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table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall of Antwerp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_d%27Anvers" title="Setge d'Anvers – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge d'Anvers" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Antwerpen_(1584%E2%80%931585)" title="Belagerung von Antwerpen (1584–1585) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belagerung von Antwerpen (1584–1585)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Amberes_(1584-1585)" title="Sitio de Amberes (1584-1585) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de Amberes (1584-1585)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="سقوط آنتورپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سقوط آنتورپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_d%27Anvers_(1585)" title="Siège d'Anvers (1585) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège d'Anvers (1585)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Anversa_(1584-1585)" title="Assedio di Anversa (1584-1585) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Anversa (1584-1585)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9F_(1584%E2%80%931585)" title="המצור על אנטוורפן (1584–1585) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצור על אנטוורפן (1584–1585)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_van_Antwerpen_(1584-1585)" title="Beleg van Antwerpen (1584-1585) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beleg van Antwerpen (1584-1585)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdobycie_Antwerpii" title="Zdobycie Antwerpii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zdobycie Antwerpii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queda_de_Antu%C3%A9rpia" title="Queda de Antuérpia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Queda de Antuérpia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1584%E2%80%941585)" title="Осада Антверпена (1584—1585) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Антверпена (1584—1585)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%AB%E6%99%AE%E5%9B%B4%E5%9B%B0" title="安特卫普围困 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安特卫普围困" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q697823#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fall_of_Antwerp&params=51.2167_N_4.4_E_source:kolossus-eswiki"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°13′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°24′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.2167°N 4.4°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.2167; 4.4</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1585 end of siege by Spanish forces against a Dutch garrison in Eighty Years' War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Siege and outcome of the 1584–1585 siege of Antwerp during the Eighty Years' War. For other battles involving a siege of this city, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antwerp_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Siege of Antwerp (disambiguation)">Siege of Antwerp</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Fall of Antwerp</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parma%27s_brug,_Antwerpen_1585.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Parma%27s_brug%2C_Antwerpen_1585.JPG/300px-Parma%27s_brug%2C_Antwerpen_1585.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Parma%27s_brug%2C_Antwerpen_1585.JPG/450px-Parma%27s_brug%2C_Antwerpen_1585.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Parma%27s_brug%2C_Antwerpen_1585.JPG/600px-Parma%27s_brug%2C_Antwerpen_1585.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1153" /></a></span><br />Parma's bridge over the Scheldt in 1585, built of ships.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>July 1584 – 17 August 1585</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Spanish victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/23px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/35px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/45px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Estates General</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/23px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/35px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/45px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philips_van_Marnix,_lord_of_Sint-Aldegonde" class="mw-redirect" title="Philips van Marnix, lord of Sint-Aldegonde">Philips van Marnix</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza">Alessandro Farnese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 80,000 men</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 40,000 men</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 8,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~1,800</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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Eighty Years' War">List of battles</a><br /></dt></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1566%E2%80%931572" title="Eighty Years' War, 1566–1572">1566–1572</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valenciennes_(1567)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Valenciennes (1567)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattrelos" title="Battle of Wattrelos">Wattrelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lannoy" title="Battle of Lannoy">Lannoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oosterweel" title="Battle of Oosterweel">Oosterweel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dahlen" title="Battle of Dahlen">Dahlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heiligerlee_(1568)" title="Battle of Heiligerlee (1568)">Heiligerlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemmingen" title="Battle of Jemmingen">Jemmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jodoigne" title="Battle of Jodoigne">Jodoigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Quesnoy_(1568)" title="Battle of Le Quesnoy (1568)">Le Quesnoy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1572%E2%80%931576" title="Eighty Years' War, 1572–1576">1572–1576</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Brielle" title="Capture of Brielle">Brielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="Spanish Fury at Mechelen">1st Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Goes" title="Relief of Goes">Goes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Naarden" title="Massacre of Naarden">Naarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Middelburg_(1572%E2%80%931574)" title="Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574)">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem" title="Siege of Haarlem">Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_IJsselmeer" title="Battle of IJsselmeer">IJsselmeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alkmaar" title="Siege of Alkmaar">Alkmaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1573)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573)">1st Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delft_(1573)" title="Battle of Delft (1573)">Delft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Valkenburg_(1574)" title="Capture of Valkenburg (1574)">Valkenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mookerheyde" title="Battle of Mookerheyde">Mookerheyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oudewater_(1575)" title="Siege of Oudewater (1575)">Oudewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schoonhoven_(1575)" title="Siege of Schoonhoven (1575)">Schoonhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zierikzee" title="Siege of Zierikzee">Zierikzee</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flushing" title="Battle of Flushing">Flushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borsele" title="Battle of Borsele">Borsele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haarlemmermeer" title="Battle of Haarlemmermeer">Haarlemmermeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Zuiderzee" title="Battle on the Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt_(1574)" title="Battle of the Scheldt (1574)">Reimerswaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lillo" title="Battle of Lillo">Lillo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1576%E2%80%931579" title="Eighty Years' War, 1576–1579">1576–1579</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">1st Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam" title="Battle of Rijmenam">Rijmenam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1578)" title="Siege of Deventer (1578)">1st Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borgerhout" title="Battle of Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1579%E2%80%931588" title="Eighty Years' War, 1579–1588">1579–1588</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1579)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1579)">1st Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="English Fury at Mechelen">2nd Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_of_Diest_(1580)" title="Taking of Diest (1580)">Diest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">1st Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kollum" title="Battle of Kollum">Kollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1581)" title="Capture of Breda (1581)">1st Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noordhorn" title="Battle of Noordhorn">Noordhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Niezijl" title="Siege of Niezijl">Niezijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lochem_(1582)" title="Siege of Lochem (1582)">Lochem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lier_(1582)" title="Siege of Lier (1582)">1st Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fury" title="French Fury">2nd Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)" title="Siege of Eindhoven (1583)">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)" title="Battle of Steenbergen (1583)">Steenbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ghent_(1583%E2%80%931584)" title="Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)">Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aalst_(1584)" title="Capture of Aalst (1584)">Aalst</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">3rd Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_IJsseloord" title="Siege of IJsseloord">Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Empel" title="Battle of Empel">Empel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boksum" title="Battle of Boksum">Boksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)" title="Siege of Grave (1586)">1st Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1586)" title="Siege of Venlo (1586)">1st Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Axel" title="Capture of Axel">Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Neuss" title="Destruction of Neuss">Neuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1586%E2%80%931590)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590)">1st Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen" title="Battle of Zutphen">1st Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)" title="Siege of Sluis (1587)">1st Sluis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Franca_do_Campo" title="Battle of Vila Franca do Campo">Ponta Delgada</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)" title="Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)">Ten Years, 1588–1598</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)">1st Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1589)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589)">2nd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)" title="Capture of Breda (1590)">2nd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)" title="Siege of Zutphen (1591)">2nd Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)" title="Siege of Deventer (1591)">2nd Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delfzijl" title="Capture of Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg" title="Siege of Knodsenburg">Knodsenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)" title="Siege of Hulst (1591)">1st Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)" title="Siege of Nijmegen (1591)">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591-1592)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rouen (1591-1592)">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec" title="Siege of Caudebec">Caudebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1592)">2nd Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1592)">1st Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_campaigns#First_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburg campaigns">1st Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)" title="Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593)">3rd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1593)">2nd Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxemburg_campaigns#Second_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburg campaigns">2nd Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)" title="Siege of Huy (1595)">Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1595)">1st Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe" title="Battle of the Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lier" title="Sack of Lier">2nd Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)" title="Siege of Hulst (1596)">2nd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)" title="Battle of Turnhout (1597)">Turnhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1597)">2nd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_(1597)" title="Siege of Meurs (1597)">1st Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1597)">2nd Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)" title="Siege of Bredevoort (1597)">Bredevoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)" title="Capture of Enschede (1597)">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum" title="Capture of Ootmarsum">Ootmarsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)">1st Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)" title="Siege of Lingen (1597)">1st Lingen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">1st English Channel <b>·</b> Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayona_Islands_(1590)" title="Battle of Bayona Islands (1590)">Bayona Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1591)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591)">Gulf of Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">1st Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_Voyage" title="Islands Voyage">Azores</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1599%E2%80%931609" title="Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609">1599–1609</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenckenschans_(1599)" title="Siege of Schenckenschans (1599)">1st Schenckenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel" title="Siege of Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rees_(1599)" title="Siege of Rees (1599)">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Andreas_(1600)" title="Siege of San Andreas (1600)">San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lekkerbeetje" title="Battle of Lekkerbeetje">Lekkerbeetje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Nieuwpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1601)">3rd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601)">1st 's-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)" title="Siege of Grave (1602)">2nd Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_of_Hoogstraten" title="Mutiny of Hoogstraten">Hoogstraaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">3rd Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1605)" title="Siege of Lingen (1605)">2nd Lingen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1606)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1606) (page does not exist)">4th Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1606)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1606)">3rd Groenlo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Battle of the Narrow Seas">Dover Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluis_(1603)" title="Battle of Sluis (1603)">2nd Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Channel" title="Battle of the Channel">2nd English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1606)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1606)">1st Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1607)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1607)">1st Gibraltar</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a>, 1609–1621</dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aachen_(1614)" title="Siege of Aachen (1614)">Aachen</a></li></ul> <p><b>East Indies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Moluccas" title="Spanish conquest of the Moluccas">Ternate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Playa_Honda" title="Battle of Playa Honda">Playa Honda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1621%E2%80%931648" title="Eighty Years' War, 1621–1648">1621–1648</a></dt></dl> <p><b>Western Europe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_(1621%E2%80%931622)" title="Siege of Jülich (1621–1622)">Jülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1622)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622)">2nd Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1622)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1622)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">3rd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1626)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1626)">2nd Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1627)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1627)">4th Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch">2nd 's-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Henry%27s_Meuse_campaign" title="Frederick Henry's Meuse campaign">Meuse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht" title="Capture of Maastricht">2nd Maastricht</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Venlo_((1632)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Venlo ((1632) (page does not exist)">2nd Venlo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Roermond_(1632)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Roermond (1632) (page does not exist)">1st Roermond</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1633)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1633)">5th Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">2nd Schenkenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)" title="Siege of Breda (1637)">4th Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1637)" title="Siege of Venlo (1637)">3rd Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Roermond" title="Capture of Roermond">2nd Roermond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kallo" title="Battle of Kallo">Kallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1640)" title="Siege of Hulst (1640)">3rd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1645)" title="Siege of Hulst (1645)">4th Hulst</a></li></ul> <p><b>European waters</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1621)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1621)">2nd Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_expedition_(1625)" title="Cádiz expedition (1625)">2nd Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slaak" title="Battle of the Slaak">Slaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Lizard_Point" title="Battle off Lizard Point">Lizard Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_February_1639" title="Action of 18 February 1639">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_the_Channel" title="Fight in the Channel">3rd English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">The Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1641)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641)">2nd Cape St. Vincent</a></li></ul> <p><b>Americas</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Salvador">1st Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1625)" title="Battle of San Juan (1625)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_Matanzas" title="Battle in the Bay of Matanzas">Bay of Matanzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon_van_Hoorn%27s_expedition_of_1633" title="Jan Janszoon van Hoorn's expedition of 1633">Trujillo <b>·</b> Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Martin_(1633)" title="Capture of Saint Martin (1633)">1st Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_the_Unare" title="Expedition to the Unare">1st Unare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">2nd Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caba%C3%B1as" title="Battle of Cabañas">Cabañas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Itamaracá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Southern Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Martin" title="Attack on Saint Martin">2nd Saint Martin</a></li></ul> <p><b>East Indies</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">Mormugão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1641)" title="Siege of Malacca (1641)">Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">1st San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">2nd San Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_de_Cavite" title="Battle of Puerto de Cavite">Cavite</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Peace of Münster">Peace</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Aftermath of the Eighty Years' War">Aftermath</a> – <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Historiography of the Eighty Years' War">Historiography</a></dt></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>fall of Antwerp</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">val van Antwerpen</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[vɑl<span class="wrap"> </span>vɑn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɑntʋɛrpə(n)]</a></span>) on 17 August 1585 took place during the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>, after a siege lasting over a year from July 1584 until August 1585. The city of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> was the focal point of the Protestant-dominated <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a>, but was forced to surrender to the Spanish forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza">Alessandro Farnese</a>. Under the terms agreed, all the Protestants of Antwerp were given four years to settle their affairs and leave the city. Many migrated north, especially to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. Apart from losing a high proportion of its middle class and mercantile population, Antwerp's trade suffered for two centuries afterwards as Dutch forts blockaded the River Scheldt until 1795. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time Antwerp, in modern <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, was not only the largest <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Dutch</a> city, but was also the cultural, economic, and financial centre of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern Europe</a>. On 4 November 1576, unpaid Spanish soldiery mutinied: they plundered and burnt the city during what was called the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Antwerp" title="Sack of Antwerp">Spanish Fury</a>. Thousands of citizens were massacred and hundreds of houses were burnt down. As a result, Antwerp became even more engaged in the rebellion against the rule of <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a>. The city joined the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht" title="Union of Utrecht">Union of Utrecht</a> (1579) and became the capital of the Dutch Revolt, which no longer was merely a Protestant rebellion but had become a revolt of all Dutch provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Houtte1952v.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;139_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Houtte1952v.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;139-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relieved from the great battles with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> in the Mediterranean, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> turned his attention back to the uprising in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and in the autumn of 1577 sent <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza">prince Alessandro Farnese</a> with reinforcement troops to aid <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">Don Juan of Austria</a> in Flanders regain control over Flanders, Brabant, and the United Provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020av.&nbsp;I,_p.&nbsp;199_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020av.&nbsp;I,_p.&nbsp;199-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Don Juan died on October 1, 1578, whereupon Farnese became the Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands and Captain-General of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">army of Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II,_p.&nbsp;55_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II,_p.&nbsp;55-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-June, 1584, Alexander Farnese had decided the time was right to make preparations for besieging Antwerp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;219_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farnese left Bruges for Antwerp on July 3, 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;225_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;225-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the siege of Antwerp began (1584) most of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a> had been recaptured in the preceding year. The Prince of Parma's forces had been reinforced in the previous years, both in quantity and quality, yet at the start of the siege, his troops did not exceed 10,000 infantrymen and 1,700 cavalrymen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;220_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;220-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege">Siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the recapture of Flanders and Brabant, Farnese improved the logistics of the Spanish army in Flanders by further investing in what is dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a>." It was a main road leading north from Habsburg holdings in Northern Italy into the Low Countries, protected by forts built at strategic intervals, to provide the army with a reliable flow of supplies. When the siege of Antwerp began Parma's army was well supplied. The first stage of the siege saw encirclement lines constructed around Antwerp and forts built along the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> estuary so as to cut off trade with Ghent and Dendermonde.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_pp.&nbsp;225–226_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_pp.&nbsp;225–226-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of capturing the strongholds along both banks of the Scheldt would have allowed Parma to control the passage of vessels trying to deliver relief supplies to Antwerp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lillo" title="Fort Lillo">Fort Lillo</a> wasn't captured so an alternative plan to control river traffic had to be devised; the construction of a bridge to blockade the Scheldt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;1–3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;1–3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farnese's_bridge"><span id="Farnese.27s_bridge"></span>Farnese's bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Farnese's bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>So as to negate any effects from not possessing Lillo, it was decided to build the bridge in a spot upstream from the fort and where the river makes two sharp bends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two new forts were built; Saint-Mary on the Flemish bank and Saint-Philip on the Brabant bank. The bridge was built between these two forts. The bridge is described as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>Starting from fort Saint-Mary, the estacade was formed by large, solid tree trunks, deep-ly driven into the riverbed or into the sandbar, spaced three feet apart from each other in width, and four feet in length. These tree trunks were planted as close to the middle of the Scheldt as possible, out to a distance of 450 feet, the point where the depth of the riverbed no longer allowed piles to be driven. This formidable matrix of piles was joined together by heavy wooden beams, well nailed and immobilized by chains, which gave the entire structure an unfailing rigidity and stability. On this foundation was laid a pathway, made of heavy wooden planks and beams, which formed the bridge itself, and which was protected, on both sides – on the Antwerpian (up river) side and on the Zealander side (down river) – by a musket ball proof parapet made of wood and packed with clay. Between the fort of Saint-Mary and the center of the bridge, but closer to the fort than to the middle of the river, on each side, Farnese had twelve equally massive piles driven into the riverbed, securely chained and connected by heavy beams; these piles advanced a few meters into the Scheldt, beyond the main line of the estacade, so as to form a kind of ravelin with parapet. On this ravelin, which projected out from the estacade, the Prince in-stalled a battery of three demi-cannons, for the defense of the bulwark against an attack by enemy ships, and stationed fifty soldiers there. A little bit beyond each side of the bridge along its length, between the fort of Saint-Mary and the end of the ravelin, were additional piles driven into the sandbar, slightly exceeding the water level of the river, and interconnected by heavy beams, which, in this way, constituted a sturdy stop barrier for enemy ships or machines which could come up against the estacade. </p><p>Starting at fort Saint-Philip, an estacade constructed exactly like the one which we just described, extended out from that side towards the middle of the river, for a distance of 950 feet. Between the two parts of the bridge which were thus advancing to meet one another, a large space of about 1,000 paces, had remained open, where the depth and flow of the Scheldt did not allow tree trunks or piles to be driven into the riverbed. Alessandro Farnese had 32 large barks, which had been brought from Ghent by way of the Stekene Canal, placed side by side, one next to the other. At the bow and stern, these boats were each immobilized with two anchors and chained one to the other. Each boat was equipped with two pieces of artillery. There was a distance of about 10 feet between them, but they were held in place and in line by a solid chain which ran from one to the other and connected them all together, and by way of a deck that covered all of them. In order to defend the approaches of the entire bridge, the Prince had put just beyond, approximately within reach of a line, both on the Antwerpian side and on the Zealander side, a row of 33 boats arranged in groups of three. The three boats of each group were joined together by strong pieces of wood, and upon the boats were lying, pointed in the direction of the enemy and securely fastened, the ship masts which had been fetched from Denmark and the Scandinavian countries. Each of these masts was fitted at the tip with a large iron point, in the form of a lance, and was to be used to keep at some distance the boats, the ships, and the machines that the enemy would probably not fail to send toward the estacade with the intention of destroying it. The soldiers called these two barriers, which resembled rafts, “the floaters.” To complete this defense system, twenty vessels were stationed near the Flemish riverbank and twenty near the Brabantian riverbank, ready to intervene at any moment. </p><p> The entire span of this gigantic structure was no less than 2,400 feet in length from one bank to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;26–28_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;26–28-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It was completed on February 25, 1585.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;35_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;35-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federigo_Giambelli's_"infernal_machines""><span id="Federigo_Giambelli.27s_.22infernal_machines.22"></span>Federigo Giambelli's "infernal machines"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federigo Giambelli's "infernal machines""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8979.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8979.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8979.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8979.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8979.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8979.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8979.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4656" data-file-height="3624" /></a><figcaption>Parma nearly died during the attack on his pontoon bridge in 1585. Famiano Strada: <i>Histoire de la guerre des Païs-Bas</i>, 1727.</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to the closure of the Scheldt by this bridge, the Dutch flooded the lowlands adjacent to the Scheldt, effectively submerging most roads in scattered areas and leaving Spanish forts either flooded or isolated on small islands. Despite the Dutch using these floodplains to try to regain control over the Scheldt (using low draft oar and sail boats with small cannon emplacements on them), the Spanish position largely held firm, as many of the Spanish forts had been equipped with cannon and high quality troops. Several attempts were made by the Dutch to steer "<a href="/wiki/Hellburners" title="Hellburners">fire ships</a>" into the Spanish pontoon bridge with the first and most spectacular of which being <a href="/wiki/Federigo_Giambelli" title="Federigo Giambelli">Federigo Giambelli</a>'s "infernal machines".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;54–55_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;54–55-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cargo hold of each of two ships were converted into masonry lined blast chambers filled with gunpowder and heaped over with old gravestones, pieces of marble, iron hooks, stone balls, nails, and scrap metal then covered with planks and brush to give the appearance of an ordinary fire-ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;56_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;56-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ignite these floating bombs, one was equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Slow_match" title="Slow match">slow-burning match cord</a> and the other had a sophisticated clock work that would throw sparks at a preset time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;56_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;56-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the evening of April 4, 1585, the ships were launched.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;57_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship with the clockwork ran aground along the riverbank quite some distance from the bridge where the powder ignited with a loud thunder and a flash that lit up both riverbanks for an instant followed by a column of smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;59_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;59-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other ship managed to avoid the floating rafts and came to rest against the estacade on the Flemish side where it detonated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;59–61_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;59–61-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The river's water was sent over the dikes flooding everything in its path, stones were hurled nearly a mile away, the earth in Antwerp trembled, 800 Spaniards are said to have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_artificial_non-nuclear_explosions#Before_1900" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions">killed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_de_Robles" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspar de Robles">Caspar de Robles</a> being one of the casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;61–62_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;61–62-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antwerpian sailors were sent to assess the damage but the effect of the explosion terrified them so that they didn't venture far enough.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;63_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;63-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch were supposed to launch a relief mission from Holland and Zeeland following the launch of a signal rocket but since the reconnaissance team reported there was no damage, the rocket wasn't launched and the project aborted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;63_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;63-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon noticing that there were no ships approaching the bridge, Farnese immediately set to repairing the damage done to the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;63–64_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;63–64-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repair was merely a façade which the Hollanders discovered some days later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;64_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;64-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Kouwenstein">Battle of Kouwenstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Kouwenstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8981.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8981.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8981.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8981.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8981.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8981.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Famiano-Strada-Histoire-de-la-guerre-des-Pa%C3%AFs-Bas_MG_8981.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4482" data-file-height="3498" /></a><figcaption>Defeat of the rebels on the Kouwensteinsedijk near the pontoon bridge, 26 May 1585. Lamberecht Causé in Famiano Strada <i>Histoire de la guerre des Païs Bas</i>, 1727.</figcaption></figure> <p>The rebels weren't ready to give up yet. Their next plan was to attack the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kouwenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kouwenstein (page does not exist)">Kouwenstein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_op_de_Kouwensteinsedijk" class="extiw" title="nl:Slag op de Kouwensteinsedijk">nl</a>]</span> counter-dike and demolish large portions so as to allow relief ships from Holland and Zeeland to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;67_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;67-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kouwenstein dike was a low-lying levee three miles long, in many places barely ten feet wide, with deep water on both sides. It ran from Stabroek in Brabant (where Mansfeld's troops were encamped) across the flooded land, to the Scheldt, not far from Fort Lillo. Farnese understood the strategic importance of this dike and had it fortified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;17–18_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;17–18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the first attempt to demolish it failed, Farnese took further preventive measures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;70–72_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;70–72-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second attempt was on Sunday 26 May. Both the Antwerpian fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Philips_of_Marnix,_Lord_of_Saint-Aldegonde" title="Philips of Marnix, Lord of Saint-Aldegonde">Marnix Saint-Aldegonde</a> and the Holland-Zeeland fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Hohenlohe-Neuenstein" title="Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein">Count Hohenlohe</a> launched a coordinated attack on the dike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;74–75_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;74–75-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels initially captured vast portions of the dike and started piercing it in several locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;75–77_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;75–77-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, an opening was made that was large enough for a relief ship to pass through and make its way to Antwerp, on which were Marnix and Hohenlohe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;77_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;77-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander Farnese was at his headquarters in Beveren when the attack began and the roar of cannons woke him whereupon he rushed to the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;79–80_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;79–80-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He assessed the critical nature of the situation and immediately set to reversing the tide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;80–81_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;80–81-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven hours after the start of the attack, he did just that by putting artillery in place and using blocks of pikemen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;80–83_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;80–83-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle went on so long that the ocean's tide shifted causing many of the rebel ships to run aground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;83_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;83-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holland-Zeeland ships drifted with the tide out to sea leaving the Antwerpians to their fate. Of the roughly 4,000 soldiers the rebels engaged in this enterprise, nearly half perished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;85_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;85-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Parma put even more effort into reinforcing the dike, it was unnecessary as this bloody defeat put an end to any effective resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;87_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;87-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_End_of_the_War">The End of the War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The End of the War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schip_Fin_de_la_Guerre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Schip_Fin_de_la_Guerre.jpg/220px-Schip_Fin_de_la_Guerre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Schip_Fin_de_la_Guerre.jpg/330px-Schip_Fin_de_la_Guerre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Schip_Fin_de_la_Guerre.jpg/440px-Schip_Fin_de_la_Guerre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Dutch <i><a href="/wiki/Fin_de_la_guerre" title="Fin de la guerre">Finis Belli</a></i>, a fortified ship meant to break the Spanish blockade.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the battle, Alexander Farnese noticed a group of Antwerpian ships stationed around one enormous vessel which turned out to be a floating battery, intended to attack the Spanish forts and the bridge over the Scheldt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;87_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;87-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had four masts, three of which were topped with bullet-proof crow's nests where musketeers were stationed, its flanks were equipped with 20 large cannons and numerous small and medium pieces, and its hull was encased in cork and empty barrels wrapped in oakum to make it unsinkable. It could accommodate 500 musketeers. This was another Giambelli invention called the <i><a href="/wiki/Fin_de_la_Guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin de la Guerre">Finis Belli</a></i> ("End of War"), into which they put great hope but the mission failed. The ship was simply too big and unwieldy. It was an expensive abject failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;88_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;88-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The capture of the End of War further disheartened the Antwerpians leaving the impression that there was no way to defeat Parma. In the end the Dutch abandoned their efforts, considering Antwerp a lost cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;89_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;89-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surrender">Surrender</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surrender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being cut off as they were and with supplies running low, famine was taking its toll. The city's Catholics energetically demanded that negotiations with Farnese commence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;90–91_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;90–91-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These lengthy negotiations were conducted by Marnix in the Spanish headquarters at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singelberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singelberg (page does not exist)">Singelberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singelberg" class="extiw" title="nl:Singelberg">nl</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Beveren" title="Beveren">Beveren</a> and on 17 August he signed the surrender of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;133–135_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;133–135-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the siege, the Dutch fleet on the river Scheldt was kept in position, blocking the city's access to the sea and cutting it off from international trade. Parma stationed experienced <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilian</a> troops within Antwerp to make sure the city would not fall into enemy hands. The moderateness of Parma's demands and the behaviour of his troops were a complete surprise given the bloodiness of the siege and the rampage of 1576. Parma issued strict orders not to sack the city. The Spanish troops behaved impeccably, and Antwerp's Protestant population was given four years to settle their affairs before leaving.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some returned to Roman Catholicism but many moved north and ended what had been a golden century for the city. Of the pre-siege population of 100,000 people, only 40,000 remained. Many of Antwerp's skilled tradesmen were included in the Protestant migration to the north, laying the commercial foundation for the subsequent "<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a>" of the northern <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a>. Although the city returned to prosperity, the Dutch blockade of commercial shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> remained in place and prevented the city recovering its former glory. The blockade was maintained for the next two centuries and was an important and traumatic element in the history of relations between the Netherlands and what was to become <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;144_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;144-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Houtte1952v.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;139-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Houtte1952v.&nbsp;V,_p.&nbsp;139_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_Houtte1952">Van Houtte 1952</a>, v. V, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020av.&nbsp;I,_p.&nbsp;199-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020av.&nbsp;I,_p.&nbsp;199_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020a">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020a</a>, v. I, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II,_p.&nbsp;55-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020bv.&nbsp;II,_p.&nbsp;55_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020b">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020b</a>, v. II, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;219-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;219_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020c">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c</a>, v. III, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;225-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;225_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020c">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c</a>, v. III, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;220-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_p.&nbsp;220_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020c">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c</a>, v. III, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_pp.&nbsp;225–226-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020cv.&nbsp;III,_pp.&nbsp;225–226_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020c">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020c</a>, v. III, pp. 225–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;1–3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;1–3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;3_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;26–28-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;26–28_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 26–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;35-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;35_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;54–55-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;54–55_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;56-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;56_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;56_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;57-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;57_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;59-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;59_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;59–61-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;59–61_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 59–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;61–62-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;61–62_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;63-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;63_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;63_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;63–64-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;63–64_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;64-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;64_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;67-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;67_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;17–18-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;17–18_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;70–72-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;70–72_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 70–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;74–75-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;74–75_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;75–77-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;75–77_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 75–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;77-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;77_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;79–80-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;79–80_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 79–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;80–81-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;80–81_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;80–83-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;80–83_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 80–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;83-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;83_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;85-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;85_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;87-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;87_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;87_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;88-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;88_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;89-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;89_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;90–91-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;90–91_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;133–135-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_pp.&nbsp;133–135_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, pp. 133–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alfons_K._L._Thijs" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfons K. L. Thijs">Alfons K. L. Thijs</a>, <i>Van Geuzenstad tot katholiek bolwerk: Maatschappelijke betekenis van de kerk in contrareformatorisch Antwerpen</i> (Antwerp, 1990), p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;144-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020dv.&nbsp;IV,_p.&nbsp;144_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d">Marek y Villarino de Brugge 2020d</a>, v. IV, p. 144.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020a" class="citation book cs1">Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020a). <i>Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. I</i>. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises ltd. inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8687255998" title="Special:BookSources/979-8687255998"><bdi>979-8687255998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alessandro+Farnese%3A+Prince+of+Parma%3A+Governor-General+of+the+Netherlands+%281545%E2%80%931592%29%3A+v.+I&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=MJV+Enterprises+ltd.+inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8687255998&rft.aulast=Marek+y+Villarino+de+Brugge&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Antwerp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020b" class="citation book cs1">Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020b). <i>Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. II</i>. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8687563130" title="Special:BookSources/979-8687563130"><bdi>979-8687563130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alessandro+Farnese%3A+Prince+of+Parma%3A+Governor-General+of+the+Netherlands+%281545%E2%80%931592%29%3A+v.+II&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=MJV+Enterprises%2C+ltd.%2C+inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8687563130&rft.aulast=Marek+y+Villarino+de+Brugge&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Antwerp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020c" class="citation book cs1">Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020c). <i>Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. III</i>. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8688759655" title="Special:BookSources/979-8688759655"><bdi>979-8688759655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alessandro+Farnese%3A+Prince+of+Parma%3A+Governor-General+of+the+Netherlands+%281545%E2%80%931592%29%3A+v.+III&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=MJV+Enterprises%2C+ltd.%2C+inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8688759655&rft.aulast=Marek+y+Villarino+de+Brugge&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Antwerp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020d" class="citation book cs1">Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020d). <i>Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): The Siege of Antwerp, v. IV</i>. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8689543123" title="Special:BookSources/979-8689543123"><bdi>979-8689543123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alessandro+Farnese%3A+Prince+of+Parma%3A+Governor-General+of+the+Netherlands+%281545%E2%80%931592%29%3A+The+Siege+of+Antwerp%2C+v.+IV&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=MJV+Enterprises%2C+ltd.%2C+inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8689543123&rft.aulast=Marek+y+Villarino+de+Brugge&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Antwerp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2020e" class="citation book cs1">Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2020e). <i>Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): v. V</i>. Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8689560397" title="Special:BookSources/979-8689560397"><bdi>979-8689560397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alessandro+Farnese%3A+Prince+of+Parma%3A+Governor-General+of+the+Netherlands+%281545%E2%80%931592%29%3A+v.+V&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=MJV+Enterprises%2C+ltd.%2C+inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=979-8689560397&rft.aulast=Marek+y+Villarino+de+Brugge&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Antwerp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek_y_Villarino_de_Brugge2021" class="citation book cs1">Marek y Villarino de Brugge, André (2021). <i>Alessandro Farnese: Prince of Parma: Governor-General of the Netherlands (1545–1592): Addendum</i> (Revised ed.). Los Angeles: MJV Enterprises, ltd., inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8848038859" title="Special:BookSources/979-8848038859"><bdi>979-8848038859</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alessandro+Farnese%3A+Prince+of+Parma%3A+Governor-General+of+the+Netherlands+%281545%E2%80%931592%29%3A+Addendum&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=MJV+Enterprises%2C+ltd.%2C+inc.&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=979-8848038859&rft.aulast=Marek+y+Villarino+de+Brugge&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Antwerp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Houtte1952" class="citation book cs1">Van Houtte, Jan (1952). <i>Algemene geschiedenis der Nederlanden: De tachtigjarige oorlog 1567–1609</i>. uitgeversmaatschappij W. De Haan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algemene+geschiedenis+der+Nederlanden%3A+De+tachtigjarige+oorlog+1567%E2%80%931609&rft.pub=uitgeversmaatschappij+W.+De+Haan&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Van+Houtte&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFall+of+Antwerp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Geyl, Pieter</a>. (1932), <i>The Revolt of the Netherlands, 1555–1609</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel, Jonathan I</a>. (1998), <i>The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806</i>, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp 216–19 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198207344" title="Special:BookSources/9780198207344">9780198207344</a></li> <li>Parker, Geoffrey (2nd ed. 1990), <i>The Dutch revolt</i>, Penguin books, London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140137125" title="Special:BookSources/9780140137125">9780140137125</a></li> <li>Charles-Albert de Behault, <i>Le siège d'Anvers par Alexandre Farnèse, duc de Parme</i>, in: Bulletin of the <i>Association de la Noblesse du Royaume de Belgique</i>, Brussels, nr. 307, July 2021 (in French).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fall_of_Antwerp&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026202818/http://www.geocities.com/losterciosespaoles/amberes.htm">"Asedio de Amberes, 1584–85"</a>, geocities.com; 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