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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officers'_Reserve_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Officers' Reserve Corps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officers'_Reserve_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Military awards and decorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jackson_County_judge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jackson_County_judge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Jackson County judge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jackson_County_judge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senator_from_Missouri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senator_from_Missouri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 U.S. Senator from Missouri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senator_from_Missouri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Truman_Committee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truman_Committee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Truman Committee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truman_Committee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Vice presidency (1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1945–1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1945–1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Presidency (1945–1953) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1945–1953)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1945–1953) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1945–1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term_(1945–1949)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_(1945–1949)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 First term (1945–1949) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term_(1945–1949)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assuming_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assuming_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Assuming office </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assuming_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dropping_atomic_bombs_on_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dropping_atomic_bombs_on_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Dropping atomic bombs on Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dropping_atomic_bombs_on_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_unions,_strikes_and_economic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_unions,_strikes_and_economic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Labor unions, strikes and economic issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_unions,_strikes_and_economic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approval_rating_falls;_Republicans_win_Congress_in_1946" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approval_rating_falls;_Republicans_win_Congress_in_1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 Approval rating falls; Republicans win Congress in 1946 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approval_rating_falls;_Republicans_win_Congress_in_1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposes_"Fair_Deal"_liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposes_"Fair_Deal"_liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 Proposes "Fair Deal" liberalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposes_"Fair_Deal"_liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marshall_Plan,_Cold_War,_and_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marshall_Plan,_Cold_War,_and_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.6 Marshall Plan, Cold War, and China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marshall_Plan,_Cold_War,_and_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Berlin_airlift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berlin_airlift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.7 Berlin airlift </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berlin_airlift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.8 Recognition of Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calls_for_civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.9 Calls for civil rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1948_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1948_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 1948 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1948_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_elected_term_(1949–1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_elected_term_(1949–1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Full elected term (1949–1953) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_elected_term_(1949–1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrogen_bomb_decision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrogen_bomb_decision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Hydrogen bomb decision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrogen_bomb_decision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Worldwide defense </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_espionage_and_McCarthyism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_espionage_and_McCarthyism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 Soviet espionage and McCarthyism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_espionage_and_McCarthyism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blair_House_and_assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blair_House_and_assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.5 Blair House and assassination attempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blair_House_and_assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steel_and_coal_strikes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steel_and_coal_strikes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.6 Steel and coal strikes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steel_and_coal_strikes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandals_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandals_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.7 Scandals and controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandals_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Civil rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Administration and cabinet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 1952 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1953–1972)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1953–1972)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Post-presidency (1953–1972) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1953–1972)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-presidency (1953–1972) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1953–1972)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Financial situation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truman_Library_and_academic_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truman_Library_and_academic_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Truman Library and academic positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truman_Library_and_academic_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Medicare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Tributes and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tributes_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tributes and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tributes_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sites_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sites and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sites_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies_of_Truman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_of_Truman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Biographies of Truman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_of_Truman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.1 Time </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Washington_Post" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Washington_Post"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.2 The Washington Post </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Washington_Post-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_New_York_Times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_York_Times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.4.3 The New York Times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_York_Times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harry_S._Truman_Library_and_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harry_S._Truman_Library_and_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.5 Harry S. Truman Library and Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harry_S._Truman_Library_and_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.6 Online sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Harry S. Truman: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 152 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-152" aria-hidden="true" > 152 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%88%AA_%E1%89%B5%E1%88%A9%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%95" title="ሃሪ ትሩማን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃሪ ትሩማን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="हैरी ट्रूमन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हैरी ट्रूमन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هاري ترومان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاري ترومان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հերի Թրուման – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հերի Թրուման" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="हैरी ट्रूमन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हैरी ट्रूमन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri_Trumen" title="Harri Trumen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Harri Trumen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86" title="هری ترومن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هری ترومن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8._%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="হ্যারি এস. ট্রুম্যান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যারি এস. ট্রুম্যান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гарри Трумэн – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гарри Трумэн" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гары Трумэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гары Трумэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A1._%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гары С. Труман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гары С. Труман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1._%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хари С. Труман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хари С. Труман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гарри Трумэн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гарри Трумэн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هاري ترومان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هاري ترومان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%93%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AB%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހެރީ އެސް ޓްރޫމަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހެރީ އެސް ޓްރޫމަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%85_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Χάρυ Τρούμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάρυ Τρούμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86" title="هری ترومن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هری ترومن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%A6%AC_S._%ED%8A%B8%EB%A3%A8%EB%A8%BC" title="해리 S. 트루먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해리 S. 트루먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%8D._%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հարի Ս. Թրուման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարի Ս. Թրուման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="हैरी एस ट्रूमैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैरी एस ट्रूमैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Трумэн, Гарри – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Трумэн, Гарри" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="הארי טרומן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הארי טרומן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹ್ಯಾರಿ ಎಸ್ ಟ್ರೂಮನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹ್ಯಾರಿ ಎಸ್ ಟ್ರೂಮನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰარი ტრუმენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰარი ტრუმენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гарри Трумэн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гарри Трумэн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Трумэн Гарри – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Трумэн Гарри" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_S._Truman" title="Henricus S. Truman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harijs_Trumens" title="Harijs Trumens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Harijs Trumens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="हैरी ट्रूमन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हैरी ट्रूमन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хари Труман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хари Труман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D._%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹാരി എസ്. ട്രൂമാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാരി എസ്. ട്രൂമാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="हॅरी ट्रुमन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॅरी ट्रुमन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰარი ტრუმენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰარი ტრუმენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هارى ترومان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هارى ترومان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86" title="هری اس ترومن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هری اس ترومن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гарри Трумэн – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Гарри Трумэн" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Харри Трумэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Харри Трумэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဟယ်ရီ ထရူးမန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟယ်ရီ ထရူးမန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ह्यारी एस ट्रुम्यान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ह्यारी एस ट्रुम्यान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ह्यारी एस् ट्र्युम्यान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्यारी एस् ट्र्युम्यान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BBS%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ハリー・S・トルーマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハリー・S・トルーマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8._%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹੈਰੀ ਐਸ. ਟਰੂਮੈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਰੀ ਐਸ. ਟਰੂਮੈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ہیری ٹرومین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیری ٹرومین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86" title="هري ایس ټرومن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هري ایس ټرومن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garri_Trumen" title="Garri Trumen – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Garri Trumen" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гарри Трумен – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гарри Трумен" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Трумэн, Гарри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трумэн, Гарри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="हैरी ट्रूमन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हैरी ट्रूमन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman" title="Harry Truman – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Harry Truman" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%91%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A._%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%B2%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="හැරී එස්. ටෲමන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හැරී එස්. ටෲමන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86" title="ھاری تروومەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاری تروومەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хари Труман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хари Труман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹாரி எஸ். ட்ரூமன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹாரி எஸ். ட்ரூமன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri_Truman" title="Harri Truman – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Harri Truman" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA._%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="แฮร์รี เอส. ทรูแมน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฮร์รี เอส. ทรูแมน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AE%E1%8F%AB_%E1%8F%8D._%E1%8F%A1%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%82" title="ᎮᏫ Ꮝ. ᏡᎹᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎮᏫ Ꮝ. ᏡᎹᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гаррі Трумен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаррі Трумен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ہیری ایس ٹرومین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیری ایس ٹرومین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumani_Harry" title="Trumani Harry – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Trumani Harry" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%B2%81%E9%97%A8" title="哈里·杜鲁门 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈里·杜鲁门" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="הערי טרומאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הערי טרומאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%C2%B7S%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%AD%AF%E9%96%80" title="哈利·S·杜魯門 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈利·S·杜魯門" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Harry S. Truman" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haris_Trumans" title="Haris Trumans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Haris Trumans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7S%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%B2%81%E9%97%A8" title="哈里·S·杜鲁门 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈里·S·杜鲁门" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11613#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Harry_S._Truman" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman&action=edit&oldid=1259862347" title="This page is protected.
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Truman">Revision as of 13:48, 27 November 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman&action=edit&oldid=1259861248" title="Harry S. 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Truman" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman&oldid=1259862347" title="Harry S. Truman">Revision as of 13:57, 27 November 2024</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman&action=edit&oldid=1259862347" title="Harry S. Truman">view source</a> </div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Wehwalt" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Wehwalt" data-mw-revid="1259862347"><bdi>Wehwalt</bdi></a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Wehwalt" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Wehwalt">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Wehwalt" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Wehwalt">contribs</a>)<div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount">153,212 edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> Undid revision <a href="/wiki/Special:Diff/1259861248" title="Special:Diff/1259861248">1259861248</a> by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Turtletennisfogwheat" title="Special:Contributions/Turtletennisfogwheat">Turtletennisfogwheat</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Turtletennisfogwheat" title="User talk:Turtletennisfogwheat">talk</a>)</div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Undo">Undo</a></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman&diff=next&oldid=1259862347" title="Harry S. Truman" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 85:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 85:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>'''Harry S. Truman'''  (May 8, 1884{{spaced ndash}}December 26, 1972) was<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> a [[war criminal]] who served as</del> the 33rd [[president of the United States]], serving from 1945 to 1953. A member of the [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he assumed the presidency after [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s death, as he was [[Vice president of the United States|vice president]] at the time. Truman implemented the [[Marshall Plan]] in the wake of [[World War II]] to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the [[Truman Doctrine]] and [[NATO]] to contain the expansion of [[Soviet communism]]. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the [[conservative coalition]] that dominated [[United States Congress|Congress]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Harry S. Truman'''  (May 8, 1884{{spaced ndash}}December 26, 1972) was the 33rd [[president of the United States]], serving from 1945 to 1953. A member of the [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]], he assumed the presidency after [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s death, as he was [[Vice president of the United States|vice president]] at the time. Truman implemented the [[Marshall Plan]] in the wake of [[World War II]] to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the [[Truman Doctrine]] and [[NATO]] to contain the expansion of [[Soviet communism]]. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the [[conservative coalition]] that dominated [[United States Congress|Congress]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"> </td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Truman was raised in [[Independence, Missouri]], and during [[World War I]] fought in France as a captain in the Field Artillery. Returning home, he opened a [[haberdasher]]y in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], and was elected as a judge of [[Jackson County, Missouri|Jackson County]] in 1922. Truman was elected to the United States Senate from Missouri in 1934. Between 1940 and 1944, he gained national prominence as chairman of the [[Truman Committee]], which was aimed at reducing waste and inefficiency in wartime contracts.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Truman was raised in [[Independence, Missouri]], and during [[World War I]] fought in France as a captain in the Field Artillery. Returning home, he opened a [[haberdasher]]y in [[Kansas City, Missouri]], and was elected as a judge of [[Jackson County, Missouri|Jackson County]] in 1922. Truman was elected to the United States Senate from Missouri in 1934. Between 1940 and 1944, he gained national prominence as chairman of the [[Truman Committee]], which was aimed at reducing waste and inefficiency in wartime contracts.</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 13:57, 27 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1945 to 1953</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Harry Truman" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Harry Truman (disambiguation)">Harry Truman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Harry S. Truman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:TRUMAN_58-766-06_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official portrait of Harry S. Truman as president of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/TRUMAN_58-766-06_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-TRUMAN_58-766-06_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/TRUMAN_58-766-06_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-TRUMAN_58-766-06_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/TRUMAN_58-766-06_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-TRUMAN_58-766-06_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1215" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1947</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">33rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>None (1945–1949)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">34th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Franklin D. Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Alben W. Barkley</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1935 – January 17, 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_C._Patterson" title="Roscoe C. Patterson">Roscoe C. Patterson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Briggs" title="Frank P. Briggs">Frank P. Briggs</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_county_executives_of_Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="List of county executives of Jackson County, Missouri">Presiding Judge of Jackson County, Missouri</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1927<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1994108-2">[1]</a> – January 1, 1935<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1994108-2">[1]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Elihu W. Hayes<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Eugene I. Purcell<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"County_Judges_1923–1972"-4">[3]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of Jackson County, Missouri's Eastern District</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1923<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199499-5">[4]</a> – January 1, 1925<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199499-5">[4]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">James E. Gilday<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Henry Rummel<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"County_Judges_1923–1972"-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1884-05-08)May 8, 1884 <a href="/wiki/Lamar,_Missouri" title="Lamar, Missouri">Lamar, Missouri</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 26, 1972(1972-12-26) (aged 88) <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a>, Independence, Missouri</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Wallace</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1919)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Truman" title="Margaret Truman">Margaret Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Young_Truman" title="Martha Young Truman">Martha Ellen Young</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Truman_Daniel" title="Clifton Truman Daniel">Clifton Truman Daniel</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Daniel" title="Clifton Daniel">Clifton Daniel</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Farmer</li><li><a href="/wiki/Haberdasher" title="Haberdasher">haberdasher</a></li><li>politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S_Truman_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harry S. Truman's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Harry_S_Truman_Signature.svg/128px-Harry_S_Truman_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Harry_S_Truman_Signature.svg/192px-Harry_S_Truman_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Harry_S_Truman_Signature.svg/256px-Harry_S_Truman_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="75" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1905–1911 (<a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a>)</li> <li>1917–1919 (Army)</li> <li>1920–1953 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve" title="United States Army Reserve">Army Reserve</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/25px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/38px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/50px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> (Army Reserve)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Battery D, <a href="/wiki/129th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="129th Field Artillery Regiment">129th Field Artillery Regiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/35th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="35th Infantry Division (United States)">35th Division</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, 379th Field Artillery Regiment, <a href="/wiki/102nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="102nd Infantry Division (United States)">102nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li>379th Field Artillery Regiment, 102nd Infantry Division</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel" title="Battle of Saint-Mihiel">Battle of Saint-Mihiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Defensive Sector</a></li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal" title="Armed Forces Reserve Medal">Armed Forces Reserve Medal</a> (2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_report_to_the_American_people_on_the_Potsdam_Conference_(excerpt).ogg" title="File:Radio report to the American people on the Potsdam Conference (excerpt).ogg">Harry S. Truman's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Radio_report_to_the_American_people_on_the_Potsdam_Conference_(excerpt).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Radio_report_to_the_American_people_on_the_Potsdam_Conference_%28excerpt%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Radio_report_to_the_American_people_on_the_Potsdam_Conference_%28excerpt%29.ogg/Radio_report_to_the_American_people_on_the_Potsdam_Conference_%28excerpt%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Excerpt from a radio broadcast regarding the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> Recorded November 1948</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was the 33rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1945 to 1953. A member of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, he assumed the presidency after <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s death, as he was <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president</a> at the time. Truman implemented the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> in the wake of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to rebuild the economy of Western Europe and established both the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> to contain the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet communism">Soviet communism</a>. He proposed numerous liberal domestic reforms, but few were enacted by the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">conservative coalition</a> that dominated <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. Truman was raised in <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, Missouri</a>, and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> fought in France as a captain in the Field Artillery. Returning home, he opened a <a href="/wiki/Haberdasher" title="Haberdasher">haberdashery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>, and was elected as a judge of <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson County</a> in 1922. Truman was elected to the United States Senate from Missouri in 1934. Between 1940 and 1944, he gained national prominence as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Committee" title="Truman Committee">Truman Committee</a>, which was aimed at reducing waste and inefficiency in wartime contracts. Truman was elected vice president in the <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 presidential election</a> and became president upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Only then was he told about the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a>. Truman authorized the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">first and only use of nuclear weapons in war</a> against the Japanese cities of <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki" title="Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>. <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman's administration</a> engaged in an <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a> foreign policy by <a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship#Attlee_and_Truman_(July_1945_–_October_1951)" title="Special Relationship">working closely with Britain</a>. Truman staunchly denounced <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationism</a>. He energized the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a> during the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a>, despite a <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">divided Democratic Party</a>, and won a surprise victory against <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> nominee <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> that secured his own presidential term. Truman presided over the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in 1947. He oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a> and Marshall Plan in 1948. With the involvement of the US in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> of 1950–1953, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> repelled the invasion by <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Domestically, the postwar economic challenges such as strikes and inflation created a mixed reaction over the effectiveness of his administration. In 1948, he proposed Congress pass comprehensive civil rights legislation. Congress refused, so Truman issued Executive Order 9980 and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a>, which prohibited discrimination in federal agencies and desegregated the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. Armed Forces</a>. Investigations revealed <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">corruption</a> in parts of the Truman administration, and this became a major campaign issue in the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 presidential election</a>, although they did not implicate Truman himself. He was eligible for reelection in 1952 but, with poor polling, he chose not to run. Truman went into a retirement marked by the founding of <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">his presidential library</a> and the publication of his memoirs. It was long thought that his retirement years were financially difficult for Truman, resulting in Congress establishing a pension for former presidents, but evidence eventually emerged that he amassed considerable wealth, some of it while still president. When he left office, Truman's administration was heavily criticized. Despite this controversy, scholars <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank</a> Truman in the first quartile of American presidents. In addition, critical reassessment of his presidency has improved his reputation among historians and the general population.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-5"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_family,_and_education">Early life, family, and education</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_ca._1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Harry_ca._1897.jpg/220px-Harry_ca._1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Harry_ca._1897.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Truman at age 13 in 1897</figcaption></figure></div></div> Truman was born in <a href="/wiki/Lamar,_Missouri" title="Lamar, Missouri">Lamar, Missouri</a>, on May 8, 1884, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Ellen_Young_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Ellen Young Truman">Martha Ellen Young Truman</a>. He was named for his maternal uncle, Harrison "Harry" Young. His middle initial, "S", is not an abbreviation of one particular name. Rather, it honors both his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young, a somewhat common practice in the <a href="/wiki/American_South" class="mw-redirect" title="American South">American South</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199237-10">[8]</a> A brother, John Vivian, was born soon after Harry, followed by sister Mary Jane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199227,_37-11">[9]</a> While Truman's ancestry was primarily <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a>, he also had some <a href="/wiki/Scots-Irish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> John Truman was a farmer and livestock dealer. The family lived in Lamar until Harry was ten months old, when they moved to a farm near <a href="/wiki/Harrisonville,_Missouri" title="Harrisonville, Missouri">Harrisonville, Missouri</a>. They next moved to <a href="/wiki/Belton,_Missouri" title="Belton, Missouri">Belton</a> and in 1887 to his grandparents' 600-acre (240 ha) farm in <a href="/wiki/Grandview,_Missouri" title="Grandview, Missouri">Grandview</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_Birth2012-14">[12]</a> When Truman was six, his parents moved to <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, Missouri</a>, so he could attend the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> Church Sunday School. He did not attend a conventional school until he was eight years old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199237,_77,_1112-15">[13]</a> While living in Independence, he served as a <a href="/wiki/Shabbos_goy" title="Shabbos goy">Shabbos goy</a> for Jewish neighbors, doing tasks for them on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> that their religion prevented them from doing on that day.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Truman was interested in music, reading, history, and math,<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> all encouraged by his mother, with whom he was very close. As president, he solicited political as well as personal advice from her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOshinsky2004365–380-20">[18]</a> Truman learned to play the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> at age seven and took lessons from Mrs. E.C. White, a well-respected teacher in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199252-21">[19]</a> He got up at five o'clock every morning to practice the piano, which he studied more than twice a week until he was fifteen, becoming quite a skilled player.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199238-22">[20]</a> Truman worked as a page at the <a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199487-23">[21]</a> his father had many friends active in the Democratic Party who helped young Harry to gain his first political position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library2012aa-24">[22]</a> After graduating from <a href="/wiki/William_Chrisman_High_School" title="William Chrisman High School">Independence High School</a> in 1901,<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Truman took classes at Spalding's Commercial College, a Kansas City business school. He studied bookkeeping, shorthand, and typing but stopped after a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199425–26-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Segregation</a> was practiced and largely accepted where Truman grew up. While he would later come to support civil rights, early letters of the young Truman reflected his upbringing and prejudices against <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Working_career">Working career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trumanhist.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trumanhist.JPG/220px-Trumanhist.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trumanhist.JPG/330px-Trumanhist.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Trumanhist.JPG/440px-Trumanhist.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_National_Historic_Site" title="Harry S. Truman National Historic Site">Truman's home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, Missouri</a></figcaption></figure> Truman was employed briefly in the mailroom of <a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> before making use of his business college experience to obtain a job as a timekeeper for construction crews on the <a href="/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway" title="Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway">Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway</a>, which required him to sleep in workmen's camps along the rail lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_Job2012-29">[27]</a> Truman and his brother Vivian later worked as clerks at the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Commerce_(Kansas_City)" title="National Bank of Commerce (Kansas City)">National Bank of Commerce</a> in Kansas City.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> In 1906, Truman returned to the Grandview farm, where he lived until entering the army in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199267,_99-31">[29]</a> During this period, he courted <a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Wallace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> He proposed in 1911, but she turned him down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeselbracht-33">[31]</a> Believing Wallace turned him down because he did not have much money, Truman later said he intended to propose again, but he wanted to have a better income than that earned by a farmer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199278–79-34">[32]</a> In fact, Wallace later told Truman she did not intend to marry, but if she did, it would be to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeselbracht-33">[31]</a> Still determined to improve his finances, during his years on the farm and immediately after World War I, Truman became active in several business ventures. These included a lead and zinc mine near <a href="/wiki/Commerce,_Oklahoma" title="Commerce, Oklahoma">Commerce, Oklahoma</a>, a company that bought land and leased the oil drilling rights to prospectors, and speculation in Kansas City real estate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199452,_53,_79-35">[33]</a> Truman occasionally derived some income from these enterprises, but none proved successful in the long term.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Truman is the only president since <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (elected in 1896) who did not earn a college degree.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> In addition to having briefly attended business college, from 1923 to 1925 he took night courses toward an <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of laws">LL.B.</a> at the Kansas City Law School (now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City_School_of_Law" title="University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law">University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law</a>) but dropped out after losing reelection as county judge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby199517–18,_135-38">[36]</a> He was informed by attorneys in the Kansas City area that his education and experience were probably sufficient to receive a license to practice law but did not pursue it because he won election as presiding judge.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> While serving as president in 1947, Truman applied for a law license.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> A friend who was an attorney began working out the arrangements, and informed Truman that his application had to be notarized. By the time Truman received this information he had changed his mind, so he never followed up. After the discovery of Truman's application in 1996 the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Supreme Court">Missouri Supreme Court</a> issued him a posthumous honorary law license.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Guard">National Guard</h3></div> Due to the lack of funds for college, Truman considered attending the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>, which had no tuition, but he was refused an appointment because of poor eyesight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby199517–18,_135-38">[36]</a> He enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_National_Guard" title="Missouri National Guard">Missouri National Guard</a> in 1905 and served until 1911 in the Kansas City-based <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">Battery</a> B, 2nd Missouri Field Artillery Regiment, in which he attained the rank of <a href="/wiki/Corporal#United_States" title="Corporal">corporal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000-42">[40]</a> At his induction, his eyesight without glasses was unacceptable <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">20/50</a> in the right eye and 20/400 in the left (past the standard for legal blindness).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992105-43">[41]</a> The second time he took the test, he passed by secretly memorizing the eye chart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_Eye2012-44">[42]</a> He was described as 5 feet 10 inches tall, <a href="/wiki/Gray_eyed" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray eyed">gray eyed</a>, dark haired and of light complexion.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S._Truman_in_his_World_War_I_Army_uniform.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Harry_S._Truman_in_his_World_War_I_Army_uniform.jpg/220px-Harry_S._Truman_in_his_World_War_I_Army_uniform.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Harry_S._Truman_in_his_World_War_I_Army_uniform.jpg/330px-Harry_S._Truman_in_his_World_War_I_Army_uniform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Harry_S._Truman_in_his_World_War_I_Army_uniform.jpg/440px-Harry_S._Truman_in_his_World_War_I_Army_uniform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Truman in September 1917</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3></div> When the United States entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> on <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">April 6, 1917</a>, Truman rejoined Battery B, successfully recruiting new soldiers for the expanding unit, for which he was elected as their <a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#U.S._Army,_U.S._Marine_Corps_and_U.S._Air_Force" title="First lieutenant">first lieutenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Before deployment to France, Truman was sent for training to <a href="/wiki/Camp_Doniphan,_Oklahoma" title="Camp Doniphan, Oklahoma">Camp Doniphan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Lawton,_Oklahoma" title="Lawton, Oklahoma">Lawton, Oklahoma</a>, when his regiment was federalized as the <a href="/wiki/129th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="129th Field Artillery Regiment">129th Field Artillery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> The regimental commander during its training was <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Danford" title="Robert M. Danford">Robert M. Danford</a>, who later served as the Army's Chief of Field Artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Another_Such_Victory''6-48">[46]</a> Truman recalled that he learned more practical, useful information from Danford in six weeks than from six months of formal Army instruction, and when Truman served as an artillery instructor, he consciously patterned his approach on Danford's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Another_Such_Victory''6-48">[46]</a> Truman also ran the camp <a href="/wiki/Post_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Post exchange">canteen</a> with <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jacobson" title="Edward Jacobson">Edward Jacobson</a>, a clothing store clerk he knew from Kansas City. Unlike most canteens funded by unit members, which usually lost money, the canteen operated by Truman and Jacobson turned a profit, returning each soldier's initial $2 investment and $10,000 in dividends in six months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000-42">[40]</a> At Fort Sill, Truman met Lieutenant James M. Pendergast, nephew of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Pendergast" title="Tom Pendergast">Tom Pendergast</a>, a Kansas City political boss, a connection that had a profound influence on Truman's later life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992105–110-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S._Truman_WW_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Truman in military uniform with shoulder and waist belt with helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Harry_S._Truman_WW_I.jpg/220px-Harry_S._Truman_WW_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Harry_S._Truman_WW_I.jpg/330px-Harry_S._Truman_WW_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Harry_S._Truman_WW_I.jpg/440px-Harry_S._Truman_WW_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>Truman in uniform, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1918</figcaption></figure> In mid-1918, about one million soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> (AEF) were in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrentFreidelWilliams1971594-51">[49]</a> Truman was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a> effective April 23,<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> and in July became commander of the newly arrived Battery D, 129th Field Artillery, <a href="/wiki/35th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="35th Infantry Division (United States)">35th Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992115-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Battery D was known for its discipline problems, and Truman was initially unpopular because of his efforts to restore order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000-42">[40]</a> Despite attempts by the men to intimidate him into quitting, Truman succeeded by making his corporals and sergeants accountable for discipline. He promised to back them up if they performed capably and reduce them to private if they did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes200349-55">[53]</a> In an event memorialized in battery lore as "The Battle of Who Run", his soldiers began to flee during a sudden night attack by the Germans in the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges Mountains">Vosges Mountains</a>; Truman succeeded at ordering his men to stay and fight, using profanity from his railroad days. The men were so surprised to hear Truman use such language that they immediately obeyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000-42">[40]</a> Truman's unit joined in a massive prearranged assault barrage on September 26, 1918, at the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farinacci-56">[54]</a> They advanced with difficulty over <a href="/wiki/Zone_rouge" title="Zone rouge">pitted terrain</a> to follow the infantry, and set up an observation post west of <a href="/wiki/Cheppy" title="Cheppy">Cheppy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farinacci-56">[54]</a> On September 27, Truman saw through his binoculars an enemy artillery battery deploying across a river in a position which would allow them to fire upon the neighboring <a href="/wiki/28th_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="28th Division (United States)">28th Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farinacci-56">[54]</a> Truman's orders limited him to targets facing the 35th Division, but he ignored this and patiently waited until the Germans had walked their horses well away from their guns, ensuring they could not relocate out of range of Truman's battery.<a href="#cite_note-Farinacci-56">[54]</a> He then ordered his men to open fire, and their attack destroyed the enemy battery.<a href="#cite_note-Farinacci-56">[54]</a> His actions were credited with saving the lives of 28th Division soldiers who otherwise would have come under fire from the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992130,_531-57">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2002192-58">[56]</a> Truman was given a dressing down by his regimental commander, Colonel Karl D. Klemm, who threatened to convene a court-martial, but Klemm never followed through, and Truman was not punished.<a href="#cite_note-Farinacci-56">[54]</a> In other action during the Meuse–Argonne offensive, Truman's battery provided support for <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>'s tank brigade,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2002181–186-59">[57]</a> and fired some of the last shots of the war on November 11, 1918. Battery D did not lose any men while under Truman's command in France. To show their appreciation for his leadership, his men presented him with a large <a href="/wiki/Loving_cup" title="Loving cup">loving cup</a> upon their return to the United States after the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000-42">[40]</a> The war was a transformative experience in which Truman manifested his leadership qualities. He had entered the service in 1917 as a family farmer who had worked in clerical jobs that did not require the ability to motivate and direct others, but during the war, he gained leadership experience and a record of success that greatly enhanced and supported his post-war political career in Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000-42">[40]</a> Truman was brought up in the Presbyterian and <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> churches,<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> but avoided <a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">revivals</a> and sometimes ridiculed revivalist preachers.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> He rarely spoke about religion, which to him, primarily meant ethical behavior along traditional Protestant lines.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> Truman once wrote in a letter to his future wife, Bess: "You know that I know nothing about Lent and such things..."<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Most of the soldiers he commanded in the war were Catholics, and one of his close friends was the 129th Field Artillery's chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">Monsignor</a> L. Curtis Tiernan.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> The two remained friends until Tiernan's death in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Biographical_Sketch,_L._Curtis_Tiernan"-65">[63]</a> Developing leadership and interpersonal skills that later made him a successful politician helped Truman get along with his Catholic soldiers, as he did with soldiers of other Christian denominations and the unit's Jewish members.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officers'_Reserve_Corps">Officers' Reserve Corps</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officers,_129th_Field_Artillery,_at_regimental_headquarters_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Chesnay_near_Courcemont,_France,_March_1919._Cap_-_NARA_-_530949.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Officers%2C_129th_Field_Artillery%2C_at_regimental_headquarters_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Chesnay_near_Courcemont%2C_France%2C_March_1919._Cap_-_NARA_-_530949.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Officers%2C_129th_Field_Artillery%2C_at_regimental_headquarters_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Chesnay_near_Courcemont%2C_France%2C_March_1919._Cap_-_NARA_-_530949.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Officers%2C_129th_Field_Artillery%2C_at_regimental_headquarters_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Chesnay_near_Courcemont%2C_France%2C_March_1919._Cap_-_NARA_-_530949.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Officers%2C_129th_Field_Artillery%2C_at_regimental_headquarters_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Chesnay_near_Courcemont%2C_France%2C_March_1919._Cap_-_NARA_-_530949.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Officers%2C_129th_Field_Artillery%2C_at_regimental_headquarters_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Chesnay_near_Courcemont%2C_France%2C_March_1919._Cap_-_NARA_-_530949.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Officers%2C_129th_Field_Artillery%2C_at_regimental_headquarters_at_Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Chesnay_near_Courcemont%2C_France%2C_March_1919._Cap_-_NARA_-_530949.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2227" /></a><figcaption>Officers of the 129th Field Artillery, at regimental headquarters at Chateau le Chanay near Courcemont, France, March 1919. Captain Harry S. Truman is pictured in the second row, third from the right.</figcaption></figure> Truman was honorably discharged from the Army as a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)">captain</a> on May 6, 1919.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> In 1920, he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Officers_Reserve_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers Reserve Corps">Officers Reserve Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> He became a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a> in 1925 and a <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> In the 1920s and 1930s he commanded 1st Battalion, 379th Field Artillery Regiment, <a href="/wiki/102nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="102nd Infantry Division (United States)">102nd Infantry Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> After promotion to colonel, Truman advanced to command of the regiment.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> After his election to the U.S. Senate, Truman was transferred to the General Assignments Group, a holding unit for less active officers, although he had not been consulted in advance.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-73">[71]</a> Truman protested his reassignment, which led to his resumption of regimental command.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-73">[71]</a> He remained an active reservist until the early 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> Truman volunteered for active military service during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, but was not accepted, partly because of age, and partly because President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> desired that senators and congressmen who belonged to the military reserves support the war effort by remaining in Congress, or by ending their active duty service and resuming their congressional seats.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> He was an inactive reservist from the early 1940s until retiring as a colonel in the then redesignated <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Reserve">U.S. Army Reserve</a> on January 20, 1953.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_awards_and_decorations">Military awards and decorations</h3></div> Truman was awarded a <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a> with two <a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">battle clasps</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Mihiel" title="Battle of Saint-Mihiel">St. Mihiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse-Argonne</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Defensive Sector</a> Clasp. He was also the recipient of two <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal" title="Armed Forces Reserve Medal">Armed Forces Reserve Medals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jackson_County_judge">Jackson County judge</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrumanWedding.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wedding photo of Truman in gray suit and his wife in hat with white dress holding flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/TrumanWedding.PNG/220px-TrumanWedding.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/TrumanWedding.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Harry and Bess Truman on their wedding day, June 28, 1919</figcaption></figure> After his wartime service, Truman returned to Independence, where he married Bess Wallace on June 28, 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library1919-78">[76]</a> The couple had one child, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Truman" title="Margaret Truman">Mary Margaret Truman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2008-79">[77]</a> Shortly before the wedding, Truman and Jacobson opened a <a href="/wiki/Haberdashery" class="mw-redirect" title="Haberdashery">haberdashery</a> together at 104 West 12th Street in downtown <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992146,_151–152-80">[78]</a> After brief initial success, the store went bankrupt during the <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_I_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War I recession">recession of 1921</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOshinsky2004365–380-20">[18]</a> Truman did not pay off the last of the debts from that venture until 1935, when he did so with the aid of banker <a href="/wiki/William_T._Kemper" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Kemper">William T. Kemper</a>, who worked behind the scenes to enable Truman's brother Vivian to buy Truman's $5,600 <a href="/wiki/Loan_agreement" title="Loan agreement">promissory note</a> during the asset sale of a bank that had failed in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199263–64,_68-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199488-82">[80]</a> The note had risen and fallen in value as it was bought and sold, interest accumulated and Truman made payments, so by the time the last bank to hold it failed, it was worth nearly $9,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199486-83">[81]</a> Thanks to Kemper's efforts, Vivian Truman was able to buy it for $1,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199488-82">[80]</a> Jacobson and Truman remained close friends even after their store failed, and Jacobson's advice to Truman on <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> later played a role in the U.S. Government's decision to recognize Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby1995410–412-84">[82]</a> With the help of the Kansas City <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">machine</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Pendergast" title="Tom Pendergast">Tom Pendergast</a>, Truman was elected in 1922 as County Court judge of <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson County</a>'s eastern district—Jackson County's three-judge court included judges from the western district (Kansas City), the eastern district (the county outside Kansas City), and a presiding judge elected countywide. This was an administrative rather than a judicial court, similar to <a href="/wiki/County_commission" title="County commission">county commissions</a> in many other jurisdictions. Truman lost his 1924 reelection campaign in a Republican wave led by President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">landslide election</a> to a full term. Two years selling automobile club memberships convinced him that a public service career was safer for a family man approaching middle age, and he planned a run for <a href="/wiki/List_of_county_executives_of_Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="List of county executives of Jackson County, Missouri">presiding judge</a> in 1926.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek20086-85">[83]</a> Truman won the job in 1926 with the support of the Pendergast machine, and he was re-elected in 1930. As presiding judge, Truman helped coordinate the Ten Year Plan, which transformed Jackson County and the Kansas City skyline with new public works projects, including an extensive series of roads and construction of a new <a href="/wiki/Wight_and_Wight" title="Wight and Wight">Wight and Wight</a>-designed <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County_Courthouse_(Kansas_City,_Missouri)" title="Jackson County Courthouse (Kansas City, Missouri)">County Court building</a>. Also in 1926, he became president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Old_Trails_Road" title="National Old Trails Road">National Old Trails Road</a> Association, and during his term he oversaw dedication of 12 <a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_the_Trail" title="Madonna of the Trail">Madonna of the Trail</a> monuments to honor pioneer women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek20086-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr2004-86">[84]</a> In 1933, Truman was named Missouri's director for the Federal Re-Employment program (part of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a>) at the request of Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a>. This was payback to Pendergast for delivering the Kansas City vote to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 presidential election</a>. The appointment confirmed Pendergast's control over federal <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> jobs in Missouri and marked the zenith of his power. It also created a relationship between Truman and Roosevelt's aide <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a> and assured Truman's avid support for the New Deal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage199165-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senator_from_Missouri">U.S. Senator from Missouri</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truman_campaigning_in_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Truman_campaigning_in_1934.jpg/220px-Truman_campaigning_in_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Truman_campaigning_in_1934.jpg/330px-Truman_campaigning_in_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Truman_campaigning_in_1934.jpg/440px-Truman_campaigning_in_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption>Truman campaigning in <a href="/wiki/Thayer,_Missouri" title="Thayer, Missouri">Thayer, Missouri</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> October 5, 1934</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_Desk_Truman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Inside of wooden desk with several names carved into it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Senate_Desk_Truman.jpg/220px-Senate_Desk_Truman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Senate_Desk_Truman.jpg/330px-Senate_Desk_Truman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Senate_Desk_Truman.jpg/440px-Senate_Desk_Truman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Drawer from the Senate desk used by Truman</figcaption></figure> After serving as a county judge, Truman wanted to run for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Missouri">governor of Missouri</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collector-89">[87]</a> but Pendergast rejected these ideas. Truman then thought he might serve out his career in some well-paying county sinecure;<a href="#cite_note-Collector-89">[87]</a> circumstances changed when Pendergast reluctantly backed him as the machine's choice in the 1934 Democratic <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1934 United States Senate election in Missouri">U.S. Senate from Missouri</a>, after Pendergast's first four choices had declined to run.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Senate2012-90">[88]</a> In the primary, Truman defeated Congressmen <a href="/wiki/John_J._Cochran" title="John J. Cochran">John J. Cochran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Milligan" title="Jacob L. Milligan">Jacob L. Milligan</a> with the solid support of <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson County</a>, which was crucial to his candidacy. Also critical were the contacts he had made statewide in his capacity as a county official, member of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-92">[c]</a> military reservist,<a href="#cite_note-94">[d]</a> and member of the American Legion.<a href="#cite_note-96">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkendall198927-97">[92]</a> In the general election, Truman defeated incumbent Republican <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_C._Patterson" title="Roscoe C. Patterson">Roscoe C. Patterson</a> by nearly 20 percentage points in a continuing wave of pro-<a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> Democrats elected during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Senate2012-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek20087–9-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinn-99">[94]</a> Truman assumed office with a reputation as "the Senator from Pendergast". He referred patronage decisions to Pendergast but maintained that he voted with his own conscience. He later defended the patronage decisions by saying that "by offering a little to the machine, [he] saved a lot".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinn-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''January_8,_1973-100">[95]</a> In his first term, Truman spoke out against corporate greed and the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> speculators and other moneyed special interests attaining too much influence in national affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992232-101">[96]</a> Though he served on the high-profile <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science,_and_Transportation#Committee_on_Aeronautical_and_Space_Sciences,_1958-1977" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation">Interstate Commerce</a> Committees, he was largely ignored by President Roosevelt and had trouble getting calls returned from the White House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinn-99">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992230-102">[97]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1940 United States Senate election in Missouri">U.S. Senate election in 1940</a>, U.S. Attorney <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Milligan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Milligan">Maurice Milligan</a> (former opponent Jacob Milligan's brother) and former governor <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Stark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd Stark">Lloyd Stark</a> both challenged Truman in the Democratic primary. Truman was politically weakened by Pendergast's imprisonment for income tax evasion the previous year; the senator had remained loyal, having claimed that Republican judges (not the Roosevelt administration) were responsible for the boss's downfall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200811–12-103">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a> party leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Robert E. Hannegan</a>'s support of Truman proved crucial; he later brokered the deal that put Truman on the national ticket. In the end, Stark and Milligan split the anti-Pendergast vote in the Senate Democratic primary and Truman won by a total of 8,000 votes. In the November election, Truman defeated Republican <a href="/wiki/Manvel_H._Davis" title="Manvel H. Davis">Manvel H. Davis</a> by 51–49 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby1995236–247-104">[99]</a> As senator, Truman opposed both Nazi Germany and Communist Russia. Two days after <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Hitler invaded the Soviet Union</a> in June 1941, Truman said: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">If we see that Germany is winning we ought to help Russia, and if Russia is winning we ought to help Germany, and that way let them kill as many as possible although I don't want to see Hitler victorious under any circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a></blockquote> This quote without its last part later became a staple in <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Russian propaganda</a> as "evidence" of an American conspiracy to destroy the country.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Truman_Committee">Truman Committee</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Truman_Committee" title="Truman Committee">Truman Committee</a></div> In late 1940, Truman traveled to various military bases. The waste and profiteering he saw led him to use his chairmanship of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services#Committee_on_Military_Affairs,_1816–1947" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Committee on Military Affairs</a> Subcommittee on War Mobilization to start investigations into abuses while the nation prepared for war. A new special committee was set up under Truman to conduct a formal investigation; the White House supported this plan rather than weather a more hostile probe by the House of Representatives. The main mission of the committee was to expose and fight waste and corruption in the gigantic government wartime contracts. Truman's initiative convinced Senate leaders of the necessity for the committee, which reflected his demands for honest and efficient administration and his distrust of big business and Wall Street. Truman managed the committee "with extraordinary skill" and usually achieved consensus, generating heavy media publicity that gave him a national reputation.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200812–14-109">[104]</a> Activities of the Truman Committee ranged from criticizing the "<a href="/wiki/Dollar-a-year_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar-a-year men">dollar-a-year men</a>" hired by the government, many of whom proved ineffective, to investigating a shoddily built New Jersey housing project for war workers.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Life''November_30,_1942-111">[106]</a> In March 1944, Truman attempted to probe the expensive <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> but was persuaded by Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> to discontinue with the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-zuberi2001-112">[107]</a>: 634  The committee reportedly saved as much as $15 billion (equivalent to $260 billion in 2024),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992337–338-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1984-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1998228-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2009301-116">[111]</a> and its activities put Truman on the cover of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''2012-117">[112]</a> According to the Senate's historical minutes, in leading the committee, "Truman erased his earlier public image as an errand-runner for Kansas City politicos", and "no senator ever gained greater political benefits from chairing a special investigating committee than did Missouri's Harry S. Truman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESenate_Truman_Committee2012-118">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1945)">Vice presidency (1945)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Truman-Mother-LIFE-1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Truman-Mother-LIFE-1944.jpg/220px-Truman-Mother-LIFE-1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Truman-Mother-LIFE-1944.jpg/330px-Truman-Mother-LIFE-1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Truman-Mother-LIFE-1944.jpg/440px-Truman-Mother-LIFE-1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="1277" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Truman visits <a href="/wiki/Martha_Ellen_Young_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Ellen Young Truman">his mother</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grandview,_Missouri" title="Grandview, Missouri">Grandview, Missouri</a>, after being <a href="/wiki/Democratic_vice_presidential_nomination_of_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic vice presidential nomination of 1944">nominated the Democratic candidate for vice president</a>, July 1944.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RooseveltTruman1944poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="election poster from 1944 with Roosevelt and Truman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RooseveltTruman1944poster.jpg/220px-RooseveltTruman1944poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RooseveltTruman1944poster.jpg/330px-RooseveltTruman1944poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/RooseveltTruman1944poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="445" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>–Truman poster from <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></div></div></div></div></div> Roosevelt's advisors knew that Roosevelt might not live out a fourth term and that his vice president would very likely become the next president. <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry Wallace</a> had served as Roosevelt's vice president for four years and was popular on the left, but he was viewed as too far to the left and too friendly to labor for some of Roosevelt's advisers. The President and several of his confidantes wanted to replace Wallace with someone more acceptable to Democratic Party leaders. Outgoing Democratic National Committee chairman <a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Frank C. Walker</a>, incoming chairman Hannegan, party treasurer <a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Pauley" title="Edwin W. Pauley">Edwin W. Pauley</a>, Bronx party boss <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Ed Flynn</a>, Chicago Mayor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Kelly" title="Edward Joseph Kelly">Edward Joseph Kelly</a>, and lobbyist George E. Allen all wanted to keep Wallace off the ticket.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992373–378-119">[114]</a> Roosevelt told party leaders that he would accept either Truman or Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a> State and city party leaders strongly preferred Truman, and Roosevelt agreed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes2003131-121">[116]</a> Truman had repeatedly said that he was not in the race and that he did not want the vice presidency, and he remained reluctant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes2003131-121">[116]</a> One reason was that his wife and sister Mary Jane were both on his Senate staff payroll, and he feared negative publicity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes2003131-121">[116]</a> Truman did not campaign for the vice-presidential spot, though he welcomed the attention as evidence that he had become more than the "Senator from Pendergast".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200814–16-122">[117]</a> Truman's nomination was dubbed the "Second <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>" and was well received. The Roosevelt–Truman ticket achieved a 432–99 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral-vote</a> victory in the election, defeating the Republican ticket of Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> of New York and running mate Governor <a href="/wiki/John_Bricker" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bricker">John Bricker</a> of Ohio. Truman was <a href="/wiki/Fourth_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">sworn in</a> as vice president on January 20, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200815–17-123">[118]</a> After the inauguration, Truman called his mother, who instructed him, "Now you behave yourself."<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> Truman's brief vice-presidency was relatively uneventful. Truman mostly presided over the Senate and attended parties and receptions. He kept the same offices from his Senate years, mostly only using the Vice President's official office in the Capitol to greet visitors. Truman was the first vice president to have a Secret Service agent assigned to him. Truman envisioned the office as a liaison between the Senate and the president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992333–336-125">[120]</a> On April 10, 1945,<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> Truman cast his only <a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">tie-breaking vote</a> as president of the Senate, against a <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> amendment that would have blocked the postwar delivery of <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend-Lease Act">Lend-Lease Act</a> items contracted for during the war.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> Roosevelt rarely contacted him, even to inform him of major decisions; the president and vice president met alone together only twice during their time in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200816-129">[124]</a> In one of his first acts as vice president, Truman created some controversy when he attended the disgraced Pendergast's funeral. He brushed aside the criticism, saying simply, "He was always my friend and I have always been his."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOshinsky2004365–380-20">[18]</a> He had rarely discussed world affairs or domestic politics with Roosevelt; he was uninformed about major initiatives relating to the war and the top-secret <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, which was about to test the world's first atomic bomb.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._History2012-130">[125]</a> In an event that generated negative publicity for Truman, he was photographed with actress <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> sitting atop the piano at the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club_(United_States)" title="National Press Club (United States)">National Press Club</a> as he played for soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_taking_the_oath_of_office_as_President_of_the_United_States_in_the_Cabinet_Room_of_the..._-_NARA_-_199062.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_taking_the_oath_of_office_as_President_of_the_United_States_in_the_Cabinet_Room_of_the..._-_NARA_-_199062.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_taking_the_oath_of_office_as_President_of_the_United_States_in_the_Cabinet_Room_of_the..._-_NARA_-_199062.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_taking_the_oath_of_office_as_President_of_the_United_States_in_the_Cabinet_Room_of_the..._-_NARA_-_199062.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_taking_the_oath_of_office_as_President_of_the_United_States_in_the_Cabinet_Room_of_the..._-_NARA_-_199062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_taking_the_oath_of_office_as_President_of_the_United_States_in_the_Cabinet_Room_of_the..._-_NARA_-_199062.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_taking_the_oath_of_office_as_President_of_the_United_States_in_the_Cabinet_Room_of_the..._-_NARA_-_199062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Vice President Truman was sworn in as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Room_(White_House)" title="Cabinet Room (White House)">Cabinet Room</a> at the White House a few hours after Roosevelt's death.</figcaption></figure> Truman had been vice president for 82 days when President Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._History2012-130">[125]</a> Truman, presiding over the Senate, as usual, had just adjourned the session for the day and was preparing to have a drink in <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Sam Rayburn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hideaway_(U.S._Senate)" title="Hideaway (U.S. Senate)">office</a> when he received an urgent message to go immediately to the White House, where <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> told him that her husband had died after a massive <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemorrhage">cerebral hemorrhage</a>. Truman asked her if there was anything he could do for her; she replied, "Is there anything we can do for you? For you are the one in trouble now!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library2012h-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992425-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1994478-134">[129]</a> He was <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="First inauguration of Harry S. Truman">sworn in as president</a> at 7:09 p.m. in the West Wing of the White House, by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1945–1953)">Presidency (1945–1953)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency of Harry S. Truman</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration">Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration</a></div> At the White House, Truman replaced Roosevelt holdovers with old confidants. The White House was badly understaffed with no more than a dozen aides; they could barely keep up with the heavy workflow of a greatly expanded executive department. Truman acted as his own <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">chief of staff</a> on a daily basis, as well as his own liaison with Congress—a body he already knew very well. He was not well prepared to deal with the press, and never achieved the jovial familiarity of FDR. Filled with latent anger about all the setbacks in his career, he bitterly mistrusted journalists. He saw them as enemies lying in wait for his next careless miscue. Truman was a very hard worker, often to the point of exhaustion, which left him testy, easily annoyed, and on the verge of appearing unpresidential or petty. In terms of major issues, he discussed them in depth with top advisors. He mastered the details of the federal budget as well as anyone. Truman was a poor speaker reading a text. However, his visible anger made him an effective <a href="/wiki/Stump_speech" title="Stump speech">stump speaker</a>, denouncing his enemies as his supporters hollered back at him "Give Em Hell, Harry!"<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> Truman surrounded himself with friends and appointed several to high positions that seemed beyond their competence, including his two secretaries of the treasury, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Vinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Vinson">Fred Vinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder_(US_Cabinet_Secretary)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wesley Snyder (US Cabinet Secretary)">John Snyder</a>. His closest friend in the White House was his military aide <a href="/wiki/Harry_H._Vaughan" title="Harry H. Vaughan">Harry H. Vaughan</a>, who knew little of military or foreign affairs and was criticized for trading access to the White House for expensive gifts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992366-137">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby1995301–302,_472-138">[133]</a> Truman loved to spend as much time as possible playing poker, telling stories and sipping bourbon. <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Hamby" title="Alonzo Hamby">Alonzo Hamby</a> notes that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... to many in the general public, gambling and bourbon swilling, however low-key, were not quite presidential. Neither was the intemperant "give 'em hell" campaign style nor the occasional profane phrase uttered in public. Poker exemplified a larger problem: the tension between his attempts at an image of leadership necessarily a cut above the ordinary and an informality that at times appeared to verge on crudeness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby1995474-139">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992511-140">[135]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term_(1945–1949)">First term (1945–1949)</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assuming_office">Assuming office</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29645-0001,_Potsdamer_Konferenz,_Stalin,_Truman,_Churchill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men in suits standing with several men in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29645-0001%2C_Potsdamer_Konferenz%2C_Stalin%2C_Truman%2C_Churchill.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29645-0001%2C_Potsdamer_Konferenz%2C_Stalin%2C_Truman%2C_Churchill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29645-0001%2C_Potsdamer_Konferenz%2C_Stalin%2C_Truman%2C_Churchill.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29645-0001%2C_Potsdamer_Konferenz%2C_Stalin%2C_Truman%2C_Churchill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29645-0001%2C_Potsdamer_Konferenz%2C_Stalin%2C_Truman%2C_Churchill.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-29645-0001%2C_Potsdamer_Konferenz%2C_Stalin%2C_Truman%2C_Churchill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2922" data-file-height="2335" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, Harry S. Truman, and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in Potsdam, July 1945</figcaption></figure> On his first full day, Truman told reporters: "Boys, if you ever pray, pray for me now. I don't know if you fellas ever had a load of hay fall on you, but when they told me what happened yesterday, I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992436-141">[136]</a> Truman asked all the members of Roosevelt's cabinet to remain in place, but he soon replaced almost all of them, especially with friends from his Senate days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992348-142">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dropping_atomic_bombs_on_Japan">Dropping atomic bombs on Japan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></div> Truman benefited from a honeymoon period from the success in defeating Nazi Germany in Europe and the nation celebrated <a href="/wiki/V-E_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="V-E Day">V-E Day</a> on May 8, 1945, his 61st birthday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198421–22-143">[138]</a> Although Truman was told briefly on the afternoon of April 12 that the United States had a new, highly destructive weapon, it was not until April 25 that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a> told him the details:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200819–20-144">[139]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world. It may be the fire destruction prophesied in the Euphrates Valley Era, after Noah and his fabulous Ark.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Harry Truman, writing about the atomic bomb in his diary<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005-145">[140]</a> on July 25, 1945<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Truman journeyed to Berlin for the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>. He was there when he learned the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity test</a>—the first atomic bomb—on July 16 had been successful. He hinted to Stalin that he was about to use a new kind of weapon against the Japanese. Though this was the first time the Soviets had been officially given information about the atomic bomb, Stalin was already aware of the bomb project—having learned about it through <a href="/wiki/Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">atomic espionage</a> long before Truman did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS2012-147">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman1955416-148">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198437-149">[144]</a> In August, the Japanese government refused surrender demands as specifically outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invasion of Japan</a> imminent, Truman approved the schedule for dropping the two available bombs. Truman maintained the position that attacking Japan with atomic bombs saved many lives on both sides; a military estimate for the invasion of Japan submitted to Truman by Herbert Hoover indicated that an invasion could take at least a year and result in 500,000 to 1,000,000 Allied casualties.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> A study done for the staff of Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> by William Shockley estimated that invading Japan would cost 1.7–4 million American casualties, including 400,000–800,000 fatalities, and five to ten million Japanese fatalities if Japanese civilians participated in the defense of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> The U.S. Army Service Forces estimated in their document "Redeployment of the United States Army after the Defeat of Germany," that between June 1945 and December 1946 the Army would be required to furnish replacements for 43,000 dead and evacuated wounded every month during this period.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> From analysis of the replacement schedule and projected strengths in overseas theaters, it suggested that Army losses alone in those categories, excluding the Navy and Marine Corps, would be approximately 863,000 through the first part of 1947, of whom 267,000 would be killed or missing.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg/220px-Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg/330px-Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg/440px-Atomic_bombing_of_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4918" data-file-height="2918" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> on August 6 and 9, 1945 respectively, were authorized by President Truman at the end of World War II.</figcaption></figure> Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, and Nagasaki three days later, leaving 105,000 dead.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> The Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">declared war on Japan</a> on August 9 and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">invaded Manchuria</a>. Japan <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">agreed to surrender</a> the following day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974227–231-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200824–28-156">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office,_reading_the_announcement_of_Japan%27s_surrender_to_assembled..._-_NARA_-_199171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_reading_the_announcement_of_Japan%27s_surrender_to_assembled..._-_NARA_-_199171.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_reading_the_announcement_of_Japan%27s_surrender_to_assembled..._-_NARA_-_199171.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_reading_the_announcement_of_Japan%27s_surrender_to_assembled..._-_NARA_-_199171.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_reading_the_announcement_of_Japan%27s_surrender_to_assembled..._-_NARA_-_199171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_reading_the_announcement_of_Japan%27s_surrender_to_assembled..._-_NARA_-_199171.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_reading_the_announcement_of_Japan%27s_surrender_to_assembled..._-_NARA_-_199171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2395" /></a><figcaption>Truman announces Japan's surrender, August 14, 1945.</figcaption></figure> Supporters<a href="#cite_note-157">[f]</a> of Truman's decision argue that, given the tenacious Japanese defense of the outlying islands, the bombings saved hundreds of thousands of lives of Allied prisoners, Japanese civilians, and combatants on both sides that would have been lost in an invasion of Japan. Some modern criticism has argued that the use of nuclear weapons was unnecessary, given that conventional attacks or a demonstrative bombing of an uninhabited area might have forced Japan's surrender, and therefore assert that the attack constituted a crime of war.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[154]</a> In 1948 Truman defended his decision to use atomic bombs: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As President of the United States, I had the fateful responsibility of deciding whether or not to use this weapon for the first time. It was the hardest decision I ever had to make. But the President cannot duck hard problems—he cannot pass the buck. I made the decision after discussions with the ablest men in our Government, and after long and prayerful consideration. I decided that the bomb should be used to end the war quickly and save countless lives—Japanese as well as American.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a></blockquote> Truman continued to strongly defend himself in his memoirs in 1955–1956, stating many lives could have been lost had the United States invaded mainland Japan without the atomic bombs. In 1963, he stood by his decision, telling a journalist "it was done to save 125,000 youngsters on the U.S. side and 125,000 on the Japanese side from getting killed and that is what it did. It probably also saved a half million youngsters on both sides from being maimed for life."<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Labor_unions,_strikes_and_economic_issues">Labor unions, strikes and economic issues</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Strike_wave_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike wave of 1946">Strike wave of 1946</a></div> The end of World War II was followed by an uneasy transition from war to a peacetime economy. The costs of the war effort had been enormous, and Truman was intent on diminishing military services as quickly as possible to curtail the government's military expenditures. The effect of demobilization on the economy was unknown, proposals were met with skepticism and resistance, and fears existed that the nation would slide back into depression. In Roosevelt's final years, Congress began to reassert legislative power and Truman faced a congressional body where Republicans and conservative southern Democrats formed a powerful "conservative coalition" voting bloc. The New Deal had greatly strengthened labor unions and they formed a major base of support for Truman's Democratic Party. The Republicans, working with big business, made it their highest priority to weaken those unions.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> The unions had been promoted by the government during the war and tried to make their gains permanent through large-scale strikes in major industries. Meanwhile, price controls were slowly ending, and inflation was soaring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center2012-164">[158]</a> Truman's response to the widespread dissatisfaction was generally seen as ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center2012-164">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Truman_with_Greek_sponge_divers..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/President_Truman_with_Greek_sponge_divers..jpg/220px-President_Truman_with_Greek_sponge_divers..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/President_Truman_with_Greek_sponge_divers..jpg/330px-President_Truman_with_Greek_sponge_divers..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/President_Truman_with_Greek_sponge_divers..jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Truman with <a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek American</a> sponge divers in Florida, 1947</figcaption></figure> When a national rail strike threatened in May 1946, Truman seized the railroads in an attempt to contain the issue, but two key railway unions struck anyway. The entire national railroad system was shut down, immobilizing 24,000 freight trains and 175,000 passenger trains a day.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> For two days, public anger mounted. His staff prepared a speech that Truman read to Congress calling for a new law, whereby railroad strikers would be drafted into the army. As he concluded his address, he was handed a note that the strike had been settled on presidential terms; nevertheless, a few hours later, the House voted to draft the strikers. The bill died in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992501–506-166">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Approval_rating_falls;_Republicans_win_Congress_in_1946">Approval rating falls; Republicans win Congress in 1946</h4></div> The president's approval rating dropped from 82 percent in the polls in January 1946 to 52 percent by June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198464–65-168">[162]</a> This dissatisfaction led to large Democratic losses in the <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_elections" title="1946 United States elections">1946 midterm elections</a>, and Republicans took control of Congress for the first time since 1930. When Truman dropped to 32 percent in the polls, Democratic Arkansas Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Fulbright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Fulbright">William Fulbright</a> suggested that Truman resign; the president said he did not care what Senator "Halfbright" said.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200848–50-169">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198491-170">[164]</a> Truman cooperated closely with the Republican leaders on foreign policy but fought them bitterly on domestic issues. The power of the labor unions was significantly curtailed by the <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> which was enacted <a href="/wiki/Veto_override" class="mw-redirect" title="Veto override">over Truman's veto</a>. Truman twice vetoed bills to lower income tax rates in 1947. Although the initial vetoes were sustained, Congress overrode his veto of a tax cut bill in 1948. In one notable instance of bipartisanship, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act_of_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Succession Act of 1947">Presidential Succession Act of 1947</a>, which replaced the secretary of state with the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate as successor to the president after the vice president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198496–102-171">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposes_"Fair_Deal"_liberalism">Proposes "Fair Deal" liberalism</h4></div> As he readied for the 1948 election, Truman made clear his identity as a Democrat in the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> tradition, advocating for <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health insurance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> and repeal of the Taft–Hartley Act. He broke with the New Deal by initiating an aggressive civil rights program which he termed a moral priority. His economic and social vision constituted a broad legislative agenda that came to be called the "<a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200884–86-173">[167]</a> Truman's proposals were not well received by Congress, even with renewed Democratic majorities in Congress after 1948. The Solid South rejected civil rights as those states still enforced segregation. Only one of the major Fair Deal bills, the <a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_of_1949" title="Housing Act of 1949">Housing Act of 1949</a>, was ever enacted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBinningEsterlySracic1999417-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> Many of the New Deal programs that persisted during Truman's presidency have since received minor improvements and extensions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeustadt1954349–381-176">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marshall_Plan,_Cold_War,_and_China">Marshall Plan, Cold War, and China</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg/220px-Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg/330px-Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg/440px-Charles_Griffith_Ross.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4469" data-file-height="6325" /></a><figcaption>Truman's press secretary was his old friend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Griffith_Ross" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Griffith Ross">Charles Griffith Ross</a>. He had great integrity but, says Alonzo L. Hamby, as a senior White House aide he was, "A better newsman than news handler, he never established a policy of coordinating news releases throughout the executive branch, frequently bumbled details, never developed ... a strategy for marketing the president's image and failed to establish a strong press office."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby1995310-177">[171]</a></figcaption></figure> As a <a href="/wiki/Wilsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilsonian">Wilsonian</a> internationalist, Truman supported Roosevelt's policy in favor of the creation of the United Nations and included <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> on the delegation to the first <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1961-178">[172]</a> With the Soviet Union expanding its sphere of influence through Eastern Europe, Truman and his foreign policy advisors took a hard line against the USSR. In this, he matched U.S. public opinion which quickly came to believe the Soviets were intent upon world domination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200856–57-179">[173]</a> Although he had little personal expertise on foreign matters, Truman listened closely to his top advisors, especially <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a>. The Republicans controlled Congress in 1947–1948, so he worked with their leaders, especially Senator <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Vandenburg">Arthur H. Vandenburg</a>, chairman of the powerful Foreign Relations Committee.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> He won bipartisan support for both the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a>, which formalized a policy of Soviet containment, and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, which aimed to help rebuild postwar Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeland197090-181">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2000-182">[176]</a> To get Congress to spend the vast sums necessary to restart the moribund European economy, Truman used an ideological argument, arguing that communism flourishes in economically deprived areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsti1996214-183">[177]</a> As part of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> strategy, Truman signed the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> and reorganized military forces by merging the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">Department of War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a> into the National Military Establishment (later the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>) and creating the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>. The act also created the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200862–63-184">[178]</a> On November 4, 1952, Truman authorized the official, though at the time, confidential creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (NSA).<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> Truman did not know what to do about China, where the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communists</a> were fighting a large-scale <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">civil war</a>. The Nationalists had been major wartime allies and had large-scale popular support in the United States, along with a powerful lobby. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">General George Marshall spent most of 1946 in China</a> trying to negotiate a compromise but failed. He convinced Truman the Nationalists would never win on their own and a very large-scale U.S. intervention to stop the Communists would significantly weaken U.S. opposition to the Soviets in Europe. By 1949, the Communists under <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> had won the civil war, the United States had a new enemy in Asia, and Truman came under fire from conservatives for <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_China" title="Loss of China">"losing" China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Berlin_airlift">Berlin airlift</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></div> On June 24, 1948, the Soviet Union blocked access to the three <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Soviet_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Soviet Zone">Western-held sectors</a> of Berlin. The Allies had not negotiated a deal to guarantee supply of the sectors deep within the Soviet-occupied zone. The commander of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany, General <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a>, proposed sending a large armored column across the Soviet zone to <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> with instructions to defend itself if it were stopped or attacked. Truman believed this would entail an unacceptable risk of war. He approved <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a>'s plan to supply the blockaded city by air. On June 25, the Allies initiated the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Airlift">Berlin Airlift</a>, a campaign to deliver food, coal and other supplies using military aircraft on a massive scale. Nothing like it had ever been attempted before, and no single nation had the capability, either logistically or materially, to accomplish it. The airlift worked; ground access was again granted on May 11, 1949. Nevertheless, the airlift continued for several months after that. The Berlin Airlift was one of Truman's great foreign policy successes; it significantly aided his election campaign in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library1988a-188">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recognition_of_Israel">Recognition of Israel</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truman_receives_menorah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Truman_receives_menorah.jpg/220px-Truman_receives_menorah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Truman_receives_menorah.jpg/330px-Truman_receives_menorah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Truman_receives_menorah.jpg/440px-Truman_receives_menorah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>Truman in the Oval Office, receiving a <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Hanukkah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Hanukkah)">Menorah</a> from the prime minister of Israel, <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> (center). To the right is <a href="/wiki/Abba_Eban" title="Abba Eban">Abba Eban</a>, ambassador of Israel to the United States.</figcaption></figure> Truman had long taken an interest in the history of the Middle East and was sympathetic to Jews who sought to re-establish their ancient homeland in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>. As a senator, he announced support for <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>; in 1943 he called for a homeland for those Jews who survived the Nazi regime. However, State Department officials were reluctant to offend the Arabs, who were opposed to the establishment of a Jewish state in the large region long populated and dominated culturally by Arabs. Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> warned Truman of the importance of Saudi Arabian oil in another war; Truman replied he would decide his policy on the basis of justice, not oil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992595–597-189">[183]</a> U.S. diplomats with experience in the region were opposed, but Truman told them he had few Arabs among his constituents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992599-190">[184]</a> Palestine was secondary to the goal of protecting the "Northern Tier" of Greece, Turkey, and Iran from communism, as promised by the Truman Doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttolenghi2004963–988-191">[185]</a> Weary of both the convoluted politics of the Middle East and pressure by Jewish leaders, Truman was undecided on his policy and skeptical about how the Jewish "underdogs" would handle power.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> He later cited as decisive in his recognition of the Jewish state the advice of his former business partner, Eddie Jacobson, a non-religious Jew whom Truman absolutely trusted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992599-190">[184]</a> Truman decided to recognize Israel over the objections of Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a>, who feared it would hurt relations with the populous Arab states. Marshall believed the paramount threat to the United States was the Soviet Union and feared Arab oil would be lost to the United States in the event of war; he warned Truman the United States was "playing with fire with nothing to put it out".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992604–605-194">[188]</a> Truman recognized the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> on May 14, 1948, eleven minutes after <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">it declared itself a nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenczowski199026-195">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library1948-196">[190]</a> Of his decision to recognize the Israeli state, Truman said in an interview years later: "Hitler had been murdering Jews right and left. I saw it, and I dream about it even to this day. The Jews needed some place where they could go. It is my attitude that the American government couldn't stand idly by while the victims [of] Hitler's madness are not allowed to build new lives."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerdichevsky2012-197">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Calls_for_civil_rights">Calls for civil rights</h4></div> Under his predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, the <a href="/wiki/Fair_Employment_Practices_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Employment Practices Committee">Fair Employment Practices Committee</a> was created to address racial discrimination in employment,<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> and in 1946, Truman created the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Committee_on_Civil_Rights" title="President's Committee on Civil Rights">President's Committee on Civil Rights</a>. On June 29, 1947, Truman became the first president to address the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP). The speech took place at the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> during the NAACP convention and was carried nationally on radio. In that speech, Truman laid out the need to end discrimination, which would be advanced by the first comprehensive, presidentially proposed civil rights legislation. Truman on "civil rights and human freedom", declared:<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is my deep conviction that we have reached a turning point in the long history of our country's efforts to guarantee freedom and equality to all our citizens … it is more important today than ever before to ensure that all Americans enjoy these rights. … When I say all Americans, I mean all Americans … Our immediate task is to remove the last remnants of the barriers which stand between millions of our citizens and their birthright. There is no justifiable reason for discrimination because of ancestry, or religion, or race, or color. We must not tolerate such limitations on the freedom of any of our people and on their enjoyment of basic rights which every citizen in a truly democratic society must possess. Every man should have the right to a decent home, the right to an education, the right to adequate medical care, the right to a worthwhile job, the right to an equal share in making the public decisions through the ballot, and the right to a fair trial in a fair court. We must ensure that these rights – on equal terms – are enjoyed by every citizen. To these principles I pledge my full and continued support. Many of our people still suffer the indignity of insult, the harrowing fear of intimidation, and, I regret to say, the threat of physical injury and mob violence. Prejudice and intolerance in which these evils are rooted still exist. The conscience of our nation, and the legal machinery which enforces it, have not yet secured to each citizen full <a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_fear" title="Freedom from fear">freedom from fear</a>.</blockquote> In February 1948, Truman delivered a formal message to Congress requesting adoption of his 10-point program to secure civil rights, including anti-lynching, voter rights, and elimination of segregation. "No political act since the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a>," argued biographer <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a>, "so profoundly influenced race relations; in a sense it was a repeal of 1877."<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1948_election">1948 election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign">Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Truman_with_Governor_Dewey_at_dedication_of_the_Idlewild_Airport_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/President_Truman_with_Governor_Dewey_at_dedication_of_the_Idlewild_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-President_Truman_with_Governor_Dewey_at_dedication_of_the_Idlewild_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/President_Truman_with_Governor_Dewey_at_dedication_of_the_Idlewild_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-President_Truman_with_Governor_Dewey_at_dedication_of_the_Idlewild_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/President_Truman_with_Governor_Dewey_at_dedication_of_the_Idlewild_Airport_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>President Truman (left) with Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a> (right) at dedication of <a href="/wiki/Idlewild_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Idlewild Airport">Idlewild Airport</a> in New York City on July 31, 1948, This was their first meeting since being nominated as presidential candidates by their parties.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a> is remembered for Truman's stunning come-from-behind victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHechlerElsey2006-201">[195]</a> In the spring of 1948, Truman's public approval rating stood at 36 percent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes2003137-202">[196]</a> and the president was nearly universally regarded as incapable of winning the general election. At the <a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 Democratic National Convention</a>, Truman attempted to unify the party with a vague civil rights plank in the party platform. His intention was to assuage the internal conflicts between the northern and southern wings of his party. Events overtook his efforts. A sharp address given by Mayor <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>—as well as the local political interests of a number of urban bosses—convinced the convention to adopt a stronger civil rights plank, which Truman approved wholeheartedly.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> Truman delivered an aggressive acceptance speech attacking the 80th Congress, which Truman called the "Do Nothing Congress,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller_Center2012-164">[158]</a> and promising to win the election and "make these Republicans like it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby2008-204">[198]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Republicans approve of the American farmer, but they are willing to help him go broke. They stand four-square for the American home—but not for housing. They are strong for labor—but they are stronger for restricting labor's rights. They favor minimum wage—the smaller the minimum wage the better. They endorse educational opportunity for all—but they won't spend money for teachers or for schools. They think modern medical care and hospitals are fine—for people who can afford them ... They think American standard of living is a fine thing—so long as it doesn't spread to all the people. And they admire the Government of the United States so much that they would like to buy it.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Harry S. Truman, October 13, 1948, St. Paul, Minnesota, Radio Broadcast<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Within two weeks of the 1948 convention Truman issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a>, ending racial discrimination in the Armed Services, and Executive Order 9980 to end discrimination in federal agencies.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> Truman took a considerable political risk in backing civil rights, and many seasoned Democrats were concerned the loss of <a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrat</a> support might seriously weaken the party. South Carolina Governor <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, a segregationist, declared his candidacy for the presidency on a Dixiecrat ticket and led a full-scale revolt of Southern "<a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a>" proponents. This rebellion on the right was matched by one on the left, led by Wallace on the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> ticket. The Democratic Party was splitting three ways and victory in November seemed unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984153–158-210">[204]</a> For his running mate, Truman accepted Kentucky Senator <a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a>, though he really wanted Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>, who turned down the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPietrusza2011226–232-211">[205]</a> Truman's political advisors described the political scene as "one unholy, confusing cacophony." They told Truman to speak directly to the people, in a personal way.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> Campaign manager William J. Bray said Truman took this advice, and spoke personally and passionately, sometimes even setting aside his notes to talk to Americans "of everything that is in my heart and soul."<a href="#cite_note-Bray-213">[207]</a> The campaign was a 21,928-mile (35,290 km) presidential odyssey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992654-214">[208]</a> In a personal appeal to the nation, Truman crisscrossed the United States by train; his "<a href="/wiki/Whistle_stop_train_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistle stop train tour">whistle stop</a>" speeches from the rear platform of the presidential car, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan_Railcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Magellan Railcar">Ferdinand Magellan</a>, came to represent his campaign. His combative appearances captured the popular imagination and drew huge crowds. Six stops in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> drew a combined half-million people;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992657-215">[209]</a> a full million turned out for a New York City ticker-tape parade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992701-216">[210]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1948.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ElectoralCollege1948.svg/250px-ElectoralCollege1948.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ElectoralCollege1948.svg/375px-ElectoralCollege1948.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ElectoralCollege1948.svg/500px-ElectoralCollege1948.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1948 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Truman holding Chicago Tribune that says "Dewey Defeats Truman"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg/220px-Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg/330px-Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg/440px-Dewey_Defeats_Truman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2306" /></a><figcaption>Truman was so widely expected to lose the 1948 election that the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> had printed papers with this erroneous headline when few returns were in.</figcaption></figure> The large crowds at Truman's whistle-stop events were an important sign of a change in momentum in the campaign, but this shift went virtually unnoticed by the national press corps. It continued reporting Republican <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dewey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dewey">Thomas Dewey</a>'s apparent impending victory as a certainty. The three major polling organizations stopped polling well before the November 2 election date—<a href="/wiki/Elmo_Roper" title="Elmo Roper">Roper</a> in September, and Crossley and <a href="/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gallup Organization">Gallup</a> in October—thus failing to measure the period when Truman appears to have surged past Dewey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett2012-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library1971-218">[212]</a> In the end, Truman held his progressive Midwestern base, won most of the Southern states despite the civil rights plank, and squeaked through with narrow victories in a few critical states, notably Ohio, California, and Illinois. The final tally showed the president had secured 303 electoral votes, Dewey 189, and Thurmond only 39. Henry Wallace got none. The defining image of the campaign came after Election Day, when an ecstatic Truman held aloft the erroneous front page of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> with a huge headline proclaiming "<a href="/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman" title="Dewey Defeats Truman">Dewey Defeats Truman</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2020-219">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_elected_term_(1949–1953)">Full elected term (1949–1953)</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman">Truman's second inauguration</a> on January 20, 1949, was the first ever televised nationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Senate2005-220">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydrogen_bomb_decision">Hydrogen bomb decision</h4></div> The Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project" title="Soviet atomic bomb project">atomic bomb project</a> progressed much faster than had been expected,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992747–749-221">[215]</a> and they detonated <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">their first bomb</a> on August 29, 1949. Over the next several months there was an intense debate that split the U.S. government, military, and scientific communities regarding whether to proceed with the development of the far more powerful <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSchilling20191–2-222">[216]</a> The debate touched on matters from technical feasibility to strategic value to the morality of creating a massively destructive weapon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSchilling2019152–159-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992756–758-224">[218]</a> On January 31, 1950, Truman made the decision to go forward on the grounds that if the Soviets could make an H-bomb, the United States must do so as well and stay ahead in the nuclear arms race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSchilling2019165-225">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992762–764-226">[220]</a> The development achieved fruition with the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">first U.S. H-bomb test</a> on October 31, 1952, which was officially announced by Truman on January 7, 1953.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtomic_Archive1953-227">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truman_initiating_Korean_involvement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Truman_initiating_Korean_involvement.jpg/220px-Truman_initiating_Korean_involvement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Truman_initiating_Korean_involvement.jpg/330px-Truman_initiating_Korean_involvement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Truman_initiating_Korean_involvement.jpg/440px-Truman_initiating_Korean_involvement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2264" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption>President Truman signing a proclamation declaring a national emergency and authorizing U.S. entry into the Korean War</figcaption></figure> On June 25, 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">North Korean army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il-sung</a> invaded South Korea, starting the Korean War. In the early weeks of the war, the North Koreans easily pushed back their southern counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984222–27-228">[222]</a> Truman called for a naval blockade of Korea, only to learn that due to budget cutbacks, the U.S. Navy could not enforce such a measure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_Memo1950-229">[223]</a> Truman promptly urged the United Nations to intervene; it did, authorizing troops under the UN flag led by U.S. General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>. Truman decided he did not need formal authorization from Congress, believing that most legislators supported his position; this would come back to haunt him later when the stalemated conflict was dubbed "Mr. Truman's War" by legislators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984222–27-228">[222]</a> Rockoff writes that "President Truman responded quickly to the June invasion by authorizing the use of U.S. troops and ordering air strikes and a <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade">naval blockade</a>. He did not, however, seek a declaration of war, or call for full mobilization, in part because such actions might have been misinterpreted by Russia and China. Instead, on July 19 he called for partial mobilization and asked Congress for an appropriation of $10 billion for the war."<a href="#cite_note-rockoff09-230">[224]</a> Cohen writes that: "All of Truman's advisers saw the events in Korea as a test of American will to resist Soviet attempts to expand their power, and their system. The United States ordered warships to the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a> to prevent Mao's forces from invading <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and mopping up the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s army there."<a href="#cite_note-cohen13-231">[225]</a> However, on July 3, 1950, Truman did give Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Scott W. Lucas</a> a draft resolution titled "Joint Resolution Expressing Approval of the Action Taken in Korea". Lucas stated Congress supported the use of force, the formal resolution would pass but was unnecessary, and the consensus in Congress was to acquiesce. Truman responded he did not want "to appear to be trying to get around Congress and use extra-Constitutional powers," and added that it was "up to Congress whether such a resolution should be introduced."<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> By August 1950, U.S. troops pouring into South Korea under UN auspices were able to stabilize the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2008107-233">[227]</a> Responding to criticism over readiness, Truman fired his secretary of defense, <a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a>, replacing him with the retired General Marshall. With UN approval, Truman decided on a "rollback" policy—liberation of North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatray1979314–333-234">[228]</a> UN forces led by General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> led the counterattack, scoring a stunning surprise victory with an amphibious landing at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon">Battle of Inchon</a> that nearly trapped the invaders. UN forces marched north, toward the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu River</a> boundary with China, with the goal of reuniting Korea under UN auspices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury199081–90-235">[229]</a> China surprised the UN forces with a large-scale invasion in November. The UN forces were forced back to below the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a>, then recovered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohenGooch2006165–195-236">[230]</a> By early 1951 the war became a fierce stalemate at about the 38th parallel where it had begun. Truman rejected MacArthur's request to attack Chinese supply bases north of Yalu, but MacArthur promoted his plan to Republican House leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Martin Jr.">Joseph Martin</a>, who leaked it to the press. Truman was gravely concerned further escalation of the war might lead to open conflict with the Soviet Union, which was already supplying weapons and providing warplanes (with Korean markings and Soviet aircrew). Therefore, on April 11, 1951, Truman fired MacArthur from his commands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStokesbury1990123–129-237">[231]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:20em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I fired him [MacArthur] because he wouldn't respect the authority of the President ... I didn't fire him because he was a dumb son of a bitch, although he was, but that's not against the law for generals. If it was, half to three-quarters of them would be in jail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''December_3,_1973-238">[232]</a> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Truman to biographer <a href="/wiki/Merle_Miller" title="Merle Miller">Merle Miller</a>, 1972, posthumously quoted in Time magazine, 1973</cite></div> </div> The <a href="/wiki/President_Truman%27s_relief_of_General_Douglas_MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="President Truman's relief of General Douglas MacArthur">dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur</a> was among the least politically popular decisions in presidential history. Truman's approval ratings plummeted, and he faced calls for his <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeachment</a> from, among others, Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrout1999-239">[233]</a> Fierce criticism from virtually all quarters accused Truman of refusing to shoulder the blame for a war gone sour and blaming his generals instead. Others, including Eleanor Roosevelt and all of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, publicly supported Truman's decision. MacArthur meanwhile returned to the United States to a hero's welcome, and addressed a joint session of Congress, a speech the president called "a bunch of damn bullshit."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2000-240">[234]</a> Truman and his generals considered the use of nuclear weapons against the Chinese army, but ultimately chose not to escalate the war to a nuclear level.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> The war remained a frustrating stalemate for two years, with over 30,000 Americans killed, until an armistice ended the fighting in 1953.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In February 1952, Truman's approval mark stood at 22 percent according to <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup polls</a>, which is the all-time lowest approval mark for a sitting U.S. president, though it was matched by Richard Nixon in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoper2010-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-presidency.ucsb.edu-243">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Worldwide_defense">Worldwide defense</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru,_with_Nehru%27s_sister,_Madame_Pandit,_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>Truman and Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> during Nehru's visit to the United States, October 1949</figcaption></figure> The escalation of the Cold War was highlighted by Truman's approval of <a href="/wiki/NSC_68" title="NSC 68">NSC 68</a>, a secret statement of foreign policy. It called for tripling the defense budget, and the globalization and militarization of containment policy whereby the United States and its NATO allies would respond militarily to actual Soviet expansion. The document was drafted by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Paul Nitze</a>, who consulted State and Defense officials and was formally approved by President Truman as the official national strategy after the war began in Korea. It called for partial mobilization of the U.S. economy to build armaments faster than the Soviets. The plan called for strengthening Europe, weakening the Soviet Union, and building up the United States both militarily and economically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1979116–158-244">[238]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_the_Shah_of_Iran_speaking_at_Washington_National_Airport,_during_ceremonies_welcoming_him_to_the_United..._-_NARA_-_200143.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Photograph_of_the_Shah_of_Iran_speaking_at_Washington_National_Airport%2C_during_ceremonies_welcoming_him_to_the_United..._-_NARA_-_200143.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Photograph_of_the_Shah_of_Iran_speaking_at_Washington_National_Airport%2C_during_ceremonies_welcoming_him_to_the_United..._-_NARA_-_200143.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Photograph_of_the_Shah_of_Iran_speaking_at_Washington_National_Airport%2C_during_ceremonies_welcoming_him_to_the_United..._-_NARA_-_200143.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Photograph_of_the_Shah_of_Iran_speaking_at_Washington_National_Airport%2C_during_ceremonies_welcoming_him_to_the_United..._-_NARA_-_200143.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Photograph_of_the_Shah_of_Iran_speaking_at_Washington_National_Airport%2C_during_ceremonies_welcoming_him_to_the_United..._-_NARA_-_200143.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Photograph_of_the_Shah_of_Iran_speaking_at_Washington_National_Airport%2C_during_ceremonies_welcoming_him_to_the_United..._-_NARA_-_200143.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>Truman and Shah of Iran <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> speaking at <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington National Airport">Washington National Airport</a>, during ceremonies welcoming him to the United States</figcaption></figure> Truman was a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), which established a formal peacetime military alliance with Canada and democratic European nations of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> following World War II. The treaty establishing it was widely popular and easily passed the Senate in 1949; Truman appointed General Eisenhower as commander. NATO's goals were to contain Soviet expansion in Europe and to send a clear message to communist leaders that the world's democracies were willing and able to build new security structures in support of democratic ideals. The United States, Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Iceland, and Canada were the original treaty signatories. The alliance resulted in the Soviets establishing a similar alliance, called the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984197–199,_232-245">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200889–91-246">[240]</a> General Marshall was Truman's principal adviser on foreign policy matters, influencing such decisions as the U.S. choice against offering direct military aid to <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and his nationalist Chinese forces in the Chinese Civil War against their communist opponents. Marshall's opinion was contrary to the counsel of almost all of Truman's other advisers; Marshall thought propping up Chiang's forces would drain U.S. resources necessary for Europe to deter the Soviets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMay20021001–1010-247">[241]</a> When the communists took control of the mainland, establishing the People's Republic of China and driving the nationalists to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Truman would have been willing to maintain some relationship between the United States and the new government, but Mao was unwilling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1994217–218,_224-248">[242]</a> Truman announced on January 5, 1950, that the United States would not engage in any dispute involving the Taiwan Strait, and that he would not intervene in the event of an attack by the PRC.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> On June 27, 1950, after the outbreak of fighting in Korea, Truman ordered the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">Seventh Fleet</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Taiwan Strait</a> to prevent further conflict between the communist government on the China mainland and the Republic of China (ROC) in Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan1983198–199-250">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> Truman usually worked well with his top staff – the exceptions were Israel in 1948 and Spain in 1945–1950. Truman was a very strong opponent of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, the right-wing dictator of Spain. He withdrew the American ambassador (but diplomatic relations were not formally broken), kept Spain out of the UN, and rejected any Marshall Plan financial aid to Spain. However, as the Cold War escalated, support for Spain was strong in Congress, the Pentagon, the business community and other influential elements especially Catholics and cotton growers. Liberal opposition to Spain had faded after the Wallace element broke with the Democratic Party in 1948; the CIO became passive on the issue. As Secretary of State Acheson increased his pressure on Truman, the president stood alone in his administration as his own top appointees wanted to normalize relations. When China entered the Korean War and pushed American forces back, the argument for allies became irresistible. Admitting he was "overruled and worn down," Truman relented and sent an ambassador and made loans available.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_espionage_and_McCarthyism">Soviet espionage and McCarthyism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarryTruman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/HarryTruman.jpg/220px-HarryTruman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/HarryTruman.jpg/330px-HarryTruman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/HarryTruman.jpg/440px-HarryTruman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Official portrait of President Truman by <a href="/wiki/Greta_Kempton" title="Greta Kempton">Greta Kempton</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1945</figcaption></figure> In August 1948, <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>, a former spy for the Soviets and a senior editor at Time magazine, testified before the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> (HUAC). He said an underground communist network had worked inside the U.S. government during the 1930s, of which Chambers had been a member, along with <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a>, until recently a senior State Department official. Chambers did not allege any spying during the Truman presidency. Although Hiss denied the allegations, he was convicted in January 1950 for perjury for denials under oath. The Soviet Union's success in exploding an atomic weapon in 1949 and the fall of the nationalist Chinese the same year led many Americans to conclude subversion by Soviet spies was responsible and to demand that communists be rooted out from the government and other places of influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200887–88-253">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984194,_217–218-254">[248]</a> Hoping to contain these fears, Truman began a "loyalty program" with <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9835" title="Executive Order 9835">Executive Order 9835</a> in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> However, Truman got himself into deeper trouble when he called the Hiss trial a "red herring".<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2007321-257">[251]</a> Wisconsin Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> accused the State Department of harboring communists and rode the controversy to political fame,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1997450–451-258">[252]</a> leading to the Second <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2007324-259">[253]</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>. McCarthy's stifling accusations made it difficult to speak out against him. This led Truman to call McCarthy "the greatest asset the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a> has" by "torpedo[ing] the bipartisan foreign policy of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> Charges that Soviet agents had infiltrated the government were believed by 78 percent of the people in 1946 and became a major campaign issue for Eisenhower in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroy2008128-261">[255]</a> Truman was reluctant to take a more radical stance, because he felt it could threaten civil liberties and add to a potential hysteria. At the same time, he felt political pressure to indicate a strong national security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984217-262">[256]</a> It is unclear to what extent President Truman was briefed of the <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona intercepts</a>, which discovered widespread evidence of Soviet espionage on the atom bomb project and afterward.<a href="#cite_note-:0-263">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> Truman continued his own loyalty program for some time while believing the issue of communist espionage was overstated.<a href="#cite_note-:0-263">[257]</a> In 1949, Truman described American communist leaders, whom his administration <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">was prosecuting</a>, as "traitors".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984217-262">[256]</a> Truman would later state in private conversations with friends that his creation of a loyalty program had been a "terrible" mistake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992553-265">[259]</a> In 1950, Truman vetoed the <a href="/wiki/McCarran_Internal_Security_Act" title="McCarran Internal Security Act">McCarran Internal Security Act</a>, which was passed by Congress just after the start of the Korean War and was aimed at controlling communists in America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984216–217,_234–235-266">[260]</a> Truman called the Act, "the greatest danger to freedom of speech, press, and assembly since the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Laws</a> of 1798," a "mockery of the Bill of Rights" and a "long step toward totalitarianism".<a href="#cite_note-trumanveto-267">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> His veto was immediately overridden by Congress and the Act became law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984216–217,_234–235-266">[260]</a> In the mid-1960s, parts of the Act were found to be unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blair_House_and_assassination_attempt">Blair House and assassination attempt</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/White_House_Reconstruction" title="White House Reconstruction">White House Reconstruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman">Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-house-1950-interior-shell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Inside of a building being renovated, with scaffolding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/White-house-1950-interior-shell.jpg/220px-White-house-1950-interior-shell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/White-house-1950-interior-shell.jpg/330px-White-house-1950-interior-shell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/White-house-1950-interior-shell.jpg/440px-White-house-1950-interior-shell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>View of the interior shell of the White House during renovation in 1950</figcaption></figure> In 1948, Truman ordered an addition to the exterior of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>: a second-floor balcony in the south portico, which came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Balcony" title="Truman Balcony">Truman Balcony</a>. The addition was unpopular. Some said it spoiled the appearance of the south facade, but it gave the First Family more living space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite_House_Museum1952-271">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_Balcony2012-272">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_Balcony_II2012-273">[267]</a> Meanwhile, structural deterioration and a near-imminent collapse of the White House led to a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/White_House_Reconstruction" title="White House Reconstruction">dismantling and rebuilding of the building's interior</a> from 1949 to 1952. Architectural and engineering investigations during 1948 deemed it unsafe for occupancy. Truman, his family, and the entire residence staff were relocated across the street into <a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a> during the renovations. As the newer <a href="/wiki/West_Wing" title="West Wing">West Wing</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, remained open, Truman walked to and from his work across the street each morning and afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992593,_652,_725,_875ff-274">[268]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: center; float:none;margin:auto"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wGYoU50uks">Newsreel scenes in English of the assassination attempt on U.S. President Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr></tbody></table> On November 1, 1950, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> nationalists <a href="/wiki/Griselio_Torresola" title="Griselio Torresola">Griselio Torresola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Collazo" title="Oscar Collazo">Oscar Collazo</a> attempted to assassinate Truman at Blair House. On the street outside the residence, Torresola mortally wounded a White House policeman, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Coffelt" title="Leslie Coffelt">Leslie Coffelt</a>. Before he died, the officer shot and killed Torresola. Collazo was wounded and stopped before he entered the house. He was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death in 1952. Truman commuted his sentence to life in prison. To try to settle the question of Puerto Rican independence, Truman allowed a <a href="/wiki/1952_Puerto_Rican_constitutional_referendum" title="1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum">plebiscite in Puerto Rico in 1952</a> to determine the status of its relationship to the United States. Nearly 82 percent of the people voted in favor of a new constitution for the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Libre_Asociado" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado Libre Asociado">Estado Libre Asociado</a>, a continued 'associated free state.'<a href="#cite_note-N1-275">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steel_and_coal_strikes">Steel and coal strikes</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1952_steel_strike" title="1952 steel strike">1952 steel strike</a></div> In response to a labor/management impasse arising from bitter disagreements over wage and price controls, Truman instructed his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Charles W. Sawyer</a>, to take control of a number of the nation's steel mills in April 1952. Truman cited his authority as commander in chief and the need to maintain an uninterrupted supply of steel for munitions for the war in Korea. The Supreme Court found Truman's actions unconstitutional, however, and reversed the order in a major <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation-of-powers</a> decision, <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_%26_Tube_Co._v._Sawyer" title="Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer">Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer</a> (1952). The 6–3 decision, which held that Truman's assertion of authority was too vague and was not rooted in any legislative action by Congress, was delivered by a court composed entirely of justices appointed by either Truman or Roosevelt. The high court's reversal of Truman's order was one of the notable defeats of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandals_and_controversies">Scandals and controversies</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S_Truman_-_NARA_-_530677_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Harry_S_Truman_-_NARA_-_530677_%282%29.jpg/220px-Harry_S_Truman_-_NARA_-_530677_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Harry_S_Truman_-_NARA_-_530677_%282%29.jpg/330px-Harry_S_Truman_-_NARA_-_530677_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Harry_S_Truman_-_NARA_-_530677_%282%29.jpg/440px-Harry_S_Truman_-_NARA_-_530677_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="2251" /></a><figcaption>Truman in an official portrait</figcaption></figure> In 1950, the Senate, led by <a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a>, investigated numerous charges of corruption among senior administration officials, some of whom received fur coats and deep freezers in exchange for favors. A large number of employees of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Bureau</a> (today the IRS) were accepting bribes; 166 employees either resigned or were fired in 1950,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmaltz1998-277">[271]</a> with many soon facing indictment. When Attorney General <a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">J. Howard McGrath</a> fired the special prosecutor in early 1952 for being too zealous, Truman fired McGrath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmaltz1996-278">[272]</a> Truman submitted a reorganization plan to reform the IRB; Congress passed it, but corruption was a major issue in the 1952 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984299-279">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonovan1983116–117-280">[274]</a> On December 6, 1950, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> music critic <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hume_(music_critic)" title="Paul Hume (music critic)">Paul Hume</a> wrote a critical review of a concert by the president's daughter Margaret Truman: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Miss Truman is a unique American phenomenon with a pleasant voice of little size and fair quality ... [she] cannot sing very well ... is flat a good deal of the time—more last night than at any time we have heard her in past years ... has not improved in the years we have heard her ... [and] still cannot sing with anything approaching professional finish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_FAQ1950-281">[275]</a></blockquote> Truman wrote a scathing response: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I've just read your lousy review of Margaret's concert. I've come to the conclusion that you are an 'eight ulcer man on four ulcer pay.' It seems to me that you are a frustrated old man who wishes he could have been successful. When you write such poppy-cock as was in the back section of the paper you work for it shows conclusively that you're off the beam and at least four of your ulcers are at work. Some day I hope to meet you. When that happens you'll need a new nose, a lot of beefsteak for black eyes, and perhaps a supporter below! <a href="/wiki/Westbrook_Pegler" title="Westbrook Pegler">Pegler</a>, a gutter snipe, is a gentleman alongside you. I hope you'll accept that statement as a worse insult than a reflection on your ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_FAQ1950-281">[275]</a></blockquote> Truman was criticized by many for the letter. However, he pointed out that he wrote it as a loving father and not as the president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes2008-282">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiglio2001112-283">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001-284">[278]</a> In 1951, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">William M. Boyle</a>, Truman's longtime friend and chairman of the Democratic National Committee, was forced to resign after being charged with financial corruption.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Committee_on_Civil_Rights" title="President's Committee on Civil Rights">President's Committee on Civil Rights</a></div> A 1947 report by the Truman administration titled To Secure These Rights presented a detailed ten-point agenda of civil rights reforms. Speaking about this report, international developments have to be taken into account, for with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">UN Charter</a> being passed in 1945, the question of whether international human rights law could be applicable also on an inner-land basis became crucial in the United States. Though the report acknowledged such a path was not free from controversy in the 1940s United States, it nevertheless raised the possibility for the UN-Charter to be used as a legal tool to combat racial discrimination in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> In February 1948, the president submitted a civil rights agenda to Congress that proposed creating several federal offices devoted to issues such as <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights">voting rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">fair employment</a> practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_Special_Message1948-287">[281]</a> This provoked a storm of criticism from southern Democrats in the runup to the national nominating convention, but Truman refused to compromise, saying: "My forebears were Confederates ... but my very stomach turned over when I had learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas, were being dumped out of Army trucks in Mississippi and beaten."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman1973429-288">[282]</a> Tales of the abuse, violence, and persecution suffered by many African American veterans upon their return from World War II infuriated Truman and were major factors in his decision to issue <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a>, in July 1948, requiring equal opportunity in the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirkendall198910–11-289">[283]</a> In the early 1950s after several years of planning, recommendations and revisions between Truman, the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Committee_on_Equality_of_Treatment_and_Opportunity" class="mw-redirect" title="President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity">Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity</a> and the various branches of the military, the services became racially integrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGregor1981312–315,_376–378,_457–459-290">[284]</a> Truman later appointed people who aligned with civil rights agenda. He appointed fellow colonel and civil rights icon <a href="/wiki/Blake_R._Van_Leer" title="Blake R. Van Leer">Blake R. Van Leer</a> to the board of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> who had a focus to work against racism through influential <a href="/wiki/The_Race_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Race Question">statements on race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a> Truman made a historic move in 1949, when he gave a recess appointment to <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">Court of Appeals</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> federal judge in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> Executive Order 9980, also in 1948, made it illegal to discriminate against persons applying for civil service positions based on race. A third, in 1951, established the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Federal_Contract_Compliance_Programs" title="Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs">Committee on Government Contract Compliance</a>, which ensured defense contractors did not discriminate because of race.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives1948-294">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Archives1953-295">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_and_cabinet">Administration and cabinet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman#Administration_and_cabinet" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency of Harry S. Truman § Administration and cabinet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration">Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration</a></div> From 1947 until 1989, world affairs were dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, in which the U.S. and its allies faced the Soviet Union and its allies. There was no large-scale fighting but instead several local civil wars as well as the ever-present threat of a catastrophic nuclear war.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> Unlike Roosevelt, Truman distrusted Stalin and the Soviet Union, and did not have FDR's faith in the UN to soften major tensions. Nevertheless, he cooperated in terms of dividing control over Germany. Soviet efforts to use its army to control politics in Eastern Europe and Iran angered Washington. The final break came in 1947 when the Labour government in London could no longer afford to help Greece fight communism and asked Washington to assume responsibility for suppressing the Communist uprising there.<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> The result was the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> of 1947–48 which made it national policy to <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">contain</a> Communist expansion.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> Truman was supported by the great majority of Democrats, after he forced out the <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry Wallace</a> faction that wanted good terms with Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> Truman's policy had the strong support of most Republicans, who led by Senator <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a> overcame the isolationist Republicans led by Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> In 1948, Truman signed the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, which supplied Western Europe—including Germany—with US$13 billion in reconstruction aid. Stalin vetoed any participation by East European nations. A similar program was operated by the United States to restore the Japanese economy. The U.S. actively sought allies, which it subsidized with military and economic "foreign aid", as well as diplomatic support. The main diplomatic initiative was the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) in 1949, committing the United States to nuclear defense of Western Europe. The result was a peace in Europe, coupled with the fear of Soviet invasion and a reliance on American protection.<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a> The United States operated a worldwide network of bases for its Army, Navy and Air Force, with large contingents stationed in Germany, Japan and South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a> Washington had a weak intelligence community before 1942, and the Soviets had a very effective network of spies. The solution was to create the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a> Economic and propaganda warfare against the communist world became part of the American toolbox.<a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> The containment policy was developed by State Department official <a href="/wiki/George_F._Kennan" title="George F. Kennan">George Kennan</a> in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> Kennan characterized the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as an aggressive, anti-Western power that necessitated containment, a characterization which would shape US foreign policy for decades to come. The idea of containment was to match Soviet aggression with force wherever it occurred while not using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a>. The policy of containment created a bipolar, zero-sum world where the ideological conflicts between the Soviet Union and the United States dominated geopolitics. Due to the antagonism on both sides and each countries' search for security, a tense worldwide contest developed between the two states as the two nations' governments vied for global supremacy militarily, culturally, and politically.<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a> The Cold War was characterized by a lack of global hot wars. Instead there were <a href="/wiki/Proxy_war" title="Proxy war">proxy wars</a>, fought by client states and proxies of the United States and Soviet Union. The most important was <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953), a stalemate that drained away Truman's base of support. Truman made five international trips during his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952_election">1952 election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office_with_the_Democratic_nominees_for_President_and_Vice_President..._-_NARA_-_200393.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men at a desk reviewing a document" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office_with_the_Democratic_nominees_for_President_and_Vice_President..._-_NARA_-_200393.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office_with_the_Democratic_nominees_for_President_and_Vice_President..._-_NARA_-_200393.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office_with_the_Democratic_nominees_for_President_and_Vice_President..._-_NARA_-_200393.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office_with_the_Democratic_nominees_for_President_and_Vice_President..._-_NARA_-_200393.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office_with_the_Democratic_nominees_for_President_and_Vice_President..._-_NARA_-_200393.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office_with_the_Democratic_nominees_for_President_and_Vice_President..._-_NARA_-_200393.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>President Truman; <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_J._Sparkman" class="mw-redirect" title="John J. Sparkman">John J. Sparkman</a>, vice presidential nominee; and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">Illinois Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>, presidential nominee, in the Oval Office, 1952</figcaption></figure> In 1951, the United States ratified the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22nd Amendment</a>, making a president ineligible for election to a third term or for election to a second full term after serving more than two remaining years of a term of a previously elected president. The latter clause did not apply to Truman's situation in 1952 because of a <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clause</a> exempting the incumbent president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFind_Law2012-310">[304]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office,_conferring_with_labor_leader_Walter_Reuther,_president_of_the..._-_NARA_-_200406.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_conferring_with_labor_leader_Walter_Reuther%2C_president_of_the..._-_NARA_-_200406.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_conferring_with_labor_leader_Walter_Reuther%2C_president_of_the..._-_NARA_-_200406.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_conferring_with_labor_leader_Walter_Reuther%2C_president_of_the..._-_NARA_-_200406.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_conferring_with_labor_leader_Walter_Reuther%2C_president_of_the..._-_NARA_-_200406.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_conferring_with_labor_leader_Walter_Reuther%2C_president_of_the..._-_NARA_-_200406.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_in_the_Oval_Office%2C_conferring_with_labor_leader_Walter_Reuther%2C_president_of_the..._-_NARA_-_200406.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2413" /></a><figcaption>President Truman conferring with labor leader <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a> about economic policy in the Oval Office, 1952</figcaption></figure> Therefore, he seriously considered running for another term in 1952 and left his name on the ballot in the New Hampshire primary. However, all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him out of it.<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/1952_New_Hampshire_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="1952 New Hampshire Democratic presidential primary">1952 New Hampshire primary</a> (March 11, 1952), no candidate had won Truman's backing. His first choice, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a>, had declined to run. Illinois Governor <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> had also turned Truman down, Vice President Barkley was considered too old,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992887-312">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1983515-313">[307]</a> and Truman distrusted and disliked Senator Kefauver, who had made a name for himself by his investigations of the Truman administration scandals. Truman let his name be entered in the New Hampshire primary by supporters. The highly unpopular Truman was handily defeated by Kefauver; 18 days later the president formally announced he would not seek a second full term. Truman was eventually able to persuade Stevenson to run, and the governor gained the nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 Democratic National Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2008139–142-314">[308]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S._Truman%27s_farewell_address_1953.ogg" title="File:Harry S. Truman's farewell address 1953.ogg">Harry S. Truman's Farewell Address</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1473" data-mwtitle="Harry_S._Truman's_farewell_address_1953.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Harry_S._Truman%27s_farewell_address_1953.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Harry_S._Truman%27s_farewell_address_1953.ogg/Harry_S._Truman%27s_farewell_address_1953.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Truman's speech on leaving office, and returning home to Independence, Missouri. (January 15, 1953)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Eisenhower gained the Republican nomination, with Senator Nixon as his running mate, and campaigned against what he denounced as Truman's failures: "Korea, communism and corruption". He pledged to clean up the "mess in Washington," and promised to "go to Korea."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992887-312">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1983515-313">[307]</a> Eisenhower defeated Stevenson decisively in <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">the general election</a>, ending 20 years of Democratic presidents. While Truman and Eisenhower had previously been on good terms, Truman felt annoyed that Eisenhower did not denounce Joseph McCarthy during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''November_10,_2008-315">[309]</a> Similarly, Eisenhower was outraged when Truman accused the former general of disregarding "sinister forces ... Anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism, and anti-foreignism" within the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2008144-316">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1953–1972)">Post-presidency (1953–1972)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_situation">Financial situation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill,_with_Harry_Truman,_July_30,_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men at a desk with a document one is signing with their wives standing behind them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg/250px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg/375px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg/500px-Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Medicare_bill%2C_with_Harry_Truman%2C_July_30%2C_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4850" data-file-height="3242" /></a><figcaption>Truman and his wife Bess attend the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> Bill on July 30, 1965, by President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a></figcaption></figure> Before being elected as Jackson County judge, Truman had earned little money, and was in debt from the failure of his haberdashery. His election as senator in 1934 carried with it a salary of $10,000 (equivalent to $235,000 in 2024), high for the time, but the need to maintain two homes, with one in expensive Washington, Margaret Truman's college expenses, and contributions to the support of needy relatives, left the Trumans little extra money. He likely had around $7,500 (equivalent to $131,000 in 2024) in cash and government bonds when nominated for vice president.<a href="#cite_note-show-317">[311]</a> His finances were transformed by his accession to the presidency, which carried with it a salary of $75,000 (equivalent to $1,310,000 in 2024), which was increased to $100,000 (equivalent to $1,322,000 in 2024) in 1949. This was a higher salary than any <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> star, except <a href="/wiki/Joe_DiMaggio" title="Joe DiMaggio">Joe DiMaggio</a>, who also earned $100,000 in his final two seasons (1950 and 1951). Beginning in 1949, the president was also granted a $50,000 (equivalent to $661,000 in 2024) expense allowance, which was initially tax-free, and did not have to be accounted for. Although the allowance became taxable later in his presidency, Truman never reported it on his tax return, and converted some of the funds to cash he kept in the White House safe and later in a safe deposit box in Kansas City.<a href="#cite_note-show-317">[311]</a> Upon leaving the presidency, Truman returned to Independence, Missouri, to live at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_National_Historic_Site" title="Harry S. Truman National Historic Site">Wallace home</a> he and Bess had shared for years with her mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library2012i-318">[312]</a> In a biography that contributed greatly to the myth that Truman was near penury after departing the White House,<a href="#cite_note-show-317">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">David McCullough</a> stated that the Trumans had little alternative than to return to Independence, for his only income was his army pension of $112.56 per month (equivalent to $1,323 in 2024), and he had only been able to save a modest amount from his salary as president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough19921099-319">[313]</a> In February 1953, Truman signed a book deal for his memoirs, and in a draft will dated December of that year listed land worth $250,000 (equivalent to $2,938,000 in 2024), savings bonds of the same amount, and cash of $150,000 (equivalent to $1,763,000 in 2024).<a href="#cite_note-show-317">[311]</a> He wrote, "Bonds, land, and cash all come from savings of presidential salary and free expense account. It should keep you and Margaret comfortably."<a href="#cite_note-show-317">[311]</a> The writing of the memoirs was a struggle for Truman, and he went through a dozen collaborators during the project,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992936–938,_945–947-320">[314]</a> not all of whom served him well,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1994385-321">[315]</a> but he remained heavily involved in the result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoungSchilling2019168n5-322">[316]</a> For the memoirs, Truman received a payment of $670,000 (equivalent to $7,864,385 in 2024).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1994387-323">[317]</a> The memoirs were a commercial and critical success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''August_13,_1956-324">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-nevins-325">[319]</a> They were published in two volumes: Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Year of Decisions (1955) and Memoirs by Harry S. Truman: Years of Trial and Hope (1956).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman1955title_page-326">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman1956title_page-327">[321]</a> Former members of Congress and the federal courts received a federal retirement package; President Truman himself ensured that former servants of the executive branch of government received similar support. In 1953, however, there was no such benefit package for former presidents, and Congressional pensions were not approved until 1946, after Truman had left the Senate, so he received no pension for his Senate service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2008150-328">[322]</a> Truman, behind the scenes, lobbied for a pension, writing to congressional leaders that he had been near penury but for the sale of family farmlands, and in February 1958, in the first televised interview of a former US president that aired on CBS, Truman claimed that "If I hadn't inherited some property that finally paid things through, I'd be on relief right now."<a href="#cite_note-show-317">[311]</a> That year, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Former_Presidents_Act" title="Former Presidents Act">Former Presidents Act</a>, offering a $25,000 (equivalent to $272,463 in 2024) yearly pension to each former president, and it is likely that Truman's claim to be in difficult financial straits played a role in the law's enactment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2008-329">[323]</a> The only other living former president at the time, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, also took the pension, even though he did not need the money; reportedly, he did so to avoid embarrassing Truman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1960249-330">[324]</a> Truman's net worth improved further in 1958 when he and his siblings sold most of the family farm to a Kansas City real estate developer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes200323–24-331">[325]</a> When he was serving as a county judge, Truman borrowed $31,000 (equivalent to $364,327 in 2024) by mortgaging the farm to the county school fund, which was legal at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes200323–24-331">[325]</a> When Republicans controlled the court in 1940, they foreclosed in an effort to embarrass Truman politically, and his mother and sister Mary Jane had to vacate the home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes200323–24-331">[325]</a> In 1945, Truman organized a syndicate of supporters who purchased the farm with the understanding that they would sell it back to the Trumans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes200323–24-331">[325]</a> Harry and Vivian Truman purchased 87 acres in 1945, and Truman purchased another portion in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes200323–24-331">[325]</a> In January 1959, Truman calculated his net worth as $1,046,788.86 (equivalent to $11,291,000 in 2024), including a share in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams" title="Los Angeles Rams">Los Angeles Rams</a> football team. Nevertheless, the Trumans always lived modestly in Independence, and when Bess Truman died in 1982, almost a decade after her husband, the house was found to be in poor condition due to deferred maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-show-317">[311]</a> Bess Truman's personal papers were made public in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a> including financial records and tax returns. The myth that Truman had been in straitened circumstances after his presidency was slow to dissipate; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Campos" title="Paul Campos">Paul Campos</a> wrote in 2021, "The current, 20,000-plus-word Wikipedia biography of Truman goes so far as to assert that, because his earlier business ventures had failed, Truman left the White House with 'no personal savings.' Every aspect of this narrative is false."<a href="#cite_note-show-317">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-333">[g]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truman_Library_and_academic_positions">Truman Library and academic positions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a></div> Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had organized his own <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">presidential library</a>, but legislation to enable future presidents to do something similar had not been enacted. Truman worked to garner private donations to build a presidential library, which he donated to the federal government to maintain and operate—a practice adopted by his successors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes2003217–218-334">[327]</a> He testified before Congress to have money appropriated to have presidential papers copied and organized. He was proud of the bill's passage in 1957. Max Skidmore, in his book on the life of former presidents, wrote that Truman was a well-read man, especially in history. Skidmore added that the presidential papers legislation and the founding of his library "was the culmination of his interest in history. Together they constitute an enormous contribution to the United States—one of the greatest of any former president."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2004123–124-335">[328]</a> Truman taught occasional courses at universities, including <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a>, where he was a <a href="/wiki/Chubb_Fellowship" title="Chubb Fellowship">Chubb Fellow</a> visiting lecturer in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a> In 1962, Truman was a visiting lecturer at <a href="/wiki/Canisius_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Canisius College">Canisius College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_2">Politics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_John_F._Kennedy,_on_his_first_full_day_in_office,_greeting_former_President_Harry_S._Truman..._-_NARA_-_200436.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Photograph_of_President_John_F._Kennedy%2C_on_his_first_full_day_in_office%2C_greeting_former_President_Harry_S._Truman..._-_NARA_-_200436.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_President_John_F._Kennedy%2C_on_his_first_full_day_in_office%2C_greeting_former_President_Harry_S._Truman..._-_NARA_-_200436.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Photograph_of_President_John_F._Kennedy%2C_on_his_first_full_day_in_office%2C_greeting_former_President_Harry_S._Truman..._-_NARA_-_200436.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_President_John_F._Kennedy%2C_on_his_first_full_day_in_office%2C_greeting_former_President_Harry_S._Truman..._-_NARA_-_200436.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Photograph_of_President_John_F._Kennedy%2C_on_his_first_full_day_in_office%2C_greeting_former_President_Harry_S._Truman..._-_NARA_-_200436.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_President_John_F._Kennedy%2C_on_his_first_full_day_in_office%2C_greeting_former_President_Harry_S._Truman..._-_NARA_-_200436.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>Former President Truman greeting with President John F. Kennedy during his visit at the White House in Washington D.C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_and_JFK_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_and_JFK_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_and_JFK_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_and_JFK_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_and_JFK_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_and_JFK_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Harry_S._Truman_and_JFK_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption>Former President Truman sits with President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in the Oval Office at White House</figcaption></figure> Truman supported Adlai Stevenson's second bid for the White House in 1956, although he had initially favored Democratic governor <a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a> of New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhio_State2012-338">[331]</a> He continued to campaign for Democratic senatorial candidates for many years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library1965-339">[332]</a> In 1960 Truman gave a public statement announcing he would not attend the <a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">Democratic Convention</a> that year, citing concerns about the way that the supporters of <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> had gained control of the nominating process, and called on Kennedy to forgo the nomination for that year.<a href="#cite_note-Truman_1960-340">[333]</a> Kennedy responded with a press conference where he bluntly rebuffed Truman's advice.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_1960-341">[334]</a> Despite his supportive stance on civil rights during his presidency, Truman expressed criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> during the 1960s. In 1960, he stated that he believed the <a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">sit-in movement</a> to be part of a Soviet plot.<a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a> Truman's statement garnered a response from <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, who wrote a letter to the former president stating that he was "baffled" by the accusation, and demanded a public apology.<a href="#cite_note-343">[336]</a> Truman would later criticize King following the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma march</a> in 1965, believing the protest to be "silly" and claiming that it "can't accomplish a darn thing except to attract attention."<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> In 1963, Truman voiced his opposition to <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a>, believing that daughters of white people would never love someone of an opposite color.<a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[339]</a> On December 22, 1963, Truman published an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> entitled ‘Limit CIA Role to Intelligence' where he said that “for some time I have been disturbed by the way CIA has been diverted from its original assignment. It has become an operational and at times a policy-making arm of the Government” and that he “never had any thought that when I set up the CIA that it would be injected into peacetime cloak and dagger operations”. He concluded that “there is something about the way the CIA has been functioning that is casting a shadow over our historic position and I feel that we need to correct it”.<a href="#cite_note-347">[340]</a> Upon turning 80 in 1964, Truman was feted in Washington, and addressed the Senate, availing himself of a new rule that allowed former presidents to be granted <a href="/wiki/Floor_privileges_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor privileges of the United States Senate">privilege of the floor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992983-348">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicare">Medicare</h3></div> After a fall in his home in late 1964, Truman's physical condition declined. In 1965, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> bill at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a> and gave the first two Medicare cards to Truman and his wife Bess to honor the former president's fight for government health care while in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library1965-339">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TrumanFuneralWreath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/TrumanFuneralWreath.jpg/220px-TrumanFuneralWreath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/TrumanFuneralWreath.jpg/330px-TrumanFuneralWreath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/TrumanFuneralWreath.jpg/440px-TrumanFuneralWreath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Wreath by Truman's casket, December 27, 1972</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S._and_Bess_Truman_graves_July_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Harry_S._and_Bess_Truman_graves_July_2007.jpg/220px-Harry_S._and_Bess_Truman_graves_July_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Harry_S._and_Bess_Truman_graves_July_2007.jpg/330px-Harry_S._and_Bess_Truman_graves_July_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Harry_S._and_Bess_Truman_graves_July_2007.jpg/440px-Harry_S._and_Bess_Truman_graves_July_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Graves of Harry S. Truman and Bess Truman in Independence, Missouri</figcaption></figure> On December 5, 1972, Truman was admitted to Kansas City's <a href="/wiki/Research_Medical_Center" title="Research Medical Center">Research Hospital and Medical Center</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>. He developed <a href="/wiki/Multiple_organ_dysfunction_syndrome" title="Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome">multiple organ failure</a>, fell into a <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>, and died at 7:50 a.m. on December 26, at the age of 88. At the time of his death, Truman had been the oldest living president, a distinction he held from the time of Hoover's death in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-CBSRadioNews1972-349">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library2012i-318">[312]</a> Bess Truman opted for a simple private service at the library rather than a state funeral in Washington. A week after the funeral, foreign dignitaries and Washington officials attended a memorial service at <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a> Bess Truman died in 1982 and was buried next to her husband at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Library_and_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S. Truman Library and Museum">Harry S. Truman Library and Museum</a> in Independence, Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_National_Cathedral2012-351">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWooten19731-352">[345]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes_and_legacy">Tributes and legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truman_pass-the-buck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man in suit sitting behind desk with sign that says "The buck stops here"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Truman_pass-the-buck.jpg/220px-Truman_pass-the-buck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Truman_pass-the-buck.jpg/330px-Truman_pass-the-buck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Truman_pass-the-buck.jpg/440px-Truman_pass-the-buck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Former President Harry Truman with "<a href="/wiki/The_Buck_Stops_Here" class="mw-redirect" title="The Buck Stops Here">The Buck Stops Here</a>" sign on a recreation of his Oval Office desk</figcaption></figure> When he left office in 1953, Truman was one of the most unpopular chief executives in history. His job approval rating of 22% in the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a> of February 1952 was lower than <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s 24% in August 1974, the month that Nixon resigned. American public feeling towards Truman grew steadily warmer with the passing years; as early as 1962, a poll of 75 historians conducted by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.</a> ranked Truman among the "near great" presidents. The period following his death consolidated a partial rehabilitation of his legacy among both historians and members of the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Wisconsin_Magazine_of_History''Autumn_1975-353">[346]</a> Truman died when the nation was consumed with crises in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a>, and his death brought a new wave of attention to his political career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''December_3,_1973-238">[232]</a> In the early and mid-1970s, Truman captured the popular imagination much as he had in 1948, this time emerging as a kind of political folk hero, a president who was thought to exemplify an integrity and accountability many observers felt was lacking in <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">the Nixon White House</a>. This public reassessment of Truman was aided by the popularity of a book of reminiscences which Truman had told to journalist <a href="/wiki/Merle_Miller" title="Merle Miller">Merle Miller</a> beginning in 1961, with the agreement that they would not be published until after Truman's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2008149,_152-354">[347]</a> Truman had his latter-day critics as well. After a review of information available to Truman about the presence of espionage activities in the U.S. government, Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> concluded that Truman was "almost willfully obtuse" concerning the danger of American communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoynihan1997-355">[348]</a> In 2010, historian Alonzo Hamby concluded that "Harry Truman remains a controversial president."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby2002-356">[349]</a> However, Truman has fared well in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">polls ranking the presidents</a>, consistently being listed in the top ten;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC-SPAN2009-357">[350]</a> this includes a 2022 poll by the <a href="/wiki/Siena_College_Research_Institute" title="Siena College Research Institute">Siena College Research Institute</a>, which placed him in seventh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiena2022-358">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="The fall of the Soviet Union">The fall of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 caused Truman advocates to claim vindication for Truman's decisions in the postwar period. According to Truman biographer Robert Dallek, "His contribution to victory in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">cold war</a> without a devastating nuclear conflict elevated him to the stature of a great or near-great president."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2008152-359">[352]</a> The 1992 publication of <a href="/wiki/David_McCollough" class="mw-redirect" title="David McCollough">David McCollough</a>'s favorable biography of Truman further cemented the view of Truman as a highly regarded chief executive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek2008152-359">[352]</a> According to historian Daniel R. McCoy in his book on the Truman presidency: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Harry Truman himself gave a strong and far-from-incorrect impression of being a tough, concerned and direct leader. He was occasionally vulgar, often partisan, and usually nationalistic ... On his own terms, Truman can be seen as having prevented the coming of a <a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">third world war</a> and having preserved from Communist oppression much of what he called the free world. Yet clearly he largely failed to achieve his <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilsonian</a> aim of securing perpetual peace, making the world safe for democracy, and advancing opportunities for individual development internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy1984318–319-360">[353]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sites_and_honors">Sites and honors</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S_TRuman_1973_Issue-8c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Harry_S_TRuman_1973_Issue-8c.jpg/165px-Harry_S_TRuman_1973_Issue-8c.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Harry_S_TRuman_1973_Issue-8c.jpg/248px-Harry_S_TRuman_1973_Issue-8c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Harry_S_TRuman_1973_Issue-8c.jpg/330px-Harry_S_TRuman_1973_Issue-8c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/US_Presidents_on_US_postage_stamps#Harry_S._Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="US Presidents on US postage stamps">Stamp issued in 1973, following Truman's death</a>—Truman has been honored on five U.S. postage stamps, issued from 1973 to 1999.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKloetzelCharles201250,_61,_71,_91,_99-361">[354]</a></div></figcaption></figure> In 1956, Truman traveled to Europe with his wife. In Britain, he received an honorary degree in Civic Law from <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> and met with <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOhio_State2012-338">[331]</a> In 1959, he was given a 50-year award by the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masons</a>, recognizing his longstanding involvement: he was initiated on February 9, 1909, into the Belton <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> Lodge in Missouri. In 1911, he helped establish the Grandview Lodge, and he served as its first Worshipful Master. In September 1940, during his Senate re-election campaign, Truman was elected <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand Master</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Missouri" title="Grand Lodge of Missouri">Grand Lodge of Missouri</a>; Truman said later that the Masonic election assured his victory in the general election. In 1945, he was made a 33° Sovereign Grand Inspector General and an Honorary Member of the supreme council at the Supreme Council A.A.S.R. Southern Jurisdiction Headquarters in Washington D.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrand_Lodge-Pennsylvania2011-362">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''March_24,_1952-363">[356]</a> Truman was also a member of <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a> (SAR)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_SAR2012-364">[357]</a> and a card-carrying member of the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMissouri_Partisan_Ranger1995-365">[358]</a> Two of his relatives were <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMissouri_Partisan_Ranger1995-365">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEakinHale199571-366">[359]</a> In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman Scholarship">Truman Scholarship</a> was created as a federal program to honor U.S. college students who exemplified dedication to public service and leadership in public policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Scholarship2012-367">[360]</a> In 1983 the Harry S. Truman State Office Building in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson City">Jefferson City</a> was completed.<a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a> In 2004, the President Harry S. Truman Fellowship in National Security Science and Engineering was created as a distinguished postdoctoral three-year appointment at <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia National Laboratories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Fellowship2012-369">[362]</a> In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> established the Harry S. Truman School of Public Affairs to advance the study and practice of governance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_School_of_Public_Affairs2010-370">[363]</a> The University of Missouri's <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Tigers" title="Missouri Tigers">Missouri Tigers</a> athletic programs have an official mascot named <a href="/wiki/Truman_the_Tiger" title="Truman the Tiger">Truman the Tiger</a>. On July 1, 1996, Northeast Missouri State University became <a href="/wiki/Truman_State_University" title="Truman State University">Truman State University</a>—to mark its transformation from a <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers College">teachers' college</a> to a highly selective <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts university">liberal arts university</a> and to honor the only Missourian to become president. A member institution of the <a href="/wiki/City_Colleges_of_Chicago" title="City Colleges of Chicago">City Colleges of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S. Truman College">Harry S. Truman College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, is named in his honor for his dedication to public colleges and universities. In 2000, the headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>, built in the 1930s but never officially named, was dedicated as the <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry S. Truman Building">Harry S. Truman Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECNN2000-371">[364]</a> Despite Truman's attempt to curtail the naval carrier arm, which led to the 1949 <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''October_17,_1949-372">[365]</a> an aircraft carrier is named after him. The <a href="/wiki/USS_Harry_S._Truman" title="USS Harry S. Truman">USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75)</a> was christened on September 7, 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavSource_Online2012-373">[366]</a> The <a href="/wiki/129th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="129th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">129th Field Artillery Regiment</a> is designated "Truman's Own" in recognition of Truman's service as commander of its D Battery during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmy_National_Guard2012-374">[367]</a> In 1991, Truman was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Famous_Missourians" title="Hall of Famous Missourians">Hall of Famous Missourians</a>, and a bronze bust depicting him is on permanent display in the rotunda of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_Capitol" title="Missouri State Capitol">Missouri State Capitol</a>. In 2006, Thomas Daniel, grandson of the Trumans, accepted a star on the Missouri Walk of Fame to honor his late grandfather. In 2007, John Truman, a nephew, accepted a star for Bess Truman. The Walk of Fame is in <a href="/wiki/Marshfield,_Missouri" title="Marshfield, Missouri">Marshfield, Missouri</a>, a city Truman visited in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall_of_Famous_Missourians2012-375">[368]</a> In 2004, international relations scholars <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Kleinfeld" title="Rachel Kleinfeld">Rachel Kleinfeld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Spence_(lawyer)" title="Matthew Spence (lawyer)">Matthew Spence</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Truman_National_Security_Project" title="Truman National Security Project">Truman National Security Project</a>. In 2013, they launched the Truman Center for National Policy. Both organizations were named after Truman.<a href="#cite_note-376">[369]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Statue of Harry S. Truman">statue of Harry S. Truman</a> was installed in the U.S. Capitol, in Washington, D.C., on September 29, 2022, as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a> On the 70th anniversary of the Korean War armistice in 2023, South Korea erected a statue of Truman in Dabu-dong, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsangbuk-do" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeongsangbuk-do">Gyeongsangbuk-do</a> to commemorate him sending US troops to defend the country.<a href="#cite_note-378">[371]</a> Other sites associated with Truman include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_National_Historic_Site" title="Harry S. Truman National Historic Site">Harry S. Truman National Historic Site</a> includes the Wallace House at 219 N. Delaware in Independence and the family farmhouse at <a href="/wiki/Grandview,_Missouri" title="Grandview, Missouri">Grandview, Missouri</a> (Truman sold most of the farm for Kansas City suburban development including the Truman Corners Shopping Center).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site" title="Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site">Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site</a> is the house where Truman was born and spent 11 months in Lamar, Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Birthplace2012-379">[372]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">Presidential library</a> in Independence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Little_White_House" title="Harry S. Truman Little White House">Harry S. Truman Little White House</a> – Truman's winter getaway at <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Electoral history of Harry S. Truman">Electoral history of Harry S. Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman_(song)" title="Harry Truman (song)">"Harry Truman"</a>, hit song by the band <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>, 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_American_Legion" title="List of members of the American Legion">List of members of the American Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1995_film)" title="Truman (1995 film)">Truman</a>, 1995 film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a>, Missouri state holiday, 1995</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Truman was vice president under <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and became president upon Roosevelt's death on April 12, 1945. As this was prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next election and inauguration. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Truman was given the initial S as a middle name. There is disagreement over whether the period after the S should be included or omitted, or if both forms are equally valid. Truman's own archived correspondence shows that he regularly used the period when writing his name.<a href="#cite_note-LibraryPeriod-8">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Truman hald several leadership positions at the local and state level and in 1940 was elected to a one year term as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-Mason-91">[89]</a> In October 1945 he received the 33rd degree of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mason-91">[89]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Truman was a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers_Association" title="Reserve Officers Association">Reserve Officers Association</a> and organized Missouri's first chapter, Chapter 1.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Truman organized the first <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a> post in Missouri, aided in organizing several others, and attended numerous annual conventions as a delegate.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> For example, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFussell1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fussell" title="Paul Fussell">Fussell, Paul</a> (1988). "Thank God for the Atomic Bomb". Thank God for the Atomic Bomb and Other Essays. New York Summit Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thank+God+for+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.btitle=Thank+God+for+the+Atomic+Bomb+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=New+York+Summit+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> That claim was removed from this article on August 1, 2021, with <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman&diff=prev&oldid=1036528045">this edit</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell1994108-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1994108_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell1994108_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerrell1994">Ferrell 1994</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"County_Judges_1923–1972"" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200920231556/https://www.jacksongov.org/595/County-Judges-1923---1972">"County Judges 1923–1972"</a>. County History: County Judges. Kansas City, Missouri: Jackson County, Missouri. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacksongov.org/595/County-Judges-1923---1972">the original</a> on September 20, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=County+History%3A+County+Judges&rft.atitle=County+Judges+1923%E2%80%931972&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacksongov.org%2F595%2FCounty-Judges-1923---1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"County_Judges_1923–1972"-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"County_Judges_1923–1972"_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"County_Judges_1923–1972"_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREF"County_Judges_1923–1972"">"County Judges 1923–1972"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199499-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199499_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199499_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerrell1994">Ferrell 1994</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"County_Judges_1826–1922"" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930225404/https://www.jacksongov.org/592/County-Judges-1826---1922">"County Judges 1826–1922"</a>. County History: County Judges. Kansas City, Missouri: Jackson County, Missouri. 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jacksongov.org/592/County-Judges-1826---1922">the original</a> on September 30, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=County+History%3A+County+Judges&rft.atitle=County+Judges+1826%E2%80%931922&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jacksongov.org%2F592%2FCounty-Judges-1826---1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamby2016" class="citation web cs1">Hamby, Alonzo L. (October 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/truman/life-in-brief">"Harry S. Truman: Life in Brief"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a>. Retrieved February 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman%3A+Life+in+Brief&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Hamby&rft.aufirst=Alonzo+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ftruman%2Flife-in-brief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LibraryPeriod-8"><a href="#cite_ref-LibraryPeriod_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/education/trivia/use-of-period-after-s-truman-name">"Use of the Period After the 'S' in Harry S. Truman's Name"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. 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Truman Library. Independence, MO: National Archives and Records Administration. 2002. Retrieved July 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harry+S.+Truman+Library&rft.atitle=Commerce+Bancshares%2C+Inc.+Records%3A+Dates%3A+1903%E2%80%931999&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpersonal-papers%2Fcommerce-bancshares-inc-records&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199267,_99-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199267,_99_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, pp. 67, 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeselbracht" class="citation magazine cs1">Geselbracht, Raymond H. 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College Park, MD: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+First+Proposal+Or%2C+What+a+Future+President+of+the+United+States+Did+When+He+Was+Rejected+by+the+Woman+He+Loved&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Geselbracht&rft.aufirst=Raymond+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2007%2Fwinter%2Fproposal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeselbracht-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeselbracht_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeselbracht_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeselbracht">Geselbracht</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199278–79-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough199278–79_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrell199452,_53,_79-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrell199452,_53,_79_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerrell1994">Ferrell 1994</a>, pp. 52, 53, 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirKendall1989" class="citation book cs1">KirKendall, Richard Stewart (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5i93AAAAMAAJ&q=%22harry+s+truman%22+oil+lease+lead+zinc+unsuccessful">The Harry S. Truman Encyclopedia</a>. Boston: G. K. Hall. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816189151" title="Special:BookSources/9780816189151"><bdi>9780816189151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harry+S.+Truman+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=G.+K.+Hall&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780816189151&rft.aulast=KirKendall&rft.aufirst=Richard+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5i93AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522harry%2Bs%2Btruman%2522%2Boil%2Blease%2Blead%2Bzinc%2Bunsuccessful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanilov2013" class="citation book cs1">Danilov, Victor J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kWsrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA268">Famous Americans: A Directory of Museums, Historic Sites, and Memorials</a>. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9185-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-9185-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-9185-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Americans%3A+A+Directory+of+Museums%2C+Historic+Sites%2C+and+Memorials&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-9185-2&rft.aulast=Danilov&rft.aufirst=Victor+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkWsrAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby199517–18,_135-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamby199517–18,_135_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamby199517–18,_135_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamby1995">Hamby 1995</a>, pp. 17–18, 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1986" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Richard Lawrence (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tF0aAQAAIAAJ&q=%22professional+courtesy%22">Truman: The Rise to Power</a>. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-042185-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-042185-1"><bdi>978-0-07-042185-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman%3A+The+Rise+to+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-07-042185-1&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtF0aAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522professional%2Bcourtesy%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2004" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Norman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMKRAAAAMAAJ&q=%22law+license+from+harry+s.+truman%22">America's Lawyer-Presidents: From Law Office to Oval Office</a>. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1218-6"><bdi>978-0-8101-1218-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Lawyer-Presidents%3A+From+Law+Office+to+Oval+Office&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-1218-6&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMKRAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522law%2Blicense%2Bfrom%2Bharry%2Bs.%2Btruman%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackman1996" class="citation news cs1">Jackman, Tom (Kansas City Star) (September 20, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19960920&id=yXo0AAAAIBAJ&pg=7058,3681527">"49 Years Later, Truman Gets His Law License"</a>. Tuscaloosa News. Tuscaloosa, AL. p. 1D.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tuscaloosa+News&rft.atitle=49+Years+Later%2C+Truman+Gets+His+Law+License&rft.pages=1D&rft.date=1996-09-20&rft.aulast=Jackman&rft.aufirst=Tom+%28%27%27Kansas+City+Star%27%27%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1817%26dat%3D19960920%26id%3DyXo0AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7058%2C3681527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000_42-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000_42-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilwee2000_42-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilwee2000">Gilwee 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992105-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992105_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_Eye2012-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruman_Library,_Eye2012_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruman_Library,_Eye2012">Truman Library, Eye 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/harry-s-trumans-national-guard-enlistment-papers?documentid=NA&pagenumber=3">"Harry S. Truman's National Guard Enlistment Papers, June 22, 1917. RG407: Records of the Adjutant General's Office: Military Personnel File of Harry S. Truman, Subject Files. Service File, 1917–1957 [1 of 3]"</a>. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240916140207/https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/harry-s-trumans-national-guard-enlistment-papers?documentid=NA&pagenumber=3">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2024. Retrieved September 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harry+S.+Truman+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=Harry+S.+Truman%27s+National+Guard+Enlistment+Papers%2C+June+22%2C+1917.+RG407%3A+Records+of+the+Adjutant+General%27s+Office%3A+Military+Personnel+File+of+Harry+S.+Truman%2C+Subject+Files.+Service+File%2C+1917%E2%80%931957+%5B1+of+3%5D.&rft.pages=3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.gov%2Flibrary%2Fresearch-files%2Fharry-s-trumans-national-guard-enlistment-papers%3Fdocumentid%3DNA%26pagenumber%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell1998" class="citation book cs1">Ferrell, Robert H., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6y0odeAgVDwC&pg=PA219">Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910–1959</a>. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1203-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1203-0"><bdi>978-0-8262-1203-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dear+Bess%3A+The+Letters+from+Harry+to+Bess+Truman%2C+1910%E2%80%931959&rft.place=Columbia%2C+MO&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1203-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6y0odeAgVDwC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnother_Such_Victory" class="citation book cs1">Offner, Arnold A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anothersuchvicto00offn">Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–1953</a>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anothersuchvicto00offn/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4254-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4254-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-4254-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Another+Such+Victory%3A+President+Truman+and+the+Cold+War%2C+1945%E2%80%931953&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4254-2&rft.aulast=Offner&rft.aufirst=Arnold+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanothersuchvicto00offn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Another_Such_Victory''6-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Another_Such_Victory''6_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Another_Such_Victory''6_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnother_Such_Victory">Another Such Victory</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992105–110-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992105–110_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, pp. 105–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiangreco" class="citation web cs1">Giangreco, D. M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/truman2.htm">"Capt. Harry Truman & Battery D, 129th Field Artillery In Action in the Argonne"</a>. Doughboy Center: The Story of the American Expeditionary Forces. WorldWar1.com. Retrieved July 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doughboy+Center%3A+The+Story+of+the+American+Expeditionary+Forces&rft.atitle=Capt.+Harry+Truman+%26+Battery+D%2C+129th+Field+Artillery+In+Action+in+the+Argonne&rft.aulast=Giangreco&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwar1.com%2Fdbc%2Ftruman2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurrentFreidelWilliams1971594-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurrentFreidelWilliams1971594_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCurrentFreidelWilliams1971">Current, Freidel & Williams 1971</a>, p. 594. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/announcement-harry-s-trumans-promotion-captain">Announcement of Harry S. Truman's Promotion to Captain, May 2, 1918</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992115-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992115_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalguard.mil/Resources/Image-Gallery/Historical-Paintings/Heritage-Series/Trumans-Battery/">"Truman's Battery"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes200349-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnes200349_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnes2003">Burnes 2003</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-Farinacci-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farinacci_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farinacci_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farinacci_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farinacci_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farinacci_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farinacci_56-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarinacci2017" class="citation book cs1">Farinacci, Donald J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HV8lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Truman and MacArthur: Adversaries for a Common Cause</a>. Hoosick Falls, NY: Merriam Press. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57638-630-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57638-630-9"><bdi>978-1-57638-630-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman+and+MacArthur%3A+Adversaries+for+a+Common+Cause&rft.place=Hoosick+Falls%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=Merriam+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-57638-630-9&rft.aulast=Farinacci&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHV8lDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992130,_531-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992130,_531_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, pp. 130, 531. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2002192-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2002192_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiangreco2002">Giangreco 2002</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2002181–186-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGiangreco2002181–186_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiangreco2002">Giangreco 2002</a>, pp. 181–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2010" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Roger (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0ZCxForm1cC&pg=PA1">Immigration and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman</a>. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931112-99-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931112-99-4"><bdi>978-1-931112-99-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+the+Legacy+of+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.place=Kirksville%2C+MO&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Truman+State+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-931112-99-4&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz0ZCxForm1cC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspinosa2009" class="citation book cs1">Espinosa, Gastón (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iYTZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22describing+to+Bess+a+revival+meeting+that+he+had+heard+about%2C+where+the+emotional+behavior+of+those+present+amused+him%22">Religion and the American Presidency</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14333-2"><bdi>978-0-231-14333-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+American+Presidency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14333-2&rft.aulast=Espinosa&rft.aufirst=Gast%C3%B3n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiYTZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522describing%2Bto%2BBess%2Ba%2Brevival%2Bmeeting%2Bthat%2Bhe%2Bhad%2Bheard%2Babout%252C%2Bwhere%2Bthe%2Bemotional%2Bbehavior%2Bof%2Bthose%2Bpresent%2Bamused%2Bhim%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Nielsen, Niels C. 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New York: Morgan James Publishing. pp. 152–153, 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60037-646-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60037-646-7"><bdi>978-1-60037-646-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+In+The+Obama+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E153%2C+156&rft.pub=Morgan+James+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60037-646-7&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=Niels+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUAym-zqJC08C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman1911" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Truman, Harry S. 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Independence, MO: Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum. Retrieved May 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monsignor+L.+Curtis+Tiernan+Papers&rft.atitle=Biographical+Sketch%2C+L.+Curtis+Tiernan&rft.aulast=Tiernan&rft.aufirst=L.+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fhstpaper%2Ftiernan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Biographical_Sketch,_L._Curtis_Tiernan"-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Biographical_Sketch,_L._Curtis_Tiernan"_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF"Biographical_Sketch,_L._Curtis_Tiernan"">"Biographical Sketch, L. 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Retrieved March 5, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ%3A+Was+President+Truman+the+first+Baptist+president%3F&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Ftrivia%2Fbaptist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding2009" class="citation cs2">Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards (2009), "Religion and the presidency of Harry S. Truman", in Espinosa, Gastón (ed.), Religion and the American Presidency: George Washington to George W. Bush, pp. 219–249</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+presidency+of+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+American+Presidency%3A+George+Washington+to+George+W.+Bush&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E249&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Edwards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel1990" class="citation book cs1">Sobel, Robert (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldire00sobe">Biographical Directory of the United States Executive Branch, 1774–1989</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldire00sobe/page/358">358</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26593-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26593-8"><bdi>978-0-313-26593-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Executive+Branch%2C+1774%E2%80%931989&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26593-8&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicaldire00sobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/research-files/united-states-army-officers-reserve-corps-commission-harry-s-truman">"United States Army Officers' Reserve Corps Commission for Harry S. Truman, March 20, 1920"</a>. From Soldier to Senator: Harry S. Truman, 1918–1941. Independence, MO: Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. 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Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press. p. 878. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780984190140" title="Special:BookSources/9780984190140"><bdi>9780984190140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Army+Order+of+Battle%2C+1919%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Ft.+Leavenworth%2C+KS&rft.pages=878&rft.pub=Combat+Studies+Institute+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780984190140&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlDnlMWhH9lgC%26q%3D%2522harry%2Bs.%2Btruman%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2010" class="citation news cs1">Tucker, Frank (December 1, 2010). 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Truman, 33rd President of the United States"</a>. Trumanlibrary.org. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Retrieved May 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trumanlibrary.org&rft.atitle=Biographical+Sketch%3A+Harry+S.+Truman%2C+33rd+President+of+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fhst-bio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Pullen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RQIuAAAAYAAJ&q=%22harry+s.+truman%22">Twice the Citizen</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/rg407.htm">"Harry S. 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Sterling. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402763021" title="Special:BookSources/9781402763021"><bdi>9781402763021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+History+of+the+Cold+War%3A+A+New+Look+at+the+Past&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781402763021&rft.aulast=Alexrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZnYHG1eK-2AC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://histrf.ru/read/articles/kratkii-kurs-istorii-tak-uchilis-druzhit">"Краткий курс истории. Так учились "дружить""</a> (in Russian). история.рф. July 23, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%22%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C%22&rft.pub=%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F.%D1%80%D1%84&rft.date=2017-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistrf.ru%2Fread%2Farticles%2Fkratkii-kurs-istorii-tak-uchilis-druzhit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xn--h1aagokeh.xn--p1ai/journal/post/6470">"Трумэн и его доктрина"</a> (in Russian). Историк. March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxn--h1aagokeh.xn--p1ai%2Fjournal%2Fpost%2F6470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_James_Lacey1991" class="citation book cs1">Michael James Lacey (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfkuktI-JewC&pg=PA35">The Truman Presidency</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521407731" title="Special:BookSources/9780521407731"><bdi>9780521407731</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truman+Presidency&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780521407731&rft.au=Michael+James+Lacey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhfkuktI-JewC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200812–14-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200812–14_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallek2008">Dallek 2008</a>, pp. 12–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2012" class="citation cs2">Herman, Arthur (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomsforgehow00herm/page/103">Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II</a>, New York: Random House, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freedomsforgehow00herm/page/103">103, 118, 194, 198–199, 235–236, 275, 281, 303, 312</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6964-4"><bdi>978-1-4000-6964-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom%27s+Forge%3A+How+American+Business+Produced+Victory+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103%2C+118%2C+194%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E199%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E236%2C+275%2C+281%2C+303%2C+312&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6964-4&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffreedomsforgehow00herm%2Fpage%2F103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Life''November_30,_1942-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Life''November_30,_1942_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLifeNovember_30,_1942">Life & November 30, 1942</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-zuberi2001-112"><a href="#cite_ref-zuberi2001_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuberi2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zuberi, Matin (August 2001). "Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki". Strategic Analysis. 25 (5): 623–662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09700160108458986">10.1080/09700160108458986</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-0161">0970-0161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154800868">154800868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Analysis&rft.atitle=Atomic+bombing+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E662&rft.date=2001-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154800868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0970-0161&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09700160108458986&rft.aulast=Zuberi&rft.aufirst=Matin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992337–338-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992337–338_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, pp. 337–338: "Later estimates were that the Truman Committee saved the country as much as $15 billion." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1984-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1984_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1984">McDonald 1984</a>: "This committee saved billions in taxpayers' money by helping eliminate waste and fraud." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1998228-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniels1998228_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaniels1998">Daniels 1998</a>, p. 228: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_W._Daniels" title="Jonathan W. Daniels">Jonathan W. Daniels</a> quotes journalist <a href="/wiki/Marquis_Childs" title="Marquis Childs">Marquis Childs</a> who wrote in November 1942 that the Truman Committee had "saved billions—yes, billions—of dollars." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton2009301-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton2009301_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton2009">Hamilton 2009</a>, p. 301: "Over seven years (1941–1948) the committee heard from 1,798 witnesses during 432 public hearings. It published nearly two thousand pages of documents and saved perhaps $15 billion and thousands of lives by exposing faulty airplane and munitions production." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''2012-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''2012_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTime2012">Time 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESenate_Truman_Committee2012-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESenate_Truman_Committee2012_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSenate_Truman_Committee2012">Senate Truman Committee 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992373–378-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992373–378_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, pp. 373–378. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/440720convention-dem-ra.html">"Democrats Press 'War Chief' Issue; Second Place Open"</a>. archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved August 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Democrats+Press+%27War+Chief%27+Issue%3B+Second+Place+Open&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Fpolitics%2Fcamp%2F440720convention-dem-ra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnes2003131-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnes2003131_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnes2003131_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnes2003131_121-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnes2003">Burnes 2003</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200814–16-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200814–16_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallek2008">Dallek 2008</a>, pp. 14–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200815–17-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200815–17_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallek2008">Dallek 2008</a>, pp. 15–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/truman-harry.htm">U.S. Senate: About the Vice President | Harry S. Truman, 34th Vice President (1945)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992333–336-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992333–336_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, pp. 333–336. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/VPTies.pdf">Occasions When Vice Presidents Have Voted to Break Tie Votes in the Senate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senate_Historical_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Historical Office">Senate Historical Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Foote_Gosnell" title="Harold Foote Gosnell">Harold Foote Gosnell</a>, Truman's Crises: A Political Biography of Harry S. Truman (Greenwood Press, 1980), p. 212: "On only one occasion did [Truman] break a tie, and this was when his negative vote defeated a Taft amendment to the Lend-Lease Act which would have prevented postwar delivery of lend-lease goods contracted for during the war." </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Byrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Byrd">Robert C. Byrd</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VL4QcQR-W6YC&pg=PA534">Senate, 1789–1989, Vol. 1: Addresses on the History of the United States Senate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>, 1988), p. 534: "In his eighty-two days as vice president, he had the opportunity to vote only once—on an amendment to limit the Lend-Lease extension bill. The vote was tied, and Truman voted no, which, in a sense, was unnecessary since the bill would have died even without his vote." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200816-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200816_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallek2008">Dallek 2008</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._History2012-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._History2012_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._History2012_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFU.S._History2012">U.S. History 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwab2014" class="citation news cs1">Schwab, Nick (August 13, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/washington-whispers/2014/08/13/lauren-bacall-and-harry-trumans-piano-moment-led-to-bigger-things">"Lauren Bacall and Harry Truman's Piano Moment Led to Bigger Things"</a>. US News. Retrieved December 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+News&rft.atitle=Lauren+Bacall+and+Harry+Truman%27s+Piano+Moment+Led+to+Bigger+Things&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Fwashington-whispers%2F2014%2F08%2F13%2Flauren-bacall-and-harry-trumans-piano-moment-led-to-bigger-things&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Library2012h-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruman_Library2012h_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruman_Library2012h">Truman Library 2012h</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992425-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992425_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, p. 425. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1994478-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin1994478_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin1994">Goodwin 1994</a>, p. 478. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Paul Ham, Hiroshima Nagasaki, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Alonzo Hamby, "Truman, Harry S." in The Encyclopedia of the American Presidency edited by Leonard Levy and Louis Fisher (vol 4 1994) pp. 1497–1505. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992366-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992366_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby1995301–302,_472-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamby1995301–302,_472_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamby1995">Hamby 1995</a>, pp. 301–302, 472. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamby1995474-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamby1995474_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamby1995">Hamby 1995</a>, pp. 474. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992511-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992511_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, p. 511. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992436-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992436_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992348-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992348_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992">McCullough 1992</a>, p. 348. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198421–22-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198421–22_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1984">McCoy 1984</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200819–20-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200819–20_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallek2008">Dallek 2008</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexrod" class="citation book cs1">Alexrod, Alan. The Real History of the Cold War: A New Look at the Past. Sterling. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+History+of+the+Cold+War%3A+A+New+Look+at+the+Past&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.aulast=Alexrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPBS2012-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPBS2012_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPBS2012">PBS 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman1955416-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruman1955416_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruman1955">Truman 1955</a>, p. 416. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198437-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCoy198437_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCoy1984">McCoy 1984</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Frank" title="Richard B. Frank">Frank, Richard B.</a> (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Random House. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41424-7"><bdi>978-0-679-41424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downfall%3A+The+End+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-679-41424-7&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Frank" title="Richard B. Frank">Frank, Richard B.</a> (1999). Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire. New York: Random House. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41424-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-41424-7"><bdi>978-0-679-41424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downfall%3A+The+End+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-679-41424-7&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll8/id/1800">History of Planning Division, Army Service Forces vol. 9</a> Part 7, p. 330. Retrieved November 15, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p4013coll8/id/1800">History of Planning Division, Army Service Forces vol. 9</a> Part 8, pp. 372-374, 391. Retrieved November 15, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/MED/med_chp10.shtml">"Total Casualties – The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki"</a>. atomicarchive.com. Retrieved December 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atomicarchive.com&rft.atitle=Total+Casualties+%E2%80%93+The+Atomic+Bombings+of+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atomicarchive.com%2FDocs%2FMED%2Fmed_chp10.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974227–231-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974227–231_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1974">Miller 1974</a>, pp. 227–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDallek200824–28-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDallek200824–28_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDallek2008">Dallek 2008</a>, pp. 24–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramerKauzlarich2011" class="citation cs2">Kramer, Ronald C; Kauzlarich, David (2011), Rothe, Dawn; Mullins, Christopher W (eds.), "Nuclear weapons, international law, and the normalization of state crime", State crime: Current perspectives, pp. 94–121, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4901-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4901-9"><bdi>978-0-8135-4901-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=State+crime%3A+Current+perspectives&rft.atitle=Nuclear+weapons%2C+international+law%2C+and+the+normalization+of+state+crime&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4901-9&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C&rft.au=Kauzlarich%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyall2015" class="citation news cs1">Ryall, Julian (June 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/11650752/US-museum-must-call-Hiroshima-and-Nagasaki-war-crimes-say-Japanese.html">"US museum must call Hiroshima and Nagasaki 'war crimes', say Japanese"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/11650752/US-museum-must-call-Hiroshima-and-Nagasaki-war-crimes-say-Japanese.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=US+museum+must+call+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+%27war+crimes%27%2C+say+Japanese&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft.aulast=Ryall&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fjapan%2F11650752%2FUS-museum-must-call-Hiroshima-and-Nagasaki-war-crimes-say-Japanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iwj.co.jp/wj/open/archives/254448">"「なんであんな殺され方をしたのか、私は知りたい。あの世で、ちゃんとお兄ちゃんに説明できるように」――原爆投下から70年。広島の被爆者が語った原爆被害と戦争への思い – IWJ Independent Web Journal"</a>. iwj.co.jp. August 6, 2015. 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Truman: Address in Milwaukee, Wisconsin"</a>. www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved June 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.presidency.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Harry+S.+Truman%3A+Address+in+Milwaukee%2C+Wisconsin.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D13049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambers2006" class="citation book cs1">Lambers, William (May 30, 2006). Nuclear Weapons. 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Truman State Office Building"</a>. July 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman+State+Office+Building&rft.date=2014-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foa.mo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fharry-s-truman-state-office-building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Fellowship2012-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruman_Fellowship2012_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruman_Fellowship2012">Truman Fellowship 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_School_of_Public_Affairs2010-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruman_School_of_Public_Affairs2010_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruman_School_of_Public_Affairs2010">Truman School of Public Affairs 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECNN2000-371"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECNN2000_371-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCNN2000">CNN 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Time''October_17,_1949-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Time''October_17,_1949_372-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTimeOctober_17,_1949">Time & October 17, 1949</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENavSource_Online2012-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavSource_Online2012_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNavSource_Online2012">NavSource Online 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmy_National_Guard2012-374"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmy_National_Guard2012_374-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmy_National_Guard2012">Army National Guard 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall_of_Famous_Missourians2012-375"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall_of_Famous_Missourians2012_375-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall_of_Famous_Missourians2012">Hall of Famous Missourians 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanproject.org/about/history">"The Truman National Security Project | History"</a>. www.trumanproject.org. Retrieved February 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trumanproject.org&rft.atitle=The+Truman+National+Security+Project+%7C+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanproject.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueroa2022" class="citation web cs1">Figueroa, Ariana (September 29, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nebraskaexaminer.com/2022/09/29/statue-of-missouris-harry-s-truman-dedicated-at-the-u-s-capitol/">"Statue of Missouri's Harry S. Truman dedicated at the U.S. Capitol"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska Examiner">Nebraska Examiner</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220930201257/https://nebraskaexaminer.com/2022/09/29/statue-of-missouris-harry-s-truman-dedicated-at-the-u-s-capitol/">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nebraska+Examiner&rft.atitle=Statue+of+Missouri%27s+Harry+S.+Truman+dedicated+at+the+U.S.+Capitol&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft.aulast=Figueroa&rft.aufirst=Ariana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnebraskaexaminer.com%2F2022%2F09%2F29%2Fstatue-of-missouris-harry-s-truman-dedicated-at-the-u-s-capitol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoe_Sang-Hun2023" class="citation web cs1">Choe Sang-Hun (July 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/27/world/asia/korean-war-truman-statue-armistice.html">"South Korea Unveils Truman Statue on Armistice Anniversary"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=South+Korea+Unveils+Truman+Statue+on+Armistice+Anniversary&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft.au=Choe+Sang-Hun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F07%2F27%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fkorean-war-truman-statue-armistice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Birthplace2012-379"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruman_Birthplace2012_379-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruman_Birthplace2012">Truman Birthplace 2012</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Bibliography of Harry S. Truman">Bibliography of Harry S. Truman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency of Harry S. Truman</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies_of_Truman">Biographies of Truman</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnes2003" class="citation book cs1">Burnes, Brian (2003). Harry S. Truman: His Life and Times. Kansas City, MO: Kansas City Star Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9740009-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9740009-3-0"><bdi>978-0-9740009-3-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.place=Kansas+City%2C+MO&rft.pub=Kansas+City+Star+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9740009-3-0&rft.aulast=Burnes&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallek2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dallek" title="Robert Dallek">Dallek, Robert</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harrystruman00dall">Harry S. Truman</a>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6938-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6938-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6938-9&rft.aulast=Dallek&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharrystruman00dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_W._Daniels" title="Jonathan W. Daniels">Daniels, Jonathan</a> (1998). The Man of Independence. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1190-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1190-9"><bdi>0-8262-1190-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+of+Independence&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8262-1190-9&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Donovan" title="Robert J. Donovan">Donovan, Robert J.</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tumultuousyearsp0000dono_n2q0">Tumultuous Years: 1949–1953</a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01619-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01619-2"><bdi>978-0-393-01619-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tumultuous+Years%3A+1949%E2%80%931953&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01619-2&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftumultuousyearsp0000dono_n2q0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrell1994" class="citation book cs1">Ferrell, Robert H. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7UXSMj3OF4oC&pg=PA25">Harry S. Truman: A Life</a>. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1050-0"><bdi>978-0-8262-1050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Columbia%2C+MO&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1050-0&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7UXSMj3OF4oC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamby1974" class="citation book cs1">Hamby, Alonzo L., ed. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harrystrumanf00hamb">Harry S. Truman and the Fair Deal</a>. Lexington, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a>: D. C. Heath & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-669-87080-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-669-87080-0"><bdi>978-0-669-87080-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman+and+the+Fair+Deal&rft.place=Lexington%2C+MA&rft.pub=D.+C.+Heath+%26+Co&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-669-87080-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharrystrumanf00hamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamby1995" class="citation book cs1">Hamby, Alonzo L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manofpeoplelifeo0000hamb">Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504546-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504546-8"><bdi>978-0-19-504546-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+of+the+People%3A+A+Life+of+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504546-8&rft.aulast=Hamby&rft.aufirst=Alonzo+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanofpeoplelifeo0000hamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudis2014" class="citation book cs1">Judis, John B. (2014). Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16109-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16109-5"><bdi>978-0-374-16109-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis%3A+Truman%2C+American+Jews%2C+and+the+Origins+of+the+Arab%2FIsraeli+Conflict&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-374-16109-5&rft.aulast=Judis&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeland1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Freeland" title="Richard M. Freeland">Freeland, Richard M.</a> (1970). The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2576-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-2576-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-2576-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truman+Doctrine+and+the+Origins+of+McCarthyism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-2576-4&rft.aulast=Freeland&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiglio2001" class="citation book cs1">Giglio, James N. (2001). Truman in Cartoon and Caricature. Kirksville, Missouri: Truman State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1806-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1806-1"><bdi>978-0-8138-1806-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman+in+Cartoon+and+Caricature&rft.place=Kirksville%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Truman+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-1806-1&rft.aulast=Giglio&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkendall1989" class="citation book cs1">Kirkendall, Richard S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harrystrumanency0000unse">Harry S. Truman Encyclopedia</a>. Boston: G. K. Hall Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-8915-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8161-8915-1"><bdi>978-0-8161-8915-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=G.+K.+Hall+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8161-8915-1&rft.aulast=Kirkendall&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharrystrumanency0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy1984" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Donald R. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofharr0000mcco">The Presidency of Harry S. Truman</a>. Lawrence, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">KS</a>: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0252-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0252-0"><bdi>978-0-7006-0252-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0252-0&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofharr0000mcco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/Truman_(book)" title="Truman (book)">Truman</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-86920-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-86920-5"><bdi>978-0-671-86920-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-671-86920-5&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Margolies, Daniel S. ed. A Companion to Harry S. Truman (2012); 614pp; emphasis on historiography; see Sean J. Savage, "Truman in Historical, Popular, and Political Memory," pp. 9–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Companion-Harry-S-Truman/dp/1444331418/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Miller" title="Merle Miller">Miller, Merle</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plainspeakingora00mill">Plain Speaking: An Oral Biography of Harry S. Truman</a>. New York: Putnam Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-11261-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-11261-4"><bdi>978-0-399-11261-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plain+Speaking%3A+An+Oral+Biography+of+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam+Publishing&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-399-11261-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Merle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplainspeakingora00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1998" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Franklin D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harrystrumannews00mitc">Harry S. Truman and the News Media: Contentious Relations, Belated Respect</a>. Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a>: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1180-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1180-1"><bdi>0-8262-1180-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman+and+the+News+Media%3A+Contentious+Relations%2C+Belated+Respect&rft.place=Columbia%2C+MO&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8262-1180-1&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharrystrumannews00mitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOshinsky2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Oshinsky" title="David Oshinsky">Oshinsky, David M.</a> (2004). "Harry Truman". In Brinkley, Alan; Dyer, Davis (eds.). The American Presidency. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-38273-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-38273-6"><bdi>978-0-618-38273-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Harry+Truman&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidency&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-618-38273-6&rft.aulast=Oshinsky&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPietrusza2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Pietrusza" title="David Pietrusza">Pietrusza, David</a> (2011). 1948: Harry Truman's Improbable Victory and the Year That Transformed America. New York: Union Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6748-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6748-7"><bdi>978-1-4027-6748-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+Harry+Truman%27s+Improbable+Victory+and+the+Year+That+Transformed+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Union+Square+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6748-7&rft.aulast=Pietrusza&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarborough2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Scarborough" title="Joe Scarborough">Scarborough, Joe</a> (2020). <a href="/wiki/Saving_Freedom" title="Saving Freedom">Saving Freedom</a>. New York: Harper Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Scarborough&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Ambrose">Ambrose, Stephen E.</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eisenhower00ambr">Eisenhower: 1890–1952</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44069-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44069-5"><bdi>978-0-671-44069-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower%3A+1890%E2%80%931952&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-671-44069-5&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feisenhower00ambr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinningEsterlySracic1999" class="citation book cs1">Binning, William C.; Esterly, Larry E.; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sracic" title="Paul Sracic">Sracic, Paul A.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofam0000binn">Encyclopedia of American Parties, Campaigns, and Elections</a>. Westport, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a>: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1755-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1755-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-1755-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+American+Parties%2C+Campaigns%2C+and+Elections&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1755-3&rft.aulast=Binning&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft.au=Esterly%2C+Larry+E.&rft.au=Sracic%2C+Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofam0000binn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers_II1999" class="citation book cs1">Chambers II, John W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham">The Oxford Companion to American Military History</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507198-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507198-0"><bdi>0-19-507198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-507198-0&rft.aulast=Chambers+II&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenGooch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eliot_A._Cohen" title="Eliot A. Cohen">Cohen, Eliot A.</a>; Gooch, John (2006). Military Misfortunes: The Anatomy of Failure in War. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8082-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8082-2"><bdi>978-0-7432-8082-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Misfortunes%3A+The+Anatomy+of+Failure+in+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-8082-2&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Eliot+A.&rft.au=Gooch%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrentFreidelWilliams1971" class="citation book cs1">Current, Richard Nelson; Freidel, Frank Burt; Williams, Thomas Harry (1971). American History: A Survey. Vol. II. New York: Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+History%3A+A+Survey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Current&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rft.au=Freidel%2C+Frank+Burt&rft.au=Williams%2C+Thomas+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEakinHale1995" class="citation book cs1">Eakin, Joanne C.; Hale, Donald R., eds. (1995). Branded as Rebels. Madison, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a>: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003GWL8J6">B003GWL8J6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Branded+as+Rebels&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB003GWL8J6%23id-name%3DASIN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisler1993" class="citation book cs1">Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justiceforallwil00eisl">A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the Decisions that Transformed America</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-76787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-76787-7"><bdi>978-0-671-76787-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Justice+for+All%3A+William+J.+Brennan%2C+Jr.%2C+and+the+Decisions+that+Transformed+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-76787-7&rft.aulast=Eisler&rft.aufirst=Kim+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticeforallwil00eisl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2007" class="citation book cs1">Evans, M. Stanton (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vz42rDYmf3wC&pg=PA321">Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies</a>. New York: Crown Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23866-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-23866-5"><bdi>978-0-307-23866-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blacklisted+by+History%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Senator+Joe+McCarthy+and+His+Fight+Against+America%27s+Enemies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-23866-5&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=M.+Stanton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvz42rDYmf3wC%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Goodwin, Doris Kearns</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noordinarytimef000good">No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-64240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-64240-2"><bdi>978-0-671-64240-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Ordinary+Time%3A+Franklin+and+Eleanor+Roosevelt%3A+The+Home+Front+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-671-64240-2&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoordinarytimef000good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Haas, Lawrence J. Harry & Arthur: Truman, Vandenberg, and the Partnership That Created the Free World (2016)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_H._Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee H. Hamilton">Hamilton, Lee H.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iB24L3hyh8C&pg=PA301">"Relations between the President and Congress in Wartime"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/James_A._Thurber" title="James A. Thurber">James A. Thurber</a> (ed.). Rivals for Power: Presidential–Congressional Relations. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6142-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6142-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6142-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Relations+between+the+President+and+Congress+in+Wartime&rft.btitle=Rivals+for+Power%3A+Presidential%E2%80%93Congressional+Relations&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6142-7&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Lee+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iB24L3hyh8C%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolsti1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ole_Holsti" title="Ole Holsti">Holsti, Ole</a> (1996). Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a>: The University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06619-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06619-3"><bdi>978-0-472-06619-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Opinion+and+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06619-3&rft.aulast=Holsti&rft.aufirst=Ole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloetzelCharles2012" class="citation book cs1">Kloetzel, James E.; Charles, Steve, eds. (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scott2012standar00jame">Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalog</a>. Vol. 1. Sidney, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a>: Scott Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89487-460-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89487-460-4"><bdi>978-0-89487-460-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scott+Standard+Postage+Stamp+Catalog&rft.place=Sidney%2C+OH&rft.pub=Scott+Publishing+Co&rft.date=2012-04&rft.isbn=978-0-89487-460-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscott2012standar00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenczowski1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Lenczowski" title="George Lenczowski">Lenczowski, George</a> (1990). American Presidents and the Middle East. Durham, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a>: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0972-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0972-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-0972-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Presidents+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0972-7&rft.aulast=Lenczowski&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor1981" class="citation book cs1">MacGregor, Morris J. Jr. (1981). Integration of the Armed Services 1940–1965. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-001925-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-001925-8"><bdi>978-0-16-001925-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integration+of+the+Armed+Services+1940%E2%80%931965&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-16-001925-8&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Morris+J.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1991" class="citation book cs1">Savage, Sean J. (1991). Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945. Lexington, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a>: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1755-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-1755-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-1755-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt%3A+The+Party+Leader%2C+1932%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-1755-3&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Sean+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore2004" class="citation book cs1">Skidmore, Max J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterwhitehousef00skid">After the White House: Former Presidents as Private Citizens</a> (rev ed.). New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29559-2"><bdi>978-0-312-29559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+White+House%3A+Former+Presidents+as+Private+Citizens&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=rev&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29559-2&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Max+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafterwhitehousef00skid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStohl1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stohl" title="Michael Stohl">Stohl, Michael</a> (1988). "National Interest and State Terrorism". The Politics of Terrorism. New York: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Interest+and+State+Terrorism&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Terrorism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Stohl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokesbury1990" class="citation book cs1">Stokesbury, James L. (1990). A Short History of the Korean War. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-09513-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-09513-0"><bdi>978-0-688-09513-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Korean+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-688-09513-0&rft.aulast=Stokesbury&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroy2008" class="citation book cs1">Troy, Gil (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadingfromcente00troy">Leading from the Center: Why Moderates Make the Best Presidents</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00293-1"><bdi>978-0-465-00293-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leading+from+the+Center%3A+Why+Moderates+Make+the+Best+Presidents&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00293-1&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Gil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleadingfromcente00troy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Weinstein" title="Allen Weinstein">Weinstein, Allen</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perjuryhisschamb0000wein">Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case</a> (revised ed.). New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77338-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-77338-X"><bdi>0-679-77338-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perjury%3A+The+Hiss-Chambers+Case&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-679-77338-X&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperjuryhisschamb0000wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungSchilling2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Young, Ken</a>; <a href="/wiki/Warner_R._Schilling" title="Warner R. Schilling">Schilling, Warner R.</a> (2019). Super Bomb: Organizational Conflict and the Development of the Hydrogen Bomb. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4516-4"><bdi>978-1-5017-4516-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Super+Bomb%3A+Organizational+Conflict+and+the+Development+of+the+Hydrogen+Bomb&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-4516-4&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Schilling%2C+Warner+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman1955" class="citation book cs1">Truman, Harry S. (1955). Memoirs: Year of Decisions. Vol. 1. Garden City, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs%3A+Year+of+Decisions&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.462682/2015.462682.The-Memoirs.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman1956" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1956). Memoirs: Years of Trial and Hope. Vol. 2. Garden City, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>: Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs%3A+Years+of+Trial+and+Hope&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearsoftrialandh000234mbp">online v 2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman1960" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (1960). Mr. Citizen. Independence, MO: Independence Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Citizen&rft.place=Independence%2C+MO&rft.pub=Independence+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman2002" class="citation book cs1">Truman, Harry S. (2002). <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Ferrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert H. Ferrell">Ferrell, Robert H.</a> (ed.). The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1445-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1445-2"><bdi>0-8262-1445-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8262-1445-2&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Truman" title="Margaret Truman">Truman, Margaret</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harrystruman001666">Harry S. Truman</a>. New York: William Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-00005-9"><bdi>978-0-688-00005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harry+S.+Truman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-688-00005-9&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharrystruman001666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Martin Jr.">Martin, Joseph William</a> (1960). My First Fifty Years in Politics as Told to Robert J. Donovan. New York: McGraw-Hill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+First+Fifty+Years+in+Politics+as+Told+to+Robert+J.+Donovan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Joseph+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisconsin_Magazine_of_HistoryAutumn_1975" class="citation journal cs1">Griffith, Robert, ed. (Autumn 1975). "Truman and the Historians: The Reconstruction of Postwar American history". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 59 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wisconsin+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Truman+and+the+Historians%3A+The+Reconstruction+of+Postwar+American+history&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamby2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Hamby, Alonzo L (August 2008). "1948 Democratic Convention The South Secedes Again". Smithsonian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=1948+Democratic+Convention+The+South+Secedes+Again&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Hamby&rft.aufirst=Alonzo+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHechlerElsey2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Hechler" title="Ken Hechler">Hechler, Ken</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Elsey" title="George Elsey">Elsey, George M.</a> (2006). "The Greatest Upset in American Political History: Harry Truman and the 1948 Election". White House Studies (Winter).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=White+House+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Greatest+Upset+in+American+Political+History%3A+Harry+Truman+and+the+1948+Election&rft.issue=Winter&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hechler&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Elsey%2C+George+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Heaster, Brenda L. "Who's on Second: The 1944 Democratic Vice Presidential Nomination." Missouri Historical Review 80.2 (1986): 156–175.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatray1979" class="citation journal cs1">Matray, James I. (September 1, 1979). "Truman's Plan for Victory: National Self-determination and the Thirty-eighth Parallel Decision in Korea". Journal of American History. 66 (2): 314–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1900879">10.2307/1900879</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1900879">1900879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Truman%27s+Plan+for+Victory%3A+National+Self-determination+and+the+Thirty-eighth+Parallel+Decision+in+Korea&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E333&rft.date=1979-09-01&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1900879%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1900879&rft.aulast=Matray&rft.aufirst=James+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2002" class="citation journal cs1">May, Ernest R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227023645/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/de9b/be3fa428073b76a05fbb58739bf3279c3664.pdf">"1947–48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. Out of War in China"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Military History. 66 (October 2002): 1001–1010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3093261">10.2307/3093261</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3093261">3093261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163803120">163803120</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/de9b/be3fa428073b76a05fbb58739bf3279c3664.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=1947%E2%80%9348%3A+When+Marshall+Kept+the+U.S.+Out+of+War+in+China&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=October+2002&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1001-%3C%2Fspan%3E1010&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163803120%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3093261%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3093261&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Ernest+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fde9b%2Fbe3fa428073b76a05fbb58739bf3279c3664.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeustadt1954" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neustadt" title="Richard Neustadt">Neustadt, Richard E.</a> (1954). "Congress and the Fair Deal: A Legislative Balance Sheet". Public Policy. 5. Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Congress+and+the+Fair+Deal%3A+A+Legislative+Balance+Sheet&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Neustadt&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> reprinted in <a href="#CITEREFHamby1974">Hamby 1974</a>, pp. 15–42</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttolenghi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ottolenghi, Michael (December 2004). "Harry Truman's Recognition of Israel". Historical Journal. 47 (4): 963–988. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X04004066">10.1017/S0018246X04004066</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159849275">159849275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Harry+Truman%27s+Recognition+of+Israel&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E963-%3C%2Fspan%3E988&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X04004066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159849275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ottolenghi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmaltz1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Smaltz" title="Donald Smaltz">Smaltz, Donald C.</a> (July 1998). "Independent Counsel: A View from Inside". The Georgetown Law Journal. 86 (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Georgetown+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Independent+Counsel%3A+A+View+from+Inside&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1998-07&rft.aulast=Smaltz&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrout1999" class="citation journal cs1">Strout, Lawrence N. (1999). "Covering McCarthyism: How the Christian Science Monitor Handled Joseph R. McCarthy, 1950–1954". Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 2001 (Summer).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+and+Military+Sociology&rft.atitle=Covering+McCarthyism%3A+How+the+Christian+Science+Monitor+Handled+Joseph+R.+McCarthy%2C+1950%E2%80%931954&rft.volume=2001&rft.issue=Summer&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Strout&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1979" class="citation journal cs1">Wells, Samuel F. Jr. (Autumn 1979). "Sounding the Tocsin: NSC 68 and the Soviet Threat". International Security. 4 (2): 116–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2626746">10.2307/2626746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2626746">2626746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155072379">155072379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Sounding+the+Tocsin%3A+NSC+68+and+the+Soviet+Threat&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155072379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2626746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2626746&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Samuel+F.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLifeNovember_30,_1942" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RkEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45">"Truman Committee Exposes Housing Mess"</a>. Life. November 30, 1942. pp. 45–46, 48, 50, 52. Retrieved October 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Truman+Committee+Exposes+Housing+Mess&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E46%2C+48%2C+50%2C+52&rft.date=1942-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRkEEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time">Time</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimeNovember_10,_2008" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Gibbs" title="Nancy Gibbs">Gibbs, Nancy</a> (November 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081111030347/http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1857862,00.html">"When New President Meets Old, It's Not Always Pretty"</a>. Time. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1857862,00.html">the original</a> on November 11, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=When+New+President+Meets+Old%2C+It%27s+Not+Always+Pretty&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1857862%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimeOctober_17,_1949" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713050806/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,853921,00.html">"Armed Forces: Revolt of the Admirals"</a>. Time. October 17, 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,853921,00.html">the original</a> on July 13, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Armed+Forces%3A+Revolt+of+the+Admirals&rft.date=1949-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C853921%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimeJune_6,_1949" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043253/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801882,00.html">"The Art of the Possible"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. June 6, 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801882,00.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+the+Possible&rft.date=1949-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C801882%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimeDecember_3,_1973" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012203926/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908217,00.html">"Historical Notes: Giving Them More Hell"</a>. Time. December 3, 1973. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908217,00.html">the original</a> on October 12, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Historical+Notes%3A+Giving+Them+More+Hell&rft.date=1973-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C908217%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimeAugust_13,_1956" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012203914/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865421,00.html">"The Man of Spirit"</a>. Time. August 13, 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,865421,00.html">the original</a> on October 12, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Man+of+Spirit&rft.date=1956-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C865421%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimeOctober_19,_1959" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012203922/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869269,00.html">"National Affairs: Taft–Hartley: How It Works and How It Has Worked"</a>. Time. October 19, 1959. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,869269,00.html">the original</a> on October 12, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=National+Affairs%3A+Taft%E2%80%93Hartley%3A+How+It+Works+and+How+It+Has+Worked&rft.date=1959-10-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C869269%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimeJanuary_8,_1973" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510123701/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910501-3,00.html">"The Presidency: The World of Harry Truman"</a>. Time. January 8, 1973. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910501-3,00.html">the original</a> on May 10, 2008. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Presidency%3A+The+World+of+Harry+Truman&rft.date=1973-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C910501-3%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTime2012" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130204163319/http://search.time.com/results.html?N=46&Nty=1&Ns=p_date_range%7C1&Ntt=truman&x=0&y=0">"Truman on Time Magazine Covers"</a>. Time. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.time.com/results.html?N=46&Nty=1&Ns=p_date_range%7C1&Ntt=truman&x=0&y=0">the original</a> on February 4, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Truman+on+Time+Magazine+Covers&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.time.com%2Fresults.html%3FN%3D46%26Nty%3D1%26Ns%3Dp_date_range%257C1%26Ntt%3Dtruman%26x%3D0%26y%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimeMarch_24,_1952" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012203851/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816178-1,00.html">"The Wonderful Wastebasket"</a>. Time. March 24, 1952. p. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,816178-1,00.html">the original</a> on October 12, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Wonderful+Wastebasket&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1952-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C816178-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Washington_Post">The Washington Post</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2008" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Bart (January 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/29/AR2008012901321_2.html">"Margaret Truman Daniel Dies at Age 83"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 2, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Margaret+Truman+Daniel+Dies+at+Age+83&rft.date=2008-01-29&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F01%2F29%2FAR2008012901321_2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2004" class="citation news cs1">Barr, Cameron W. (December 11, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A56501-2004Dec10.html">"Listing Madonna Rescued in Bethesda"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved April 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Listing+Madonna+Rescued+in+Bethesda&rft.date=2004-12-11&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Cameron+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA56501-2004Dec10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation news cs1">Smith, J. Y. (November 28, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=20011128&id=vDAxAAAAIBAJ&pg=5454,6640005">"Paul Hume: Music Critic Who Panned Truman Daughter's Singing and Drew Presidential Wrath"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Paul+Hume%3A+Music+Critic+Who+Panned+Truman+Daughter%27s+Singing+and+Drew+Presidential+Wrath&rft.date=2001-11-28&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=J.+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1129%26dat%3D20011128%26id%3DvDAxAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5454%2C6640005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_New_York_Times">The New York Times</h4></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1955" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (November 6, 1955). "Year of Decisions a 'volume of distinction'". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Book_Review" title="The New York Times Book Review">The New York Times Book Review</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Book+Review&rft.atitle=Year+of+Decisions+a+%27volume+of+distinction%27&rft.date=1955-11-06&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Weintraub, Stanley</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/weintraub-macarthur.html">"MacArthur's War Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved September 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MacArthur%27s+War+Korea+and+the+Undoing+of+an+American+Hero&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fw%2Fweintraub-macarthur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harry_S._Truman_Library_and_Museum">Harry S. Truman Library and Museum</h3></div> <ul><li>McCray, Suzanne, and Tara Yglesias, eds. Wild about Harry: Everything You Have Ever Wanted to Know about the Truman Scholarship (University of Arkansas Press, 2021), how to work at this Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IyQvEAAAQBAJ&dq=President+truman&pg=PR7">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library1988a" class="citation web cs1">Giangreco, D. M.; Griffin, Robert E (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506092238/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/BERLIN_A/PAGE_11.HTM">"The Airlift Begins: Airbridge to Berlin – The Berlin Crisis of 1948, its Origins and Aftermath"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/BERLIN_A/PAGE_11.HTM">the original</a> on May 6, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Airlift+Begins%3A+Airbridge+to+Berlin+%E2%80%93+The+Berlin+Crisis+of+1948%2C+its+Origins+and+Aftermath&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Giangreco&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Robert+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2FBERLIN_A%2FPAGE_11.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library1962" class="citation web cs1">Marks, Ted (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/markst.htm">"Oral History Interview with Ted Marks"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved July 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+Interview+with+Ted+Marks&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Foralhist%2Fmarkst.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library1919" class="citation web cs1">Southern, Mrs. William (June 28, 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/weddingarticle.htm">"Wedding of Bess Wallace and Capt. Harry S. Truman"</a>. The Examiner. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved July 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Examiner&rft.atitle=Wedding+of+Bess+Wallace+and+Capt.+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.date=1919-06-28&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Mrs.+William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fweddingarticle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library1971" class="citation web cs1">Strout, Richard L. (February 5, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/strout.htm">"Oral History Interview with Richard L. Strout"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved July 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+Interview+with+Richard+L.+Strout&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft.date=1971-02-05&rft.aulast=Strout&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Foralhist%2Fstrout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library1948" class="citation web cs1">Truman, Harry (May 14, 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509033036/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/israel/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=1948-05-14&documentid=48&studycollectionid=ROI&pagenumber=1">"Memo recognizing the state of Israel"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/israel/large/documents/index.php?documentdate=1948-05-14&documentid=48&studycollectionid=ROI&pagenumber=1">the original</a> on May 9, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memo+recognizing+the+state+of+Israel&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft.date=1948-05-14&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fisrael%2Flarge%2Fdocuments%2Findex.php%3Fdocumentdate%3D1948-05-14%26documentid%3D48%26studycollectionid%3DROI%26pagenumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library1918" class="citation web cs1">Truman, Harry (November 11, 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012104930/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/personal/large/ww1_letters/pg13_txt.htm">"WWI Letter from Harry to Bess"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/personal/large/ww1_letters/pg13_txt.htm">the original</a> on October 12, 2017. Retrieved July 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WWI+Letter+from+Harry+to+Bess&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft.date=1918-11-11&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fstudy_collections%2Fpersonal%2Flarge%2Fww1_letters%2Fpg13_txt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library2012aa" class="citation web cs1">Vest, Kathleen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/speriod.htm">"Truman's First Democratic Convention"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved November 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Truman%27s+First+Democratic+Convention&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft.aulast=Vest&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fsperiod.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library,_Balcony2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012105222/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/qq/ds2_1.htm">"Background Information"</a>. The Truman Balcony. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/qq/ds2_1.htm">the original</a> on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Truman+Balcony&rft.atitle=Background+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fqq%2Fds2_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library,_Balcony_II2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105211300/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/qq/ds2_1a.htm">"Background Information (Continued)"</a>. The Truman Balcony. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/qq/ds2_1a.htm">the original</a> on November 5, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Truman+Balcony&rft.atitle=Background+Information+%28Continued%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Fqq%2Fds2_1a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library2012i" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/bwt-bio.htm">"Biographical sketch of Mrs. Harry S. Truman"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Retrieved July 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographical+sketch+of+Mrs.+Harry+S.+Truman&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fbwt-bio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library,_Birth2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503015629/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/kids/birthpla.htm">"Birthplace of Harry S. Truman"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. 1988. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/kids/birthpla.htm">the original</a> on May 3, 2019. 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Retrieved September 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Buck+Stops+Here%27+Desk+sign&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.gov%2Feducation%2Ftrivia%2Fbuck-stops-here-sign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library,_129th2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503033652/https://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/ww1/129chronology.shtml">"Chronological Record of the 129th Field Artillery 1917–1919"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/ww1/129chronology.shtml">the original</a> on May 3, 2019. 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Retrieved May 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+of+Truman%27s+Happiest+Years+Spent+in+Senate&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft.date=1984-05&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fwhistlestop%2Ftrumanfile%2Fsenate1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> Originally published in the Independence Examiner, Truman Centennial Edition.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Library,_Special_Message1948" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200509032545/http://www.trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/index.php?pid=1380&st=&st1=">"Special Message to the Congress on Civil Rights"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. 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Retrieved September 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Domestic+Politics+in+the+Early+Cold+War+Era%2C+1947%E2%80%931961&rft.pub=The+Ohio+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.cohums.ohio-state.edu%2Fchilds1%2FHIS565PoliticalChronology1947-61.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavSource_Online2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsource.org/archives/02/75.htm">"USS Harry S. Truman (CVN-75)"</a>. NavSource Online. July 10, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USS+Harry+S.+Truman+%28CVN-75%29&rft.pub=NavSource+Online&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navsource.org%2Farchives%2F02%2F75.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Harry S. Truman at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Truman" class="extiw" title="wikt:Truman">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" class="extiw" title="c:Harry S. Truman">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" class="extiw" title="q:Harry S. Truman">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Harry_S._Truman" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Harry S. Truman">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> Official <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trumanlibrary.org/">Harry S. Truman Library & Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/hstr/index.htm">Harry S. Truman National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/harry-s-truman/">White House biography</a></li></ul> Media coverage <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/t/harry_s_truman/index.html">Harry S. Truman</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/035879">Newspaper clippings about Harry S. Truman</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressT000387" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000387">"Harry S. Truman (id: T000387)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Harry+S.+Truman+%28id%3A+T000387%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DT000387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/truman/index.html">Harry S. Truman: A Resource Guide</a> from the Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/harry-s.-truman">Federal Bureau of Investigation Records: The Vault – Harry S. Truman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/truman">Essays on Harry S. Truman, each member of his cabinet and First Lady</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/truman/player/">The Presidents: Truman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226174734/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/truman/player/">Archived</a> December 26, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a> documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Truman%2C%20Harry%20S.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Truman%2C%20Harry%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Truman%2C%20H%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Harry%20S.%20Truman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Harry%20S%2E%20Truman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H%2E%20S%2E%20Truman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Truman%2C%20Harry%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Harry%20Truman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harry%20S.%20Truman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harry%20S%2E%20Truman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20S%2E%20Truman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20S.%20Truman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Truman%2C%20Harry%20S.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Truman%2C%20Harry%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Truman%2C%20H%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Truman%2C%20H%2E%20S.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Harry%20Truman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Truman%2C%20Harry%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Harry%20S.%20Truman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Harry%20S%2E%20Truman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H%2E%20S%2E%20Truman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Harry%20Truman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Harry%20S.%20Truman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Harry%20S%2E%20Truman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H%2E%20S%2E%20Truman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Truman%2C%20Harry%20S.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Truman%2C%20Harry%20S%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Harry%20Truman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Truman%2C%20Harry%22%29%20OR%20%28%221884-1972%22%20AND%20Truman%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Harry S. Truman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11300">Works by Harry S. Truman</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151629-1/life-portrait-harry-s-truman">"Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_presidents:_Life_Portraits" class="mw-redirect" title="American presidents: Life Portraits">American presidents: Life Portraits</a>, October 18, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2412">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Truman-Harry-S">Harry S. Truman Personal Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0874288/">Harry S. Truman</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11613#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1664">Works by Harry S. Truman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/03/21/truman-dewey-heavyweight-orig.cnn">1948 election episode in CNN's Race for the White House</a></li></ul> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/faqs">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/407.html">Records of the Adjutant General's Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Adjutant+General%27s+Office&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHarry+S.+Truman" class="Z3988"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Harry_S._Truman849" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Harry_S._Truman" title="Template:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Harry_S._Truman" title="Template talk:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Harry_S._Truman" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Harry S. Truman"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Harry_S._Truman849" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry S. Truman</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">U.S. Senator from Missouri</a> (1935–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Timeline</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="First inauguration of Harry S. Truman">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Second inauguration of Harry S. Truman">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman">Assassination attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Puerto_Rican_constitutional_referendum" title="1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum">1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1946 State of the Union Address">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1947 State of the Union Address">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1948 State of the Union Address">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1949 State of the Union Address">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1950 State of the Union Address">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1951 State of the Union Address">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1952 State of the Union Address">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1953_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 1953 State of the Union Address">1953</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Harry_S._Truman" title="List of federal judges appointed by Harry S. Truman">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Harry S. Truman Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination">Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Administration_and_cabinet">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Balcony" title="Truman Balcony">Truman Balcony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_passing#"The_buck_stops_here"" title="Buck passing">"The buck stops here"</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Harry_S._Truman/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Harry S. Truman/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Harry_S._Truman/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Harry S. Truman/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower transition</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a> <ul><li>1945; <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Agreement on Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Declaration to Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9835" title="Executive Order 9835">Executive Order 9835</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Hoover Commission</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Resources_Board" title="National Security Resources Board">National Security Resources Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Department of the Air Force">Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_Persons_Act" title="Displaced Persons Act">Displaced Persons Act</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_West_Agreement" title="Key West Agreement">Key West Agreement</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Joint Long Range Proving Grounds</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty" title="North Atlantic Treaty">North Atlantic Treaty</a> <ul><li>1949; <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> <ul><li>1950–1953; <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_82" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 82">U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82,</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_83" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Production_Act_of_1950" title="Defense Production Act of 1950">Defense Production Act of 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Douglas_MacArthur" title="Relief of Douglas MacArthur">Relief of Douglas MacArthur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Defense_Mobilization" title="Office of Defense Mobilization">Office of Defense Mobilization</a> <ul><li>1950; <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Science_Advisory_Committee" title="President's Science Advisory Committee">Science Advisory Committee</a>, 1951</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fair_Deal" title="Fair Deal">Fair Deal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)" title="Medal of Freedom (1945)">Medal of Freedom</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1945" title="Revenue Act of 1945">Revenue Act of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mental_Health_Act" title="National Mental Health Act">National Mental Health Act</a> <ul><li>1946; <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">U.S. Atomic Energy Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Act_of_1946" title="Employment Act of 1946">Employment Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Council of Economic Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act" title="Flood Control Act">Flood Control Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1946" title="Flood Control Act of 1946">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1948" title="Flood Control Act of 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1950" title="Flood Control Act of 1950">1950</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill%E2%80%93Burton_Act" title="Hill–Burton Act">Hill–Burton Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Reorganization_Act_of_1946" title="Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946">Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Regulation_of_Lobbying_Act_of_1946" title="Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946">Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Tort_Claims_Act" title="Federal Tort Claims Act">Federal Tort Claims Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Legislative Reference Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Act" title="National School Lunch Act">National School Lunch Act</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Committee_on_Civil_Rights" title="President's Committee on Civil Rights">President's Committee on Civil Rights</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Insecticide,_Fungicide,_and_Rodenticide_Act" title="Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act">Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Home_Finance_Agency" title="Housing and Home Finance Agency">Housing and Home Finance Agency</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act of 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Hartley_Act" title="Taft–Hartley Act">Taft–Hartley Act</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1948" title="Agricultural Act of 1948">Agricultural Act of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1948" title="Revenue Act of 1948">Revenue Act of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Act_of_1949" title="Agricultural Act of 1949">Agricultural Act of 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_Act_of_1949" title="Housing Act of 1949">Housing Act of 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingell%E2%80%93Johnson_Act" title="Dingell–Johnson Act">Dingell–Johnson Act</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1950" title="Revenue Act of 1950">Revenue Act of 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excess_profits_tax" title="Excess profits tax">Excess profits tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrelated_Business_Income_Tax" title="Unrelated Business Income Tax">Unrelated Business Income Tax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1951" title="Revenue Act of 1951">Revenue Act of 1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1952" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_steel_strike" title="1952 steel strike">1952 steel strike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Office_and_Courtroom" title="Harry S Truman Office and Courtroom">Missouri Office and Courtroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Committee" title="Truman Committee">Truman Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Birthplace_State_Historic_Site" title="Harry S Truman Birthplace State Historic Site">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Farm_Home" title="Harry S. Truman Farm Home">Harry S. Truman Farm Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_National_Historic_Site" title="Harry S. Truman National Historic Site">Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Historic_District" title="Harry S. Truman Historic District">Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Little_White_House" title="Harry S. Truman Little White House">Truman Little White House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Electoral history of Harry S. Truman">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1934 United States Senate election in Missouri">United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1940 United States Senate election in Missouri">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman" title="Dewey Defeats Truman">Dewey Defeats Truman</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Just_Wild_About_Harry" title="I'm Just Wild About Harry">campaign song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Bibliography of Harry S. Truman">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Day" title="Truman Day">Truman Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S_Truman_Building" title="Harry S Truman Building">Harry S Truman Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Reservoir" title="Truman Reservoir">Truman Dam and Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_Scholarship" title="Harry S. Truman Scholarship">Harry S. Truman Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Sports_Complex" title="Truman Sports Complex">Truman Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Statue of Harry S. Truman">Statue of Harry S. Truman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Give_%27em_Hell,_Harry!" title="Give 'em Hell, Harry!">Give 'em Hell, Harry!</a> (1975 play and film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman_(song)" title="Harry Truman (song)">Harry Truman</a> (1975 song by <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collision_Course:_Truman_vs._MacArthur" title="Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur">Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur</a> (1976 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_(1977_film)" title="MacArthur (1977 film)">MacArthur</a> (1977 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1995_film)" title="Truman (1995 film)">Truman</a> (1995 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_(1997_film)" title="Truman (1997 film)">Truman</a> (1997 documentary film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a> (2022 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Wallace Truman</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Truman" title="Margaret Truman">Margaret Truman</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Ellen_Young_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Ellen Young Truman">Martha Ellen Young Truman</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Truman_Daniel" title="Clifton Truman Daniel">Clifton Truman Daniel</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">← Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">← Henry A. Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Harry_S._Truman" title="Category:Harry S. Truman">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elihu_W._Hayes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elihu W. Hayes (page does not exist)">Elihu Hayes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_county_executives_of_Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="List of county executives of Jackson County, Missouri">Presiding Judge of Jackson County</a> 1927–1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugene_Purcell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugene Purcell (page does not exist)">Eugene Purcell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> 1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> 1945–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Hay_(Missouri_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Hay (Missouri politician) (page does not exist)">Charles Hay</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 1</a>) <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri,_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934">1934</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri,_1940" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate election in Missouri, 1940">1940</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Briggs" title="Frank P. Briggs">Frank P. Briggs</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_C._Patterson" title="Roscoe C. Patterson">Roscoe C. Patterson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">United States Senator (Class 1) from Missouri</a> 1935–1945 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Champ_Clark" title="Bennett Champ Clark">Bennett Champ Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forrest_C._Donnell" title="Forrest C. Donnell">Forrest C. Donnell</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Briggs" title="Frank P. Briggs">Frank P. Briggs</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Harry_S._Truman102" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Harry_S._Truman102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Harry S. Truman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–2025</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_Adams_presidency" title="Timeline of the John Adams presidency">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> (2025–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party1299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party1299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (St. Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Martin" title="Ken Martin">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squad_(U.S._Congress)" title="Squad (U.S. Congress)">Squad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Missouri99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="Template:United States senators from Missouri"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="Template talk:United States senators from Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Missouri"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Missouri99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">United States senators from Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Geyer" title="Henry S. Geyer">Geyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusten_Polk" title="Trusten Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Henderson" title="John B. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cockrell" title="Francis Cockrell">Cockrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warner_(Missouri_politician)" title="William Warner (Missouri politician)">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_C._Patterson" title="Roscoe C. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Briggs" title="Frank P. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Kem" title="James P. Kem">Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Symington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">Danforth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Carnahan" title="Jean Carnahan">Carnahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Talent" title="Jim Talent">Talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">McCaskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Barton_(politician)" title="David Barton (politician)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Buckner" title="Alexander Buckner">Buckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Linn" title="Lewis F. Linn">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Green" title="James S. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_P._Johnson" title="Waldo P. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(Missouri_politician)" title="Robert Wilson (Missouri politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Drake" title="Charles D. Drake">Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._Jewett" title="Daniel T. Jewett">Jewett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_V._Bogy" title="Lewis V. Bogy">Bogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Armstrong" title="David H. Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_Vest" title="George Graham Vest">Vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_P._Wilfley" title="Xenophon P. Wilfley">Wilfley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selden_P._Spencer" title="Selden P. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Williams_(Missouri_politician)" title="George H. Williams (Missouri politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Hawes" title="Harry B. Hawes">Hawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Champ_Clark" title="Bennett Champ Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_C._Donnell" title="Forrest C. Donnell">Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hennings_Jr." title="Thomas C. Hennings Jr.">Hennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V._Long" title="Edward V. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16183" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation Masterdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation Blacklist Forty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the Tuapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1940)_1944_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1948)537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1944 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1940)_1944_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1948)537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">← 1940</a>) <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">→ 1948</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (incumbent)</li> <li>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry Truman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Harry F. Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riley_A._Bender" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F8F9FA;"><a href="/wiki/America_First_Party_(1943)" title="America First Party (1943)">America First Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Watson" title="Claude A. Watson">Claude A. Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Darlington_Hoopes" title="Darlington Hoopes">Darlington Hoopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1944 elections: <a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1944 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1944)_1948_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1952)465" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1948 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1944)_1948_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1952)465" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">← 1944</a>) <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">→ 1952</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incumbent nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry S. Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman_1948_presidential_campaign" title="Harry S. Truman 1948 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Harley_M._Kilgore" title="Harley M. Kilgore">Harley M. Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Riley_A._Bender" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_E._Hitchcock" title="Herbert E. Hitchcock">Herbert E. Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Joseph W. Martin Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Edward Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF9955;"><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States' Rights Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat#1948_presidential_election" title="Dixiecrat">Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_third-party_and_independent_candidates358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Watson" title="Claude A. Watson">Claude A. Watson</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dale_H._Learn" title="Dale H. Learn">Dale H. Learn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #5FD170;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a></li> <li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Tucker_P._Smith" title="Tucker P. Smith">Tucker P. Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Farrell_Dobbs" title="Farrell Dobbs">Farrell Dobbs</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Grace_Carlson" title="Grace Carlson">Grace Carlson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Gerald L. K. Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1948 elections: <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1948 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)776" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template talk:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FD_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FD Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933–1945)776" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1933–1945)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John Nance Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/100px-FDR_in_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/150px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg/200px-FDR_in_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="2928" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a> (1933–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">William H. Woodin</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> (1934–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">George Dern</a> (1933–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Harry Hines Woodring</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Homer Stille Cummings</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Frank Murphy</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a> (1941–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Frank C. Walker</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Claude A. Swanson</a> (1933–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Charles Edison</a> (1939–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> (1940–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1944–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a> (1940–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Roper" title="Daniel C. Roper">Daniel C. Roper</a> (1933–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a> (1938–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_H._Jones" title="Jesse H. Jones">Jesse H. Jones</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)829" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Truman_cabinet" title="Template:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Truman_cabinet" title="Template talk:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Truman_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)829" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945–1953)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/100px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/150px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/200px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="447" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">John Wesley Snyder</a> (1946–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Kenneth Claiborne Royall</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a> (1949–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> (1950–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a> (1951–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">J. Howard McGrath</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">James P. McGranery</a> (1952–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Frank C. Walker</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Robert E. Hannegan</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_M._Donaldson" title="Jesse M. Donaldson">Jesse M. Donaldson</a> (1947–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1945–1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Albert_Krug" title="Julius Albert Krug">Julius Albert Krug</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_L._Chapman" title="Oscar L. Chapman">Oscar L. Chapman</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Clinton Anderson</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan" title="Charles F. Brannan">Charles F. Brannan</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Charles W. Sawyer</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_B._Schwellenbach" title="Lewis B. Schwellenbach">Lewis B. Schwellenbach</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Maurice J. Tobin</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/21px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/32px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg/42px-The_USS_Arizona_%28BB-39%29_burning_after_the_Japanese_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor_-_NARA_195617_-_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2326" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1940s" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:1940s">1940s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/11px-Fifties_jukebox.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/17px-Fifties_jukebox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/23px-Fifties_jukebox.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="493" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:1950s" title="Portal:1950s">1950s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/21px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/32px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/42px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Missouri" title="Portal:Missouri">Missouri</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Missouri&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_74th–79th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)194" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" 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title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109070193">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/61561827">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32671/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdptRc6CPh6VWHk3T4MP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118624210">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79029742">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120318266">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120318266">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00476338">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35225073">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720305&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1141600">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/112359">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068802064">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90069814">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007269021405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510900706706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14359899">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01488730?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500444733">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2e83d240-c6c6-4749-b706-f6ef695dfa70">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000387">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/872429">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118624210.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118624210">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027418022">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10679518">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6776605">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman&oldid=1259862347">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_S._Truman&oldid=1259862347</a>"</div></div> <div 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[\"CITEREFFind_Law2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFreeland1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFussell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeselbracht\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiangreco\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiangreco2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiglio2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilwee2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlass2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolway2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrand_Lodge-Pennsylvania2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall_of_Famous_Missourians2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamby1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamby1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamby2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHechlerElsey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggs2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolsti1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffreys-Jones1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirKendall1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkendall1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkendall2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKloetzelCharles2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnowles1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramerKauzlarich2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambNye2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenczowski1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeuchtenburg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLifeNovember_30,_1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGregor1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddox2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarolda,_Edward_J.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatray1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCormickWittkopf1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_James_Lacey1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilkisNelson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller_Center2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMissouri_Partisan_Ranger1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoynihan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoynihan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Archives1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Archives1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavSource_Online2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeustadt1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNevins1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiel_JohnsonVerna_Gail_Johnson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNielsen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNohlen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhio_State2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlson1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOshinsky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttolenghi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPBS2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPietrusza2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosey2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarborough2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz,_Joseph_P.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwab2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenate_Truman_Committee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiena2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkidmore2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmaltz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmaltz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobel1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpalding2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStohl1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokesbury1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrout1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Editorial_Board2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTime2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimeAugust_13,_1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimeDecember_3,_1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimeJanuary_8,_1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimeJune_6,_1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimeMarch_24,_1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimeNovember_10,_2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimeOctober_17,_1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimeOctober_19,_1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Birthplace2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Fellowship2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_129th2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_Balcony2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_Balcony_II2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_Birth2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_Buck1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_Eye2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_FAQ1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_Job2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_Memo1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_Mil2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_SAR2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library,_Special_Message1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library1988a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library2012aa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library2012h\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Library2012i\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Scholarship2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_School_of_Public_Affairs2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._History2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Senate2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Senate2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniversityStanfordCalifornia_943052014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWashington_National_Cathedral2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinstein1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeintraub2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite_House_Museum1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWisconsin_Magazine_of_HistoryAutumn_1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWooten1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoungSchilling2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabel1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuberi2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"\\\" '\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 9,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ca\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 83,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite letter\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 119,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Cold War\"] = 1,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Truman, Harry S.\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Democratic Party (United States)\"] = 1,\n [\"Diff\"] = 1,\n [\"Dodseal\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Em\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"FD Roosevelt cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 9,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harry S. Truman\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"Indented plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 13,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Is redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Long dash\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NARA\"] = 1,\n [\"NYTtopic\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 7,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 7,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 7,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 258,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 71,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Truman cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"US Vice Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USCongRep-end\"] = 1,\n [\"USCongRep-start\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1944\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1948\"] = 1,\n [\"United States senators from Missouri\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","660","19.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","520","15.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","460","13.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","220","6.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","5.8"],["(for generator)","140","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","100","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","100","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","2.9"],["[others]","820","24.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6fd5f557c6-vq22r","timestamp":"20250225161151","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_S._Truman","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11613","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11613","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-23T21:11:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T13:57:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0b\/TRUMAN_58-766-06_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"president of the United States from 1945 to 1953; politician (1884-1972)"}</script> </body> </html>