Notre_Dame_buttress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flying buttresses of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1230</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buttresses of Amiens Cathedral with pinnacles to give them added weight (1220–1266)"><img alt="Buttresses of Amiens Cathedral with pinnacles to give them added weight (1220–1266)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg/160px-Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg/240px-Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg/320px-Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-dame_arc-boutant_sud-est_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buttresses of <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> with pinnacles to give them added weight (1220–1266)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strebewerk-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of Reims Cathedral showing the three levels of each buttress (1211–1275)"><img alt="Section of Reims Cathedral showing the three levels of each buttress (1211–1275)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Strebewerk-2.jpg/160px-Strebewerk-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Strebewerk-2.jpg/240px-Strebewerk-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Strebewerk-2.jpg/320px-Strebewerk-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3078" data-file-height="3513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> showing the three levels of each buttress (1211–1275)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated buttresses of Cologne Cathedral (1248–1573)"><img alt="Decorated buttresses of Cologne Cathedral (1248–1573)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/142px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/214px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg/285px-Koelner_dom_blick_nach_osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Decorated buttresses of <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> (1248–1573)</div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Rouen_vue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Rouen_vue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra.JPG/220px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Rouen_vue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Rouen_vue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra.JPG/330px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Rouen_vue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Rouen_vue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra.JPG/440px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Rouen_vue_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a> from the south west – façade towers 12th–15th century, the flamboyant tower to the 15th century, spire rebuilt in 16th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towers_and_spires">Towers and spires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Towers and spires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150808_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tour_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150808_1.jpg/220px-Tour_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150808_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tour_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150808_1.jpg/330px-Tour_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150808_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Tour_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150808_1.jpg/440px-Tour_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150808_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>Oxen sculpture in High Gothic towers of <a href="/wiki/Laon_Cathedral" title="Laon Cathedral">Laon Cathedral</a> (13th century)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Steeple" title="Steeple">Steeple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spire" title="Spire">Spire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">Bell tower</a></div> <p>Towers, <a href="/wiki/Spires" class="mw-redirect" title="Spires">spires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A8che_(architecture)" title="Flèche (architecture)">flèches</a> were an important feature of Gothic churches. They presented a dramatic spectacle of great height, helped make their churches the tallest and most visible buildings in their city, and symbolised the aspirations of their builders toward heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSpire_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSpire-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also had a practical purpose; they often served as <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">bell towers</a> supporting <a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">belfries</a>, whose bells told the time by announcing religious services, warned of fire or enemy attack, and celebrated special occasions like military victories and coronations. Sometimes the bell tower is built separate from a church; the best-known example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSpire_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSpire-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The towers of cathedrals were usually the last part of the structure to be built. Since cathedral construction usually took many years, and was extremely expensive, by the time the tower were to be built public enthusiasm waned, and tastes changed. Many projected towers were never built, or were built in different styles than other parts of the cathedral, or with different styles on each level of the tower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201816_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201816-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Chartres Cathedral, the south tower was built in the 12th century, in the simpler Early Gothic, while the north tower is the more highly decorated <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> style. Chartres would have been even more exuberant if the second plan had been followed; it called for seven towers around the transept and sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201521_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201521-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Île-de-France, cathedral towers followed the Romanesque tradition of two identical towers, one on either side of the portals. The west front of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>, became the model for the early Gothic cathedrals and High Gothic cathedrals in northern France, including Notre-Dame de Paris, Reims Cathedral, and Amiens Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201895–98_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201895–98-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early and High Gothic <a href="/wiki/Laon_Cathedral" title="Laon Cathedral">Laon Cathedral</a> has a square <a href="/wiki/Lantern_tower" title="Lantern tower">lantern tower</a> over the crossing of the transept; two towers on the western front; and two towers on the ends of the transepts. Laon's towers, with the exception of the central tower, are built with two stacked vaulted chambers pierced by lancet openings. The two western towers contain life-size stone statues of sixteen <a href="/wiki/Oxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxen">oxen</a> in their upper arcades, said to honour the animals who hauled the stone during the cathedral's construction.<sup id="cite_ref-abelard_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abelard-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Normandy, cathedrals and major churches often had multiple towers, built over the centuries; the <a href="/wiki/Abbaye_aux_Hommes" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaye aux Hommes">Abbaye aux Hommes</a> (begun 1066), Caen has nine towers and spires, placed on the façade, the transepts, and the centre. A <a href="/wiki/Lantern_tower" title="Lantern tower">lantern tower</a> was often placed the centre of the nave, at the meeting point with the transept, to give light to the church below. </p><p>In later periods of Gothic, pointed needle-like <a href="/wiki/Spires" class="mw-redirect" title="Spires">spires</a> were often added to the towers, giving them much greater height. A variation of the spire was the flèche, a slender, spear-like spire, which was usually placed on the transept where it crossed the nave. They were often made of wood covered with lead or other metal. They sometimes had open frames, and were decorated with sculpture. Amiens Cathedral has a flèche. The most famous example was that of Notre-Dame de Paris. The original flèche of Notre-Dame was built on the crossing of the transept in the middle of the 13th century, and housed five bells. It was removed in 1786 during a program to modernize the cathedral, but was put back in a new form designed by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. The new flèche, of wood covered with lead, was decorated with statues of the Apostles; the figure of St Thomas resembled Viollet-le-Duc.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flèche was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame de Paris fire">2019 fire</a>, but is being restored in the same design. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_aux_Hommes_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbaye aux Hommes, Caen (tall west towers added in the 13th century)"><img alt="Abbaye aux Hommes, Caen (tall west towers added in the 13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Abbaye_aux_Hommes_02.jpg/126px-Abbaye_aux_Hommes_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Abbaye_aux_Hommes_02.jpg/189px-Abbaye_aux_Hommes_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Abbaye_aux_Hommes_02.jpg/252px-Abbaye_aux_Hommes_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abbaye_aux_Hommes" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaye aux Hommes">Abbaye aux Hommes</a>, Caen (tall west towers added in the 13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Towers of Chartres Cathedral; Flamboyant Gothic on left, Early Gothic on the right"><img alt="Towers of Chartres Cathedral; Flamboyant Gothic on left, Early Gothic on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Facade_cathedral.jpg/127px-Facade_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Facade_cathedral.jpg/190px-Facade_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Facade_cathedral.jpg/254px-Facade_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Towers of Chartres Cathedral; <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> Gothic on left, Early Gothic on the right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris,_September_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The 13th century flèche of Notre Dame, recreated in the 19th century, destroyed by fire in 2019, now being restored"><img alt="The 13th century flèche of Notre Dame, recreated in the 19th century, destroyed by fire in 2019, now being restored" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg/128px-Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg/193px-Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg/257px-Spire_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris%2C_September_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5105" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The 13th century flèche of Notre Dame, recreated in the 19th century, destroyed by fire in 2019, now being restored</div> </li> </ul> <p>In English Gothic, the major tower was often placed at the crossing of the transept and nave, and was much higher than the other. The most famous example is the tower of <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>, completed in 1320 by William of Farleigh. It was a remarkable feat of construction, since it was built upon the pillars of the much earlier church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974145_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974145-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A crossing tower was constructed at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> in 1493–1501 by <a href="/wiki/John_Wastell" title="John Wastell">John Wastell</a>, who had previously worked on King's College at Cambridge. It was finished by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yevele" title="Henry Yevele">Henry Yevele</a>, who also built the present nave of Canterbury.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974171_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974171-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new central tower at <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> caused a problem; it was too heavy for the original structure. An unusual double arch had to be constructed in the centre of the crossing to give the tower the extra support it needed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974145_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974145-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>England's Gothic parish churches and collegiate churches generally have a single western tower.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A number of the finest churches have masonry spires, with those of <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Church,_Louth" title="St James' Church, Louth">St James Church, Louth</a>; <a href="/wiki/St_Wulfram%27s_Church,_Grantham" title="St Wulfram's Church, Grantham">St Wulfram's Church, Grantham</a>; <a href="/wiki/St_Mary_Redcliffe" title="St Mary Redcliffe">St Mary Redcliffe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a>. These spires all exceed 85 m (280 ft) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Westminster Abbey's crossing tower has for centuries remained unbuilt, and numerous architects have proposed various ways of completing it since the 1250s, when work began on the tower under <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A century and half later, an octagonal <a href="/wiki/Roof_lantern" title="Roof lantern">roof lantern</a> resembling that of Ely Cathedral was installed instead, which was then demolished in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction began again in 1724 to the design of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor" title="Nicholas Hawksmoor">Nicholas Hawksmoor</a>, after first Christopher Wren had proposed a design in 1710, but stopped again in 1727. The crossing remains covered by the stub of the lantern and a 'temporary' roof.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_Salisbury,_Salisbury,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-12,_DD_52.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Salisbury Cathedral tower and spire over the crossing (1320)"><img alt="Salisbury Cathedral tower and spire over the crossing (1320)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_52.JPG/99px-Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_52.JPG" decoding="async" width="99" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_52.JPG/149px-Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_52.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_52.JPG/199px-Catedral_de_Salisbury%2C_Salisbury%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_52.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="4474" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> tower and spire over the crossing (1320)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York,_UK_-_panoramio_(28).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West towers of York Minster, in the Perpendicular Gothic style."><img alt="West towers of York Minster, in the Perpendicular Gothic style." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/York%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2828%29.jpg/140px-York%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/York%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2828%29.jpg/210px-York%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/York%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2828%29.jpg/280px-York%2C_UK_-_panoramio_%2828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West towers of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, in the Perpendicular Gothic style.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beverley_Minster,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The perpendicular west towers of Beverley Minster (c. 1400)"><img alt="The perpendicular west towers of Beverley Minster (c. 1400)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Beverley_Minster%2C_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire.jpg/89px-Beverley_Minster%2C_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Beverley_Minster%2C_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire.jpg/133px-Beverley_Minster%2C_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Beverley_Minster%2C_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire.jpg/178px-Beverley_Minster%2C_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="4847" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The perpendicular west towers of <a href="/wiki/Beverley_Minster" title="Beverley Minster">Beverley Minster</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_17.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Crossing tower of Canterbury Cathedral (1493–1505)"><img alt="Crossing tower of Canterbury Cathedral (1493–1505)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_17.JPG/140px-Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_17.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_17.JPG/210px-Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_17.JPG/280px-Canterbury_Cathedral_JC_17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crossing tower of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> (1493–1505)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Later Gothic towers in Central Europe often followed the French model, but added even denser decorative tracery. <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> had been started in the 13th century, following the plan of <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, but only the apse and the base of one tower were finished in the Gothic period. The original plans were conserved and rediscovered in 1817, and the building was completed in the 19th century following the origin design. It has two spectacularly ornamented towers, covered with arches, gables, pinnacles and openwork spires pointing upwards. The tower of <a href="/wiki/Ulm_Minster" title="Ulm Minster">Ulm Minster</a> has a similar history, begun in 1377, stopped in 1543, and not completed until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974127_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974127-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cologne Cathedral towers (begun 13th century, completed 20th century"><img alt="Cologne Cathedral towers (begun 13th century, completed 20th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg/121px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg/181px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg/241px-K%C3%B6lner_Dom_von_Osten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4589" data-file-height="7220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> towers (begun 13th century, completed 20th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tower of Ulm Minster (begun 1377, completed 19th century)"><img alt="Tower of Ulm Minster (begun 1377, completed 19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg/97px-Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg/146px-Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg/194px-Ulmer_M%C3%BCnster-Westfassade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tower of <a href="/wiki/Ulm_Minster" title="Ulm Minster">Ulm Minster</a> (begun 1377, completed 19th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:00_0743_Freiburg_Minster_-_Hahnenturm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tower of Freiburg Minster (begun 1340) noted for its lacelike openwork spire"><img alt="Tower of Freiburg Minster (begun 1340) noted for its lacelike openwork spire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/00_0743_Freiburg_Minster_-_Hahnenturm.jpg/126px-00_0743_Freiburg_Minster_-_Hahnenturm.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/00_0743_Freiburg_Minster_-_Hahnenturm.jpg/190px-00_0743_Freiburg_Minster_-_Hahnenturm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/00_0743_Freiburg_Minster_-_Hahnenturm.jpg/253px-00_0743_Freiburg_Minster_-_Hahnenturm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="3800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tower of Freiburg Minster (begun 1340) noted for its lacelike openwork spire</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prag_Dom_St._Veit_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prague Cathedral (begun 1344)"><img alt="Prague Cathedral (begun 1344)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prag_Dom_St._Veit_01.jpg/140px-Prag_Dom_St._Veit_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prag_Dom_St._Veit_01.jpg/210px-Prag_Dom_St._Veit_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Prag_Dom_St._Veit_01.jpg/280px-Prag_Dom_St._Veit_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4295" data-file-height="5200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Prague_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Cathedral">Prague Cathedral</a> (begun 1344) </div> </li> </ul> <p>Regional variants of Gothic towers appeared in Spain and Italy. <a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a> was inspired by Northern Europe. It has an exceptional cluster of openwork spires, towers, and pinnacles, drenched with ornament. It was begun in 1444 by a German architect, Juan de Colonia (John of Cologne) and eventually completed by a central tower (1540) built by his grandson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974126_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974126-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy the towers were sometimes separate from the cathedral; and the architects usually kept their distance from the Northern European style. the leaning tower of <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Pisa Cathedral</a>, built between 1173 and 1372, is the best-known example. <a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">The Campanile</a> of Florence Cathedral was built by <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> in the Florentine Gothic style, decorated with encrustations of polychrome marble. It was originally designed to have a spire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974171_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974171-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 965px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLM14ES_-_11072009_172016_CDB_0530_-_.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West towers of Burgos Cathedral (1444–1540)"><img alt="West towers of Burgos Cathedral (1444–1540)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/WLM14ES_-_11072009_172016_CDB_0530_-_.jpg/150px-WLM14ES_-_11072009_172016_CDB_0530_-_.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/WLM14ES_-_11072009_172016_CDB_0530_-_.jpg/225px-WLM14ES_-_11072009_172016_CDB_0530_-_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/WLM14ES_-_11072009_172016_CDB_0530_-_.jpg/300px-WLM14ES_-_11072009_172016_CDB_0530_-_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West towers of <a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a> (1444–1540)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CampanileGiotto-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giotto's Campanile of Florence Cathedral (1334–1359)"><img alt="Giotto's Campanile of Florence Cathedral (1334–1359)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CampanileGiotto-01.jpg/133px-CampanileGiotto-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CampanileGiotto-01.jpg/200px-CampanileGiotto-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/CampanileGiotto-01.jpg/266px-CampanileGiotto-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="3327" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">Giotto's Campanile</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> (1334–1359)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracery">Tracery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tracery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauvais_(60),_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre,_croisillon_sud,_parties_hautes_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre%2C_croisillon_sud%2C_parties_hautes_2.jpg/220px-Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre%2C_croisillon_sud%2C_parties_hautes_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre%2C_croisillon_sud%2C_parties_hautes_2.jpg/330px-Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre%2C_croisillon_sud%2C_parties_hautes_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre%2C_croisillon_sud%2C_parties_hautes_2.jpg/440px-Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre%2C_croisillon_sud%2C_parties_hautes_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a>, south transept (consecrated 1272)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">Tracery</a></div> <p>Tracery is an architectural solution by which windows (or screens, panels, and vaults) are divided into sections of various proportions by stone <i>bars</i> or <i>ribs</i> of moulding.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pointed arch windows of Gothic buildings were initially (late 12th–late 13th centuries) <a href="/wiki/Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">lancet windows</a>, a solution typical of the <i>Early Gothic</i> or <i>First Pointed</i> style and of the <i>Early English</i> Gothic.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plate tracery was the first type of tracery to be developed, emerging in the later phase of <i>Early Gothic</i> or <i>First Pointed</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Second Pointed</i> is distinguished from <i>First</i> by the appearance of <i>bar–tracery</i>, allowing the construction of much larger window openings, and the development of <i>Curvilinear</i>, <i>Flowing</i>, and <i>Reticulated</i> tracery, ultimately contributing to the <i>Flamboyant</i> style.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Late Gothic</i> in most of Europe saw tracery patterns resembling <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a> develop, while in England <i>Perpendicular Gothic</i> or <i>Third Pointed</i> preferred plainer vertical mullions and transoms.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tracery is practical as well as decorative, because the increasingly large windows of Gothic buildings needed maximum support against the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-EBTracery_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBTracery-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plate tracery, in which lights were pierced in a thin wall of ashlar, allowed a window arch to have more than one light – typically two side by side and separated by flat stone <a href="/wiki/Spandrel" title="Spandrel">spandrels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spandrels were then sculpted into figures like a <a href="/wiki/Roundel_(heraldry)" title="Roundel (heraldry)">roundel</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">quatrefoil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plate tracery reached the height of its sophistication with the 12th century windows of Chartres Cathedral and in the "Dean's Eye" rose window at Lincoln Cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-EBTracery_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBTracery-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 13th century, plate tracery was superseded by bar-tracery.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bar-tracery divides the large lights from one another with moulded <a href="/wiki/Mullion" title="Mullion">mullions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone bar-tracery, an important decorative element of Gothic styles, first was used at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> shortly after 1211, in the chevet built by Jean D'Orbais.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974132_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974132-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was employed in England around 1240.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1220, master builders in England had begun to treat the window openings as a series of openings divided by thin stone bars, while before 1230 the apse chapels of Reims Cathedral were decorated with bar-tracery with cusped circles (with bars radiating from the centre).<sup id="cite_ref-EBTracery_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBTracery-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bar-tracery became common after <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1240</span>, with increasing complexity and decreasing weight.<sup id="cite_ref-EBTracery_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBTracery-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lines of the mullions continued beyond the tops of the window lights and subdivided the open spandrels above the lights into a variety of decorative shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rayonnant</i> style (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1230</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span>) was enabled by the development of bar-tracery in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> and is named for the radiation of lights around a central point in circular rose windows.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rayonnant</i> also deployed mouldings of two different types in tracery, where earlier styles had used moulding of a single size, with different sizes of mullions.<sup id="cite_ref-EBTracery_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBTracery-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rose windows of Notre-Dame de Paris (c.1270) are typical.<sup id="cite_ref-EBTracery_90-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBTracery-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral,_Deans_eye_window_(38137302184).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Deans_eye_window_%2838137302184%29.jpg/220px-Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Deans_eye_window_%2838137302184%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Deans_eye_window_%2838137302184%29.jpg/330px-Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Deans_eye_window_%2838137302184%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Deans_eye_window_%2838137302184%29.jpg/440px-Lincoln_Cathedral%2C_Deans_eye_window_%2838137302184%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3555" data-file-height="3232" /></a><figcaption><i>Plate tracery</i>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> "Dean's Eye" rose window (c.1225)</figcaption></figure> <p>The early phase of <i>Middle Pointed</i> style (late 13th century) is characterized by <i>Geometrical</i> tracery – simple bar-tracery forming patterns of <a href="/wiki/Foil_(architecture)" title="Foil (architecture)">foiled</a> arches and circles interspersed with triangular lights.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mullions of <i>Geometrical</i> style typically had <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capitals</a> with curved bars emerging from them. <i>Intersecting</i> bar-tracery (c.1300) deployed mullions without capitals which branched off equidistant to the window-head.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The window-heads themselves were formed of equal curves forming a pointed arch and the tracery-bars were curved by drawing curves with differing <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radii</a> from the same <a href="/wiki/Centre_(geometry)" title="Centre (geometry)">centres</a> as the window-heads.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mullions were in consequence branched into Y-shaped designs further ornamented with cusps. The intersecting branches produced an array of <a href="/wiki/Lozenge_(shape)" title="Lozenge (shape)">lozenge</a>-shaped lights in between numerous lancet arched lights.<i>Y-tracery</i> was often employed in two-light windows c.1300.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Second Pointed</i> (14th century) saw <i>Intersecting</i> tracery elaborated with <a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">ogees</a>, creating a complex reticular (net-like) design known as <i>Reticulated</i> tracery.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Second Pointed</i> architecture deployed tracery in highly decorated fashion known as <i>Curvilinear</i> and <i>Flowing</i> (<i>Undulating</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These types of bar-tracery were developed further throughout Europe in the 15th century into the <i>Flamboyant</i> style, named for the characteristic flame-shaped spaces between the tracery-bars.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These shapes are known as <i>daggers</i>, <i>fish-bladders</i>, or <i>mouchettes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Third Pointed</i> or <i>Perpendicular Gothic</i> developed in England from the later 14th century and is typified by <i>Rectilinear</i> tracery (<i>panel</i>-tracery).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mullions are often joined together by <a href="/wiki/Transom_(architecture)" title="Transom (architecture)">transoms</a> and continue up their straight vertical lines to the top of the window's main arch, some branching off into lesser arches, and creating a series of panel-like lights.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Perpendicular</i> strove for verticality and dispensed with the <i>Curvilinear</i> style's sinuous lines in favour of unbroken straight mullions from top to bottom, transected by horizontal transoms and bars.<sup id="cite_ref-EBTracery_90-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBTracery-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Four-centred_arch" title="Four-centred arch">Four-centred arches</a> were used in the 15th and 16th centuries to create windows of increasing size with flatter window-heads, often filling the entire wall of the bay between each buttress.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The windows were themselves divided into panels of lights topped by pointed arches struck from four centres.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transoms were often topped by miniature <a href="/wiki/Crenellations" class="mw-redirect" title="Crenellations">crenellations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_89-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The windows at Cambridge of King's College Chapel (1446–1515) represent the heights of <i>Perpendicular</i> tracery.<sup id="cite_ref-EBTracery_90-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBTracery-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tracery was used on both the interior and exterior of buildings. It frequently covered the façades, and the interior walls of the nave and choir were covered with blind arcades. It also often picked up and repeated the designs in the stained glass windows. <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> has a west front lavishly ornamented with bar tracery matching the windows.<sup id="cite_ref-EBTracery_90-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBTracery-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripon_Cathedral_-_central_part_of_main_facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lancet Gothic, Ripon Minster west front (begun 1160)"><img alt="Lancet Gothic, Ripon Minster west front (begun 1160)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ripon_Cathedral_-_central_part_of_main_facade.jpg/112px-Ripon_Cathedral_-_central_part_of_main_facade.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ripon_Cathedral_-_central_part_of_main_facade.jpg/169px-Ripon_Cathedral_-_central_part_of_main_facade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ripon_Cathedral_-_central_part_of_main_facade.jpg/225px-Ripon_Cathedral_-_central_part_of_main_facade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Lancet Gothic</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Minster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripon Minster">Ripon Minster</a> west front (begun 1160)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Cathedral_clerestory_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plate tracery, Chartres Cathedral clerestory (1194–1220)"><img alt="Plate tracery, Chartres Cathedral clerestory (1194–1220)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chartres_Cathedral_clerestory_exterior.jpg/110px-Chartres_Cathedral_clerestory_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chartres_Cathedral_clerestory_exterior.jpg/165px-Chartres_Cathedral_clerestory_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chartres_Cathedral_clerestory_exterior.jpg/220px-Chartres_Cathedral_clerestory_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1927" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Plate tracery</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> clerestory (1194–1220)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripon_Cathedral_(7557362580)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geometrical Decorated Gothic, Ripon Minster east window"><img alt="Geometrical Decorated Gothic, Ripon Minster east window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ripon_Cathedral_%287557362580%29_crop.jpg/93px-Ripon_Cathedral_%287557362580%29_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ripon_Cathedral_%287557362580%29_crop.jpg/140px-Ripon_Cathedral_%287557362580%29_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ripon_Cathedral_%287557362580%29_crop.jpg/187px-Ripon_Cathedral_%287557362580%29_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="1033" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Geometrical</i> <i>Decorated Gothic</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Minster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripon Minster">Ripon Minster</a> east window</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stra%C3%9Fburger_M%C3%BCnster,_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rayonnant rose window, Strasbourg Cathedral west front"><img alt="Rayonnant rose window, Strasbourg Cathedral west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Stra%C3%9Fburger_M%C3%BCnster%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose.jpg/109px-Stra%C3%9Fburger_M%C3%BCnster%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Stra%C3%9Fburger_M%C3%BCnster%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose.jpg/164px-Stra%C3%9Fburger_M%C3%BCnster%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Stra%C3%9Fburger_M%C3%BCnster%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose.jpg/219px-Stra%C3%9Fburger_M%C3%BCnster%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3259" data-file-height="4466" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Rayonnant</i> rose window, <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> west front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_France_Cath%C3%A9drale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-03d.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamboyant rose window, Amiens Cathedral west front"><img alt="Flamboyant rose window, Amiens Cathedral west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amiens_France_Cath%C3%A9drale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-03d.jpg/120px-Amiens_France_Cath%C3%A9drale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-03d.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amiens_France_Cath%C3%A9drale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-03d.jpg/180px-Amiens_France_Cath%C3%A9drale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-03d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amiens_France_Cath%C3%A9drale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-03d.jpg/240px-Amiens_France_Cath%C3%A9drale-Notre-Dame-d-Amiens-03d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="3639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Flamboyant</i> rose window, <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> west front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Curvilinear window, Limoges Cathedral nave"><img alt="Curvilinear window, Limoges Cathedral nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG/112px-Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG/169px-Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG/225px-Limoges_curvilinear_tracery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Curvilinear</i> window, <a href="/wiki/Limoges_Cathedral" title="Limoges Cathedral">Limoges Cathedral</a> nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge_west_window.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perpendicular four-centred arch, King's College Chapel, Cambridge west front"><img alt="Perpendicular four-centred arch, King's College Chapel, Cambridge west front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge_west_window.jpg/109px-Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge_west_window.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge_west_window.jpg/163px-Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge_west_window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge_west_window.jpg/218px-Kings_College_Chapel_Cambridge_west_window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1464" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Perpendicular</i> four-centred arch, King's College Chapel, Cambridge west front</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Tours_-_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_tour_nord.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blind tracery, Tours Cathedral (16th century)"><img alt="Blind tracery, Tours Cathedral (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Tours_-_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_tour_nord.jpg/88px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Tours_-_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_tour_nord.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Tours_-_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_tour_nord.jpg/132px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Tours_-_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_tour_nord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Tours_-_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_tour_nord.jpg/176px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Tours_-_d%C3%A9tail_de_la_tour_nord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blind tracery, <a href="/wiki/Tours_Cathedral" title="Tours Cathedral">Tours Cathedral</a> (16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neupfarrkirche_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-Gothic tracery, Regensburg, Neupfarrkirche (16th century)"><img alt="Post-Gothic tracery, Regensburg, Neupfarrkirche (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Neupfarrkirche_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/100px-Neupfarrkirche_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Neupfarrkirche_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/150px-Neupfarrkirche_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Neupfarrkirche_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/200px-Neupfarrkirche_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Post-Gothic</i> tracery, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regensburg,_Neupfarrkirche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regensburg, Neupfarrkirche (page does not exist)">Regensburg, Neupfarrkirche</a> (16th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_of_Romanesque_and_Gothic_architecture_compared">Elements of Romanesque and Gothic architecture compared</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Elements of Romanesque and Gothic architecture compared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Structural element </th> <th>Romanesque </th> <th>Gothic </th> <th class="unsortable">Developments </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Arches </td> <td>Round </td> <td>Pointed </td> <td>The pointed Gothic arch varied from a very sharp form, to a wide, flattened form. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Vaults </td> <td>Barrel or groin </td> <td>Ribbed </td> <td>Ribbed vaults appeared in the Romanesque era and were elaborated in the Gothic era. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Walls </td> <td>Thick, with small openings </td> <td>Thinner, with large openings </td> <td>Wall structure diminshed during the Gothic era to a framework of mullions supporting windows. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Buttresses </td> <td>Wall buttresses of low projection. </td> <td>Wall buttresses of high projection, and flying buttresses </td> <td>Complex Gothic buttresses supported the high vaults and the walls pierced with windows </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Windows </td> <td>Round arches, sometimes paired </td> <td>Pointed arches, often with tracery </td> <td>Gothic windows varied from simple lancet form to ornate flamboyant patterns </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Piers and columns </td> <td>Cylindrical columns, rectangular piers </td> <td>Cylindrical and clustered columns, complex piers </td> <td>Columns and piers developed increasing complexity during the Gothic era </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Gallery arcades </td> <td>Two openings under an arch, paired. </td> <td>Two pointed openings under a pointed arch </td> <td>The Gothic gallery became increasingly complex and unified with the clerestory </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plans">Plans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_schematic_plan_en_vectorial.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cathedral_schematic_plan_en_vectorial.svg/260px-Cathedral_schematic_plan_en_vectorial.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cathedral_schematic_plan_en_vectorial.svg/390px-Cathedral_schematic_plan_en_vectorial.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cathedral_schematic_plan_en_vectorial.svg/520px-Cathedral_schematic_plan_en_vectorial.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Plan of a Gothic cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>The plan of Gothic cathedrals and churches was usually based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a> (or "cruciform") plan, taken from the ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">Basilica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200624_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200624-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from the later <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanesque (architecture)">Romanesque</a> churches. They have a long nave making the body of the church, where the parishioners worshipped; a transverse arm called the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> and, beyond it to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a>, also known as a chancel or presbytery, that was usually reserved for the clergy. The eastern end of the church was rounded in French churches, and was occupied by several radiating chapels, which allowed multiple ceremonies to go on simultaneously. In English churches the eastern end also had chapels, but was usually rectangular. A passage called the <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> circled the choir. This allowed parishioners, and especially pilgrims, to walk past the chapels to see the relics displayed there without disturbing other services going on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200631_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200631-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each vault of the nave formed a separate cell, with its own supporting piers or columns. The early cathedrals, like Notre-Dame, had six-part rib vaults, with alternating columns and piers, while later cathedrals had the simpler and stronger four-part vaults, with identical columns. </p><p>Following the model of Romanesque architecture and the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Denis">Basilica of Saint Denis</a>, cathedrals usually had two towers flanking the west façade. Towers over the crossing were common in England (<a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>), <a href="/wiki/York_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="York Minister">York Minister</a>) but rarer in France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200631_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200631-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transepts were usually short in early French Gothic architecture, but became longer and were given large rose windows in the <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201442_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201442-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choirs became more important. The choir was often flanked by a double disambulatory, which was crowned by a ring of small chapels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201442_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201442-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, transepts were more important, and the floor plans were usually much more complex than in French cathedrals, with the addition of attached <a href="/wiki/Lady_Chapels" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Chapels">Lady Chapels</a>, an octagonal <a href="/wiki/Chapter_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter House">Chapter House</a>, and other structures (See plans of Salisbury Cathedral and York Minster below). This reflected a tendency in France to carry out multiple functions in the same space, while English cathedrals compartmentalized them. This contrast is visible in the difference between <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, with its minimal transepts and semicircular apse, filled with chapels, on the east end, compared with the double transepts, projecting north porch, and rectangular east end of Salisbury and York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986147_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986147-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1097px;max-width:1097px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan.redress%C3%A9.cathedrale.Paris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Plan.redress%C3%A9.cathedrale.Paris.png/210px-Plan.redress%C3%A9.cathedrale.Paris.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Plan.redress%C3%A9.cathedrale.Paris.png/315px-Plan.redress%C3%A9.cathedrale.Paris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Plan.redress%C3%A9.cathedrale.Paris.png 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>, France, length 128 m.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_plan_vert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amiens_plan_vert.png/170px-Amiens_plan_vert.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amiens_plan_vert.png/255px-Amiens_plan_vert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Amiens_plan_vert.png/340px-Amiens_plan_vert.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, France, length 145 m.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:264px;max-width:264px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png/262px-Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png" decoding="async" width="262" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png/393px-Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png/524px-Plan.cathedrale.Cologne.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>, Germany, length 144 m, Its plan was modeled after Amiens Cathedral, but widened</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_cathedral_plan_vert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Salisbury_cathedral_plan_vert.jpg/170px-Salisbury_cathedral_plan_vert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Salisbury_cathedral_plan_vert.jpg/255px-Salisbury_cathedral_plan_vert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Salisbury_cathedral_plan_vert.jpg/340px-Salisbury_cathedral_plan_vert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>, England, length 135 m, with a central tower over the crossing</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YorkMinsterPlanDehio_vert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/YorkMinsterPlanDehio_vert.jpg/265px-YorkMinsterPlanDehio_vert.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/YorkMinsterPlanDehio_vert.jpg/398px-YorkMinsterPlanDehio_vert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/YorkMinsterPlanDehio_vert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, England, length 159 m, with its attached octagonal <a href="/wiki/Chapter_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter House">Chapter House</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elevations_and_the_search_for_height">Elevations and the search for height</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Elevations and the search for height"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="nowrap"> </span> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> <div style="position:relative; background-color:#FFFFFF; border:1px solid #CCCCCC;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laon_Cathedral_Interior_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Gothic Laon Cathedral (1150s–1230)"><img alt="Early Gothic Laon Cathedral (1150s–1230)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Laon_Cathedral_Interior_02.JPG/220px-Laon_Cathedral_Interior_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Laon_Cathedral_Interior_02.JPG/330px-Laon_Cathedral_Interior_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Laon_Cathedral_Interior_02.JPG/440px-Laon_Cathedral_Interior_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="4129" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 172px; left: 165px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 20px; left: -10px; top: -10px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Arrow_Right.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arcade"><img alt="Arcade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/20px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/30px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/40px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 100%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: -6.5em; text-align: right;"><span style="padding: 1px; background-color: #C0C0C0;">Arcade</span></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 132px; left: 165px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 20px; left: -10px; top: -10px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Arrow_Right.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tribune"><img alt="Tribune" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/20px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/30px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/40px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 100%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: -6.5em; text-align: right;"><span style="padding: 1px; background-color: #C0C0C0;">Tribune</span></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 88px; left: 165px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 20px; left: -10px; top: -10px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Arrow_Right.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Triforium"><img alt="Triforium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/20px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/30px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/40px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 100%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: -6.5em; text-align: right;"><span style="padding: 1px; background-color: #C0C0C0;">Triforium</span></div> </div> <div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0; top: 48px; left: 165px;"> <div style="position: relative; z-index: 3; line-height: 0; text-align: center; width: 20px; left: -10px; top: -10px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Arrow_Right.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clerestory"><img alt="Clerestory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/20px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/30px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Red_Arrow_Right.svg/40px-Red_Arrow_Right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div><div style="position: relative; z-index: 4; font-size: 100%; line-height: 111%; width: 6em; top: -1.5em; left: -6.5em; text-align: right;"><span style="padding: 1px; background-color: #C0C0C0;">Clerestory</span></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Early Gothic Laon Cathedral (1150s–1230)</div> </div> </div> <p>Gothic architecture was a continual search for greater height, thinner walls, and more light. This was clearly illustrated in the evolving elevations of the cathedrals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201442_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201442-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic architecture</a>, following the model of the Romanesque churches, the buildings had thick, solid walls with a minimum of windows in order to give enough support for the vaulted roofs. An elevation typically had four levels. On the ground floor was an arcade with massive piers alternating with thinner columns, which supported the six-part rib vaults. Above that was a gallery, called the tribune, which provided stability to the walls, and was sometimes used to provide seating for the nuns. Above that was a narrower gallery, called the <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a>, which also helped provide additional thickness and support. At the top, just beneath the vaults, was the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>, where the high windows were placed. The upper level was supported from the outside by the flying buttresses. This system was used at <a href="/wiki/Noyon_Cathedral" title="Noyon Cathedral">Noyon Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sens_Cathedral" title="Sens Cathedral">Sens Cathedral</a>, and other early structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201442_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201442-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a> period, thanks to the introduction of the four part rib vault, a simplified elevation appeared at Chartres Cathedral and others. The alternating piers and columns on the ground floor were replaced by rows of identical circular piers wrapped in four engaged columns. The tribune disappeared, which meant that the arcades could be higher. This created more space at the top for the upper windows, which were expanded to include a smaller circular window above a group of lancet windows. The new walls gave a stronger sense of verticality and brought in more light. A similar arrangement was adapted in England, at <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201442_94-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201442-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important characteristic of Gothic church architecture is its height, both absolute and in proportion to its width, the verticality suggesting an aspiration to Heaven. The increasing height of cathedrals over the Gothic period was accompanied by an increasing proportion of the wall devoted to windows, until, by the late Gothic, the interiors became like cages of glass. This was made possible by the development of the flying buttress, which transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof to the supports outside the walls. As a result, the walls gradually became thinner and higher, and masonry was replaced with glass. The four-part elevation of the naves of early Cathedrals such as Notre-Dame (arcade, tribune, triforium, clerestory) was transformed in the choir of <a href="/wiki/Beauvais_Cathedral" title="Beauvais Cathedral">Beauvais Cathedral</a> to very tall arcades, a thin triforium, and soaring windows up to the roof.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler2018108_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler2018108-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beauvais Cathedral reached the limit of what was possible with Gothic technology. A portion of the choir collapsed in 1284, causing alarm in all of the cities with very tall cathedrals. Panels of experts were created in Sienna and Chartres to study the stability of those structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale199386_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale199386-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the transept and choir of Beauvais were completed, and in the 21st century, the transept walls were reinforced with cross-beams. No cathedral built since exceeded the height of the choir of Beauvais.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler2018108_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler2018108-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noyon_Cathedral_Interior.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Noyon Cathedral nave showing the four early Gothic levels (late 12h century)"><img alt="Noyon Cathedral nave showing the four early Gothic levels (late 12h century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Noyon_Cathedral_Interior.JPG/90px-Noyon_Cathedral_Interior.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Noyon_Cathedral_Interior.JPG/135px-Noyon_Cathedral_Interior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Noyon_Cathedral_Interior.JPG/180px-Noyon_Cathedral_Interior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Noyon_Cathedral" title="Noyon Cathedral">Noyon Cathedral</a> nave showing the four early Gothic levels (late 12h century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Three-part elevation of Wells Cathedral (begun 1176)"><img alt="Three-part elevation of Wells Cathedral (begun 1176)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG/120px-Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG/180px-Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG/240px-Wells_cathedral_nave_clerestory.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three-part elevation of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> (begun 1176)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Nave_from_West_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Lincoln Cathedral (begun 1185) showing three levels; arcade (bottom); tribune (middle) and clerestory (top)"><img alt="Nave of Lincoln Cathedral (begun 1185) showing three levels; arcade (bottom); tribune (middle) and clerestory (top)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lincoln_Nave_from_West_wall.jpg/90px-Lincoln_Nave_from_West_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lincoln_Nave_from_West_wall.jpg/135px-Lincoln_Nave_from_West_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Lincoln_Nave_from_West_wall.jpg/180px-Lincoln_Nave_from_West_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> (begun 1185) showing three levels; arcade (bottom); tribune (middle) and clerestory (top)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre-Dame de Paris nave (rebuilt 1180–1220)"><img alt="Notre-Dame de Paris nave (rebuilt 1180–1220)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg/82px-NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg/123px-NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg/164px-NOTRE_DAME_DE_PARIS_May_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> nave (rebuilt 1180–1220)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triforium_Chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three-part elevation of Chartres Cathedral, with larger clerestory windows"><img alt="Three-part elevation of Chartres Cathedral, with larger clerestory windows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Triforium_Chartres.jpg/120px-Triforium_Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Triforium_Chartres.jpg/180px-Triforium_Chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Triforium_Chartres.jpg/240px-Triforium_Chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three-part elevation of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>, with larger clerestory windows</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_cathedral_nave-west.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Amiens Cathedral, looking west (1220–1270)"><img alt="Nave of Amiens Cathedral, looking west (1220–1270)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Amiens_cathedral_nave-west.jpg/80px-Amiens_cathedral_nave-west.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Amiens_cathedral_nave-west.jpg/120px-Amiens_cathedral_nave-west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Amiens_cathedral_nave-west.jpg/160px-Amiens_cathedral_nave-west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, looking west (1220–1270)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Strasbourg Cathedral (mid-13th century), looking east"><img alt="Nave of Strasbourg Cathedral (mid-13th century), looking east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg/116px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg/173px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg/231px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_nave_looking_east-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="4221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> (mid-13th century), looking east</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The medieval east end of Cologne Cathedral (begun 1248)"><img alt="The medieval east end of Cologne Cathedral (begun 1248)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG/90px-Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG/135px-Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG/180px-Cologne_Cathedral_interior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The medieval east end of <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> (begun 1248) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="West_front">West front</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: West front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/220px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/330px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg/440px-Notre-Dame_de_Paris_2013-07-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="4519" /></a><figcaption>Notre-Dame de Paris – deep portals, a rose window, balance of horizontal and vertical elements. Early Gothic</figcaption></figure> <p>Churches traditionally face east, with the altar at the east, and the west front, or façade, was considered the most important entrance. Gothic façades were adapted from the model of the Romanesque façades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The façades usually had three portals, or doorways, leading into the nave. Over each doorway was a <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a>, a work of sculpture crowded with figures. The sculpture of the central tympanum was devoted to the Last Judgement, that to the left to the Virgin Mary, and that to the right to the Saints honoured at that particular cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early Gothic, the columns of the doorways took the form of statues of saints, making them literally "pillars of the church".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early Gothic, the façades were characterized by height, elegance, harmony, unity, and a balance of proportions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974146_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974146-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They followed the doctrine expressed by Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> that beauty was a "harmony of contrasts".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974146_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974146-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the model of Saint-Denis and later Notre-Dame de Paris, the façade was flanked by two towers proportional to the rest of the façade, which balanced the horizontal and vertical elements. Early Gothic façades often had a small rose window placed above the central portal. In England the rose window was often replaced by several lancet windows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the High Gothic period, the façades grew higher, and had more dramatic architecture and sculpture. At Amiens Cathedral (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220</span>), the porches were deeper, the niches and pinnacles were more prominent. The portals were crowned with high arched gables, composed of concentric arches filled with sculpture. The rose windows became enormous, filling an entirely wall above the central portal, and they were themselves covered with a large pointed arch. The rose windows were pushed upwards by the growing profusion of decoration below. The towers were adorned with their own arches, often crowned with pinnacles. The towers themselves were crowned with spires, often of open-work sculpture. One of the finest examples of a <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> façade is <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_l%27%C3%89pine" title="Notre-Dame de l'Épine">Notre-Dame de l'Épine</a> (1405–1527).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201452_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201452-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While French cathedrals emphasized the height of the façade, English cathedrals, particularly in earlier Gothic, often emphasized the width. The west front of Wells Cathedral is 146 feet across, compared with 116 feet wide at the nearly contemporary Amiens Cathedral, though Amiens is twice as high. The west front of Wells was almost entirely covered with statuary, like Amiens, and was given even further emphasis by its colors; traces of blue, scarlet, and gold are found on the sculpture, as well as painted stars against the dark background on other sections.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian Gothic façades have the three traditional portals and rose windows, or sometimes simply a large circular window without tracery plus an abundance of flamboyant elements, including sculpture, pinnacles and spires. However, they added distinctive Italian elements. as seen in the façades of <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a> ) and of <a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a>, The Orvieto façade was largely the work of a master mason, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Maitani" title="Lorenzo Maitani">Lorenzo Maitani</a>, who worked on the façade from 1308 until his death in 1330. He broke away from the French emphasis on height, and eliminated the column statutes and statuary in the arched entries, and covered the façade with colourful mosaics of biblical scenes (The current mosaics are of a later date). He also added sculpture in relief on the supporting contreforts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1993173_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1993173-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important feature of the Italian Gothic portal was the sculpted bronze door. The sculptor <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pisano" title="Andrea Pisano">Andrea Pisano</a> made the celebrated bronze doors for <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Baptistry">Florence Baptistry</a> (1330–1336). They were not the first; Abbot Suger had commissioned bronze doors for Saint-Denis in 1140, but they were replaced with wooden doors when the Abbey was enlarged. Pisano's work, with its realism and emotion, pointed toward the coming Renaissance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1993170–175_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1993170–175-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1215px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wells Cathedral (1176–1450). Early English Gothic. The façade was a Great Wall of sculpture"><img alt="Wells Cathedral (1176–1450). Early English Gothic. The façade was a Great Wall of sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/200px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/300px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/400px-Wells_Cathedral_West_Front_Exterior%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5867" data-file-height="5050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> (1176–1450). Early English Gothic. The façade was a Great Wall of sculpture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Amiens Cathedral, (13th century). Vertical emphasis. High Gothic"><img alt="Amiens Cathedral, (13th century). Vertical emphasis. High Gothic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG/130px-0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG/195px-0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG/260px-0_Amiens_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, (13th century). Vertical emphasis. High Gothic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salisbury_Cathedral_3_(5691354924).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salisbury Cathedral – wide sculptured screen, lancet windows, turrets with pinnacles. (1220–1258)"><img alt="Salisbury Cathedral – wide sculptured screen, lancet windows, turrets with pinnacles. (1220–1258)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Salisbury_Cathedral_3_%285691354924%29.jpg/122px-Salisbury_Cathedral_3_%285691354924%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Salisbury_Cathedral_3_%285691354924%29.jpg/183px-Salisbury_Cathedral_3_%285691354924%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Salisbury_Cathedral_3_%285691354924%29.jpg/243px-Salisbury_Cathedral_3_%285691354924%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="4728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a> – wide sculptured screen, lancet windows, turrets with pinnacles. (1220–1258)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Strasbourg Cathedral (1275–1486), a façade entirely covered in sculpture and tracery"><img alt="Strasbourg Cathedral (1275–1486), a façade entirely covered in sculpture and tracery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/156px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/235px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg/313px-Strasbourg_Cathedral_Exterior_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6574" data-file-height="8402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> (1275–1486), a façade entirely covered in sculpture and tracery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saints-Michel-et-Gudule_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels, a towered highly decorated façade"><img alt="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula in Brussels, a towered highly decorated façade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saints-Michel-et-Gudule_Luc_Viatour.jpg/129px-Saints-Michel-et-Gudule_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saints-Michel-et-Gudule_Luc_Viatour.jpg/193px-Saints-Michel-et-Gudule_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Saints-Michel-et-Gudule_Luc_Viatour.jpg/258px-Saints-Michel-et-Gudule_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula">Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula</a> in Brussels, a towered highly decorated façade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_l%27Epine.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamboyant façade of Notre-Dame de l'Épine (1405–1527) with openwork towers"><img alt="Flamboyant façade of Notre-Dame de l'Épine (1405–1527) with openwork towers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_l%27Epine.JPG/123px-Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_l%27Epine.JPG" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_l%27Epine.JPG/185px-Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_l%27Epine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_l%27Epine.JPG/247px-Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_l%27Epine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flamboyant façade of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_l%27%C3%89pine" title="Notre-Dame de l'Épine">Notre-Dame de l'Épine</a> (1405–1527) with openwork towers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Orvieto Cathedral (1310–), with polychrome mosaics"><img alt="Orvieto Cathedral (1310–), with polychrome mosaics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG/200px-Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG/300px-Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG/400px-Facciata_del_Duomo_di_Orvieto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a> (1310–), with polychrome mosaics</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Anne%27s_Church_Exterior_3,_Vilnius,_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Gothic façade of Church of St. Anne in Vilnius (ca. 1500)"><img alt="Late Gothic façade of Church of St. Anne in Vilnius (ca. 1500)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St._Anne%27s_Church_Exterior_3%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/140px-St._Anne%27s_Church_Exterior_3%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St._Anne%27s_Church_Exterior_3%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/210px-St._Anne%27s_Church_Exterior_3%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/St._Anne%27s_Church_Exterior_3%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg/280px-St._Anne%27s_Church_Exterior_3%2C_Vilnius%2C_Lithuania_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5594" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Gothic façade of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Anne,_Vilnius" title="Church of St. Anne, Vilnius">Church of St. Anne</a> in Vilnius (ca. 1500)</div> </li> </ul><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_end">East end</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: East end"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cathedrals and churches were traditionally constructed with the altar at the east end, so that the priest and congregation faced the rising sun during the morning <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. The sun was considered the symbol of Christ and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>, a major theme in Cathedral sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portion of the church east of altar is the choir, reserved for members of the clergy. There is usually a single or double ambulatory, or aisle, around the choir and east end, so parishioners and pilgrims could walk freely easily around east end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201821_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201821-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Romanesque churches, the east end was very dark, due to the thick walls and small windows. In the ambulatory of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Denis">Basilica of Saint Denis</a>, Abbot Suger first used the novel combination rib vaults and buttresses to replace the thick walls and replace them with stained glass, opening up that portion of the church to what he considered "divine light".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986127-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In French Gothic churches, the east end, or <a href="/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a>, often had an apse, a semi-circular projection with a vaulted or domed roof.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chevet of large cathedrals frequently had a ring of radiating chapels, placed between the buttresses to get maximum light. There are three such chapels at Chartres Cathedral, seven at Notre Dame de Paris, Amiens Cathedral, Prague Cathedral and Cologne Cathedral, and nine at <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" title="Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua">Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua</a> in Italy. In England, the east end is more often rectangular, and gives access to a separate and large <a href="/wiki/Lady_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Chapel">Lady Chapel</a>, dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>. Lady Chapels were also common in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201821_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201821-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Chor_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="High Gothic Chevet of Amiens Cathedral, with chapels between the buttresses (13th century)"><img alt="High Gothic Chevet of Amiens Cathedral, with chapels between the buttresses (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Chor_04.jpg/199px-Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Chor_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Chor_04.jpg/298px-Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Chor_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Chor_04.jpg/397px-Amiens_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_Chor_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4506" data-file-height="3405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">High Gothic Chevet of <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, with chapels between the buttresses (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_the_interior_of_the_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre_Dame_de_Paris-LR1_(22457676932).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ambulatory and Chapels of the chevet of Notre Dame de Paris (14th century)"><img alt="Ambulatory and Chapels of the chevet of Notre Dame de Paris (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Panorama_of_the_interior_of_the_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre_Dame_de_Paris-LR1_%2822457676932%29.jpg/200px-Panorama_of_the_interior_of_the_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre_Dame_de_Paris-LR1_%2822457676932%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Panorama_of_the_interior_of_the_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre_Dame_de_Paris-LR1_%2822457676932%29.jpg/300px-Panorama_of_the_interior_of_the_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre_Dame_de_Paris-LR1_%2822457676932%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Panorama_of_the_interior_of_the_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre_Dame_de_Paris-LR1_%2822457676932%29.jpg/400px-Panorama_of_the_interior_of_the_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre_Dame_de_Paris-LR1_%2822457676932%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ambulatory and Chapels of the chevet of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry7Chapel_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Henry VII Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey (begun 1503)"><img alt="The Henry VII Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey (begun 1503)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Henry7Chapel_09.jpg/200px-Henry7Chapel_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Henry7Chapel_09.jpg/300px-Henry7Chapel_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Henry7Chapel_09.jpg/400px-Henry7Chapel_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_Lady_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VII Lady Chapel">Henry VII Lady Chapel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> (begun 1503)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ely_cathedral_east_end.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ely Cathedral – square east end: Early English chancel (left) and Decorated Lady Chapel (right)"><img alt="Ely Cathedral – square east end: Early English chancel (left) and Decorated Lady Chapel (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ely_cathedral_east_end.jpg/200px-Ely_cathedral_east_end.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ely_cathedral_east_end.jpg/300px-Ely_cathedral_east_end.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ely_cathedral_east_end.jpg/400px-Ely_cathedral_east_end.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a> – square east end: Early English chancel (left) and Decorated Lady Chapel (right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel,_Cambridgeshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Ely Cathedral Lady Chapel (14th century)"><img alt="Interior of the Ely Cathedral Lady Chapel (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/189px-Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/284px-Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/378px-Ely_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Cambridgeshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7904" data-file-height="6268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Ely Cathedral Lady Chapel (14th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portals_and_tympanum">Portals and tympanum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Portals and tympanum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sculpture was an important element of Gothic architecture. Its intent was present the stories of the Bible in vivid and understandable fashion to the great majority of the faithful who could not read.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201879_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201879-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iconography of the sculptural decoration on the façade was not left to the sculptors. An edict of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> in 787 had declared: "The composition of religious images is not to be left to the inspiration of artists; it is derived from the principles put in place by the Catholic Church and religious tradition. Only the art belongs to the artist; the composition belongs to the Fathers."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201879_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201879-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monsters and devils tempting Christians – South portal of Chartres Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="Monsters and devils tempting Christians – South portal of Chartres Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg/200px-Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg/300px-Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg/400px-Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monsters and devils tempting Christians – South portal of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wells_cathedral_12_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gallery of Kings and Saints on the façade of Wells Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="Gallery of Kings and Saints on the façade of Wells Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wells_cathedral_12_crop.JPG/200px-Wells_cathedral_12_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wells_cathedral_12_crop.JPG/300px-Wells_cathedral_12_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Wells_cathedral_12_crop.JPG/400px-Wells_cathedral_12_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="1631" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gallery of Kings and Saints on the façade of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_tympan_central_detail_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amiens Cathedral, tympanum detail – "Christ in majesty" (13th century)"><img alt="Amiens Cathedral, tympanum detail – "Christ in majesty" (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Amiens_tympan_central_detail_07.jpg/200px-Amiens_tympan_central_detail_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Amiens_tympan_central_detail_07.jpg/300px-Amiens_tympan_central_detail_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Amiens_tympan_central_detail_07.jpg/400px-Amiens_tympan_central_detail_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6072" data-file-height="4040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, tympanum detail – "Christ in majesty" (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiens_iluminacion_fachada_catedral.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Illumination of portals of Amiens Cathedral to show how it may have appeared with original colors"><img alt="Illumination of portals of Amiens Cathedral to show how it may have appeared with original colors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Amiens_iluminacion_fachada_catedral.JPG/200px-Amiens_iluminacion_fachada_catedral.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Amiens_iluminacion_fachada_catedral.JPG/300px-Amiens_iluminacion_fachada_catedral.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Amiens_iluminacion_fachada_catedral.JPG/400px-Amiens_iluminacion_fachada_catedral.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illumination of portals of Amiens Cathedral to show how it may have appeared with original colors</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West portal Annunciation group at Reims Cathedral with smiling angel at left (13th century)"><img alt="West portal Annunciation group at Reims Cathedral with smiling angel at left (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/193px-Reims6.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/289px-Reims6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/386px-Reims6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West portal Annunciation group at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> with smiling angel at left (13th century) </div> </li> </ul> <p>In Early Gothic churches, following the Romanesque tradition, sculpture appeared on the façade or west front in the triangular tympanum over the central portal. Gradually, as the style evolved, the sculpture became more and more prominent, taking over the columns of the portal, and gradually climbing above the portals, until statues in niches covered the entire façade, as in <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a>, to the transepts, and, as at Amiens Cathedral, even on the interior of the façade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201879_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201879-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the earliest examples are found at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>, where the three portals of the west front illustrate the three epiphanies in the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Amiens, the tympanum over the central portal depicted the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Last Judgement</a>, the right portal showed the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a>, and the left portal showed the lives of saints who were important in the diocese. This set a pattern of complex iconography which was followed at other churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The columns below the tympanum are in the form of statues of saints, literally representing them as "the pillars of the church".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017158–59_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017158–59-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each saint had his own symbol at his feet so viewers could recognize them; a winged lion meant <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mark">Saint Mark</a>, an eagle with four wings meant <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John the Apostle">Saint John the Apostle</a>, and a winged bull symbolized <a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Luke">Saint Luke</a>. Floral and vegetal decoration was also very common, representing the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>; grapes represented the wines of <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017158–59_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017158–59-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tympanum over the central portal on the west façade of Notre-Dame de Paris vividly illustrates the Last Judgement, with figures of sinners being led off to hell, and good Christians taken to heaven. The sculpture of the right portal shows the coronation of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, and the left portal shows the lives of saints who were important to Parisians, particularly <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Saint Anne</a>, the mother of the Virgin Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635_67-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To make the message even more prominent, the sculpture of the tympanum was painted in bright colors. following a system of colours codified in the 12th century; yellow, called <i>gold</i>, symbolized intelligence, grandeur and virtue; white, called <i>argent</i>, symbolized purity, wisdom, and correctness; black, or <i>sable</i>, meant sadness, but also will; green, or <i>sinople</i>, represented hope, liberty and joy; red or <i>gueules</i> (see <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">gules</a>) meant charity or victory; blue or <i>azure</i> symbolised the sky, faithfulness and perseverance; and violet, or <i>pourpre</i>, was the colour of royalty and sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201854_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201854-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Strasbourg,_fa%C3%A7ade,_tentateur_et_vierges_folles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="More naturalistic later Gothic. Temptation of the foolish Virgins, Strasbourg Cathedral"><img alt="More naturalistic later Gothic. Temptation of the foolish Virgins, Strasbourg Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Strasbourg%2C_fa%C3%A7ade%2C_tentateur_et_vierges_folles.jpg/180px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Strasbourg%2C_fa%C3%A7ade%2C_tentateur_et_vierges_folles.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Strasbourg%2C_fa%C3%A7ade%2C_tentateur_et_vierges_folles.jpg/270px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Strasbourg%2C_fa%C3%A7ade%2C_tentateur_et_vierges_folles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Strasbourg%2C_fa%C3%A7ade%2C_tentateur_et_vierges_folles.jpg/360px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Strasbourg%2C_fa%C3%A7ade%2C_tentateur_et_vierges_folles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">More naturalistic later Gothic. Temptation of the foolish Virgins, Strasbourg Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escultures_dels_Pisano_al_Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_de_Siena.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture from façade of Siena Cathedral by Nino Pisano (14th century)"><img alt="Sculpture from façade of Siena Cathedral by Nino Pisano (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Escultures_dels_Pisano_al_Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_de_Siena.JPG/180px-Escultures_dels_Pisano_al_Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_de_Siena.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Escultures_dels_Pisano_al_Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_de_Siena.JPG/270px-Escultures_dels_Pisano_al_Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_de_Siena.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Escultures_dels_Pisano_al_Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_de_Siena.JPG/360px-Escultures_dels_Pisano_al_Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_de_Siena.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="2670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture from façade of Siena Cathedral by <a href="/wiki/Nino_Pisano" title="Nino Pisano">Nino Pisano</a> (14th century)</div> </li> </ul> <p>In the later Gothic, the sculpture became more naturalistic; the figures were separated from the walls, and had much more expressive faces, showing emotion and personality. The drapery was very skilfully carved. The torments of hell were even more vividly depicted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201884–88_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201884–88-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late Gothic sculpture at <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nino_Pisano" title="Nino Pisano">Nino Pisano</a>, pointing toward the Renaissance, is particularly notable. Much of it is now kept in a museum to protect it from deterioration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grotesques_and_Labyrinths">Grotesques and Labyrinths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Grotesques and Labyrinths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grotesque,_Selby_Abbey_(6993387433).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grotesque%2C_Selby_Abbey_%286993387433%29.jpg/220px-Grotesque%2C_Selby_Abbey_%286993387433%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grotesque%2C_Selby_Abbey_%286993387433%29.jpg/330px-Grotesque%2C_Selby_Abbey_%286993387433%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Grotesque%2C_Selby_Abbey_%286993387433%29.jpg/440px-Grotesque%2C_Selby_Abbey_%286993387433%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Selby_Abbey" title="Selby Abbey">Selby Abbey</a> (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides saints and apostles, the exteriors of Gothic churches were also decorated with sculptures of a variety of fabulous and frightening <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">grotesques</a> or monsters. These included the <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">chimera</a>, a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat, and the <a href="/wiki/Strix_(mythology)" title="Strix (mythology)">strix</a> or stryge, a creature resembling an <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a>, which was said to eat human flesh. The strix appeared in classical Roman literature; it was described by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, who was widely read in the Middle Ages, as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, and greyish white wings.<sup id="cite_ref-fasti_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fasti-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshippers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201897–99_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201897–99-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">gargoyles</a>, which were added to Notre-Dame in about 1240, had a more practical purpose. They were the rain spouts of the church, designed to divide the torrent of water which poured from the roof after rain, and to project it outwards as far as possible from the buttresses and the walls and windows so that it would not erode the mortar binding the stone. To produce many thin streams rather than a torrent of water, a large number of gargoyles were used, so they were also designed to be a decorative element of the architecture. The rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters, then down channels on the flying buttresses, then along a channel cut in the back of the gargoyle and out of the mouth away from the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Viollet-le-Duc_page_24-26_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viollet-le-Duc_page_24-26-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the statues at Notre-Dame, particularly the grotesques, were removed from the façade in the 17th and 18th century, or were destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. They were replaced with figures in the Gothic style, designed by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a> during the 19th-century restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-Viollet-le-Duc_page_24-26_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viollet-le-Duc_page_24-26-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar figures appear on the other major Gothic churches of France and England. </p><p>Another common feature of Gothic cathedrals in France was a <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">labyrinth</a> or maze on the floor of the nave near the choir, which symbolised the difficult and often complicated journey of a Christian life before attaining paradise. Most labyrinths were removed by the 18th century, but a few, like the one at Amiens Cathedral, have been reconstructed, and the labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral still exists essentially in its original form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201899–100_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201899–100-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle of Amiens Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="Gargoyle of Amiens Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG/180px-ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG/270px-ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG/360px-ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a> of Amiens Cathedral (13th century) </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A strix at Notre-Dame de Paris (19th century copy)"><img alt="A strix at Notre-Dame de Paris (19th century copy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Notre_Dame_HDR.jpg/180px-Notre_Dame_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Notre_Dame_HDR.jpg/270px-Notre_Dame_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Notre_Dame_HDR.jpg/360px-Notre_Dame_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Strix_(mythology)" title="Strix (mythology)">strix</a> at <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a> (19th century copy)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labyrinthchartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Labyrinth of Chartres Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="Labyrinth of Chartres Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Labyrinthchartres.jpg/180px-Labyrinthchartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Labyrinthchartres.jpg/270px-Labyrinthchartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Labyrinthchartres.jpg/360px-Labyrinthchartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="398" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">Labyrinth</a> of Chartres Cathedral (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Labyrinth with Chartres pattern at Amiens Cathedral"><img alt="Labyrinth with Chartres pattern at Amiens Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG/180px-AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG/270px-AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG/360px-AmienCathedralLabyrinth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Labyrinth with Chartres pattern at <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Windows_and_stained_glass">Windows and stained glass</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Windows and stained glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/220px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/330px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg/440px-Sainte_Chapelle_Interior_Stained_Glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5904" data-file-height="3936" /></a><figcaption>Windows of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> (13th century)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">Tracery</a></div> <p>Increasing the amount of light in the interior was a primary objective of the founders of the Gothic movement. Abbot Suger described the new kind of architecture he had created in the east end of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Saint-Denis</a>: "a circular ring of chapels, by virtue of which the whole church would shine with the wonderful and uninterrupted light of most luminous windows, pervading the interior beauty."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986128_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986128-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious teachings in the Middle Ages, particularly the writings of <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a>, a 6th-century mystic whose book, <i><a href="/wiki/De_Coelesti_Hierarchia" title="De Coelesti Hierarchia">De Coelesti Hierarchia</a></i>, was popular among monks in France, taught that all light was divine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon20159_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon20159-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Abbot Suger ordered the reconstruction of choir of the abbey church at Saint-Denis, he had the builders create seventy windows, admitting as much light as possible, as the means by which the faithful could be elevated from the material world to the immaterial world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon20159_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon20159-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The placement of the windows was also determined by religious doctrine. The windows on the north side, frequently in the shade, had windows depicting the Old Testament. The windows of the east, corresponding to the direction of the sunrise, had images of Christ and scenes from the New Testament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017229_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017229-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic</a> period, the glass was particularly thick and was deeply coloured with metal oxides; cobalt for blue, copper for a ruby red, iron for green, and antimony for yellow. The process of making the windows was described in detail by the 12th-century monk known as <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Presbyter" title="Theophilus Presbyter">Theophilus Presbyter</a>. The glass of each colour was melted with the oxide, <a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">blown</a>, shaped into small sheets, cracked with a hot iron into small pieces, and assembled on a large table. The details were painted onto the glass in <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">vitreous enamel</a>, then baked in a <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kiln</a> to fuse the enamel on the glass. The pieces were fit into a framework of thin lead strips, and then put into a more solid frame or iron armatures between the panels.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSG_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSG-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finished window was set into the stone opening. Thin vertical and horizontal bars of iron, called <i>vergettes</i> or <i>barlotierres</i>, were placed inside the window to reinforce the glass against the wind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201522_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201522-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of iron rods between the panels of glass and a framework of stone mullions, or ribs, made it possible to create much larger windows. The three rose windows at Chartres (1203–1240) each were more than 12 m (40 ft) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSG_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSG-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger windows also appeared at <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> (1140–1160) and Canterbury Cathedral (1178–1200) </p><p>The stained glass windows were extremely complex and expensive to create. <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis IX">King Louis IX</a> paid for the rose windows in the transept of Notre-Dame de Paris, but other windows were financed by the contributions of the professions or <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a> of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017228_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017228-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These windows usually had a panel which illustrated the work of the guild which funded it, such as the <a href="/wiki/Drapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Drapers">drapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonemasons">stonemasons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cooper_(profession)" title="Cooper (profession)">coopers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201828_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201828-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abbey of Saint-Denis, Abbot Suger represented at feet of Virgin Mary (12th century)"><img alt="Abbey of Saint-Denis, Abbot Suger represented at feet of Virgin Mary (12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg/138px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg/206px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg/275px-Vitraux_Saint-Denis_190110_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="2064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Denis">Abbey of Saint-Denis</a>, Abbot <a href="/wiki/Suger" title="Suger">Suger</a> represented at feet of Virgin Mary (12th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Bourges_-_D%C3%A9tail_du_vitrail_de_l%27Apocalypse_(d%C3%A9but_XIII%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the Apocalypse window, Bourges Cathedral, early 13th century"><img alt="Detail of the Apocalypse window, Bourges Cathedral, early 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Bourges_-_D%C3%A9tail_du_vitrail_de_l%27Apocalypse_%28d%C3%A9but_XIII%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle%29.JPG/200px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Bourges_-_D%C3%A9tail_du_vitrail_de_l%27Apocalypse_%28d%C3%A9but_XIII%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Bourges_-_D%C3%A9tail_du_vitrail_de_l%27Apocalypse_%28d%C3%A9but_XIII%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle%29.JPG/300px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Bourges_-_D%C3%A9tail_du_vitrail_de_l%27Apocalypse_%28d%C3%A9but_XIII%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Bourges_-_D%C3%A9tail_du_vitrail_de_l%27Apocalypse_%28d%C3%A9but_XIII%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle%29.JPG/400px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Bourges_-_D%C3%A9tail_du_vitrail_de_l%27Apocalypse_%28d%C3%A9but_XIII%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the Apocalypse window, <a href="/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral" title="Bourges Cathedral">Bourges Cathedral</a>, early 13th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_011_Medieval_glass_Thomas_a_Becket.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Becket figure from Canterbury Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="Thomas Becket figure from Canterbury Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Canterbury_Cathedral_011_Medieval_glass_Thomas_a_Becket.JPG/104px-Canterbury_Cathedral_011_Medieval_glass_Thomas_a_Becket.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Canterbury_Cathedral_011_Medieval_glass_Thomas_a_Becket.JPG/157px-Canterbury_Cathedral_011_Medieval_glass_Thomas_a_Becket.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Canterbury_Cathedral_011_Medieval_glass_Thomas_a_Becket.JPG/209px-Canterbury_Cathedral_011_Medieval_glass_Thomas_a_Becket.JPG 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="1311" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thomas Becket figure from <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glass of Sainte-Chapelle depicting a baptism (13th century), now in Cluny Museum"><img alt="Glass of Sainte-Chapelle depicting a baptism (13th century), now in Cluny Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg/161px-Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg/242px-Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg/322px-Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glass of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> depicting a baptism (13th century), now in <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluny Museum">Cluny Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_Sainte_Chapelle,_Vincennes_140308_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes (14th century)"><img alt="Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Interior_of_Sainte_Chapelle%2C_Vincennes_140308_1.jpg/200px-Interior_of_Sainte_Chapelle%2C_Vincennes_140308_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Interior_of_Sainte_Chapelle%2C_Vincennes_140308_1.jpg/300px-Interior_of_Sainte_Chapelle%2C_Vincennes_140308_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Interior_of_Sainte_Chapelle%2C_Vincennes_140308_1.jpg/400px-Interior_of_Sainte_Chapelle%2C_Vincennes_140308_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6913" data-file-height="4678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes" title="Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes">Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windows of King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1451)"><img alt="Windows of King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1451)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg/200px-Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg/300px-Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg/400px-Cambridge_-_King%27s_Chapel_-_vitraux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4897" data-file-height="3267" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Windows of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a> (1446–1451)</div> </li> </ul> <p>The 13th century saw the introduction of a new kind of window, with <a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">grisaille</a>, or white glass, with a geometric pattern, usually joined with medallions of stained glass. These windows allowed much more light into the cathedral, but diminished the vividness of the stained glass, since there was less contrast between the dark interior and bright exterior. The most remarkable and influential work of stained glass in the 13th century was the royal chapel, Sainte-Chapelle (1243–1248), where the windows of the upper chapel, 15 m (49 ft) high, occupied all of the walls on the three sides, with 1,134 individual scenes. Sainte-Chapelle became the model for other chapels across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSG_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSG-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 14th century brought a variety of new colours, and the use of more realistic shading and half-toning. This was done by the development of <a href="/wiki/Flashed_glass" title="Flashed glass">flashed glass</a>. Clear glass was dipped into coloured glass, then portions of the coloured glass were ground away to give exactly the right shade.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSG_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSG-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 15th century, artists began painting directly onto the glass with enamel colours. Gradually the art of glass came closer and closer to traditional painting.<sup id="cite_ref-EBSG_118-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBSG-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 729px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulm-Muenster-KramerFensterDetail-061209.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Visitation window (1480) from Ulm Minster, by Peter Hemmel of Andlau. Late Gothic with fine shading and painted details."><img alt="The Visitation window (1480) from Ulm Minster, by Peter Hemmel of Andlau. Late Gothic with fine shading and painted details." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ulm-Muenster-KramerFensterDetail-061209.jpg/135px-Ulm-Muenster-KramerFensterDetail-061209.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ulm-Muenster-KramerFensterDetail-061209.jpg/202px-Ulm-Muenster-KramerFensterDetail-061209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ulm-Muenster-KramerFensterDetail-061209.jpg/270px-Ulm-Muenster-KramerFensterDetail-061209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Visitation window (1480) from <a href="/wiki/Ulm_Minster" title="Ulm Minster">Ulm Minster</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hemmel_of_Andlau" title="Peter Hemmel of Andlau">Peter Hemmel of Andlau</a>. Late Gothic with fine shading and painted details.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tondo_St_Peter_MNMA_Cl23759.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Gothic grisaille glass and painted figures, depicting Saint Nicholas (France, 1500–1510), Cluny Museum"><img alt="Late Gothic grisaille glass and painted figures, depicting Saint Nicholas (France, 1500–1510), Cluny Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tondo_St_Peter_MNMA_Cl23759.jpg/200px-Tondo_St_Peter_MNMA_Cl23759.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tondo_St_Peter_MNMA_Cl23759.jpg/300px-Tondo_St_Peter_MNMA_Cl23759.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tondo_St_Peter_MNMA_Cl23759.jpg/400px-Tondo_St_Peter_MNMA_Cl23759.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Gothic <a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">grisaille</a> glass and painted figures, depicting Saint Nicholas (France, 1500–1510), <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluny Museum">Cluny Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge,_vetrate_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the Late Gothic stained glass of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, (1531)"><img alt="Detail of the Late Gothic stained glass of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, (1531)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_vetrate_02.JPG/150px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_vetrate_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_vetrate_02.JPG/225px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_vetrate_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_vetrate_02.JPG/300px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge%2C_vetrate_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the Late Gothic stained glass of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a>, (1531) </div> </li> </ul> <p>One of the most celebrated Flamboyant buildings was the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle_de_Vincennes" title="Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes">Sainte-Chapelle de Vincennes</a> (1370s), with walls of glass from floor to ceiling. The original glass was destroyed, and is replaced by grisaille glass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200637_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200637-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College Chapel">King's College Chapel</a> (15th century), also followed the model of walls entirely filled with glass. </p><p>The stained glass windows were extremely complex and expensive to create. <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis IX">King Louis IX</a> paid for the rose windows in the transept of Notre-Dame de Paris, while other windows were often financed by the contributions of the professions or <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a> of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017228_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017228-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These windows usually incorporated a panel which illustrates the work of the guild which funded it, such as the drapers, stonemasons, or barrel-makers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201828_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201828-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, the stained glass windows also grew in size and importance; major examples were the Becket Windows at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> (1200–1230) and the windows of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a> (1200–1220). Enormous windows were also an important element of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Cathedral" title="Gloucester Cathedral">Gloucester Cathedral</a>. </p><p>Much of the stained glass in Gothic churches today dates from later restorations, but a few, notably Chartres Cathedral and <a href="/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral" title="Bourges Cathedral">Bourges Cathedral</a>, still have many of their original windows<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201828_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201828-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rose_windows">Rose windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Rose windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rose windows were a prominent feature of many Gothic churches and cathedrals. The rose was a symbol of the Virgin Mary, and they were particularly used in churches dedicated to her. The French Gothic cathedrals of Chartres,<sup id="cite_ref-Jantzen1984_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jantzen1984-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notre Dame de Paris, Reims, and Laon have them in the west façade, and in the transepts as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Marten2022_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marten2022-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amiens Cathedral,<sup id="cite_ref-Lillich2011_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lillich2011-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strasbourg Cathedral<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford2016_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford2016-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Westminster Abbey also have them in transepts.<sup id="cite_ref-Jenkins2011_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins2011-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designs of their tracery became increasingly complex, and gave their names to two periods; the <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a>. Two of the most famous Rayonnant rose windows were constructed in the transepts of Notre-Dame in the 13th century. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Fa%C3%A7ade_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150908_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre Dame de Laon west window (13th century)"><img alt="Notre Dame de Laon west window (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rose_Fa%C3%A7ade_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150908_2.jpg/200px-Rose_Fa%C3%A7ade_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150908_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rose_Fa%C3%A7ade_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150908_2.jpg/300px-Rose_Fa%C3%A7ade_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150908_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rose_Fa%C3%A7ade_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150908_2.jpg/400px-Rose_Fa%C3%A7ade_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Laon_150908_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Laon" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Laon">Notre Dame de Laon</a> west window (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame-de-Paris_-_rosace_sud.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South rose window of Notre Dame de Paris (13th century)"><img alt="South rose window of Notre Dame de Paris (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Notre-Dame-de-Paris_-_rosace_sud.jpg/193px-Notre-Dame-de-Paris_-_rosace_sud.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Notre-Dame-de-Paris_-_rosace_sud.jpg/290px-Notre-Dame-de-Paris_-_rosace_sud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Notre-Dame-de-Paris_-_rosace_sud.jpg/386px-Notre-Dame-de-Paris_-_rosace_sud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2091" data-file-height="2164" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South rose window of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_nd_chartres_vitraux015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South rose window of Chartres Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="South rose window of Chartres Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_vitraux015.jpg/200px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_vitraux015.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_vitraux015.jpg/300px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_vitraux015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_vitraux015.jpg/400px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_vitraux015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2347" data-file-height="2238" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South rose window of Chartres Cathedral (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims,_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose_West.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West rose window of Reims Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="West rose window of Reims Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Reims%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose_West.jpg/200px-Reims%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose_West.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Reims%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose_West.jpg/300px-Reims%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose_West.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Reims%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose_West.jpg/400px-Reims%2C_Gro%C3%9Fe_Fensterrose_West.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="2184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West rose window of <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MK09074_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Strasbourg_Grande_Rose.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand rose of Strasbourg Cathedral (14th century)"><img alt="Grand rose of Strasbourg Cathedral (14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/MK09074_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Strasbourg_Grande_Rose.jpg/200px-MK09074_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Strasbourg_Grande_Rose.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/MK09074_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Strasbourg_Grande_Rose.jpg/300px-MK09074_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Strasbourg_Grande_Rose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/MK09074_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Strasbourg_Grande_Rose.jpg/400px-MK09074_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Strasbourg_Grande_Rose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2073" data-file-height="2073" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grand rose of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a> (14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orvieto,_cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_(070).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orvieto Cathedral rose window (14th c.)"><img alt="Orvieto Cathedral rose window (14th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Orvieto%2C_cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28070%29.jpg/200px-Orvieto%2C_cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28070%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Orvieto%2C_cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28070%29.jpg/300px-Orvieto%2C_cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28070%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Orvieto%2C_cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28070%29.jpg/400px-Orvieto%2C_cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28070%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a> rose window (14th c.) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1180–1230"><span id="High_Gothic_architectural_elements.2C_1180.E2.80.931230"></span>High Gothic architectural elements, 1180–1230</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: High Gothic architectural elements, 1180–1230"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Flying buttresses developed</li> <li>Higher vaults were possible because of the flying buttresses</li> <li>Larger clerestory windows because of the flying buttresses.</li> <li>Clerestory windows had geometric tracery</li> <li>Rose windows became larger, with geometric tracery</li> <li>The west front of Notre-Dame set a formula adopted by other cathedrals.</li> <li>Transept ends had ornate portals like the west front</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rayonnant_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1230–1350"><span id="Rayonnant_Gothic_architectural_elements.2C_1230.E2.80.931350"></span>Rayonnant Gothic architectural elements, 1230–1350</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Rayonnant Gothic architectural elements, 1230–1350"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cathedrals increasingly tall in relation to width, facilitated by the development of complex systems of buttressing</li> <li>Quadripartite vaults over a single bay</li> <li>Vaults in France maintained simple forms but elsewhere the patterns of ribs became more elaborate.</li> <li>Emphasis on the appearance of high internally.</li> <li>Abandonment of fourth stage, either the deep triforium gallery or the shallow tribune gallery, in the internal elevation.</li> <li>Columns of classical proportion disappear in favour of increasingly tall columns surrounded by clusters of shafts.</li> <li>Complex shafted piers</li> <li>Large windows divided by mullions into several lights (vertical panels) with geometric tracery in the arch</li> <li>Large rose windows in geometric or radiating designs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flamboyant_Gothic_architectural_elements,_1350–1550"><span id="Flamboyant_Gothic_architectural_elements.2C_1350.E2.80.931550"></span>Flamboyant Gothic architectural elements, 1350–1550</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Flamboyant Gothic architectural elements, 1350–1550"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The design of tracery no longer dependent on circular shapes, developed S curves and flame-like shapes.</li> <li>Complex vaults with Flamboyant shapes in the ribs, particularly in Spain and Central Europe, but rare in France</li> <li>Many rose windows built with Flamboyant tracery, many in France.</li> <li>Large windows of several lights with Flamboyant tracery in the arch</li> <li>The Flamboyant arch, drafted from four centres, used for smaller openings, e.g. doorways and niches.</li> <li>Mouldings of Flamboyant shape often used as non structural decoration over openings, topped by a floral finial (<i>poupée</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaces">Palaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Palaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg/220px-Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg/330px-Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg/440px-Louvre_-_Les_Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Louvre">Medieval Louvre</a> in early 15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gothic style was used in royal and papal residences as well as in churches. Prominent examples include the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a> the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Louvre">Medieval Louvre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chateau_de_Vincennes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau de Vincennes">Chateau de Vincennes</a> in Paris, residences of the French kings, the <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace" title="Doge's Palace">Doge's Palace</a> in Venice, and the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Kings_of_Navarre_of_Olite" title="Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite">Palace of the Kings of Navarre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olite" title="Olite">Olite</a> (1269–1512). Another is the <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Papes" title="Palais des Papes">Palais des Papes</a> (Palace of the Popes), the former Papal residence in Avignon. It was constructed between 1252 and 1364, during the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon Papacy</a>. Given the complicated political situation, it combined the functions of a church, a seat of government and a fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChastel2000186–187_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChastel2000186–187-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a> in Paris, close to Notre-Dame de Paris, begun in 1119, which was the principal residence of the French kings until 1417. Most of the Palais de la Cité is gone, but two of the original towers along the Seine, of the towers, the vaulted ceilings of the Hall of the Men-at-Arms (1302), (now in the <a href="/wiki/Conciergerie" title="Conciergerie">Conciergerie</a>; and the original chapel, Sainte-Chapelle, can still be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETexier201212_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETexier201212-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Palace" title="Louvre Palace">Louvre Palace</a> was originally built by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_II_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe II of France">Philippe II of France</a> beginning in 1190 to house the King's archives and treasures, and given <a href="/wiki/Machicoulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Machicoulis">machicoulis</a> and features of a Gothic fortress. However, it was soon made obsolete by the development of artillery, and in the 15th century it was remodelled into a comfortable residential palace.<sup id="cite_ref-philippe_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philippe-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the outer walls retained their original military appearance, the castle itself, with a profusion of spires, towers, pinnacles, arches and gables, became a visible symbol of royalty and aristocracy. The style was copied in chateaux and other aristocratic residences across France and other parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChastel2000188–89_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChastel2000188–89-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palais de la Cité (1119–) and Sainte-Chapelle (1238–48), Paris"><img alt="Palais de la Cité (1119–) and Sainte-Chapelle (1238–48), Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg/200px-Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg/300px-Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg/400px-Palais_de_la_Cite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="757" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a> (1119–) and <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> (1238–48), Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conciergerie_Salle_des_gens_d%27armes_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall of men-at-arms, Conciergerie of the Palais de la Cité"><img alt="Hall of men-at-arms, Conciergerie of the Palais de la Cité" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conciergerie_Salle_des_gens_d%27armes_11.JPG/187px-Conciergerie_Salle_des_gens_d%27armes_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conciergerie_Salle_des_gens_d%27armes_11.JPG/280px-Conciergerie_Salle_des_gens_d%27armes_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Conciergerie_Salle_des_gens_d%27armes_11.JPG/373px-Conciergerie_Salle_des_gens_d%27armes_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hall of men-at-arms, <a href="/wiki/Conciergerie" title="Conciergerie">Conciergerie</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Palais de la Cité">Palais de la Cité</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Façade of the Palais des Papes, Avignon (1252–1364)"><img alt="Façade of the Palais des Papes, Avignon (1252–1364)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg/186px-Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg/279px-Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg/372px-Fa%C3%A7ade_du_Palais_des_Papes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Façade of the <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Papes" title="Palais des Papes">Palais des Papes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> (1252–1364)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%27s_palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Doge's Palace, Venice (1340–1442)"><img alt="The Doge's Palace, Venice (1340–1442)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/D%27s_palace.jpg/187px-D%27s_palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/D%27s_palace.jpg/280px-D%27s_palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/D%27s_palace.jpg/373px-D%27s_palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace" title="Doge's Palace">Doge's Palace</a>, Venice (1340–1442)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Olite.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Palace of the Kings of Navarre, Olite (1269–1512)"><img alt="Palace of the Kings of Navarre, Olite (1269–1512)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Palacio_de_Olite.JPG/200px-Palacio_de_Olite.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Palacio_de_Olite.JPG/300px-Palacio_de_Olite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Palacio_de_Olite.JPG/400px-Palacio_de_Olite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2775" data-file-height="1701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Kings_of_Navarre_of_Olite" title="Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite">Palace of the Kings of Navarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olite" title="Olite">Olite</a> (1269–1512)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Gatehouse at Hampton Court Palace, London (1522)"><img alt="Great Gatehouse at Hampton Court Palace, London (1522)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/200px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/300px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/400px-Flickr_-_Duncan~_-_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4694" data-file-height="2828" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Gatehouse at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>, London (1522) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civic_architecture">Civic architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Civic architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_secular_and_domestic_architecture" title="Gothic secular and domestic architecture">Gothic secular and domestic architecture</a></div> <p>In the 15th century, following the late Gothic period or flamboyant style, elements of Gothic decoration began to appear in the town halls of northern France, Flanders and the Netherlands. The Rouen Courthouse in Normandy is representative of Flamboyant Gothic in France. The Hôtel de Ville of <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a> has an imposing Gothic bell tower, featuring a spire surrounded by smaller towers, and its windows are decorated with ornate <a href="/wiki/Accolade_(architecture)" title="Accolade (architecture)">accolades</a> or ornamental arches. Similarly flamboyant town halls were found in <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin, Aisne</a>, and in modern Belgium, in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audenarde" class="mw-redirect" title="Audenarde">Audenarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198864_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198864-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gothic civil architecture in Spain includes the <a href="/wiki/Llotja_de_la_Seda" class="mw-redirect" title="Llotja de la Seda">Silk Exchange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Spain (1482–1548), a major marketplace, which has a main hall with twisting columns beneath its vaulted ceiling.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hildesheim_Rathaus_2012-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hildesheim Town Hall, Germany (13/14th c.)"><img alt="Hildesheim Town Hall, Germany (13/14th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hildesheim_Rathaus_2012-02.jpg/200px-Hildesheim_Rathaus_2012-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hildesheim_Rathaus_2012-02.jpg/300px-Hildesheim_Rathaus_2012-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hildesheim_Rathaus_2012-02.jpg/400px-Hildesheim_Rathaus_2012-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1458" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a> Town Hall, Germany (13/14th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayuntamiento_Principal,_Gdansk,_Polonia,_2013-05-20,_DD_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gdańsk Town Hall, Poland (15th c.)"><img alt="Gdańsk Town Hall, Poland (15th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_07.jpg/200px-Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_07.jpg/300px-Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_07.jpg/400px-Ayuntamiento_Principal%2C_Gdansk%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-20%2C_DD_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="2755" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> Town Hall, Poland (15th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carillon_Douai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell tower of the Hotel de Ville of Douai, France (14th c.)"><img alt="Bell tower of the Hotel de Ville of Douai, France (14th c.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Carillon_Douai.jpg/99px-Carillon_Douai.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Carillon_Douai.jpg/149px-Carillon_Douai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Carillon_Douai.jpg/198px-Carillon_Douai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bell tower of the Hotel de Ville of <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a>, France (14th c.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels,_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brussels' Town Hall (15th century)"><img alt="Brussels' Town Hall (15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg/112px-Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg/168px-Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg/225px-Brussels%2C_townhall_oeg2043-00090_foto3_2015-06-07_08.38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2921" data-file-height="3899" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall" title="Brussels Town Hall">Brussels' Town Hall</a> (15th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfry_of_Bruges.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belfry of Bruges in Bruges, Belgium (13th c. (lower stages), 15th c. (upper stages)"><img alt="Belfry of Bruges in Bruges, Belgium (13th c. (lower stages), 15th c. (upper stages)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Belfry_of_Bruges.jpg/100px-Belfry_of_Bruges.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Belfry_of_Bruges.jpg/150px-Belfry_of_Bruges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Belfry_of_Bruges.jpg/200px-Belfry_of_Bruges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Belfry_of_Bruges" title="Belfry of Bruges">Belfry of Bruges</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, Belgium (13th c. (lower stages), 15th c. (upper stages)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Llonja.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silk Exchange, Valencia (1482–1548)"><img alt="Silk Exchange, Valencia (1482–1548)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Llonja.jpg/200px-Llonja.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Llonja.jpg/300px-Llonja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Llonja.jpg/400px-Llonja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Llotja_de_la_Seda" class="mw-redirect" title="Llotja de la Seda">Silk Exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> (1482–1548)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BIG_262042912040411.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gallery of Palau de la Generalitat, Barcelona (1403)"><img alt="Gallery of Palau de la Generalitat, Barcelona (1403)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BIG_262042912040411.jpg/200px-BIG_262042912040411.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BIG_262042912040411.jpg/300px-BIG_262042912040411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/BIG_262042912040411.jpg/400px-BIG_262042912040411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gallery of <a href="/wiki/Palau_de_la_Generalitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Palau de la Generalitat">Palau de la Generalitat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> (1403)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Townhall_of_Middelburg_at_4_May_2012_in_the_morning_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Middelburg Town Hall, Netherlands (1520)"><img alt="Middelburg Town Hall, Netherlands (1520)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Townhall_of_Middelburg_at_4_May_2012_in_the_morning_-_panoramio.jpg/193px-Townhall_of_Middelburg_at_4_May_2012_in_the_morning_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Townhall_of_Middelburg_at_4_May_2012_in_the_morning_-_panoramio.jpg/289px-Townhall_of_Middelburg_at_4_May_2012_in_the_morning_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Townhall_of_Middelburg_at_4_May_2012_in_the_morning_-_panoramio.jpg/385px-Townhall_of_Middelburg_at_4_May_2012_in_the_morning_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4106" data-file-height="3197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Middelburg_Town_Hall" title="Middelburg Town Hall">Middelburg Town Hall</a>, Netherlands (1520)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gouda_Stadhuis_during_sunny_day_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Town Hall Gouda, Netherlands (1459)"><img alt="Town Hall Gouda, Netherlands (1459)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gouda_Stadhuis_during_sunny_day_2017.jpg/100px-Gouda_Stadhuis_during_sunny_day_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gouda_Stadhuis_during_sunny_day_2017.jpg/150px-Gouda_Stadhuis_during_sunny_day_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Gouda_Stadhuis_during_sunny_day_2017.jpg/200px-Gouda_Stadhuis_during_sunny_day_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="4851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Town Hall <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouda, Netherlands">Gouda, Netherlands</a> (1459)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_Gothic">University Gothic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: University Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For North American university Gothic architecture, see <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegiate gothic">Collegiate gothic</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg/220px-University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg/330px-University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg/440px-University_of_Salamanca_Fray_Luis_de_Leon_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1537" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a> façade, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> (late 15th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gothic style was adopted in the late 13th to 15th centuries in early English university buildings, with inspiration coming from monasteries and manor houses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The oldest existing example in England is probably the <a href="/wiki/Mob_Quad" title="Mob Quad">Mob Quad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, constructed between 1288 and 1378.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997101_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997101-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style was further refined by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Wykeham" title="William of Wykeham">William of Wykeham</a>, Chancellor of England and founder of <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a>, in 1379. His architect, <a href="/wiki/William_Wynford" title="William Wynford">William Wynford</a>, designed the New College quadrangle in the 1380s, which combined a hall, chapel, library, and residences for Fellows and undergraduates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar kind of academic cloister was created at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's College, Oxford">Queen's College, Oxford</a>, in the 1140s, likely designed by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ely" title="Reginald Ely">Reginald Ely</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The design of the colleges was influenced not only by abbeys, but also the design of English manor houses of the 14th and 15th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Haddon_Hall" title="Haddon Hall">Haddon Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>. They were composed of rectangular courtyards with covered walkways which separated the wings. Some colleges, like <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, borrowed a military style from Gothic castles, with <a href="/wiki/Battlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Battlements">battlements</a> and crenelated walls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157_133-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a> is one of the finest examples of the late Gothic style. It was built by King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>, who was displeased by the excessive decoration of earlier styles. He wrote in 1447 that he wanted his chapel "to proceed in large form, clean and substantial, setting apart superfluity of too great curious works of entail and busy moulding."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986154_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986154-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chapel, built between 1508 and 1515, has glass walls from floor to ceiling, rising to spreading fan vaults designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Wastell" title="John Wastell">John Wastell</a>. The glass walls are supported by large external buttresses concealed at the base by side chapels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986154_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986154-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other European examples include <a href="/wiki/Collegio_di_Spagna" title="Collegio di Spagna">Collegio di Spagna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, built during the 14th and 15th centuries; the <a href="/wiki/Karolinum" title="Karolinum">Collegium Carolinum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Charles University in Prague</a> in the Czech Republic (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span>); the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">Escuelas mayores</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> in Spain; and the <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Maius" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegium Maius">Collegium Maius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merton_College,_Oxford_(Mob_Quad).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mob Quad of Merton College, Oxford University (1288–1378)"><img alt="Mob Quad of Merton College, Oxford University (1288–1378)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg/200px-Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg/300px-Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg/400px-Merton_College%2C_Oxford_%28Mob_Quad%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mob_Quad" title="Mob Quad">Mob Quad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> (1288–1378)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balliol_front_quad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balliol College, Oxford, front quad, with decorative battlements (1431)"><img alt="Balliol College, Oxford, front quad, with decorative battlements (1431)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balliol_front_quad.jpg/200px-Balliol_front_quad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balliol_front_quad.jpg/300px-Balliol_front_quad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Balliol_front_quad.jpg/400px-Balliol_front_quad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Balliol_College,_Oxford" title="Balliol College, Oxford">Balliol College, Oxford</a>, front quad, with decorative battlements (1431)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fan vaults and glass walls of King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1508–1515)"><img alt="Fan vaults and glass walls of King's College Chapel, Cambridge (1508–1515)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg/200px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg/300px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg/400px-Cambridge_King%27s_College_Chapel_Vault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fan vaults and glass walls of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a> (1508–1515)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic oriel window, Karolinum, Charles University, Prague (c. 1380)"><img alt="Gothic oriel window, Karolinum, Charles University, Prague (c. 1380)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg/100px-Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg/150px-Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg/200px-Praha_Karolinum_v%C3%BDklenek_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gothic oriel window, <a href="/wiki/Karolinum" title="Karolinum">Karolinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles University</a>, Prague (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1380</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Maius_-_Dziedziniec_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cloister, Collegium Maius, Kraków (late 15th century)"><img alt="Cloister, Collegium Maius, Kraków (late 15th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Maius_-_Dziedziniec_02.jpg/200px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Maius_-_Dziedziniec_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Maius_-_Dziedziniec_02.jpg/300px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Maius_-_Dziedziniec_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Maius_-_Dziedziniec_02.jpg/400px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Maius_-_Dziedziniec_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="1718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cloister, <a href="/wiki/Collegium_Maius,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Collegium Maius, Kraków">Collegium Maius, Kraków</a> (late 15th century) </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_architecture">Military architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Military architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg/220px-Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg/330px-Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg/440px-Chateau-de-Vincennes-donjon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption>Donjon of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a>, (1337–)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></div> <p>In the 13th century, the design of the castle (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">château fort</i>) evolved in response to contact with the more sophisticated fortifications of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>. These new fortifications were more geometric, with a central high tower called a <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a> (French: <i lang="fr">donjon</i>) which could be defended even if the <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain walls</a> of the castle were breached. The donjon of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a>, begun by <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI of France</a> was a good example. It was 52 m (171 ft) high, and, even though within the moat and walls of the fortress, had its own separate drawbridge to going to higher floor. </p><p>Towers, usually round, were placed at the corners and along the walls in the Phillipienne castle, close enough together to support each other. The walls had two levels of walkways on the inside, a <a href="/wiki/Crenelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crenelation">crenellated</a> <a href="/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet">parapet</a> with <a href="/wiki/Merlon" title="Merlon">merlons</a>, and projecting <a href="/wiki/Machicolation" title="Machicolation">machicolations</a> from which missiles could be dropped on besiegers. The upper walls also had protected protruding balconies, <i><a href="/wiki/Bartizan" title="Bartizan">échauguettes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bret%C3%A8che" title="Bretèche">bretèches</a></i>, from which soldiers could see what was happening at the corners or on the ground below. In addition, the towers and walls were pierced with <a href="/wiki/Arrowslit" title="Arrowslit">arrowslits</a>, which sometimes took the form of crosses to enable a wider field of fire for archers and crossbowmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198866–67_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198866–67-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Castles were surrounded by a deep moat, spanned by a single drawbridge. The entrance was also protected by a grill of iron which could be opened and closed. The walls at the bottom were often sloping, and protected with earthen barriers. One good surviving example is the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Dourdan" title="Château de Dourdan">Château de Dourdan</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Nemours" title="Nemours">Nemours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200638_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200638-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a> (1337–1453), with improvements in artillery, the castles lost most of their military importance. They remained as symbols of the rank of their noble occupants; the narrowing openings in the walls were often widened into the windows of bedchambers and ceremonial halls. The tower of the Château de Vincennes became a part-time royal residence until the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200638_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200638-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcasonneouterwall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Restored outer walls of the medieval city of Carcassonne (13th–14th century)"><img alt="Restored outer walls of the medieval city of Carcassonne (13th–14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carcasonneouterwall.jpg/200px-Carcasonneouterwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carcasonneouterwall.jpg/300px-Carcasonneouterwall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carcasonneouterwall.jpg/400px-Carcasonneouterwall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3057" data-file-height="2038" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Restored outer walls of the medieval city of <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a> (13th–14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_Malbork,_Polonia,_2013-05-19,_DD_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malbork Castle in Poland (13th century)"><img alt="Malbork Castle in Poland (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg/200px-Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg/300px-Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg/400px-Castillo_de_Malbork%2C_Polonia%2C_2013-05-19%2C_DD_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5405" data-file-height="3603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Malbork Castle</a> in Poland (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_Alcazar_Segovia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alcazar of Segovia (12th–13th centuries)"><img alt="Alcazar of Segovia (12th–13th centuries)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Exterior_Alcazar_Segovia.jpg/200px-Exterior_Alcazar_Segovia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Exterior_Alcazar_Segovia.jpg/300px-Exterior_Alcazar_Segovia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Exterior_Alcazar_Segovia.jpg/400px-Exterior_Alcazar_Segovia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alcazar_of_Segovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcazar of Segovia">Alcazar of Segovia</a> (12th–13th centuries)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Burg_Hohenzollern.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hohenzollern Castle (1454–1461) in Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany"><img alt="Hohenzollern Castle (1454–1461) in Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Burg_Hohenzollern.JPG/187px-Burg_Hohenzollern.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Burg_Hohenzollern.JPG/280px-Burg_Hohenzollern.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Burg_Hohenzollern.JPG/373px-Burg_Hohenzollern.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern_Castle" title="Hohenzollern Castle">Hohenzollern Castle</a> (1454–1461) in <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>, southern Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Visconti Castle, 1360- 1365, Pavia"><img alt="Visconti Castle, 1360- 1365, Pavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg/200px-Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg/300px-Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg/400px-Visconteo_Castle_of_Pavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Visconti_Castle_(Pavia)" title="Visconti Castle (Pavia)">Visconti Castle</a>, 1360- 1365, <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synagogues">Synagogues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gothic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Gothic architecture">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blick_von_der_Gartenseite_der_Synagoge_Worms.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Romanesque Worms Synagogue from the 11th century with Gothic windows (after 1355)"><img alt="Romanesque Worms Synagogue from the 11th century with Gothic windows (after 1355)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Blick_von_der_Gartenseite_der_Synagoge_Worms.jpg/150px-Blick_von_der_Gartenseite_der_Synagoge_Worms.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Blick_von_der_Gartenseite_der_Synagoge_Worms.jpg/225px-Blick_von_der_Gartenseite_der_Synagoge_Worms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Blick_von_der_Gartenseite_der_Synagoge_Worms.jpg/300px-Blick_von_der_Gartenseite_der_Synagoge_Worms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5452" data-file-height="3516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Romanesque <a href="/wiki/Worms_Synagogue" title="Worms Synagogue">Worms Synagogue</a> from the 11th century with Gothic windows (after 1355)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scolanova_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scolanova Synagogue, Trani, Apulia (1247)"><img alt="Scolanova Synagogue, Trani, Apulia (1247)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Scolanova_Synagogue.jpg/90px-Scolanova_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Scolanova_Synagogue.jpg/135px-Scolanova_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Scolanova_Synagogue.jpg/180px-Scolanova_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Scolanova_Synagogue" title="Scolanova Synagogue">Scolanova Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trani,_Apulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trani, Apulia">Trani, Apulia</a> (1247)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20190204_OldSynagoga_3715_(33586950518).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old New Synagogue, Prague (c. 1270)"><img alt="Old New Synagogue, Prague (c. 1270)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20190204_OldSynagoga_3715_%2833586950518%29.jpg/150px-20190204_OldSynagoga_3715_%2833586950518%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20190204_OldSynagoga_3715_%2833586950518%29.jpg/225px-20190204_OldSynagoga_3715_%2833586950518%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20190204_OldSynagoga_3715_%2833586950518%29.jpg/300px-20190204_OldSynagoga_3715_%2833586950518%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Old_New_Synagogue" title="Old New Synagogue">Old New Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1270</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altneusynagoge_-_Portal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main portal of the Old New Synagogue, Prague (c. 1270)"><img alt="Main portal of the Old New Synagogue, Prague (c. 1270)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Altneusynagoge_-_Portal.jpg/150px-Altneusynagoge_-_Portal.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Altneusynagoge_-_Portal.jpg/225px-Altneusynagoge_-_Portal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Altneusynagoge_-_Portal.jpg/300px-Altneusynagoge_-_Portal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main portal of the Old New Synagogue, Prague (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1270</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erfurt_Alte_Synagoge_688.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Synagogue, Erfurt (c. 1270)"><img alt="Old Synagogue, Erfurt (c. 1270)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Erfurt_Alte_Synagoge_688.jpg/150px-Erfurt_Alte_Synagoge_688.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Erfurt_Alte_Synagoge_688.jpg/225px-Erfurt_Alte_Synagoge_688.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Erfurt_Alte_Synagoge_688.jpg/300px-Erfurt_Alte_Synagoge_688.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Erfurt)" title="Old Synagogue (Erfurt)">Old Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1270</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Praha_Pinkas_Synagogue_Interior_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Gothic vaulting of Pinkas Synagogue, Prague (1535)"><img alt="Late Gothic vaulting of Pinkas Synagogue, Prague (1535)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Praha_Pinkas_Synagogue_Interior_02.jpg/80px-Praha_Pinkas_Synagogue_Interior_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Praha_Pinkas_Synagogue_Interior_02.jpg/120px-Praha_Pinkas_Synagogue_Interior_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Praha_Pinkas_Synagogue_Interior_02.jpg/160px-Praha_Pinkas_Synagogue_Interior_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Gothic vaulting of <a href="/wiki/Pinkas_Synagogue" title="Pinkas Synagogue">Pinkas Synagogue</a>, Prague (1535)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krakow_Old_Synagogue_G21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Post-Gothic interior of the Old Synagogue in Kraków using Gothic vaults (1570)"><img alt="Post-Gothic interior of the Old Synagogue in Kraków using Gothic vaults (1570)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Krakow_Old_Synagogue_G21.jpg/150px-Krakow_Old_Synagogue_G21.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Krakow_Old_Synagogue_G21.jpg/225px-Krakow_Old_Synagogue_G21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Krakow_Old_Synagogue_G21.jpg/300px-Krakow_Old_Synagogue_G21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5020" data-file-height="3514" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Post-Gothic interior of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_in_Krakow" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Synagogue in Krakow">Old Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> using Gothic vaults (1570)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Although Christianity played a dominant role in the Gothic sacred architecture, Jewish communities were present in many European cities during the Middle Ages and they also built their <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">houses of prayer</a> in the Gothic style. Unfortunately, most of the Gothic synagogues did not survive, because they were often destroyed in connection with <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecution of the Jews</a> (e. g. in Bamberg, Nürnberg, Regensburg, <a href="/wiki/Judenplatz" title="Judenplatz">Vienna</a>). One of the best preserved examples of a Gothic synagogue is the <a href="/wiki/Old_New_Synagogue" title="Old New Synagogue">Old New Synagogue</a> in Prague which was completed around 1270 and never rebuilt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(April 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_2">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanesque_and_Norman_influence">Romanesque and Norman influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Romanesque and Norman influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 312.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 310.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The transition from Romanesque to Gothic styles is visible at the Durham Cathedral in England, (1093-1104. Early Gothic rib vaults are combined with round arches and other Romanesque features."><img alt="The transition from Romanesque to Gothic styles is visible at the Durham Cathedral in England, (1093-1104. Early Gothic rib vaults are combined with round arches and other Romanesque features." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg/466px-Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="311" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg/699px-Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg/932px-Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The transition from <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> to Gothic styles is visible at the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, (1093-1104. Early Gothic rib vaults are combined with round arches and other Romanesque features. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_transept_sud_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The south transept of Lessay Abbey in Normandy (1064–1178)"><img alt="The south transept of Lessay Abbey in Normandy (1064–1178)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_transept_sud_2.JPG/225px-Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_transept_sud_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_transept_sud_2.JPG/337px-Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_transept_sud_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_transept_sud_2.JPG/450px-Abbaye_de_Lessay_-_transept_sud_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The south transept of <a href="/wiki/Lessay_Abbey" title="Lessay Abbey">Lessay Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> (1064–1178)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cefalù Cathedral built in Norman Sicily (1131–1267)"><img alt="Cefalù Cathedral built in Norman Sicily (1131–1267)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg/200px-Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg/299px-Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg/399px-Cefalu_Cathedral_interior_BW_2012-10-11_12-07-53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="3470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9_Cathedral" title="Cefalù Cathedral">Cefalù Cathedral</a> built in Norman <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (1131–1267)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 291.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 289.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nave of Monreale Cathedral in Norman Sicily (1172–1267)"><img alt="Nave of Monreale Cathedral in Norman Sicily (1172–1267)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg/434px-MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg/651px-MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg/867px-MonrealeCathedral-pjt1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4328" data-file-height="2995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nave of <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a> in Norman <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (1172–1267)</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman architecture</a> had a major influence upon Gothic architecture. The plan of the Gothic cathedral was based upon the plan of the ancient Roman <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a>, which was adopted by Romanesque architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_cross" title="Latin cross">Latin cross</a> form, with a <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> and transept, choir, disambulatory, and radiating chapels, came from the Romanesque model. The grand arcades of columns separating the central vessel of the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> from the collateral aisles, the <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a> over the grand arcades, and the windows high on the walls allowing light into the nave were all also adapted from the Romanesque model. The portal with a <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> filled with sculpture was another characteristic Romanesque feature, as was the use of the buttress to support the walls from the outside. Gothic architects improved them by adding the <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttress</a> with high arches connecting the buttresses to the upper walls. In the interior, Romanesque architecture used the <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vault</a> with a round arch to cover the nave, and a <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin vault</a> when two barrel vaults met at right angles. These vaults were the immediate ancestors of the Gothic rib vault. One of the first use of the Gothic rib vaults to cover a nave was in the Romanesque <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>, (1093–1104).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Architecture">Norman Architecture</a>, similar to the Romanesque style, also influenced the Gothic style. Early examples are found in <a href="/wiki/Lessay_Abbey" title="Lessay Abbey">Lessay Abbey</a> in Normandy, which also featured early rib vaults in the nave similar to the Gothic vaults. <a href="/wiki/Cefalu_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cefalu Cathedral">Cefalu Cathedral</a> (1131–1267) in Sicily, built when Sicily was under Norman rule, is another interesting example. It featured pointed arches and large Gothic rib vaults combined with ornamental mosaic decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction, affecting buildings in countries as far apart as <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders did not define divisions of style. Many different factors like geographical/geological, economic, social, or political situations caused the regional differences in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period that would often become even more apparent in the Gothic. For example, studies of the population statistics reveals disparities such as the multitude of churches, abbeys, and cathedrals in northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> while in more urbanised regions construction activity of a similar scale was reserved to a few important cities. Such an example comes from Roberto López, wherein the French city of <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a> was able to fund its architectural projects whereas <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> could not because of the economic inequality of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197725–26_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197725–26-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This wealth, concentrated in rich monasteries and noble families, would eventually spread certain Italian, Catalan, and Hanseatic bankers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197725_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197725-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would be amended when the economic hardships of the 13th century were no longer felt, allowing <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, and the southern <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> to enter into competition with France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197726_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197726-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_influence">Islamic influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Islamic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Ukhaidir_Fortess.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Ukhaidir Fortress (completed 775 AD), Iraq"><img alt="Al-Ukhaidir Fortress (completed 775 AD), Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Al-Ukhaidir_Fortess.jpg/400px-Al-Ukhaidir_Fortess.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Al-Ukhaidir_Fortess.jpg/600px-Al-Ukhaidir_Fortess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Al-Ukhaidir_Fortess.jpg/800px-Al-Ukhaidir_Fortess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ukhaidir_Fortress" title="Al-Ukhaidir Fortress">Al-Ukhaidir Fortress</a> (completed 775 AD), Iraq</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 316.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 314.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem-2013-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem"><img alt="Al-Aqsa Mosque, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jerusalem-2013-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_04.jpg/472px-Jerusalem-2013-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="315" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jerusalem-2013-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_04.jpg/707px-Jerusalem-2013-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Jerusalem-2013-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_04.jpg/943px-Jerusalem-2013-Al-Aqsa_Mosque_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7592" data-file-height="4833" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a>, Jerusalem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 300.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 298.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordoba,_la_Mezquita_-_C%C3%BApula_de_la_Maqsura.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vaulted central dome of Cordoba Mosque-Cathedral, Spain (784–987 A.D.). Ribs decorate the Pendentives which support the dome."><img alt="Vaulted central dome of Cordoba Mosque-Cathedral, Spain (784–987 A.D.). Ribs decorate the Pendentives which support the dome." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cordoba%2C_la_Mezquita_-_C%C3%BApula_de_la_Maqsura.jpg/448px-Cordoba%2C_la_Mezquita_-_C%C3%BApula_de_la_Maqsura.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cordoba%2C_la_Mezquita_-_C%C3%BApula_de_la_Maqsura.jpg/672px-Cordoba%2C_la_Mezquita_-_C%C3%BApula_de_la_Maqsura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Cordoba%2C_la_Mezquita_-_C%C3%BApula_de_la_Maqsura.jpg/897px-Cordoba%2C_la_Mezquita_-_C%C3%BApula_de_la_Maqsura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vaulted central dome of <a href="/wiki/Cordoba_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordoba Cathedral">Cordoba Mosque-Cathedral</a>, Spain (784–987 A.D.). Ribs decorate the <a href="/wiki/Pendentives" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendentives">Pendentives</a> which support the dome.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delal_Bridge_in_Zakho_(203).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delal Bridge, Iraq"><img alt="Delal Bridge, Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Delal_Bridge_in_Zakho_%28203%29.jpg/400px-Delal_Bridge_in_Zakho_%28203%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Delal_Bridge_in_Zakho_%28203%29.jpg/600px-Delal_Bridge_in_Zakho_%28203%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Delal_Bridge_in_Zakho_%28203%29.jpg/800px-Delal_Bridge_in_Zakho_%28203%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Delal" class="mw-redirect" title="Delal">Delal Bridge</a>, Iraq</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ar%5ERaqqa_SYRIE_324.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arches at Al-Raqqah, Syria"><img alt="Arches at Al-Raqqah, Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ar%5ERaqqa_SYRIE_324.jpg/400px-Ar%5ERaqqa_SYRIE_324.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ar%5ERaqqa_SYRIE_324.jpg/600px-Ar%5ERaqqa_SYRIE_324.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ar%5ERaqqa_SYRIE_324.jpg/800px-Ar%5ERaqqa_SYRIE_324.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arches at <a href="/wiki/Al-Raqqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Raqqah">Al-Raqqah</a>, Syria</div> </li> </ul> <p>The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier featured in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BF_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BF-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though it did not have the same functions. Precursor of pointed arch appeared in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sassanian</a> architectures, This was evidenced in early church building in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and occasional secular structures, like the <a href="/wiki/Karamagara_Bridge" title="Karamagara Bridge">Karamagara Bridge</a>; in Sassanian architecture, employed in palace and sacred construction. These pre-Islamic arches were decorative rather than structural in their function.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warren1991_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warren1991-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pointed arch as an architectonic principle was first clearly established in Islamic architecture; as an architectonic principle, the pointed arch was entirely alien to the pre-Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Use of the pointed arch seems to have taken off dramatically in Islamic architecture. It begins to appear throughout the Islamic world in close succession after its adoption in the late Umayyad or early Abbasid period. Some examples are the <a href="/wiki/Al-Ukhaidir_Fortress" title="Al-Ukhaidir Fortress">Al-Ukhaidir Palace</a> (775 AD), the Abbasid reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa mosque</a> in 780 AD, the <a href="/wiki/White_Mosque,_Ramla" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mosque, Ramla">Ramlah Cisterns</a> (789 AD), the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Samarra" title="Great Mosque of Samarra">Great Mosque of Samarra</a> (851 AD), and the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun" title="Mosque of Ibn Tulun">Mosque of Ibn Tulun</a> (879 AD) in Cairo. It also appears in one of the early reconstructions of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a> in Tunisia, and the Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba in 987 AD. The pointed arch had already been used in Syria, but in the mosque of Ibn Tulun we have one of the earliest examples of its use on an extensive scale, some centuries before it was exploited in the West by the Gothic architects.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A kind of <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vault</a> was also used in Islamic architecture, for example in the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Mosque-Cathedral_of_Cordoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba">Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba</a>. In Cordoba, the dome was supported by <a href="/wiki/Pendentives" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendentives">pendentives</a>, which connected the dome to the arches below. The pendentives were decorated with ribs. Unlike the Gothic rib vault, the Islamic ribs were purely decorative; they did not extend outside of the vault, and they were not part of the structure supporting the roof. </p><p>The military and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">cultural contacts with</a> the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Islamic world">medieval Islamic world</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islamic Sicily</a> in 1090, the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> (beginning 1096), and the <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic presence in Spain</a>, may have influenced <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>'s adoption of the pointed arch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2003113_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2003113-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBony198317_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBony198317-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another feature of Gothic architecture, a kind of rib vault, had also earlier appeared in Islamic architecture, and spread to Western Europe via <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Islamic Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giese-Vogeli_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giese-Vogeli-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early rib vaults in Spain were used to support cupolas, and were decorative. The dome of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba was supported by pendentives, rather than the vault. These were frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine architecture</a>, as in the dome of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> in Istanbul, which also was supported by pendentives. The Gothic rib vault, among other features, such as the flying buttress, have their antecedents in <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> architecture, such as <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a>, constructed between 1093 and 1096.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2003113_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2003113-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201510_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201510-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In those parts of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mediterranean">Western Mediterranean</a> subject to Islamic control or influence, rich regional variants arose, fusing Romanesque and later Gothic traditions with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> decorative forms. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9_Cathedral" title="Cefalù Cathedral">Cefalù Cathedrals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar_of_Seville" title="Alcázar of Seville">Alcázar of Seville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teruel_Cathedral" title="Teruel Cathedral">Teruel Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_influence">Armenian influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Armenian influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Odzun_cupola.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cupola of Odzun Basilica in Armenia, supported by squinch vaulting, an early form of pendentive. (8th century)"><img alt="Cupola of Odzun Basilica in Armenia, supported by squinch vaulting, an early form of pendentive. (8th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Odzun_cupola.jpg/450px-Odzun_cupola.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Odzun_cupola.jpg/675px-Odzun_cupola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Odzun_cupola.jpg/900px-Odzun_cupola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2786" data-file-height="1857" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cupola of <a href="/wiki/Odzun_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Odzun Basilica">Odzun Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinch</a> vaulting, an early form of <a href="/wiki/Pendentive" title="Pendentive">pendentive</a>. (8th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ani-Cathedral,_Ruine.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Armenian cathedral of Ani, completed in the early 11th century."><img alt="The Armenian cathedral of Ani, completed in the early 11th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg/400px-Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg/600px-Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg/800px-Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Armenian <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Ani" title="Cathedral of Ani">cathedral of Ani</a>, completed in the early 11th century.</div> </li> </ul> <p>A number of scholars have cited the <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Ani" title="Cathedral of Ani">Cathedral of Ani</a>, completed 1001 or 1010, as a possible influence on the Gothic, especially due to its use of pointed arches and cluster <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1980223_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1980223-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart195980_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart195980-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1972179_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1972179-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Sirarpie_Der_Nersessian" title="Sirarpie Der Nersessian">Sirarpie Der Nersessian</a>, who rejected this notion as she argued that the pointed arches did not serve the same function of supporting the vault.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan2015300_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan2015300-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucy Der Manuelian contends that some <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> (historically documented as being in Western Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197737_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197737-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could have brought the knowledge and technique employed at Ani to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Manuelian20017_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Manuelian20017-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subvarieties">Subvarieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Subvarieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles">Styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;width: 600px; font-style: italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_French_Gothic" title="Southern French Gothic">Southern French Gothic</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mediterranean_styles">Mediterranean styles</h4></div> <ul><li>Iberian Gothic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gothic_architecture" title="Portuguese Gothic architecture">Portuguese Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Spanish Gothic</a> <ul><li>Castilian Gothic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Gothic" title="Levantine Gothic">Levantine Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Gothic" title="Valencian Gothic">Valencian Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Gothic" title="Catalan Gothic">Catalan Gothic</a> <ul><li><ul><li>Balearic Gothic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelline_(architectural_style)" title="Isabelline (architectural style)">Isabelline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Italian Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotico_chiaramontano" class="extiw" title="it:Gotico chiaramontano">Sicilian Gothic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_styles">Northern styles</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture#Early_English_Gothic_(late_12th–late_13th_centuries)" title="English Gothic architecture">Early English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture#Decorated_Gothic_(late_13th–late_14th_centuries)" title="English Gothic architecture">Decorated Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_Gothic" title="Perpendicular Gothic">Perpendicular Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Low Country Gothic <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothique_scaldien" class="extiw" title="fr:Gothique scaldien">Scheldt Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasgotik" class="extiw" title="de:Maasgotik">Mosan Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic" title="Brabantine Gothic">Brabantian Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Gothic_architecture" title="Czech Gothic architecture">Czech Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_Lithuania" title="Gothic architecture in Lithuania">Lithuanian Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Gothic" title="Belarusian Gothic">Belarusian Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_modern_Poland" title="Gothic architecture in modern Poland">Polish Gothic</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronological_subsets">Chronological subsets</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-Gothic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-Gothic (page does not exist)">Post-Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Neo-Gothic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type">Type</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jettying" title="Jettying">Jettied Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic Ecclesiastic Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_secular_and_domestic_architecture" title="Gothic secular and domestic architecture">Gothic Secular Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_fortification" title="Medieval fortification">Military</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_examples">Notable examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notable examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_architecture" title="List of Gothic architecture">List of Gothic architecture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna">St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Castle_Complex" title="Mir Castle Complex">Mir Castle Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muravanka_Church" title="Muravanka Church">Muravanka Church</a></li> <li><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA)" class="extiw" title="be-tarask:Царква Сьвятых Барыса і Глеба (Наваградак)">Church of St.Barys And St.Hlieb, Navahradak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Michael,_Synkavichy" title="Church of St. Michael, Synkavichy">Church of St. Michael, Synkavichy</a></li> <li><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B_(%D0%86%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C)" class="extiw" title="be-tarask:Касьцёл Найсьвяцейшай Тройцы (Ішкальдзь)">Church of the Holy Trinity, Iškaldź</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Town_Hall" title="Brussels Town Hall">Brussels Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Cathedral">Brussels Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfry_of_Bruges" title="Belfry of Bruges">Belfry of Bruges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfry_of_Ghent" title="Belfry of Ghent">Belfry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tournai_Cathedral" title="Tournai Cathedral">Tournai Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp Cathedral">Antwerp Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuven_Town_Hall" title="Leuven Town Hall">Leuven Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechelen Cathedral">Mechelen Cathedral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Cathedral" title="Zagreb Cathedral">Zagreb Cathedral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Ludmila" title="Basilica of St. Ludmila">Basilica of St. Ludmila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Peter_and_Paul,_Brno" title="Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul, Brno">Cathedral of St. Peter and Paul (Brno)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bridge" title="Charles Bridge">Charles Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl%C5%A1tejn" title="Karlštejn">Karlštejn Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague Cathedral">Prague Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Hall_(Prague)" title="Old Town Hall (Prague)">Old Town Hall (Prague)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Barbara%27s_Church,_Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="St. Barbara's Church, Kutná Hora">St. Barbara's Church in Kutná Hora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Hall" title="Vladislav Hall">Vladislav Hall</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">Albi Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blois-Vienne_Church" title="Blois-Vienne Church">Blois-Vienne Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Fontevraud Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_des_papes" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais des papes">Palais des papes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Denis Basilica">Saint Denis Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Minster" title="Ulm Minster">Ulm Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulbronn_Monastery" title="Maulbronn Monastery">Maulbronn Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regensburg_Cathedral" title="Regensburg Cathedral">Regensburg Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_Minster" title="Freiburg Minster">Freiburg Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Town_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Bremen Town Hall">Bremen Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauenkirche,_Nuremberg" title="Frauenkirche, Nuremberg">Frauenkirche</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Church" title="Matthias Church">Matthias Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin">Christ Church Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">Saint Patrick's Cathedral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossanova_Abbey" title="Fossanova Abbey">Fossanova Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Arabona" title="Santa Maria Arabona"> Santa Maria Arabona Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamari_Abbey" title="Casamari Abbey">Casamari Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_Sant%27Andrea" title="Basilica di Sant'Andrea">Basilica di Sant'Andrea (Vercelli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Croce,_Florence" title="Santa Croce, Florence">Church of Santa Croce (Florence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral" title="Siena Cathedral">Siena Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucera_Cathedral" title="Lucera Cathedral">Lucera Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples_Cathedral" title="Naples Cathedral">Naples Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francesco_d%27Assisi,_Palermo" title="San Francesco d'Assisi, Palermo">Church of San Francesco d’Assisi (Palermo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_dello_Spasimo" title="Santa Maria dello Spasimo">Church of Santa Maria dello Spasimo (Palermo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Catena,_Palermo" title="Santa Maria della Catena, Palermo">Church of Santa Maria della Catena (Palermo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_Maggiore,_Naples" title="San Lorenzo Maggiore, Naples">Church of San Lorenzo Maggiore (Naples)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Donna_Regina_Vecchia" title="Santa Maria Donna Regina Vecchia">Church of Santa Maria Donna Regina Vecchia (Naples)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Chiara,_Naples" title="Santa Chiara, Naples">Church of Santa Chiara (Naples)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Doge's palace">Doge's palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Popes_in_Viterbo" title="Palace of the Popes in Viterbo">Palace of the Popes (Viterbo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Chiaramonte" title="Palazzo Chiaramonte">Palazzo Chiaramonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Abatellis" title="Palazzo Abatellis">Palazzo Abatellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Corvaja" title="Palazzo Corvaja">Palazzo Corvaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pubblico" title="Palazzo Pubblico">Palazzo Pubblico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giotto%27s_Campanile" title="Giotto's Campanile">Giotto's Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Tower_(Brixen)" title="White Tower (Brixen)">White Tower (Brixen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Maniace" title="Castello Maniace">Castello Maniace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castello_Ursino" title="Castello Ursino">Castello Ursino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_Nuovo" title="Castel Nuovo">Castel Nuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castel_del_Monte,_Apulia" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte (Apulia)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_Castle" title="Kaunas Castle">Kaunas Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trakai_Peninsula_Castle" title="Trakai Peninsula Castle">Trakai Peninsula Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trakai_Island_Castle" title="Trakai Island Castle">Trakai Island Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medininkai_Castle" title="Medininkai Castle">Medininkai Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_Castle_Complex" title="Vilnius Castle Complex">Vilnius Upper Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Nicholas,_Vilnius" title="Church of Saint Nicholas, Vilnius">Saint Nicholas Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Vytautas_the_Great" title="Church of Vytautas the Great">Vytautas' the Great Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_Cathedral_Basilica" title="Kaunas Cathedral Basilica">Kaunas Cathedral Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Anne,_Vilnius" title="Church of St. Anne, Vilnius">Church of St. Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Perk%C5%ABnas" title="House of Perkūnas">House of Perkūnas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_grootste_kathedraal_van_Nederland,_de_Sint_Janskathedraal_in_%27s-Hertogenbosch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/De_grootste_kathedraal_van_Nederland%2C_de_Sint_Janskathedraal_in_%27s-Hertogenbosch.jpg/260px-De_grootste_kathedraal_van_Nederland%2C_de_Sint_Janskathedraal_in_%27s-Hertogenbosch.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/De_grootste_kathedraal_van_Nederland%2C_de_Sint_Janskathedraal_in_%27s-Hertogenbosch.jpg/390px-De_grootste_kathedraal_van_Nederland%2C_de_Sint_Janskathedraal_in_%27s-Hertogenbosch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/De_grootste_kathedraal_van_Nederland%2C_de_Sint_Janskathedraal_in_%27s-Hertogenbosch.jpg/520px-De_grootste_kathedraal_van_Nederland%2C_de_Sint_Janskathedraal_in_%27s-Hertogenbosch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breda,_de_Grote_of_Onze_Lieve_Vrouwerkerk_RM10305_vanaf_de_Vismarktstraat_foto6_2014-12-28_12.58.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Breda%2C_de_Grote_of_Onze_Lieve_Vrouwerkerk_RM10305_vanaf_de_Vismarktstraat_foto6_2014-12-28_12.58.jpg/260px-Breda%2C_de_Grote_of_Onze_Lieve_Vrouwerkerk_RM10305_vanaf_de_Vismarktstraat_foto6_2014-12-28_12.58.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Breda%2C_de_Grote_of_Onze_Lieve_Vrouwerkerk_RM10305_vanaf_de_Vismarktstraat_foto6_2014-12-28_12.58.jpg/390px-Breda%2C_de_Grote_of_Onze_Lieve_Vrouwerkerk_RM10305_vanaf_de_Vismarktstraat_foto6_2014-12-28_12.58.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Breda%2C_de_Grote_of_Onze_Lieve_Vrouwerkerk_RM10305_vanaf_de_Vismarktstraat_foto6_2014-12-28_12.58.jpg/520px-Breda%2C_de_Grote_of_Onze_Lieve_Vrouwerkerk_RM10305_vanaf_de_Vismarktstraat_foto6_2014-12-28_12.58.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3230" data-file-height="4307" /></a><figcaption>Grote Kerk (Breda)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Cathedral_(%27s-Hertogenbosch)" title="St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch)">St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridderzaal" title="Ridderzaal">Ridderzaal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grote_or_Sint-Jacobskerk_(The_Hague)" title="Grote or Sint-Jacobskerk (The Hague)">Grote or Sint-Jacobskerk (The Hague)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middelburg_Town_Hall" title="Middelburg Town Hall">Middelburg Town Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Cathedral,_Utrecht" title="St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht">St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Amsterdam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam)">Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Kerk_(Delft)" title="Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)">Nieuwe Kerk (Delft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St_Bavo,_Haarlem" title="Cathedral of St Bavo, Haarlem">Cathedral of St Bavo, Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grote_Kerk,_Haarlem" title="Grote Kerk, Haarlem">Grote Kerk, Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall_(Haarlem)" class="mw-redirect" title="City Hall (Haarlem)">City Hall (Haarlem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grote_Kerk_(Breda)" title="Grote Kerk (Breda)">Grote Kerk (Breda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Christopher%27s_Cathedral,_Roermond" title="St. Christopher's Cathedral, Roermond">St. Christopher's Cathedral, Roermond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinghuis" title="Dinghuis">Dinghuis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oude_Kerk_(Delft)" title="Oude Kerk (Delft)">Oude Kerk (Delft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grote_Kerk,_Dordrecht" title="Grote Kerk, Dordrecht">Grote Kerk, Dordrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooglandse_Kerk" title="Hooglandse Kerk">Hooglandse Kerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grote_of_Sint-Laurenskerk_(Rotterdam)" title="Grote of Sint-Laurenskerk (Rotterdam)">Grote of Sint-Laurenskerk (Rotterdam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Eusebius%27_Church,_Arnhem" title="St Eusebius' Church, Arnhem">St Eusebius' Church, Arnhem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral" title="Nidaros Cathedral">Nidaros Cathedral</a></li> <li>Haakon's Hall, <a href="/wiki/Bergenhus" title="Bergenhus">Bergenhus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Town_Hall" title="Wrocław Town Hall">Wrocław Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Town_Hall" title="Gdańsk Town Hall">Gdańsk Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_House_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Copernicus House in Toruń">Copernicus House in Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frombork_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Frombork Cathedral">Frombork Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gniezno_Cathedral" title="Gniezno Cathedral">Gniezno Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelplin_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelplin Abbey">Pelplin Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Cathedral" title="Toruń Cathedral">Toruń Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_Cathedral" title="Wrocław Cathedral">Wrocław Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gniew_Castle" title="Gniew Castle">Gniew Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwidzyn_Castle" title="Kwidzyn Castle">Kwidzyn Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidzbark_Castle" title="Lidzbark Castle">Lidzbark Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Malbork Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków">St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._James_and_St._Agnes,_Nysa" title="Basilica of St. James and St. Agnes, Nysa">Basilica of St. James and St. Agnes, Nysa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Basilica_of_the_Birth_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_Wi%C5%9Blica" title="Collegiate Basilica of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Wiślica">Collegiate Basilica of the Birth of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Wiślica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk">St. Mary's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="St. Catherine's Church, Gdańsk">St. Catherine's Church, Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Stargard" title="St. Mary's Church, Stargard">St. Mary's Church, Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Basilica of the Holy Trinity, Kraków">Basilica of the Holy Trinity, Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Basilica" title="Corpus Christi Basilica">Corpus Christi Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Elizabeth%27s_Church,_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="St Elizabeth's Church, Wrocław">St Elizabeth's Church, Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Dorothea_Church,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="St Dorothea Church, Wrocław">St Dorothea Church, Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Church_of_the_Holy_Cross_and_St._Bartholomew,_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross and St. Bartholomew, Wrocław">Collegiate Church of the Holy Cross and St. Bartholomew, Wrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Sand" title="Church of St Mary on the Sand">Church of St Mary on the Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Evangelist%27s_Church,_Paczk%C3%B3w" title="St. John the Evangelist's Church, Paczków">St. John the Evangelist's Church, Paczków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Basilica,_Strzegom" title="Saints Peter and Paul Basilica, Strzegom">Saints Peter and Paul Basilica, Strzegom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Barbican" title="Kraków Barbican">Kraków Barbican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegium_Maius,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Collegium Maius, Kraków">Collegium Maius, Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Florian%27s_Gate" title="St. Florian's Gate">St. Florian's Gate</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalha_September_2021-53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Batalha_September_2021-53.jpg/400px-Batalha_September_2021-53.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Batalha_September_2021-53.jpg/600px-Batalha_September_2021-53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Batalha_September_2021-53.jpg/800px-Batalha_September_2021-53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8433" data-file-height="4755" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Batalha_Monastery" title="Batalha Monastery">Monastery of Batalha</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeronimos_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeronimos Monastery">Jeronimos Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Batalha" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Batalha">Monastery of Batalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Alcoba%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Alcobaça">Monastery of Alcobaça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evora_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Evora Cathedral">Evora Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmo_Convent" title="Carmo Convent">Carmo Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarda_Cathedral" title="Guarda Cathedral">Guarda Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Cathedral" title="Lisbon Cathedral">Lisbon Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oporto_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Oporto Cathedral">Oporto Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silves_Cathedral" title="Silves Cathedral">Silves Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Funchal" title="Cathedral of Funchal">Cathedral of Funchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Christ_(Tomar)" title="Convent of Christ (Tomar)">Convent of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Leiria" title="Castle of Leiria">Castle of Leiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabugal_Castle" title="Sabugal Castle">Sabugal Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Estremoz" title="Castle of Estremoz">Castle of Estremoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Bragan%C3%A7a" title="Castle of Bragança">Castle of Bragança</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Santa_Maria_da_Feira" title="Castle of Santa Maria da Feira">Castle of Santa Maria da Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m_Tower" title="Belém Tower">Belém Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Jesus_of_Set%C3%BAbal" title="Monastery of Jesus of Setúbal">Monastery of Jesus of Setúbal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convent_of_Nossa_Senhora_da_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Beja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convent of Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Beja (page does not exist)">Convent of Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Beja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gra%C3%A7a_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graça Church (page does not exist)">Graça Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Maria_dos_Olivais_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Maria dos Olivais Church (page does not exist)">Santa Maria dos Olivais Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le%C3%A7a_do_Balio_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leça do Balio Monastery (page does not exist)">Leça do Balio Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_John_of_Alpor%C3%A3o_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint John of Alporão Church (page does not exist)">Saint John of Alporão Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Santa_Clara-a-Velha" title="Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha">Monastery of Santa Clara-a-Velha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_S%C3%A3o_Francisco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monastery of São Francisco (page does not exist)">Monastery of São Francisco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biserica_Neagr%C4%83" title="Biserica Neagră">Black Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvin_Castle" title="Corvin Castle">Corvin Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saschiz_fortified_church" title="Saschiz fortified church">Saschiz fortified church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebe%C8%99_Lutheran_church" title="Sebeș Lutheran church">Sebeș Lutheran church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibiu_Lutheran_Cathedral" title="Sibiu Lutheran Cathedral">Sibiu Lutheran Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Cluj-Napoca" title="St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca">St. Michael's Church, Cluj-Napoca</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Kings_of_Navarre_of_Olite" title="Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite">Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau_de_la_Generalitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Palau de la Generalitat">Palau de la Generalitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llotja_de_la_Seda" class="mw-redirect" title="Llotja de la Seda">Llotja de la Seda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Cathedral" title="León Cathedral">León Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgos_Cathedral" title="Burgos Cathedral">Burgos Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_Cathedral" title="Toledo Cathedral">Toledo Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Avila" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Avila">Cathedral of Avila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Borgias" title="Palace of the Borgias">Palace of the Borgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oviedo_Cathedral" title="Oviedo Cathedral">Oviedo Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia_Cathedral" title="Valencia Cathedral">Valencia Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a>, the largest Gothic church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palma_Cathedral" title="Palma Cathedral">Palma Cathedral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_Cathedral" title="Linköping Cathedral">Linköping Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby_Cathedral" title="Visby Cathedral">Visby Cathedral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Minster" title="Basel Minster">Basel Minster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Elisabeth_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St Elisabeth Cathedral">St Elisabeth Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Cathedral,_Bratislava" title="St Martin's Cathedral, Bratislava">St Martin's Cathedral, Bratislava</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Abbey" title="Bath Abbey">Bath Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Minster" title="Beverley Minster">Beverley Minster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral" title="Bristol Cathedral">Bristol Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely_Cathedral" title="Ely Cathedral">Ely Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral" title="Glasgow Cathedral">Glasgow Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_Cathedral" title="Lichfield Cathedral">Lichfield Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-:04_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurlWilson2015" class="citation cs2">Curl, James Stevens; Wilson, Susan, eds. 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Ein Beitrag zur Begriffsbestimmung"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archiv für Kulturgeschichte</i> (in German) (71): 45–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7788%2Fakg.1989.71.1.45">10.7788/akg.1989.71.1.45</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201722797">201722797</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925031244/https://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/z/zsn2a043943.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#CITEREFRenaultLazé2006">Renault & Lazé 2006</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017122-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017122_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNamara2017">McNamara 2017</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198846-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198846_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198846_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBechmann2017183–185-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBechmann2017183–185_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBechmann2017">Bechmann 2017</a>, pp. 183–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200635-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a 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class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974156_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017126-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017126_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017126_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNamara2017">McNamara 2017</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974157-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201440_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher2014">Ducher 2014</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/32952">Western architecture</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198850–51-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198850–51_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBSpire-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBSpire_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSpire_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560359">Spire</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201816-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201816_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenzler2018">Wenzler 2018</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201521-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201521_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMignon2015">Mignon 2015</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201895–98-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201895–98_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenzler2018">Wenzler 2018</a>, pp. 95–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abelard-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abelard_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFabelard2006" class="citation web cs1">abelard (22 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abelard.org/france/cathedrals5-laon.php">"Cathedral 5: Laon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027125911/https://www.abelard.org/france/cathedrals5-laon.php">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cathedral+5%3A+Laon&rft.date=2006-01-22&rft.au=abelard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abelard.org%2Ffrance%2Fcathedrals5-laon.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trintignac and Coloni, <i>Decouvrir Notre-Dame de Paris</i> (1984), (in French), les Editions du Cerf, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-204-02087-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-204-02087-7">2-204-02087-7</a>, pp. 259-260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974145-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974145_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974145_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974171-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974171_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974171_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julian Flannery, <i>Fifty English Steeples: The Finest Medieval Parish Church Towers and Spires in England</i>, T&H, 2016, 10-0500343144 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. 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href="#cite_ref-EBTracery_90-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBTracery_90-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBTracery_90-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBTracery_90-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/601424">Tracery</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974132-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974132_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200624-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200624_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenaultLazé2006">Renault & Lazé 2006</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200631-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200631_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200631_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenaultLazé2006">Renault & Lazé 2006</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201442-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201442_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201442_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201442_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201442_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201442_94-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher2014">Ducher 2014</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986147-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986147_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkin1986">Watkin 1986</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler2018108-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler2018108_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler2018108_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenzler2018">Wenzler 2018</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale199386-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale199386_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindale1993">Martindale 1993</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974146-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974146_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974146_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher201452-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher201452_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher2014">Ducher 2014</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dearmer, Percy, <i>Bell's Cathedrals - the Cathedral Church of Wells: A Description</i> (1898). Section "The West Front", loc. 55, from full text on <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1993173-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1993173_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindale1993">Martindale 1993</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindale1993170–175-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindale1993170–175_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartindale1993">Martindale 1993</a>, pp. 170–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, due to awkward sites in city centres, the traditional "east end" often faces in a different direction.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=1353">"Facing East"</a>. Catholic Culture. October 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728130450/https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=1353">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facing+East&rft.pub=Catholic+Culture&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Flibrary%2Fview.cfm%3Frecnum%3D1353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201821-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201821_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201821_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenzler2018">Wenzler 2018</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merriam-Webster dictionary, definition of apse</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201879-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201879_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201879_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201879_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenzler2018">Wenzler 2018</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chartrescathedral.net//chartres-cathedral-royal-portal-sculpture/">"Chartres Cathedral Royal Portal Sculpture"</a>. Chartres Cathedral. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417033851/https://chartrescathedral.net/chartres-cathedral-royal-portal-sculpture/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chartres+Cathedral+Royal+Portal+Sculpture&rft.pub=Chartres+Cathedral&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchartrescathedral.net%2F%2Fchartres-cathedral-royal-portal-sculpture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017158–59-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017158–59_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017158–59_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNamara2017">McNamara 2017</a>, pp. 158–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201854-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201854_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenzler2018">Wenzler 2018</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201884–88-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201884–88_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenzler2018">Wenzler 2018</a>, pp. 84–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fasti-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fasti_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frazer, James George (1933) ed., Ovid, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi007.perseus-lat1:6"><i>Fasti</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116155202/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi007.perseus-lat1:6">Archived</a> 16 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> VI. 131–,<a href="#CITEREFRiley1851">Riley 1851</a>, p. 216, tr.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201897–99-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201897–99_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenzler2018">Wenzler 2018</a>, pp. 97–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viollet-le-Duc_page_24-26-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viollet-le-Duc_page_24-26_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viollet-le-Duc_page_24-26_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Viollet-le-Duc, volume 6, page 24-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201899–100-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201899–100_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenzler2018">Wenzler 2018</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986128-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986128_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkin1986">Watkin 1986</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon20159-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon20159_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon20159_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMignon2015">Mignon 2015</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017229-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017229_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNamara2017">McNamara 2017</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBSG-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBSG_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSG_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSG_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSG_118-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBSG_118-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/562530">stained glass</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMignon201522-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMignon201522_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMignon2015">Mignon 2015</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017228-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017228_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2017228_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNamara2017">McNamara 2017</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenzler201828-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201828_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201828_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenzler201828_121-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenzler2018">Wenzler 2018</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jantzen1984-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jantzen1984_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJantzen1984" class="citation book cs1">Jantzen, Hans (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d989DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>High Gothic: The Classic Cathedrals of Chartres, Reims, Amiens</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00372-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00372-6"><bdi>978-0-691-00372-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Gothic%3A+The+Classic+Cathedrals+of+Chartres%2C+Reims%2C+Amiens&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00372-6&rft.aulast=Jantzen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd989DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marten2022-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marten2022_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarten2022" class="citation book cs1">Marten, Bettina (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e35fEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56">"Tradition in the Age of Progress: Notions on Gothic Church Archicture in the United States"</a>. In Borngässer, Barbara; Klein, Bruno (eds.). <i>Global Gothic: Gothic Church Buildings in the 20th and 21st Centuries</i>. Leuven University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6270-304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6270-304-9"><bdi>978-94-6270-304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tradition+in+the+Age+of+Progress%3A+Notions+on+Gothic+Church+Archicture+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Global+Gothic%3A+Gothic+Church+Buildings+in+the+20th+and+21st+Centuries&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-94-6270-304-9&rft.aulast=Marten&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De35fEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lillich2011-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lillich2011_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillich2011" class="citation book cs1">Lillich, Meredith Parsons (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3id0xseq6EC&pg=PA107"><i>The Gothic Stained Glass of Reims Cathedral</i></a>. Penn State Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-03777-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-03777-6"><bdi>978-0-271-03777-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+Stained+Glass+of+Reims+Cathedral&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-271-03777-6&rft.aulast=Lillich&rft.aufirst=Meredith+Parsons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3id0xseq6EC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford2016-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanford2016_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford2016" class="citation book cs1">Stanford, Charlotte A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFM3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT103"><i>Commemorating the Dead in Late Medieval Strasbourg: The Cathedral's Book of Donors and Its Use (1320-1521)</i></a>. Routledge. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-16398-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-16398-5"><bdi>978-1-317-16398-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commemorating+the+Dead+in+Late+Medieval+Strasbourg%3A+The+Cathedral%27s+Book+of+Donors+and+Its+Use+%281320-1521%29&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-16398-5&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdFM3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins2011-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins2011_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkyns2011" class="citation book cs1">Jenkyns, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S9ha1hrIUuMC&pg=PA29"><i>Westminster Abbey</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06197-2"><bdi>978-0-674-06197-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06197-2&rft.aulast=Jenkyns&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS9ha1hrIUuMC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChastel2000186–187-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChastel2000186–187_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChastel2000">Chastel 2000</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETexier201212-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETexier201212_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTexier2012">Texier 2012</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philippe-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philippe_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chrisagde.free.fr/capetiens/louvre.htm">"Le Louvre de Philippe Auguste"</a> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413183518/http://chrisagde.free.fr/capetiens/louvre.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Louvre+de+Philippe+Auguste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchrisagde.free.fr%2Fcapetiens%2Flouvre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChastel2000188–89-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChastel2000188–89_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChastel2000">Chastel 2000</a>, pp. 188–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198864-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198864_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/782/">"La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=La+Lonja+de+la+Seda+de+Valencia&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F782%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157_133-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986157_133-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkin1986">Watkin 1986</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinHighfield1997">Martin & Highfield 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997101-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartinHighfield1997101_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartinHighfield1997">Martin & Highfield 1997</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986154-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986154_136-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1986154_136-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatkin1986">Watkin 1986</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucher198866–67-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucher198866–67_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDucher1988">Ducher 1988</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200638-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200638_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenaultLazé200638_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenaultLazé2006">Renault & Lazé 2006</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber, Patrick, <i>Histoire de l'Architecture</i> (2018), pp. 35–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197725–26-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197725–26_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodecki1977">Grodecki 1977</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197725-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197725_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodecki1977">Grodecki 1977</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197726-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197726_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodecki1977">Grodecki 1977</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BF-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BF_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banister Fletcher, <i>A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTapperMcLachlan2004" class="citation book cs1">Tapper, Richard; McLachlan, Keith (23 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dcuPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56"><i>Technology, Tradition and Survival: Aspects of Material Culture in the Middle East and Central Asia</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135777029" title="Special:BookSources/9781135777029"><bdi>9781135777029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology%2C+Tradition+and+Survival%3A+Aspects+of+Material+Culture+in+the+Middle+East+and+Central+Asia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft.isbn=9781135777029&rft.aulast=Tapper&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=McLachlan%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdcuPAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warren1991-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warren1991_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1991" class="citation journal cs1">Warren, John (1991). "Creswell's Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture". <i>Muqarnas</i>. <b>8</b>. BRILL: 59–65 (61–63). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1523154">10.2307/1523154</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523154">1523154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=Creswell%27s+Use+of+the+Theory+of+Dating+by+the+Acuteness+of+the+Pointed+Arches+in+Early+Muslim+Architecture&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=59-65+%2861-63%29&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1523154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1523154%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petersen, Andrew (2002-03-11). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture, pp. 295-296. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-20387-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-20387-3">978-0-203-20387-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2017" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan M. (15 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VgwkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP69"><i>Early Islamic Art and Architecture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351942584" title="Special:BookSources/9781351942584"><bdi>9781351942584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.isbn=9781351942584&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVgwkDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1979" class="citation book cs1">Rice, David T. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicartworldo00davi/page/45"><i>Islamic Art</i></a>. Thames & Hudson. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicartworldo00davi/page/45">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500201503" title="Special:BookSources/9780500201503"><bdi>9780500201503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780500201503&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicartworldo00davi%2Fpage%2F45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2003113-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2003113_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2003113_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScott2003">Scott 2003</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBony198317-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBony198317_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBony1983">Bony 1983</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giese-Vogeli-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giese-Vogeli_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiese-Vögeli2007" class="citation book cs1">Giese-Vögeli, Francine (2007). <i>Das islamische Rippengewölbe : Ursprung, Form, Verbreitung</i> [<i>Islamic rib vaults: Origins, form, spread</i>]. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7861-2550-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7861-2550-1"><bdi>978-3-7861-2550-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+islamische+Rippengew%C3%B6lbe+%3A+Ursprung%2C+Form%2C+Verbreitung&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Gebr.+Mann&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-7861-2550-1&rft.aulast=Giese-V%C3%B6geli&rft.aufirst=Francine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, L. P. (1992). "Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500." Chicago : University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-31960-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-31960-1">0-226-31960-1</a>; Boswell, John (1978). Royal Treasure: Muslim Communities Under the Crown of Aragon in the Fourteenth Century. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02090-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02090-2">0-300-02090-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1980223-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1980223_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1980">Lang 1980</a>, p. 223: "With this experience behind him, it is not surprising that <a href="/wiki/Trdat_the_Architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Trdat the Architect">Trdat</a>'s creation of the Cathedral at <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a> turned out to be a masterpiece. Even without its dome, the cathedral amazes the onlooker. Technically, it is far ahead of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman architecture</a> of Europe. Already, pointed arches and clustered piers, whose appearance together is considered one of the hallmarks of mature Gothic architecture, are found in this remote corner of the Christian East."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKite2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kite, Stephen (September 2003). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'South Opposed to East and North': Adrian Stokes and Josef Strzygowski. A study in the aesthetics and historiography of Orientalism". <i><a href="/wiki/Art_History_(journal)" title="Art History (journal)">Art History</a></i>. <b>26</b> (4): 505–533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0141-6790.2003.02604002.x">10.1111/j.0141-6790.2003.02604002.x</a>. <q>To Near Eastern scholars the <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ani_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ani Cathedral">cathedral at</a> <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a> (989–1001), designed by <a href="/wiki/Trdat_the_Architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Trdat the Architect">Trdat</a> (972–1036), seemed to anticipate Gothic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Art+History&rft.atitle=%27South+Opposed+to+East+and+North%27%3A+Adrian+Stokes+and+Josef+Strzygowski.+A+study+in+the+aesthetics+and+historiography+of+Orientalism&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=505-533&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0141-6790.2003.02604002.x&rft.aulast=Kite&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart195980-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart195980_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart1959">Stewart 1959</a>, p. 80: "The most important examples of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenian architecture</a> are to be found at <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>, the capital, and the most important of these is <a href="/wiki/Ani_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ani Cathedral">the cathedral</a>. [...] The most interesting features of this building are its pointed arches and vaults and the clustering or coupling of the columns in the Gothic manner."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERice1972179-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERice1972179_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRice1972">Rice 1972</a>, p. 179: "The interior of <a href="/wiki/Ani_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ani Cathedral">Ani cathedral</a>, a longitudinal stone building with pointed vaults and a central dome, built about 1001, is astonishingly Gothic in every detail, and numerous other equally close parallels could be cited."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan2015300-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarsoïan2015300_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarsoïan2015">Garsoïan 2015</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197737-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrodecki197737_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrodecki1977">Grodecki 1977</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDer_Manuelian20017-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDer_Manuelian20017_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDer_Manuelian2001">Der Manuelian 2001</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechmann2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bechmann, Roland (2017). <i>Les Racines des Cathédrales</i> (in French). Payot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-228-90651-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-228-90651-7"><bdi>978-2-228-90651-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Racines+des+Cath%C3%A9drales&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-228-90651-7&rft.aulast=Bechmann&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurtonKerr2011" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Janet B.; Kerr, Julie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adHIaVe-zBgC"><i>The Cistercians in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Monastic orders. Vol. 4 (Illustrated ed.). Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843836674" title="Special:BookSources/9781843836674"><bdi>9781843836674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cistercians+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Monastic+orders&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781843836674&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Janet+B.&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadHIaVe-zBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBony1983" class="citation book cs1">Bony, Jean (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k7ytJ-gXonMC"><i>French Gothic Architecture of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02831-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02831-9"><bdi>978-0-520-02831-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Gothic+Architecture+of+the+Twelfth+and+Thirteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02831-9&rft.aulast=Bony&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk7ytJ-gXonMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChastel2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chastel, André (2000). <i>L'Art Français Pré-Moyen Âge Moyen Âge</i> (in French). Paris: Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-08-012298-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-08-012298-3"><bdi>2-08-012298-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Art+Fran%C3%A7ais+Pr%C3%A9-Moyen+%C3%82ge+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-08-012298-3&rft.aulast=Chastel&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing2012" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Francis D.K. (2012). <i>A Visual Dictionary of Architecture</i> (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-64885-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-64885-8"><bdi>978-0-470-64885-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Visual+Dictionary+of+Architecture&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-64885-8&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Francis+D.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clark, W. W.; King, R. (1983). Laon Cathedral, Architecture. Courtauld Institute Illustration Archives. 1. London: Harvey Miller Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780905203553" title="Special:BookSources/9780905203553">9780905203553</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDer_Manuelian2001" class="citation book cs1">Der Manuelian, Lucy (2001). "Ani: The Fabled Capital of Armenia". In <a href="/wiki/S._Peter_Cowe" title="S. Peter Cowe">Cowe, S. Peter</a> (ed.). <i>Ani: World Architectural Heritage of a Medieval Armenian Capital</i>. Leuven Sterling. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1038-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1038-6"><bdi>978-90-429-1038-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ani%3A+The+Fabled+Capital+of+Armenia&rft.btitle=Ani%3A+World+Architectural+Heritage+of+a+Medieval+Armenian+Capital&rft.pub=Leuven+Sterling&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1038-6&rft.aulast=Der+Manuelian&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2005" class="citation journal cs1">Draper, Peter (2005). "Islam and the West: The Early Use of the Pointed Arch Revisited". <i>Architectural History</i>. <b>5</b>: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066622X00003701">10.1017/S0066622X00003701</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-622X">0066-622X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40033831">40033831</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194947480">194947480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+History&rft.atitle=Islam+and+the+West%3A+The+Early+Use+of+the+Pointed+Arch+Revisited&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0066-622X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194947480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40033831%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066622X00003701&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucher1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ducher, Robert (1988). <i>Caractéristique des Styles</i> (in French). Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08-011539-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-08-011539-3"><bdi>978-2-08-011539-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caract%C3%A9ristique+des+Styles&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-2-08-011539-3&rft.aulast=Ducher&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucher2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ducher, Robert (2014). <i>Caractéristique des Styles</i> (in French). Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-0813-4383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-0813-4383-2"><bdi>978-2-0813-4383-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caract%C3%A9ristique+des+Styles&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-0813-4383-2&rft.aulast=Ducher&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske1943" class="citation book cs1">Fiske, Kimball (1943). <i>The Creation of the Rococo</i>. <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+the+Rococo&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=Kimball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Banister Fletcher">Fletcher, Banister</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Architecture_on_the_Comparative_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method">A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Science_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science & Technology">Elsevier Science & Technology</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2267-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-2267-7"><bdi>978-0-7506-2267-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Architecture+on+the+Comparative+Method&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science+%26+Technology&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-2267-7&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Banister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsoïan2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Garso%C3%AFan" title="Nina Garsoïan">Garsoïan, Nina G.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XZACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT316">"Sirarpie Der Nersessian (1896–1989)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Helen_Damico" title="Helen Damico">Damico, Helen</a> (ed.). <i>Medieval Scholarship: Biographical Studies on the Formation of a Discipline: Religion and Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-77636-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-77636-9"><bdi>978-1-317-77636-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sirarpie+Der+Nersessian+%281896%E2%80%931989%29&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scholarship%3A+Biographical+Studies+on+the+Formation+of+a+Discipline%3A+Religion+and+Art&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-77636-9&rft.aulast=Garso%C3%AFan&rft.aufirst=Nina+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XZACwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiesePawlakThome2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giese, Francine; Pawlak, Anna; Thome, Markus (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZJdDwAAQBAJ"><i>Tomb – Memory – Space: Concepts of Representation in Premodern Christian and Islamic Art</i></a> (in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110517347" title="Special:BookSources/9783110517347"><bdi>9783110517347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tomb+%E2%80%93+Memory+%E2%80%93+Space%3A+Concepts+of+Representation+in+Premodern+Christian+and+Islamic+Art&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783110517347&rft.aulast=Giese&rft.aufirst=Francine&rft.au=Pawlak%2C+Anna&rft.au=Thome%2C+Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZJdDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrodecki1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Grodecki" title="Louis Grodecki">Grodecki, Louis</a> (1977). Nervi, Luigi (ed.). <i>Gothic Architecture</i>. In collaboration with Anne Prache and Roland Recht, translated from <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> by I. Mark Paris. <a href="/wiki/Abrams_Books" title="Abrams Books">Abrams Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-1008-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-1008-9"><bdi>978-0-8109-1008-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Architecture&rft.pub=Abrams+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-1008-9&rft.aulast=Grodecki&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1950" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, John (1950). <i>The Gothic World, 1100–1600</i>. <a href="/wiki/Batsford_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batsford (publisher)">Batsford</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255228-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255228-8"><bdi>978-0-00-255228-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+World%2C+1100%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255228-8&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harvey, John (1974). <i>Châteaux et Cathédrals-L'Art des Batisseurs, L'Encyclopedie de la Civilisation</i> (in French). London: Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ch%C3%A2teaux+et+Cath%C3%A9drals-L%27Art+des+Batisseurs%2C+L%27Encyclopedie+de+la+Civilisation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesPunterSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, William; Punter, David; Smith, Andrew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbS1CgAAQBAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Gothic</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119210412" title="Special:BookSources/9781119210412"><bdi>9781119210412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Gothic&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781119210412&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Punter%2C+David&rft.au=Smith%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbS1CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Colin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EVNGNIojGgMC"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated History of France</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66992-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66992-4"><bdi>978-0-521-66992-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+History+of+France&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66992-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEVNGNIojGgMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">Lang, David Marshall</a> (1980). <i>Armenia: Cradle of Civilization</i>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+Cradle+of+Civilization&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=David+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinHighfield1997" class="citation book cs1">Martin, G. H.; Highfield, J. R. L. (1997). <i>A history of Merton College, Oxford</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-920183-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-920183-8"><bdi>0-19-920183-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Merton+College%2C+Oxford&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-920183-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=G.+H.&rft.au=Highfield%2C+J.+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale1993" class="citation book cs1">Martindale, Andrew (1993). <i>Gothic Art</i>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87811-058-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87811-058-6"><bdi>978-2-87811-058-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Art&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-87811-058-6&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">McNamara, Denis (2017). <i>Comprendre l'Art des Églises</i> (in French). Larousse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-03-589952-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-03-589952-1"><bdi>978-2-03-589952-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprendre+l%27Art+des+%C3%89glises&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-2-03-589952-1&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignon2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mignon, Olivier (2017). <i>Architecture du Patrimoine Française - Abbayes, Églises, Cathédrales et Châteaux</i> (in French). Éditions Ouest-France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-27373-7611-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-27373-7611-5"><bdi>978-27373-7611-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+du+Patrimoine+Fran%C3%A7aise+-+Abbayes%2C+%C3%89glises%2C+Cath%C3%A9drales+et+Ch%C3%A2teaux&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ouest-France&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-27373-7611-5&rft.aulast=Mignon&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignon2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mignon, Olivier (2015). <i>Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques</i> (in French). Éditions Ouest-France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-6535-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-6535-5"><bdi>978-2-7373-6535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+des+Cath%C3%A9drales+Gothiques&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ouest-France&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-7373-6535-5&rft.aulast=Mignon&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1968" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Ann (1968). <i>Cathedrals of Europe</i>. Great Buildings of the World. <a href="/wiki/Hamlyn_(publishers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamlyn (publishers)">Hamlyn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006C19ES">B0006C19ES</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathedrals+of+Europe&rft.series=Great+Buildings+of+the+World&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006C19ES%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffat,_Fazio_&_Wodehouse2003" class="citation book cs1">Moffat, Fazio & Wodehouse (2003). <i>A World History of Architecture</i>. Laurence King Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85669-353-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85669-353-8"><bdi>1-85669-353-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Architecture&rft.pub=Laurence+King+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85669-353-8&rft.au=Moffat%2C+Fazio+%26+Wodehouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagnon2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montagnon, Pierre (2016). <i>La France des Clochers</i> (in French). Editions Telemaque. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7533-0307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7533-0307-2"><bdi>978-2-7533-0307-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+France+des+Clochers&rft.pub=Editions+Telemaque&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-2-7533-0307-2&rft.aulast=Montagnon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOggins2000" class="citation book cs1">Oggins, R.O. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DtS2iD79NgEC"><i>Cathedrals</i></a>. Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781567993462" title="Special:BookSources/9781567993462"><bdi>9781567993462</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathedrals&rft.pub=Friedman%2FFairfax+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781567993462&rft.aulast=Oggins&rft.aufirst=R.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDtS2iD79NgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPevsner1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Pevsner, Nikolaus</a> (1964). <i>An Outline of European Architecture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-061613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-061613-2"><bdi>978-0-14-061613-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+European+Architecture&rft.pub=Pelican+Books&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-14-061613-2&rft.aulast=Pevsner&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoisson2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Poisson, Georges; Poisson, Olivier (2014). <i>Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</i> (in French). Paris: Picard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7084-0952-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7084-0952-1"><bdi>978-2-7084-0952-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eug%C3%A8ne+Viollet-le-Duc&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Picard&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-2-7084-0952-1&rft.aulast=Poisson&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Poisson%2C+Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaeburn1980" class="citation book cs1">Raeburn, Michael (1980). "The Middle Ages". In Coldstream, Nicola (ed.). <i>Architecture of the Western World</i>. With a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Casson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Hugh Casson">Sir Hugh Casson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rizzoli_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizzoli International">Rizzoli International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-0349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-0349-1"><bdi>978-0-8478-0349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Middle+Ages&rft.btitle=Architecture+of+the+Western+World&rft.pub=Rizzoli+International&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8478-0349-1&rft.aulast=Raeburn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenaultLazé2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Renault, Christophe; Lazé, Christophe (2006). <i>Les Styles de l'architecture et du mobilier</i> (in French). Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87747-465-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87747-465-8"><bdi>978-2-87747-465-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Styles+de+l%27architecture+et+du+mobilier&rft.pub=Gisserot&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-2-87747-465-8&rft.aulast=Renault&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft.au=Laz%C3%A9%2C+Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley1851" class="citation book cs1">Ovid (1851). Riley, Henry T. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fastitristiapont00ovid"><i>The Fasti, Tristia, Pontic Epistles, Ibis, and Halieuticon of Ovid</i></a>. H. G. Bohn. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fastitristiapont00ovid/page/216">216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fasti%2C+Tristia%2C+Pontic+Epistles%2C+Ibis%2C+and+Halieuticon+of+Ovid&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1851&rft.au=Ovid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffastitristiapont00ovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2003" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Robert A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26dGzdsX49gC"><i>The Gothic enterprise: a guide to understanding the Medieval cathedral</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23177-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23177-1"><bdi>978-0-520-23177-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+enterprise%3A+a+guide+to+understanding+the+Medieval+cathedral&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23177-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26dGzdsX49gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1959" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Cecil (1959). <i>History of Architectural Development: Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque Architecture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Architectural+Development%3A+Early+Christian%2C+Byzantine+and+Romanesque+Architecture&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaan1988" class="citation book cs1">Swaan, Wim (1988). <i>The Gothic Cathedral</i>. Omega Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907853-48-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907853-48-0"><bdi>978-0-907853-48-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+Cathedral&rft.pub=Omega+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-907853-48-0&rft.aulast=Swaan&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Talbot_Rice" title="David Talbot Rice">Rice, David Talbot</a> (1972). <i>The Appreciation of Byzantine Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Appreciation+of+Byzantine+Art&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=David+Talbot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTexier2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Texier, Simon (2012). <i>Paris Panorama de l'architecture de l'Antiquité à nos jours</i> (in French). Parigramme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84096-667-8"><bdi>978-2-84096-667-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+Panorama+de+l%27architecture+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Parigramme&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-84096-667-8&rft.aulast=Texier&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToman2007" class="citation book cs1">Toman, Rolf (2007). <i>Néoclassicisme et Romantisme</i>. Ulmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-3557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-3557-6"><bdi>978-3-8331-3557-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A9oclassicisme+et+Romantisme&rft.pub=Ulmann&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-3557-6&rft.aulast=Toman&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasari1907" class="citation book cs1">Vasari, Giorgio (1907). <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Baldwin_Brown" title="Gerard Baldwin Brown">Brown, Gerald Baldwin</a>; Maclehose, Louisa (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vasariontechniqu1907vasa"><i>Vasari on Technique: Being the Introduction to the Three Arts of Design, Architecture, Sculpture and Painting, Prefixed to the Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/J._M._Dent" title="J. M. Dent">J. M. Dent</a> & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vasari+on+Technique%3A+Being+the+Introduction+to+the+Three+Arts+of+Design%2C+Architecture%2C+Sculpture+and+Painting%2C+Prefixed+to+the+Lives+of+the+Most+Excellent+Painters%2C+Sculptors+and+Architects&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Co.&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Vasari&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvasariontechniqu1907vasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasari1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari, Giorgio</a> (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesofartists0000vasa_k5j0"><i>The Lives of the Artists</i></a></span>. Translated with an introduction and notes by J.C. and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bondanella" title="Peter Bondanella">P. Bondanella</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953719-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953719-8"><bdi>978-0-19-953719-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Artists&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953719-8&rft.aulast=Vasari&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesofartists0000vasa_k5j0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViollet-le-Duc1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène</a> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionnairerai26violgoog"><i>Dictionnaire raisonné de l'architecture française du XIe au XVIe siècle</i></a>. Édition BANCE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+raisonn%C3%A9+de+l%27architecture+fran%C3%A7aise+du+XIe+au+XVIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=%C3%89dition+BANCE&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Viollet-le-Duc&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionnairerai26violgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin1986" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, David (1986). <i>A History of Western Architecture</i>. Barrie and Jenkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-1279-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-1279-3"><bdi>0-7126-1279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Architecture&rft.pub=Barrie+and+Jenkins&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7126-1279-3&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenzler2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wenzler, Claude (2018). <i>Les cathédrales gothiques: Un défi médiéval</i> (in French). Éditions <a href="/wiki/Ouest-France" title="Ouest-France">Ouest-France</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-7712-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-7712-9"><bdi>978-2-7373-7712-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+cath%C3%A9drales+gothiques%3A+Un+d%C3%A9fi+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ouest-France&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-7373-7712-9&rft.aulast=Wenzler&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtitta,_Antonino2006" class="citation book cs1">Buttitta, Antonino, ed. (2006). <i>Les Normands en Sicile</i>. Musée de Normandie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7439-328-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7439-328-2"><bdi>978-88-7439-328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Normands+en+Sicile&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+de+Normandie&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-7439-328-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banister_Fletcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Banister Fletcher">Fletcher, Banister</a>; Cruickshank, Dan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt1jTpXAThwC"><i>Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture</i></a>, Architectural Press, 20th edition, 1996 (first published 1896). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-2267-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-2267-9">0-7506-2267-9</a>. Cf. Part Two, Chapter 14.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBumpus1928" class="citation book cs1">Bumpus, T. Francis (1928). <i>The Cathedrals and Churches of Belgium</i>. <a href="/wiki/T._Werner_Laurie" class="mw-redirect" title="T. Werner Laurie">T. Werner Laurie</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-313-40185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-313-40185-2"><bdi>978-1-313-40185-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedrals+and+Churches+of+Belgium&rft.pub=T.+Werner+Laurie&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-1-313-40185-2&rft.aulast=Bumpus&rft.aufirst=T.+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton-Taylor1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Clifton-Taylor" title="Alec Clifton-Taylor">Clifton-Taylor, Alec</a> (1967). <i>The Cathedrals of England</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thames and Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-18070-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-18070-9"><bdi>978-0-500-18070-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cathedrals+of+England&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-500-18070-9&rft.aulast=Clifton-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cram,_Ralph_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Cram, Ralph Adams">Cram, Ralph Adams</a> (1909). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06665b.htm">Gothic Architecture</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catholic_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Catholic Encyclopedia">The Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerKleinerMamiya2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(art_historian)" title="Helen Gardner (art historian)">Gardner, Helen</a>; Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2004). <i>Gardner's Art Through the Ages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Wadsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Wadsworth">Thomson Wadsworth</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505090-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-505090-7"><bdi>978-0-15-505090-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+Through+the+Ages&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-15-505090-7&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Kleiner%2C+Fred+S.&rft.au=Mamiya%2C+Christin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1961" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, John (1961). <i>English Cathedrals</i>. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CL4S8">B0000CL4S8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Cathedrals&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CL4S8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuyghe1963" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Huyghe, René, ed. (1963). <i>Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hamlyn_(publishers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamlyn (publishers)">Hamlyn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-600-02357-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-600-02357-9"><bdi>978-0-600-02357-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Larousse+Encyclopedia+of+Byzantine+and+Medieval+Art&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-600-02357-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIcher1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francois_Icher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francois Icher (page does not exist)">Icher, Francois</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildinggreatcat00iche"><i>Building the Great Cathedrals</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Abrams_Books" title="Abrams Books">Abrams Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4017-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-4017-8"><bdi>978-0-8109-4017-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+the+Great+Cathedrals&rft.pub=Abrams+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-4017-8&rft.aulast=Icher&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildinggreatcat00iche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimson1988" class="citation book cs1">Simson, Otto Georg (1988). <i>The Gothic cathedral: origins of Gothic architecture and the medieval concept of order</i>. Princeton Univ. P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09959-0"><bdi>978-0-691-09959-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+cathedral%3A+origins+of+Gothic+architecture+and+the+medieval+concept+of+order&rft.pub=Princeton+Univ.+P.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09959-0&rft.aulast=Simson&rft.aufirst=Otto+Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Glaser, Stephanie, "The Gothic Cathedral and Medievalism", in: <i>Falling into Medievalism</i>, ed. Anne Lair and Richard Utz. Special Issue of <i>UNIversitas: The University of Northern Iowa Journal of Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activity</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720093046/http://www.uni.edu/universitas/spring06/default.htm">2.1 (2006)</a>. (on the Gothic revival of the 19th century and the depictions of Gothic cathedrals in the Arts)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1890" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Charles (1890). <i>Development & Character of Gothic Architecture</i>. Macmillan and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-0763-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4102-0763-0"><bdi>978-1-4102-0763-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+%26+Character+of+Gothic+Architecture&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=978-1-4102-0763-0&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rudolph, Conrad ed., <i>A Companion to Medieval Art: Romanesque and Gothic in Northern Europe</i>, 2nd ed. (2016)</li> <li>Tonazzi, Pascal (2007) <i>Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie)</i>, Editions <a href="/wiki/Arl%C3%A9a" title="Arléa">Arléa</a>, Paris, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86959-795-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-86959-795-9">2-86959-795-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Christopher (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gothiccathedrala0000wils"><i>The Gothic Cathedral – Architecture of the Great Church</i></a></span>. Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27681-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27681-5"><bdi>978-0-500-27681-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gothic+Cathedral+%E2%80%93+Architecture+of+the+Great+Church&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27681-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgothiccathedrala0000wils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerson1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Summerson" title="John Summerson">Summerson, John</a> (1983). Pelican Books (ed.). <i>Architecture in Britain, 1530–1830</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-056003-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-056003-9"><bdi>978-0-14-056003-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Britain%2C+1530%E2%80%931830&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-14-056003-9&rft.aulast=Summerson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaan1982" class="citation book cs1">Swaan, Wim (1982). <i>Art and Architecture of the Late Middle Ages</i>. Omega Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907853-35-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907853-35-0"><bdi>978-0-907853-35-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Omega+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-907853-35-0&rft.aulast=Swaan&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatton-BrownCrook2002" class="citation book cs1">Tatton-Brown, Tim; Crook, John (2002). <i>The English Cathedral</i>. New Holland Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84330-120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84330-120-2"><bdi>978-1-84330-120-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Cathedral&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84330-120-2&rft.aulast=Tatton-Brown&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Crook%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeccarini2013" class="citation book cs1">Ceccarini, Patrizio (2013). <i>La structure fondatrice gothique. Théologie, sciences et architecture au XIIIe siècle à Saint-Denis (tomeI)</i>. Vol. I. L'Harmattan Editions Distribution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-336-30184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-336-30184-6"><bdi>978-2-336-30184-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+structure+fondatrice+gothique.+Th%C3%A9ologie%2C+sciences+et+architecture+au+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+%C3%A0+Saint-Denis+%28tomeI%29&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan+Editions+Distribution&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-336-30184-6&rft.aulast=Ceccarini&rft.aufirst=Patrizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeccarini2013" class="citation book cs1">Ceccarini, Patrizio (2013). <i>Le système architectural gothique. Théologie, sciences et architecture au XIIIe siècle à Saint-Denis</i>. Vol. II. L'Harmattan Editions Distribution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-336-30185-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-336-30185-3"><bdi>978-2-336-30185-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+syst%C3%A8me+architectural+gothique.+Th%C3%A9ologie%2C+sciences+et+architecture+au+XIIIe+si%C3%A8cle+%C3%A0+Saint-Denis&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan+Editions+Distribution&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-336-30185-3&rft.aulast=Ceccarini&rft.aufirst=Patrizio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rivière, Rémi; Lavoye, Agnès (2007). <i>La Tour Jean sans Peur</i>, Association des Amis de la tour Jean sans Peur. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-95164-940-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-95164-940-8">978-2-95164-940-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_architecture&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Gothic architecture</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=gothic+architecture">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=gothic+architecture&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" class="extiw" title="commons:Gothic architecture"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Gothic architecture</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture#Q176483" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gothic" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gothic">Gothic</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/mapping-gothic">Mapping Gothic France</a>, a project by Columbia University and Vassar College with a database of images, 360° panoramas, texts, charts and historical maps</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239678/Gothic-architecture">Gothic Architecture</a> Encyclopædia Britannica</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolbeche_Bloxam1841" class="citation book cs1">Holbeche Bloxam, Matthew (1841). <i>Gothic Ecclesiastical Architecture, Elucidated by Question and Answer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Ecclesiastical+Architecture%2C+Elucidated+by+Question+and+Answer&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Holbeche+Bloxam&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19737">Gutenberg.org</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandonBrandon1849" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Raphael_Rodrigues_Brandon" title="John Raphael Rodrigues Brandon">Brandon, Raphael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Arthur_Rodrigues_Brandon" title="Joshua Arthur Rodrigues Brandon">Brandon, Arthur</a> (1849). <i>An analysis of Gothick architecture: illustrated by a series of upwards of seven hundred examples of doorways, windows, etc., and accompanied with remarks on the several details of an ecclesiastical edifice</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+analysis+of+Gothick+architecture%3A+illustrated+by+a+series+of+upwards+of+seven+hundred+examples+of+doorways%2C+windows%2C+etc.%2C+and+accompanied+with+remarks+on+the+several+details+of+an+ecclesiastical+edifice&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Brandon&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft.au=Brandon%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGothic+architecture" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/analysisofgothic01branuoft">Archive.org</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Parker_(writer)" title="John Henry Parker (writer)">Parker, J. H.</a> (1881), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58907">A B C of Gothic Architecture</a></i>. Oxford: Parker & Co.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gothic_architecture" title="Template:Gothic architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gothic_architecture" title="Template talk:Gothic architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gothic_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gothic architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gothic_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gothic architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country<br />or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Gothic" title="Belarusian Gothic">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Gothic_architecture" title="Czech Gothic architecture">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_French_Gothic" title="Southern French Gothic">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_Lithuania" title="Gothic architecture in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic" title="Brabantine Gothic">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture_in_modern_Poland" title="Gothic architecture in modern Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gothic_architecture" title="Portuguese Gothic architecture">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Gothic" title="Catalan Gothic">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Gothic" title="Levantine Gothic">Levante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Gothic" title="Valencian Gothic">Valencia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Brick_Gothic_buildings" title="List of Brick Gothic buildings">List of Brick Gothic buildings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic_architecture" title="Early Gothic architecture">Early Gothic architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelline_(architectural_style)" title="Isabelline (architectural style)">Isabelline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_cathedrals_in_Europe" title="List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_secular_and_domestic_architecture" title="Gothic secular and domestic architecture">Gothic secular and domestic architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gothic Revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissenting_Gothic" title="Dissenting Gothic">Dissenting Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Canada" title="Gothic Revival architecture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Poland" title="Gothic Revival architecture in Poland">Poland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Victorian_Gothic" title="High Victorian Gothic">High Victorian Gothic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_a_Gothic_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Building a Gothic cathedral">Building a Gothic cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass" title="Medieval stained glass">Medieval stained glass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="English Gothic stained glass windows">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="French Gothic stained glass windows">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass_in_Sweden" title="Medieval stained glass in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">Tracery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Gothic_architecture" title="Category:Gothic architecture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gothic_architecture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gothic architecture">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikivoyage page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Gothic architecture">Voyage</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gothic" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gothic" title="Template:Gothic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gothic" title="Template talk:Gothic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gothic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gothic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gothic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gothic</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Gothic" title="Crimean Gothic">Crimean Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Gothic" title="Belarusian Gothic">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabantine_Gothic" title="Brabantine Gothic">Brabantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Gothic_architecture" title="Czech Gothic architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelline_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabelline Gothic">Isabelline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Gothic_architecture" title="Italian Gothic architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Gothic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Gothic architecture">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gothic_architecture" title="Portuguese Gothic architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Gothic_architecture" title="Spanish Gothic architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Gothic_architecture" title="Venetian Gothic architecture">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_sculpture" title="Gothic sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_boxwood_miniature" title="Gothic boxwood miniature">Boxwood miniature</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romanticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="American Gothic Fiction">American Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothicism" title="Gothicism">Gothicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter / Rural Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Gothic" title="Collegiate Gothic">Collegiate Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissenting_Gothic" title="Dissenting Gothic">Dissenting Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Victorian_Gothic" title="High Victorian Gothic">High Victorian Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_baronial_architecture" title="Scottish baronial architecture">Scottish baronial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="List of Gothic Revival architecture">By specific country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Canada" title="Gothic Revival architecture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture_in_Poland" title="Gothic Revival architecture in Poland">Poland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban Gothic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern literature<br />and art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Gothic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="New Gothic Art">New Gothic Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raygun_Gothic" title="Raygun Gothic">Raygun Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ontario_Gothic" title="Southern Ontario Gothic">Southern Ontario Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Goth" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Goth">Space Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Gothic" title="Tasmanian Gothic">Tasmanian Gothic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern subculture,<br />music and film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goth_subculture" title="Goth subculture">Gothic subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth" title="Cybergoth">Cybergoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Goth" title="Health Goth">Health Goth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fashion" title="Gothic fashion">Gothic fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic romance film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_metal" title="Gothic metal">Gothic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothabilly" title="Gothabilly">Gothabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_belly_dance" title="Gothic belly dance">Gothic belly dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_wave" title="Dark wave">Dark wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic punk">Gothic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_punk" title="Horror punk">Horror punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">Black metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmicism" title="Cosmicism">Cosmicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danse_Macabre" title="Danse Macabre">Danse Macabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_culture" title="Dark culture">Dark culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Expressionism">German Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloom" title="Gloom">Gloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Satanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Satanism">Gothic Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">Grotesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesquerie" title="Grotesquerie">Grotesquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Horror and Terror">Horror and Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror-of-demonic" title="Horror-of-demonic">Horror-of-demonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror-of-personality" title="Horror-of-personality">Horror-of-personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_festivals" title="List of gothic festivals">List of gothic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gothic_fiction_works" title="List of gothic fiction works">List of gothic fiction works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_Mori" class="mw-redirect" title="Memento Mori">Memento Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_literature" title="Monster literature">Monster literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_fiction" title="Mystery fiction">Mystery fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Victorian" title="Neo-Victorian">Neo-Victorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective" class="mw-redirect" title="Occult detective">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">Ossuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanesque revival">Romanesque revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubi_sunt" title="Ubi sunt">Ubi sunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_monsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal monsters">Universal monsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampire fiction">Vampire fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Victorian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_menace" title="Weird menace">Weird menace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_architecture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_architecture" title="Template talk:History of architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">History of architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architectural_styles" title="Timeline of architectural styles">Architectural timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">History of construction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li>Aegean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization#Architecture" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Architecture" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_architecture" title="Herodian architecture">Herodian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Pre-Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Pre-Islamic Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st millennium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a></li> <li>East Slavic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Architecture of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_church_architecture" title="Russian church architecture">Muscovite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Islamic_architecture_of_Persia" title="Iranian architecture">Islamic Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_architecture" title="Medieval Scandinavian architecture">Medieval Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_architecture" title="Carolingian architecture">Carolingian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1000–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_school_(architecture)" title="Galician school (architecture)">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_architecture" title="Ottonian architecture">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_architecture" title="Norman architecture">Norman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_architecture" title="Anatolian Seljuk architecture">Anatolian Seljuk architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Gothic" title="Romano-Gothic">Romano-Gothic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sondergotik" title="Sondergotik">Sondergotik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Incan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1750</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1750–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Baroque" title="Andean Baroque">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Baroque_architecture" title="Czech Baroque architecture">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Baroque_architecture" title="Dutch Baroque architecture">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="English Baroque">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Baroque_architecture" title="French Baroque architecture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_architecture" title="Italian Baroque architecture">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Baroque_architecture" title="Maltese Baroque architecture">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_Baroque" title="Petrine Baroque">Petrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Baroque" title="Elizabethan Baroque">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryshkin_Baroque" title="Naryshkin Baroque">Naryshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture_in_Portugal" title="Baroque architecture in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Baroque" title="Siberian Baroque">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Baroque" title="Ukrainian Baroque">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Revival architecture">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Russo-Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Byzantine_Revival_architecture" title="Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture">Serbo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Colonial Revival architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival_architecture" title="Mayan Revival architecture">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumentalism" title="Monumentalism">Monumentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rococo_architecture" title="Rococo architecture">Rococo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture" title="Moorish Revival architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Manueline" title="Neo-Manueline">Neo-Manueline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo</a></li> <li>Queen Anne <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Queen_Anne_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="British Queen Anne Revival">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Queen_Anne_Revival_architecture" title="New World Queen Anne Revival architecture">America and Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revival_architecture" title="Romanian Revival architecture">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial Revival architecture">Spanish Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jugendstil" title="Jugendstil">Jugendstil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_style" title="Liberty style">Liberty style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Style_(British_Art_Nouveau_style)" title="Modern Style (British Art Nouveau style)">Modern Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Revival_architecture" title="Mycenaean Revival architecture">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_architecture" title="Expressionist architecture">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Cubism" title="Czech Cubism">Cubism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(architecture)" title="New Objectivity (architecture)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Rationalist-Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_architecture" title="Futurist architecture">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_architecture" title="Organic architecture">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripped_Classicism" title="Stripped Classicism">Stripped Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postconstructivism" title="Postconstructivism">Postconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PWA_Moderne" class="mw-redirect" title="PWA Moderne">PWA Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googie_architecture" title="Googie architecture">Googie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(architecture)" title="Structuralism (architecture)">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blobitecture" title="Blobitecture">Blobitecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-tech_architecture" title="High-tech architecture">High-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcology" title="Arcology">Arcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_regionalism" title="Critical regionalism">Critical regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deconstructivism" title="Deconstructivism">Deconstructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classical_architecture" title="New Classical architecture">New Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_architecture" title="Contemporary architecture">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_architecture" title="Chinese architecture">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture" title="Colonial architecture">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_architecture" title="Mesoamerican architecture">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Maya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa architecture">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Architecture">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_architecture" title="Spanish architecture">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" 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