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href="#Purification_movement_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Purification movement leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purification_movement_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenville_and_Prophetstown_founder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenville_and_Prophetstown_founder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Greenville and Prophetstown founder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenville_and_Prophetstown_founder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War with the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Тенскуатауа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тенскуатауа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тенскватава – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тенскватава" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%90%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%B0%ED%83%80%EC%99%80" title="텐스콰타와 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텐스콰타와" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94" title="טנסקאווטאווה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טנסקאווטאווה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тенскватава – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тенскватава" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenskwatawa" title="Tenskwatawa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tenskwatawa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American leader (1775–1836)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Tenskwatawa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ten-sq%C3%BAat-a-way.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ten-sq%C3%BAat-a-way.jpg/220px-Ten-sq%C3%BAat-a-way.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ten-sq%C3%BAat-a-way.jpg/330px-Ten-sq%C3%BAat-a-way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ten-sq%C3%BAat-a-way.jpg/440px-Ten-sq%C3%BAat-a-way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="2437" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">January 1775<br /><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">November 1836<br /><a href="/wiki/Argentine,_Kansas" title="Argentine, Kansas">Argentine, Kansas</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Near <a href="/wiki/White_Feather_Spring" title="White Feather Spring">White Feather Spring</a>, Kansas City, Kansas, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Shawnee</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> (brother)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tenskwatawa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; also called <b>Tenskatawa</b>, <b>Tenskwatawah</b>, <b>Tensquatawa</b> or <b>Lalawethika</b>) (January 1775 – November 1836) was a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> religious and political leader of the <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> tribe, known as <b>the Prophet</b> or <b>the Shawnee Prophet</b>. He was a younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>, a leader of the Shawnee. In his early years Tenskwatawa was given the name Lalawethika ("He Makes a Loud Noise" or "The Noise Maker"), but he changed it around 1805 and transformed himself from a hapless, alcoholic youth into an influential spiritual leader. Tenskwatawa denounced the <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a>, calling them the offspring of the Evil Spirit, and led a purification movement that promoted unity among the Indigenous peoples of North America, rejected acculturation to the American way of life, and encouraged his followers to pursue traditional ways. </p><p>In the early 1800s, Tenskwatawa formed a community with his followers near <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Ohio" title="Greenville, Ohio">Greenville</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, and in 1808 he and Tecumseh established a village that the Americans called <a href="/wiki/Prophetstown_State_Park" title="Prophetstown State Park">Prophetstown</a> north of present-day <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette, Indiana</a>. At Prophetstown, the brothers' pan-American Indian resistance movement increased to include thousands of followers, and Tenskwatawa provided the spiritual foundation. Together, they mobilized the American Indians in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> to fight the Americans, and they remained resolute in their rejection of American authority and acculturation. </p><p>On November 7, 1811, while Tecumseh was away, Tenskwatawa ordered the pre-dawn attack on a hostile, encroaching American military force encamped near Prophetstown that initiated the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a>. The American Indians retreated after a two-hour engagement and abandoned Prophetstown, which the Americans burned to the ground. The battle did not end the American Indians' resistance against the United States, but the Prophet lost his influence, became an outcast, and moved to Canada during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. After Tecumseh was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a> in 1813, the American Indian resistance movement faltered and was eventually defeated. Tenskwatawa remained as an exile in Canada for nearly a decade. He returned to the United States in 1824 to assist the U.S. government with the Shawnee removal to reservation land in present-day <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. The aging Prophet arrived at the Shawnee reservation in 1828 and faded into obscurity. Tenskwatawa died at what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Argentine,_Kansas" title="Argentine, Kansas">Argentine</a> district of present-day <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City, Kansas</a>, in 1836. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shawnee_Prophet,_Tenskwatawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shawnee_Prophet%2C_Tenskwatawa.jpg/220px-Shawnee_Prophet%2C_Tenskwatawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shawnee_Prophet%2C_Tenskwatawa.jpg/330px-Shawnee_Prophet%2C_Tenskwatawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Shawnee_Prophet%2C_Tenskwatawa.jpg/440px-Shawnee_Prophet%2C_Tenskwatawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bird_King" title="Charles Bird King">Charles Bird King</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lalawethika ("He Makes a Loud Noise" or "Noise Maker"), who as an adult changed his name to Tenskwatawa ("Open Door" or "One With Open Mouth"), was one of a set of triplet brothers born in early 1775 to Puckeshinwa and Methoataske in a Shawnee village along the <a href="/wiki/Mad_River_(Ohio)" title="Mad River (Ohio)">Mad River</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>. One of the triplets died within the first year of his birth, but Tenskwatawa and his surviving triplet, Kumskaukau, were members of a family that included at least eight children (three daughters and five sons).<sup id="cite_ref-Prophet29_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prophet29-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lalawethika's early years showed no evidence of the powerful spiritual leader he would become as an adult. Instead, his sad and isolated youth was marked by numerous failures and alcoholism.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison38_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cayton206_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cayton206-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tenskwatawa's father, Puckenshinwa ("Something That Falls"), was a leader of the Kispokotha division of the Shawnee tribe. He was killed fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia militia">Virginia militia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Pleasant" title="Battle of Point Pleasant">Battle of Point Pleasant</a> before Tenskwatawa was born.<sup id="cite_ref-Sugden14_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sugden14-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Methoataske (or Methoataaskee, meaning "[One who] Lays Eggs in the Sand"), is believed to be either <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, or Shawnee, possibly of <a href="/wiki/Pekowi" title="Pekowi">Pekowi</a> division and the Turtle Clan.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methoataske, who was frightened by the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and deeply saddened by the death of Puckenshinwa, may have gone to live with her Creek relatives and then moved west with the Kispokothas in 1779, leaving Tenskwatawa and his siblings in the care of their older sister, Tecumpeas, who was married.<sup id="cite_ref-Prophet29_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prophet29-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tenskwatawa, who was not as successful or brave as his brothers, was a failure "at almost everything he attempted" during his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Chiksika, his oldest brother and a leading warrior, took his brothers out to hunt and fight in small battles, Tenskwatawa stayed behind because he lacked competence as a skilled hunter and warrior. Tenskwatawa was never able to distinguish himself as a hunter or fighter as Tecumseh, another of his older brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Cayton206_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cayton206-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tecumseh, who was seven years older, was an especially gifted athlete who became the favorite of most of the tribe. In contrast, Tenskwatawa was isolated, unpopular, and depressed by his lack of success. He began drinking alcohol, which further lowered his self-esteem and increased his problems. He also blinded himself in his right eye with his own arrow when he was younger.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS13_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lonely and insecure, Tenskwatawa attempted to make up for his deficiencies by boasting and making up stories about how talented and important he was. His depression and alcoholism worsened as he grew older, making him unable to provide for his wife and several children.<sup id="cite_ref-Prophet30-32_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prophet30-32-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1794, nineteen-year-old Tenskwatawa was present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> with two of his brothers, Tecumseh and Sauwauseekau, but he did not distinguish himself as a warrior. Instead, Tenskwatawa viewed the battle as a chance to re-insert himself into tribal society. In his late twenties, he decided to become a <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a> and apprenticed with a tribal healer, Penagashea ("Changing Feathers"). However, when Tenskawatawa was unable to save his people after they fell seriously ill, probably with <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, he became humiliated and even more depressed.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS13_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1800s, Tenskawatawa had developed a reputation as a notorious drunk among the Shawnee living along the <a href="/wiki/White_River_(Indiana)" title="White River (Indiana)">White River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cayton206_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cayton206-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purification_movement_leader">Purification movement leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purification movement leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenskwatawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Tenskwatawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>Tenskwatawa sketch</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1795, after the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the Indians of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Old Northwest</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> with the American government, in which they agreed to surrender most of modern Ohio. In return, the American government promised to allow them to retain the remainder of the Northwest Territory forever. After 1803, however, the main official in the Northwest, <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>, began pressuring the tribes of the Old Northwest to cede more land west of the Greenville line.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and Harrison tried to pressure the tribes into adopting Euro-American customs, especially European-style farming. They hoped that such acculturation would make the tribes more willing to cede additional land but also believed that they could force the tribes into acculturating by pressuring them to cede more of their remaining territory. To this end, Jefferson encouraged American officials in the Northwest to deliberately entrap the tribes of the region in debt to force them to cede land. Many established chiefs, such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Hoof" title="Black Hoof">Black Hoof</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a>, encouraged their followers to adopt European customs and tried to maintain good relations with the American government. After 1803, Harrison convinced some pro-accommodation chiefs to cede large areas of land west of the Greenville line. The American government paid for these cessions with annuities, which it placed under the control of the pro-accommodation chiefs. Many Indians saw these payments as bribes to the pro-accommodation chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These land cessions were also controversial because the American government generally paid the tribes far less than the market price of the land which it acquired. Moreover, Harrison often bought land from tribes which had relatively weak claims to it, while ignoring the stronger claims of other tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Euro-American settlers rapidly moved onto the lands which the tribes of the Old Northwest had not yet ceded. Many settlers sold alcohol to the tribes, contributing to a growing problem of drunkenness.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison38_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HAS14_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land cessions, along with these trends, contributed to growing discontent among the tribes of the Old Northwest and gradually undermined the authority of the pro-accommodation chiefs. The stage was thus set for the emergence of a nativist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1805, Lalawethika had a series of religious visions that transformed his life, caused him to change his name to Tenskwatawa (meaning "Open Door"), and led him to reject his old ways. He experienced his first vision in May 1805, when he fell into unconsciousness during one of his alcoholic stupors and was thought to be dead. Unexpectedly reviving as his body was being prepared for burial, he recounted a powerful vision of two different worlds, one filled with ample blessings for the virtuous ones who lived as the master of life intended, while the other world was filled with pain, hardship, and terror for those who refused to follow traditional tribal ways. Tenskwatawa became known as "The Prophet," began preaching and gathered a growing number of followers. He soon emerged as a powerful and influential spiritual leader.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS13_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More visions followed in succeeding months, including revelations that the European invaders from the east were "the children of the evil spirit.".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Prophet's developing purification movement caused him to urge his followers to reject European habits, such as consumption of alcohol, and to return to their traditional ways. He wanted his people to reject the white man's customs by forbidding marriages between Indians and whites, as well as the use of Euro-American foods, clothing, and manufactured goods. Tenskwatawa also encouraged his people to follow traditional gender roles (women as farmers, men as hunters and warriors).<sup id="cite_ref-Madison38_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison38-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenskwatawa proved to be harsh, even brutal, in his treatment of those who opposed him and his teachings. He accused his detractors, and anyone who associated with settlers, of witchcraft, including Indians who had converted to Christianity. For Tenskwatawa, Indian witches remained the most active agents of the evil spirits on earth, and he sought to identify and destroy them.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greenville_and_Prophetstown_founder">Greenville and Prophetstown founder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Greenville and Prophetstown founder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1805, Tenskwatawa, who evolved into an effective speaker and charismatic leader of his religious movement, formed a new community with his followers along the White River, near the present site of <a href="/wiki/Greenville,_Ohio" title="Greenville, Ohio">Greenville</a> in western Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-GS346_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS346-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harrison, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a>, derided Tenskwatawa as a fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delawares</a> urging them to challenge Tenskwatawa to "cause the sun to stand still ... or the dead to rise from their graves", adding that "If he does these things you may then believe that he has been sent by God." He also had the letter printed in a major newspaper. Tenskwatawa responded by correctly predicting that an eclipse would occur on <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_June_16,_1806" title="Solar eclipse of June 16, 1806">June 16, 1806</a>. This prediction strengthened his credibility and humiliated Harrison <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Prophet detested the leaders of the United States government, including Jefferson and Harrison. Tenskwatawa also opposed some tribal leaders, such as Little Turtle, and their representatives because he felt that they had agreed to the demands of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS15_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When some of the tribal chiefs tried to promote compromise and conciliation with the United States, Tenskwatawa, proclaiming his obedience to the Great Spirit, lashed out against the pro-U.S. sympathizers and castigated them as wicked traitors.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Prophet continued to preach unity among his people, urging them to resist the government and the settlers' way of life, Tecumseh began to gather the tribes at Greenville to establish a pan-Indian resistance movement. Officials in Ohio became concerned about the increasing numbers of the Prophet's followers. As the settlers became more hostile and planned to take action, Tenskwatawa was finding it increasingly difficult to feed his expanding village. Although there was opposition from some tribal leaders such as Little Turtle, Tenskwatawa decided to move farther west and establish a village in a more remote location to further distance his followers from the settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS14_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1808, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh founded a new village along the <a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_River" title="Tippecanoe River">Tippecanoe River</a>, north of present-day <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette, Indiana</a>. The settlers called the Indian village <a href="/wiki/Prophetstown_State_Park" title="Prophetstown State Park">Prophetstown</a>, after the Shawnee spiritual leader. Prophetstown soon expanded into a large, multi-tribal community of the Prophet's followers that became a "powerful Indian city-state" for his spiritual movement.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS14_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willig (1997) argues that Prophetstown became the largest Native American community in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region and served as a major center of Indian culture, a temporary barrier to the encroaching settlers' westward movement, and a base to expel the whites and their culture from the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Willig115-58_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willig115-58-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located near the juncture of two rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash</a> and Tippecanoe Rivers, Prophetstown gained significance as a central point in the political and military alliance that was forming around Tecumseh, as well as the spiritual hub of the purification movement that the Prophet established to preserve tribal culture.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the leadership of Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, the village attracted thousands of <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a>-speaking Indians. Although the village endured hardships, such as food shortages, epidemics, and tribal disagreements, Prophetstown became an intertribal, religious stronghold within the Indiana Territory for 3,000 Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Willig115-58_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willig115-58-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 14 different tribal groups comprised the confederation at Prophetstown, but the majority of its inhabitants came from Shawnee, Delaware, and <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS14_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS14-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growing community also caused settlers in the area to fear that Tecumseh was forming an army of warriors to destroy their settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-GS346_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS346-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also some <a href="/wiki/Tutelo" title="Tutelo">Tutelo</a> as well. </p><p>One effect of the increasing pan-Indian alliance was steady pressure from Harrison and the U.S. government to establish land-cession treaties, including a pivotal one made in 1809. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Wayne_(1809)" title="Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809)">Treaty of Fort Wayne</a>, the tribes in the Wabash River area ceded an estimated 2.5 to 3 million acres of land to the U.S. government. While warriors continued to congregate at Prophetstown, Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, who adamantly wanted to retain their independence from the United States, denounced the treaty. They became openly hostile to those who had signed it, including other tribal leaders, and began discussions of a possible alliance with the British.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_with_the_United_States">War with the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War with the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prophet%27s_Rock_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Prophet%27s_Rock_view.jpg/333px-Prophet%27s_Rock_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="333" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Prophet%27s_Rock_view.jpg/500px-Prophet%27s_Rock_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Prophet%27s_Rock_view.jpg/666px-Prophet%27s_Rock_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7500" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The view from Prophet's Rock, looking toward the site of the Battle of Tippecanoe</figcaption></figure> <p>Although historians have disagreed over whether Tecumseh or Tenskwatawa was the primary leader of the pan-Indian community that grew up around Prophetstown, Tenskwatawa remained its spiritual leader; however, his preaching grew more militant and increasingly political from 1808 to 1811. Some of Prophetstown's inhabitants became nervous about the rising tension between settlers and natives and left the village, but Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa continued to recruit young warriors to join their movement. By 1811, white settlers in the region, Harrison, and the Indiana territorial government had become concerned about the large number of Indians gathering at Prophetstown.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS15_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GS345_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS345-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After ongoing negotiations between Harrison and Tecumseh proved unproductive in 1811, Harrison decided to strike first and began to assemble his military forces.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fall of 1811, when Tecumseh journeyed south to meet with representatives of other tribes in hopes of building a larger alliance, Tenskwatawa was left in command at Prophetstown. Before Tecumseh's departure, the two brothers discussed possible responses to U.S. military action and agreed that Tenskwatawa would try to avoid any confrontation during Tecumseh's absence. However, Tenskwatawa reconsidered the decision after Tecumseh's departure and prepared their warriors to fight the settlers if they approached Prophetstown. In the meantime, Harrison and his men began their march north from <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a> toward Prophetstown and constructed a new fort (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Harrison,_Indiana" title="Fort Harrison, Indiana">Fort Harrison</a>) on Indian treaty land at the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute, Indiana</a>, to serve as a staging area for their military forces. As Harrison's army marched toward Prophetstown, Tenskwatawa decided to stand firm and take action.<sup id="cite_ref-GS346_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS346-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SP105_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP105-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 6, 1811, while Tecumseh was still in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, a United States military force of an estimated 1,000 men under Harrison's command approached the village. Hoping to delay a confrontation until additional warriors arrived, Tenskwatawa requested a meeting with Harrison, who agreed to negotiate. With the meeting set for the following day, Harrison and his men set up camp about a mile from Prophetstown.<sup id="cite_ref-SP105_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP105-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they were slightly outnumbered and had little ammunition, Tenskwatawa's force of 600 to 700 men attacked before dawn on November 7. This attack failed, and during the evening Tenskwatawa consulted with the spirits and decided that sending a party to assassinate Harrison in his tent was the best way to avoid a battle. He assured the warriors that he would cast spells that would make them immune to their bullets and any other harm as well as confuse Harrison's army so they would not resist. The warriors moved out and began to surround Harrison's army, looking for a way to enter the camp undetected.<sup id="cite_ref-o217_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o217-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a two-hour engagement that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a>, Tenskwatawa's forces retreated from the field and abandoned Prophetstown to avoid capture. On November 8, Harrison's army burned the village to the ground. Nearly one-fifth of Harrison's forces either died or were wounded in battle (according to one source, 188 casualties; 63 of them fatalities). Harrison claimed hundreds of Indian fatalities; however, the actual number fell, according to another source, between thirty and fifty, with an additional seventy to eighty wounded. Tenskwatawa, who did not take part in the action on the field, remained out of range of U.S. bullets.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle did not end the Indians' resistance to the United States, but their retreat caused the Prophet, who proved to be a poor military leader, to lose his influence. Some of the Indians wanted to kill him for losing, but he survived; others sought revenge by raiding area farms and travelers.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS15_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Tecumseh returned to the Indiana Territory, he resumed his role as the Indian confederation's military leader, but the loss at Prophetstown ended his efforts to establish a stronger Indian alliance. Tenskwatawa became an outcast, and some of his followers returned to rebuild Prophetstown in July 1812, but settler militia forces eventually forced them away. The Prophet moved to Canada and became one of Tecumseh's subordinates during the War of 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the Indians' military resistance to the U.S. occurred in Canada, where Tecumseh and his warriors participated in the defence of the Canadian colonies. Tecumseh fought and died at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Battle of the Thames</a> in October 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenskwatawa, who observed the battle from a position behind the British line, fled on horseback after the initial charge from the American forces. He remained in exile in Canada and did not return to the United States until 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-HAS15_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAS15-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GS347-48_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS347-48-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Tecumseh's death in 1813, Tenskwatawa retained a small group of followers, but had no significant leadership position among the American Indians in the subsequent decade. In 1824, at the request of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a>, the aging Prophet returned to the United States to assist the federal government with its plans for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Shawnee removal</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Tenskwatawa hoped his involvement would allow him to regain some influence as a leader among the Shawnee.<sup id="cite_ref-GS347-48_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS347-48-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1826, Tenskwatawa traveled through Vincennes with a group of 500 Shawnee from reservation land at <a href="/wiki/Wapakoneta,_Ohio" title="Wapakoneta, Ohio">Wapaghkonetta</a>, Ohio, and headed west across the Mississippi and <a href="/wiki/Kansas_River" title="Kansas River">Kansas</a> Rivers to the Shawnee reservation in present-day Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenskwatawa, who arrived in Kansas on May 14, 1828, established a village called Prophetstown on reservation land in the <a href="/wiki/Argentine,_Kansas" title="Argentine, Kansas">Argentine</a> district of present-day <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Kansas" title="Kansas City, Kansas">Kansas City, Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WhiteFeather_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhiteFeather-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his final years, as his influence among the Shawnee declined, Tenskwatawa isolated himself from the majority of the tribe. A few years before his death, Tenskwatawa agreed to pose for <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, who painted his portrait as a Shawnee "holy man" in traditional attire.<sup id="cite_ref-SP186_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP186-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenskwatawa departed to Kansas and lived there in obscurity for twelve years until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-WhiteFeather_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhiteFeather-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GS348_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS348-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tenskwatawa died in November 1836 at his cabin, a site in present-day <a href="/wiki/Argentine,_Kansas" title="Argentine, Kansas">Kansas City's Argentine district</a>. The <a href="/wiki/White_Feather_Spring" title="White Feather Spring">White Feather Spring</a> historical marker, erected in 1978, denotes the approximate location of his gravesite in Kansas City, which remained unmarked for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-WhiteFeather_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhiteFeather-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tenskwatawa's legacy was a mix of successes and failures. While he became a powerful spiritual leader with hundreds of followers in the first decade of the 19th century, his success in that effort only lasted about six years. The Prophet transformed himself from a hapless, alcoholic youth filled with failures into an influential religious leader. Tenskwatawa preached unity and helped to improve the morale of his people by encouraging them to pursue traditional ways. He also remained resolute in his rejection from his family and of the United States authority and acculturation to the Euro-American way of life. After the defeat of his people at the Battle of Tippecanoe, the Prophet spent the remainder of his life trying to regain some of his previous political power. Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh along with their followers were not successful in achieving the long-term results they wanted. They lost a difficult and violent struggle that deprived them of their lands in the Northwest Territory, largely because of the relentlessness and large-scale efforts of the United States, but their defiance was a noble effort.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because most white Americans of his era were unfamiliar with Native American culture, they did not understand the Prophet's religious movement. Since his death in 1836, the Prophet has been relegated to a secondary role. Those who knew Tenskwatawa after 1825, when he no longer had his previous influence as a religious leader, described him as a "shallow opportunist." However, it was Tenskwatawa, not Tecumseh, who provided the spiritual foundation for the Indian resistance movement in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> in the years immediately preceding the War of 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Indiana Territory, the violence that erupted between the U.S. and the pan-Indian alliance that Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh established at Prophetstown led to the relocation of territorial capital from Vincennes to <a href="/wiki/Corydon,_Indiana" title="Corydon, Indiana">Corydon, Indiana</a>. In addition, U.S. efforts to remove Indian inhabitants from the Indiana Territory increased after the War of 1812 and led to their forced removal to reservations in the trans-Mississippi west.<sup id="cite_ref-GS348_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GS348-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_temperance_activists" title="Native American temperance activists">Native American temperance activists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Prophet29-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prophet29_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prophet29_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFR._David_Edmunds1985" class="citation book cs1">R. David Edmunds (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shawneeprophet00edmu/page/29"><i>The Shawnee Prophet</i></a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shawneeprophet00edmu/page/29">29</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1850-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1850-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-1850-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shawnee+Prophet&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1850-5&rft.au=R.+David+Edmunds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshawneeprophet00edmu%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madison38-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madison38_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madison38_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madison38_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_H._Madison2014" class="citation book cs1">James H. Madison (2014). <i>Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana</i>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8"><bdi>978-0-253-01308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosiers%3A+A+New+History+of+Indiana&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press+and+the+Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01308-8&rft.au=James+H.+Madison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cayton206-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cayton206_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cayton206_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cayton206_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_R._L._Cayton1996" class="citation book cs1">Andrew R. L. Cayton (1996). <i>Frontier Indiana</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253330482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253330482"><bdi>978-0253330482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Indiana&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0253330482&rft.au=Andrew+R.+L.+Cayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sugden14-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sugden14_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Sugden1997" class="citation book cs1">John Sugden (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tecumsehlife00sugd/page/14"><i>Tecumseh: A Life</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tecumsehlife00sugd/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4138-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-4138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tecumseh%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4138-5&rft.au=John+Sugden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftecumsehlife00sugd%2Fpage%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoel_Schutz" class="citation web cs1">Noel Schutz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fantasy-epublications.com/shawnee-traditions/Genealogy/Tecumseh_Family/Lineage.html">"The Family of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Family+of+Tecumseh+and+Tenskwatawa&rft.au=Noel+Schutz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fantasy-epublications.com%2Fshawnee-traditions%2FGenealogy%2FTecumseh_Family%2FLineage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sugden, <i>Tecumseh</i>, pp. 13–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAS13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAS13_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAS13_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAS13_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAS13_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_H._Madison_and_Lee_Ann_Sandweiss2014" class="citation book cs1">James H. Madison and Lee Ann Sandweiss (2014). <i>Hoosiers and the American Story</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-363-6"><bdi>978-0-87195-363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosiers+and+the+American+Story&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-363-6&rft.au=James+H.+Madison+and+Lee+Ann+Sandweiss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prophet30-32-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prophet30-32_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, <i>The Shawnee Prophet</i>, pp. 30–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reginald Horsman, Expansion and American Indian Policy, 1783 – 1812 (Michigan State University Press, 1967), 142 – 157; Jefferson and the Indians, 221 – 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Evans Dowd, <i>A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745 - 1815</i>, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 116 - 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2002" class="citation journal cs1">Owens, Robert M. (2002). "Jeffersonian Benevolence on the Ground: The Indian Land Cession Treaties of William Henry Harrison". <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 405–435. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3124810">10.2307/3124810</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3124810">3124810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Jeffersonian+Benevolence+on+the+Ground%3A+The+Indian+Land+Cession+Treaties+of+William+Henry+Harrison&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-435&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3124810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3124810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAS14-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAS14_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAS14_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAS14_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAS14_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison and Sandweiss, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Willig, <i>Restoring the Chain of Friendship</i>, 209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, <i>The Shawnee Prophet</i> p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard White notes that in the Algonquian tradition the "Great Serpent" came from the sea and stood for evil powers. Similarly, Tenskwatawa explained that white men (American colonists), who came from the eastern seashore, were the spawn of the Great Serpent and intended to harm them. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_White1991" class="citation book cs1">Richard White (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit/page/507">507</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42460-8"><bdi>978-0-521-42460-8</bdi></a>. <q>Tenskwatawa serpent richard white.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42460-8&rft.au=Richard+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, pp. 207–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, <i>The Shawnee Prophet</i> p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GS346-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GS346_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS346_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS346_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_C._Gugin_and_James_E._St._Clair2015" class="citation book cs1">Linda C. Gugin and James E. St. Clair, ed. (2015). <i>Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-387-2"><bdi>978-0-87195-387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana%27s+200%3A+The+People+Who+Shaped+the+Hoosier+State&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-387-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, <i>The Shawnee Prophet</i>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, <i>The Shawnee Prophet</i>, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Owens, <i>Mr. Jefferon's Hammer</i>, p. 125 - 126 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred A. Cave, <i>Prophets of the Great Spirit: Native American Revitalization Movements in Eastern North America</i>, 2005, University of Nebraska Press, 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HAS15-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HAS15_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAS15_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAS15_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HAS15_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison and Sandweiss, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_D._Willig2008" class="citation book cs1">Timothy D. Willig (2008). <i>Restoring the Chain of Friendship: British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783–1815</i>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803248175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803248175"><bdi>978-0803248175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoring+the+Chain+of+Friendship%3A+British+Policy+and+the+Indians+of+the+Great+Lakes%2C+1783%E2%80%931815&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0803248175&rft.au=Timothy+D.+Willig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willig115-58-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willig115-58_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willig115-58_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_D._Willig1997" class="citation journal cs1">Timothy D. Willig (March 1997). "Prophetstown on the Wabash: The Native Spiritual Defense of the Old Northwest". <i>Michigan Historical Review</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 115–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20173677">10.2307/20173677</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20173677">20173677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Prophetstown+on+the+Wabash%3A+The+Native+Spiritual+Defense+of+the+Old+Northwest&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-58&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20173677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20173677%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Timothy+D.+Willig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, pp. 209–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, pp. 210–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s to <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>'s presidential administrations, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> government's attempts to obtain Indian lands in the Old Northwest Territory from numerous tribes eventually succeeded. Under the terms of multiple treaties, the Indians ceded their territorial land to the U.S. government in exchange for annuity payments and reservation land in the western United States. As a result, the majority of the Indians had moved west, across the Mississippi River, by the 1840s. Large numbers of Euro-American settlers entered the former Indian-held territory to acquire the vacated land. See Willig (March 1997),"Prophetstown on the Wabash," pp. 115–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GS345-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GS345_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP105-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SP105_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP105_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, <i>The Shawnee Prophet</i>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o217-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o217_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, pp. 222–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, <i>The Shawnee Prophet</i>, p. 106–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, pp. 224–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GS347-48-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GS347-48_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS347-48_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., pp. 347–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/shawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper">"Shawnee Indians - Wapakoneta Ohio - Vincennes Indiana"</a>. <i>Boston Reporter and Telegraph</i>. December 15, 1826. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Reporter+and+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Shawnee+Indians+-+Wapakoneta+Ohio+-+Vincennes+Indiana&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1826-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worthpoint.com%2Fworthopedia%2Fshawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhiteFeather-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhiteFeather_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhiteFeather_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhiteFeather_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wycokck.org/assets/6751C170-5D95-45C0-8D14-F4AAB52F6601.pdf">"Shawnee Prophet's Grave and White Feather Spring, 1836"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unified Government of Wyandotte County and Kansas City, Kansas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shawnee+Prophet%27s+Grave+and+White+Feather+Spring%2C+1836&rft.pub=Unified+Government+of+Wyandotte+County+and+Kansas+City%2C+Kansas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wycokck.org%2Fassets%2F6751C170-5D95-45C0-8D14-F4AAB52F6601.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, <i>The Shawnee Prophet</i>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP186-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SP186_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, <i>The Shawnee Prophet</i>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GS348-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GS348_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GS348_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin and St. Clair, eds., p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cayton, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madison, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, <i>The Shawnee Prophet</i>, pp. 186, 190.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayton,_Andrew_R._L.1996" class="citation book cs1">Cayton, Andrew R. L. (1996). <i>Frontier Indiana</i>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253330482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253330482"><bdi>978-0253330482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Indiana&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0253330482&rft.au=Cayton%2C+Andrew+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDell_Comics1956" class="citation book cs1">Dell Comics (1956). <i>Ben Bowie and His Mountain Men</i>. Vol. 7. Western Printing and Lithographing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ben+Bowie+and+His+Mountain+Men&rft.pub=Western+Printing+and+Lithographing+Company&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Dell+Comics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmunds,_R._David1985" class="citation book cs1">Edmunds, R. David (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shawneeprophet00edmu"><i>The Shawnee Prophet</i></a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1850-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1850-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-1850-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shawnee+Prophet&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1850-5&rft.au=Edmunds%2C+R.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshawneeprophet00edmu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmunds,_R._David.1983" class="citation journal cs1">Edmunds, R. David. (1983). "Tecumseh, The Shawnee Prophet, and American History: A Reassessment". <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 261–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F969620">10.2307/969620</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/969620">969620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Tecumseh%2C+The+Shawnee+Prophet%2C+and+American+History%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-76&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F969620&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F969620%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Edmunds%2C+R.+David.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span> (Argues the Prophet was much more important than Tecumseh.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Indiana's 200: The People Who Shaped the Hoosier State</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. 2015. pp. 346–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-387-2"><bdi>978-0-87195-387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana%27s+200%3A+The+People+Who+Shaped+the+Hoosier+State&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=346-48&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-387-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison,_James_H.2014" class="citation book cs1">Madison, James H. (2014). <i>Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana</i>. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and the Indiana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01308-8"><bdi>978-0-253-01308-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosiers%3A+A+New+History+of+Indiana&rft.place=Bloomington+and+Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press+and+the+Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01308-8&rft.au=Madison%2C+James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison,_James_H.,_and_Lee_Ann_Sandweiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Madison, James H., and Lee Ann Sandweiss (2014). <i>Hoosiers and the American Story</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. pp. 13–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-363-6"><bdi>978-0-87195-363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosiers+and+the+American+Story&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=13-16&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-363-6&rft.au=Madison%2C+James+H.%2C+and+Lee+Ann+Sandweiss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens2007" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Robert M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bKWrfrjrLEUC&q=Mr.+Jefferson%27s+Hammer:"><i>Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy</i></a>. Norman, Oklahoma: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3842-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3842-8"><bdi>978-0-8061-3842-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Jefferson%27s+Hammer%3A+William+Henry+Harrison+and+the+Origins+of+American+Indian+Policy&rft.place=Norman%2C+Oklahoma&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3842-8&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbKWrfrjrLEUC%26q%3DMr.%2BJefferson%2527s%2BHammer%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span>* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchutz,_Noel" class="citation web cs1">Schutz, Noel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shawnee-traditions.com/Lineage.html">"The Family of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Family+of+Tecumseh+and+Tenskwatawa&rft.au=Schutz%2C+Noel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shawnee-traditions.com%2FLineage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/shawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper">"Shawnee Indians - Wapakoneta Ohio - Vincennes Indiana"</a>. <i>Boston Reporter and Telegraph</i>. December 15, 1826. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Reporter+and+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Shawnee+Indians+-+Wapakoneta+Ohio+-+Vincennes+Indiana&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1826-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worthpoint.com%2Fworthopedia%2Fshawnee-indians-wapakoneta-oh-1826-newspaper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wycokck.org/assets/6751C170-5D95-45C0-8D14-F4AAB52F6601.pdf">"Shawnee Prophet's Grave and White Feather Spring, 1836"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unified Government of Wyandotte County and Kansas City, Kansas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shawnee+Prophet%27s+Grave+and+White+Feather+Spring%2C+1836&rft.pub=Unified+Government+of+Wyandotte+County+and+Kansas+City%2C+Kansas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wycokck.org%2Fassets%2F6751C170-5D95-45C0-8D14-F4AAB52F6601.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fantasy-epublications.com/shawnee-traditions/Genealogy/Tecumseh_Family/Lineage.html">"The Family of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Family+of+Tecumseh+and+Tenskwatawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fantasy-epublications.com%2Fshawnee-traditions%2FGenealogy%2FTecumseh_Family%2FLineage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugden,_John1997" class="citation book cs1">Sugden, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tecumsehlife00sugd"><i>Tecumseh: A Life</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt and company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-4138-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-4138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tecumseh%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-4138-5&rft.au=Sugden%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftecumsehlife00sugd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite,_Richard1991" class="citation book cs1">White, Richard (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/middlegroundindi0000whit"><i>The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42460-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42460-8"><bdi>978-0-521-42460-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ground%3A+Indians%2C+Empires%2C+and+Republics+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region%2C+1650%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42460-8&rft.au=White%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiddlegroundindi0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillig,_Timothy_D.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Willig, Timothy D. (March 1997). "Prophetstown on the Wabash: The Native Spiritual Defense of the Old Northwest". <i>Michigan Historical Review</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 115–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20173677">10.2307/20173677</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20173677">20173677</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Prophetstown+on+the+Wabash%3A+The+Native+Spiritual+Defense+of+the+Old+Northwest&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-158&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20173677&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20173677%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Willig%2C+Timothy+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillig,_Timothy_D.2008" class="citation book cs1">Willig, Timothy D. (2008). <i>Restoring the Chain of Friendship: British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes, 1783-1815</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803248175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803248175"><bdi>978-0803248175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restoring+the+Chain+of+Friendship%3A+British+Policy+and+the+Indians+of+the+Great+Lakes%2C+1783-1815&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0803248175&rft.au=Willig%2C+Timothy+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave,_Alfred_A.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cave, Alfred A. (Winter 2002). "The Shawnee Prophet, Tecumseh, and Tippecanoe: A Case Study of Historical Myth-Making". <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 637–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3124761">10.2307/3124761</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3124761">3124761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Shawnee+Prophet%2C+Tecumseh%2C+and+Tippecanoe%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Historical+Myth-Making&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=637-74&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3124761&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3124761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Cave%2C+Alfred+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckert,_Allan_W.1993" class="citation book cs1">Eckert, Allan W. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sorrowinourheart00ecke_1"><i>A Sorrow in Our Heart: The Life of Tecumseh</i></a></span>. Bantam. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780553561746" title="Special:BookSources/9780553561746"><bdi>9780553561746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sorrow+in+Our+Heart%3A+The+Life+of+Tecumseh&rft.pub=Bantam&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780553561746&rft.au=Eckert%2C+Allan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsorrowinourheart00ecke_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmunds,_R._David2006" class="citation book cs1">Edmunds, R. David (2006). <i>Tecumseh and the Quest for Indian Leadership</i> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tecumseh+and+the+Quest+for+Indian+Leadership&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Edmunds%2C+R.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJortner,_Adam2012" class="citation book cs1">Jortner, Adam (2012). <i>The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+Prophetstown%3A+The+Battle+of+Tippecanoe+and+the+Holy+War+for+the+American+Frontier&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Jortner%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Thom" title="James Alexander Thom">Thom, James Alexander</a>, <i>Panther in the Sky,</i> a historical novel featuring Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wyandotte-nation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/The-Emigrant-Tribes.pdf">The Emigrant Tribes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228114723/http://www.wyandotte-nation.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/The-Emigrant-Tribes.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. wyandotte-nation.org (pdf)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204052331/http://www.battleground.in.gov/sites.htm">Battle Ground, Indiana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingenweb.org/intippecanoe/prophetsrock.htm">Prophet's Rock</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3689">Biography at the <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Ellskwatawa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Ellskwatawa">"Ellskwatawa" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ellskwatawa&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenskwatawa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Template talk:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_Ohio" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in Ohio"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;_&#124;alt=Ohio&#124;link=Ohio_Native_Americans_in_Ohio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio"><img alt="Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></span> Native Americans in Ohio</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Ohio" title="Prehistory of Ohio">Prehistory of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">History of Ohio</a> – <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> – <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalahgawtha" title="Chalahgawtha">Chalahgawtha</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware people">Delaware</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_people" title="Erie people">Erie people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honniasont" title="Honniasont">Honniasont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huron_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron people">Huron</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo" title="Mingo">Mingo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosopelea" title="Mosopelea">Mosopelea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> speaking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekowi" title="Pekowi">Pekowi</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piankeshaw" title="Piankeshaw">Piankeshaw</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Wyandot</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Western_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Confederacy">Western Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Former reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_Fork_Reserve,_Ohio" title="Blanchard's Fork Reserve, Ohio">Blanchard's Fork Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Indian_Grants" title="Moravian Indian Grants">Moravian Indian Grants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawash-Kinjoano_Reservation" title="Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation">Nawash-Kinjoano Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Mile_Square_Reservation" title="Two Mile Square Reservation">Two Mile Square Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sandusky_Reservation" title="Upper Sandusky Reservation">Upper Sandusky Reservation</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Jacket" title="Blue Jacket">Blue Jacket</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckongahelas" title="Buckongahelas">Buckongahelas</a> (Lenape)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornstalk_(Shawnee_leader)" title="Cornstalk (Shawnee leader)">Cornstalk</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egushawa" title="Egushawa">Egushawa</a> (Odawa)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a> (Mohawk)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakowatcheky" title="Kakowatcheky">Kakowatcheky</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> (Miami)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhead_(Wyandot)" title="Roundhead (Wyandot)">Roundhead</a> (Wyandot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> (Shawnee)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tenskwatawa</a> (Shawnee)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Town,_Ohio" title="Hell Town, Ohio">Hell Town, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_settlements" title="Lenape settlements">Lenape settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shawneetown" title="Lower Shawneetown">Lower Shawneetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskingum_(village)" title="Muskingum (village)">Muskingum (village)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickawillany" title="Pickawillany">Pickawillany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> (Early Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame culture</a> (Archaic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> (Middle Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a> (Late Woodland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittlesey_culture" title="Whittlesey culture">Whittlesey culture</a> (Late Prehistoric)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric communities or sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio">Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Ohio" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Ohio">Archaeological sites in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Site" title="Tower Site">Tower Site</a></li> <li><i>See also</i> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Road" title="Wilderness Road">Wilderness Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Birdstone</a> (sculpture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mounds_in_Ohio" title="Category:Mounds in Ohio">Mounds in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroglyphs_in_Ohio" title="Category:Petroglyphs in Ohio">Petroglyphs in Ohio‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Ridge_State_Memorial" title="Flint Ridge State Memorial">Flint Ridge State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_State_Memorial" title="Fort Hill State Memorial">Fort Hill State Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Recovery" title="Fort Recovery">Fort Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson-Humrickhouse_Museum" title="Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum">Johnson-Humrickhouse Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Indian_Ridge_Museum" title="New Indian Ridge Museum">New Indian Ridge Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Woodland_Native_American_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum">Shawnee Woodland Native American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zane_Shawnee_Caverns" title="Zane Shawnee Caverns">Zane Shawnee Caverns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> (1609-1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanfan_Treaty" title="Nanfan Treaty">Nanfan Treaty</a> (1701, 1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Pickawillany" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Pickawillany">Raid on Pickawillany</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Dunmore%27s_War" title="Lord Dunmore's War">Lord Dunmore's War</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_massacre" title="Yellow Creek massacre">Yellow Creek massacre</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Camp_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Camp Charlotte">Treaty of Camp Charlotte</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a> (1785–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">St. Clair's defeat</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Recovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Recovery">Siege of Fort Recovery</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a> (1808)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a> (1818)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_place_names_of_Native_American_origin_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of place names of Native American origin in Ohio">Native American place names in Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Ohio" title="Indian removals in Ohio">Indian removals in Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_religious_movements_in_the_United_States" 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href="/wiki/Paschal_Beverly_Randolph" title="Paschal Beverly Randolph">Rosicrucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gilded Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Dance movement">Ghost Dance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> & <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish Science">Moorish Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Positive_Thinking" title="The Power of Positive Thinking">The Power of Positive Thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000022127564">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3355602">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/112723/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw4y9348ygcBHKQktptrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/12250139X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83065987">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16636492p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16636492p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007592565005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/12250139X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/163586748">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vq39rj">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&oldid=1256434952">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenskwatawa&oldid=1256434952</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1775_births" title="Category:1775 births">1775 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1836_deaths" title="Category:1836 deaths">1836 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" 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1812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_people_of_the_Indian_Wars" title="Category:Native American people of the Indian Wars">Native American people of the Indian Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prophets" title="Category:Prophets">Prophets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_figures_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Category:Religious figures of the indigenous peoples of North America">Religious figures of the indigenous peoples of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_Shawnee_people" title="Category:18th-century Shawnee people">18th-century Shawnee people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Shawnee_people" title="Category:19th-century Shawnee people">19th-century Shawnee people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tecumseh" title="Category:Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Witch_hunters" title="Category:Witch hunters">Witch hunters</a></li><li><a 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