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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Förhistoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Förhistoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Förhistoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Förhistoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutet_för_socialforskning_(IfS)_och_de_första_åren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutet_för_socialforskning_(IfS)_och_de_första_åren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Institutet för socialforskning (IfS) och de första åren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutet_för_socialforskning_(IfS)_och_de_första_åren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritisk_teori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritisk_teori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kritisk teori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kritisk_teori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kritik_från_den_politiska_högern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kritik_från_den_politiska_högern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kritik från den politiska högern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kritik_från_den_politiska_högern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personer_verksamma_inom_Frankfurtskolan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personer_verksamma_inom_Frankfurtskolan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personer verksamma inom Frankfurtskolan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personer_verksamma_inom_Frankfurtskolan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Personer verksamma inom Frankfurtskolan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personer_verksamma_inom_Frankfurtskolan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Första_generationen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Första_generationen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Första generationen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Första_generationen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andra_generationen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andra_generationen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Andra generationen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andra_generationen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tredje_generationen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tredje_generationen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tredje generationen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tredje_generationen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fjärde_generationen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fjärde_generationen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fjärde generationen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fjärde_generationen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Källor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Källor</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frankfurtskolan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 62 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Skool" title="Frankfurt Skool – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frankfurt Skool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Schule" title="Frankfurter Schule – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Frankfurter Schule" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="مدرسة فرانكفورت – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدرسة فرانكفورت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_m%C9%99kt%C9%99bi" title="Frankfurt məktəbi – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frankfurt məktəbi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Ha%CC%8Dk-ph%C3%A0i" title="Frankfurt Ha̍k-phài – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Frankfurt Ha̍k-phài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Франкфуртска школа – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франкфуртска школа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurtska_%C5%A1kola" title="Frankfurtska škola – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Frankfurtska škola" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_de_Frankfurt" title="Escola de Frankfurt – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escola de Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurtsk%C3%A1_%C5%A1kola" title="Frankfurtská škola – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frankfurtská škola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgol_Frankfurt" title="Ysgol Frankfurt – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ysgol Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurterskolen" title="Frankfurterskolen – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frankfurterskolen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Schule" title="Frankfurter Schule – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frankfurter Schule" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurdi_koolkond" title="Frankfurdi koolkond – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Frankfurdi koolkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Σχολή της Φρανκφούρτης – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχολή της Φρανκφούρτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Frankfurt School" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_de_Fr%C3%A1ncfort" title="Escuela de Fráncfort – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela de Fráncfort" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurta_Skolo" title="Frankfurta Skolo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frankfurta Skolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurteko_eskola" title="Frankfurteko eskola – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frankfurteko eskola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="مکتب فرانکفورت – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکتب فرانکفورت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Francfort" title="École de Francfort – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="École de Francfort" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoil_Frankfurt" title="Scoil Frankfurt – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Scoil Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_de_Frankfurt" title="Escola de Frankfurt – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escola de Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC%ED%91%B8%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%95%99%ED%8C%8C" title="프랑크푸르트 학파 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑크푸르트 학파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Ֆրանկֆուրտյան դպրոց – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանկֆուրտյան դպրոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="फ्रेंकफर्ट स्कूल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रेंकफर्ट स्कूल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurtska_%C5%A1kola" title="Frankfurtska škola – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frankfurtska škola" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab_Frankfurt" title="Mazhab Frankfurt – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mazhab Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurtsk%C3%B3linn" title="Frankfurtskólinn – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frankfurtskólinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_di_Francoforte" title="Scuola di Francoforte – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scuola di Francoforte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="אסכולת פרנקפורט – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסכולת פרנקפורט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ფრანკფურტის სკოლა – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანკფურტის სკოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%96" title="Франкфурт мектебі – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франкфурт мектебі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurtes_skola" title="Frankfurtes skola – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frankfurtes skola" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurto_mokykla" title="Frankfurto mokykla – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Frankfurto mokykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Schule" title="Frankfurter Schule – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Frankfurter Schule" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scola_de_Frankfurt" title="Scola de Frankfurt – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Scola de Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurti_iskola" title="Frankfurti iskola – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frankfurti iskola" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Франкфуртска школа – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франкфуртска школа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="फ्रांकफुर्टी विचारधारा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रांकफुर्टी विचारधारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab_Frankfurt" title="Mazhab Frankfurt – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mazhab Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Schule" title="Frankfurter Schule – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frankfurter Schule" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="フランクフルト学派 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランクフルト学派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurtskolen" title="Frankfurtskolen – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frankfurtskolen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਫ਼ੁਰਟ ਸਕੂਲ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਫ਼ੁਰਟ ਸਕੂਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szko%C5%82a_frankfurcka" title="Szkoła frankfurcka – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szkoła frankfurcka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_de_Frankfurt" title="Escola de Frankfurt – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escola de Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98coala_de_la_Frankfurt" title="Școala de la Frankfurt – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Școala de la Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Франкфуртская школа – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франкфуртская школа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marksizmi_kulturor" title="Marksizmi kulturor – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marksizmi kulturor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frankfurt School" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurtsk%C3%A1_%C5%A1kola" title="Frankfurtská škola – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frankfurtská škola" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurtska_%C5%A1ola" title="Frankfurtska šola – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frankfurtska šola" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Франкфуртска школа – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франкфуртска школа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurtska_%C5%A1kola" title="Frankfurtska škola – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Frankfurtska škola" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurtin_koulukunta" title="Frankfurtin koulukunta – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frankfurtin koulukunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paaralang_Frankfurt" title="Paaralang Frankfurt – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paaralang Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinml_n_Frankfurt" title="Tinml n Frankfurt – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tinml n Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95" title="สำนักแฟรงก์เฟิร์ต – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สำนักแฟรงก์เฟิร์ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Okulu" title="Frankfurt Okulu – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frankfurt Okulu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Франкфуртська школа – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франкфуртська школа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_ph%C3%A1i_Frankfurt" title="Trường phái Frankfurt – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trường phái Frankfurt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="法蘭克福學派 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法蘭克福學派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q151843#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r44690948">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li:before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child:before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><ul><li class="nv-visa"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Frankfurtskolan" title="Mall:Frankfurtskolan"><abbr title="Visa denna mall">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-diskussion"><a href="/wiki/Malldiskussion:Frankfurtskolan" title="Malldiskussion:Frankfurtskolan"><abbr title="Diskutera denna mall">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-redigera"><a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Frankfurtskolan&action=edit"><abbr title="Redigera denna mall">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frankfurtskolan</b> (tyska: <i>Frankfurter Schule</i>) var en <a href="/wiki/Tv%C3%A4rvetenskaplig" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvärvetenskaplig">tvärvetenskaplig</a> skolbildning inom samhällsteori och kritisk filosofi som växte fram vid <a href="/wiki/Institutet_f%C3%B6r_socialforskning" title="Institutet för socialforskning">Institutet för socialforskning</a> (<i>Institut für Sozialforschung</i>) i <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a> från 1929 i relation till, men oberoende från, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe-Universit%C3%A4t_Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main">Johann Wolfgang Goethe-universitetet</a>. Frankfurtskolan grundades i Weimarrepubliken under mellankrigstiden och bestod av intellektuella, akademiker och politiska dissidenter som inte var nöjda med de samtida samhälleliga formationerna under 1930-talet. Frankfurtskolans teoretiker ansåg att den dåvarande samhällsteorin inte räckte till för att förklara de turbulenta samhällsklimat som präglade 1900-talets kapitalistiska samhällen. Kritiska mot konventionell kapitalism såväl som mot stalinism, vilka de ansåg vara filosofiskt rigida system för social organisering, efterforskade deltagarna alternativa vägar till att förverkliga social utveckling hos samhällen.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noterbart för skolbildningen är den <a href="/wiki/Kritisk_teori" title="Kritisk teori">kritiska teori</a> som utvecklades. Institutet för socialforskning stängdes en kort tid efter det <a href="/wiki/Nazityskland" title="Nazityskland">nazistiska maktövertagandet i Tyskland</a> 1933, eftersom många av de som var verksamma vid institutet var av <a href="/wiki/Judar" title="Judar">judisk härkomst</a> och dessutom företrädde <a href="/wiki/Radikalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Radikalism">radikala</a> politiska ståndpunkter.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Från 1934 till 1950 verkade därför många av Frankfurtskolans medlemmar i USA. </p><p>Under de första decennierna var <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> och <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> de tongivande personerna inom Frankfurtskolan.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under efterkrigstiden, efter att Institutet för socialforskning återvänt till Frankfurt, var <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Negt" title="Oskar Negt">Oskar Negt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt" title="Alfred Schmidt">Alfred Schmidt</a> och <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Wellmer" title="Albrecht Wellmer">Albrecht Wellmer</a> några av de ledande företrädarna. Frankfurtskolans idéer hade särskilt stark ställning under 1960- och 1970-talen i bland annat <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> och <a href="/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland">Tyskland</a>, och dess tankar anammades bland annat av de radikala studentrörelserna under denna tid. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Förhistoria"><span id="F.C3.B6rhistoria"></span>Förhistoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Förhistoria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Förhistoria"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Framgången för den <a href="/wiki/Ryska_revolutionen" title="Ryska revolutionen">ryska revolutionen</a>, i kombination med väsentligt sämre resultat för de centraleuropeiska revolutionerna, anses ha lett till att några unga marxister började ompröva några av Marx' antaganden. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="Georg Lukács">Georg Lukács</a> från Ungern var en av de första, och till en början den mest betydelsefulla, ideologerna för det som skulle bli Frankfurtskolan. Som finansiär blev Felix J. Weil betydelsefull, som enda barn till Hermann Weil och förmögen på både sin moders och faders sida. Weil tog examen i statsvetenskap i Frankfurt och började intressera sig för marxism. Den unge Weil började sponsra ett antal radikala projekt varav ett hade namnet "Erste Marxistische Arbeitswoche", den första marxistiska arbetsveckan. Där lärde han känna Georg Lukács, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a> och andra som skulle bli viktiga personer i den nya skolan. Nätverket växte och idéer om en permanent inrättning föddes. Weil avsatte 120 000 mark per år och planen var att döpa det nya institutet till "Institut für Marxismus", Marxistiska Institutet, men för att inte provocera valde man av "aesopiska" skäl ett mer oskyldigt namn, som hade en speciell innebörd för de invigda.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta var nämligen under perioden då institutets medlemmar inte kommit att förkasta stora delar av det idégods man senare skulle komma anse inte höll måttet.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutet_för_socialforskning_(IfS)_och_de_första_åren"><span id="Institutet_f.C3.B6r_socialforskning_.28IfS.29_och_de_f.C3.B6rsta_.C3.A5ren"></span>Institutet för socialforskning (IfS) och de första åren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Institutet för socialforskning (IfS) och de första åren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Institutet för socialforskning (IfS) och de första åren"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Institutet_f%C3%B6r_socialforskning" title="Institutet för socialforskning">Institutet för socialforskning</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Institutet för socialforskning grundades i Frankfurt am Main 1923 av nationalekonomen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Weil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Weil [inte skriven än]">Felix Weil</a> och var från grundandet kopplat till <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe-Universit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität">Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität</a>. Vid grundandet var det ett institut med inriktning på <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialismens</a> och <a href="/wiki/Arbetarr%C3%B6relsen" title="Arbetarrörelsen">arbetarrörelsens</a> teori och historia.<sup id="cite_ref-IfS_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IfS-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Felix Weil, som kom från en välbärgad tysk-judisk familj, ordnade finansieringen av institutet.<sup id="cite_ref-IfS_Geschichte_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IfS_Geschichte-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Som förste föreståndare för institutet utsågs <a href="/wiki/Austro-marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-marxism">austro-marxisten</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Carl Grünberg">Carl Grünberg</a>, men det var först när filosofen <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> 1930 efterträdde Grünberg som föreståndare som institutet fick den inriktning som lade grunden för Frankfurtskolan. Horkheimer uttryckte detta som att "med grund i aktuella filosofiska frågeställningar organisera undersökningar där filosofer, sociologer, nationalekonomer, historiker och psykologer förenas i varaktig arbetsgemenskap."<sup id="cite_ref-IfS_Geschichte_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IfS_Geschichte-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genom tidskriften <i>Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung</i>, som utgavs från 1932, och god tillgång till forskningsfinansiering knöt institutet flera forskare till sig, som kom att utgöra den första generationen inom Frankfurtskolan. Bland dessa fanns <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, psykologen <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Leo Löwenthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Neumann_(statsvetare)" title="Franz Neumann (statsvetare)">Franz Neumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Pollock" title="Friedrich Pollock">Friedrich Pollock</a> och <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wittfogel" title="Karl Wittfogel">Karl Wittfogel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efter det nazistiska maktövertagandet i början av 1933 och den kort därpå följande stängningen av institutet flyttade det via <a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Genève">Genève</a> och <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> till <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>, där institutet från 1934 hade en hemvist vid <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Några av de ledande medlemmarna, Horkheimer, Pollock och Adorno, flyttade dock vidare till <a href="/wiki/Kalifornien" title="Kalifornien">Kalifornien</a> 1940 respektive 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-IfS_Geschichte_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IfS_Geschichte-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kritisk_teori">Kritisk teori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kritisk teori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kritisk teori"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Kritisk_teori" title="Kritisk teori">Kritisk teori</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Frankfurtskolans kritiska teori utgick från <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> idéer, men inte från den <a href="/wiki/Marxism-leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-leninism">marxism-leninism</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Ortodoxi" title="Ortodoxi">ortodoxa</a> "<a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskva</a>-<a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">marxism</a>" som fanns på 1920- och 1930-talen. Istället var den initiala utgångspunkten den <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_marxism" title="Västerländsk marxism">västerländska marxism</a>, som grundat sig i tolkningar av Marx, som framförts av <a href="/wiki/Georg_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="Georg Lukács">Georg Lukács</a>. Detta gällde inte minst hans essäsamling <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_och_klassmedvetande" title="Historia och klassmedvetande">Historia och klassmedvetande</a></i> (<i>Geschichte und Klassenbewußtsein</i>) från 1923, där han framhöll marxismens rötter i klassisk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tysk_filosofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tysk filosofi [inte skriven än]">tysk filosofi</a>, inklusive <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> och <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Hegel">Friedrich Hegel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett annat ingångsvärde i den kritiska teorin var att försöka förena marxistisk analys med <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freuds</a> <a href="/wiki/Psykoanalys" title="Psykoanalys">psykoanalytiska</a> teorier.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Företrädarna för den kritiska teorin såg sin teoribildning i motsatsförhållande till traditionell <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeoisie">borgerlig</a> och <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivistisk</a> teori.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denna typ av traditionell samhällsteori ansågs nöja sig med att beskriva verkligheten som den var, och beskriva detta befintliga tillstånd som naturligt och nödvändigt. Den kritiska teorin utmärkte sig däremot genom att vara kritisk till den rådande ordningen, och fokuserade på möjligheten till förändring. Detta innebar ett aktivt ställningstagande för ett socialistiskt samhälle som företrädarna för Frankfurtskolan såg som präglat av <a href="/wiki/Demokrati" title="Demokrati">demokrati</a> och med frigjorda samhällsmedborgare.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta synsätt framkom bland annat i Horkheimers skrift från 1937, <i>Traditionelle und kritische Theorie</i>. </p><p>Senare kom en mer "pessimistisk" hållning att prägla mycket av Frankfurtskolans tänkande. Ett exempel på det är <i><a href="/wiki/Upplysningens_dialektik" title="Upplysningens dialektik">Upplysningens dialektik</a></i> (<i>Dialektik der Aufklärung</i>) som Horkheimer och Adorno gav ut 1947. Där menade de att de <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stv%C3%A4rlden" title="Västvärlden">västerländska samhällena</a>, både de socialistiskt och borgerligt kapitalistiska, präglades av ett instrumentellt och <a href="/wiki/Teknokrati" title="Teknokrati">teknokratiskt</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rnuft" title="Förnuft">förnuftstänkande</a> inställt på makt, behärskande och effektivitet, och som inte lämnade något utrymme för rent mänskliga värden.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denna pessimism och kritiska syn på <a href="/wiki/Upplysningsfilosofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Upplysningsfilosofi">upplysningsfilosofins</a> konsekvenser delades dock inte av alla inom Frankfurtskolan. Bland annat Marcuse företrädde även fortsättningsvis en mer "aktivistisk" filosofi. </p><p><i>Kulturindustrin</i> blev också en del av den tidiga Frankfurtskolans analyser, där Horkheimer och <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> hade en kritisk hållning. </p><p>Hela 1950-talet, då institutet åter etablerats i Frankfurt, var en produktiv period för Frankfurtskolan. De producerade exempelvis en omfattande studie om "den auktoritära karaktären".<sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Introduktion_till_k%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Introduktion till källhänvisningar">[<span title="Denna uppgift behöver källa (2014-05)"><i>källa behövs</i></span>]</a></sup> Det var också under detta decennium, efter återkomsten till Frankfurt, som skolans andra generation kom fram. Den andra generationens mest inflytelserike tänkare och centralgestalt är <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a>, och mycket av den andra generationen har ägnats åt kritik av andra etablerade vetenskaper.<sup id="cite_ref-NE_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mot Adorno och Horkheimers pessimistiska hållning stod <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuses</a> mer aktivistiska. Hans <i>One-Dimentional Man</i> från 1964 kom att ha stor betydelse 1960-talets studentrevolt i USA.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedan dess har en tredje generation tillkommit, där <a href="/wiki/Claus_Offe" title="Claus Offe">Claus Offe</a> kan nämnas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kritik_från_den_politiska_högern"><span id="Kritik_fr.C3.A5n_den_politiska_h.C3.B6gern"></span>Kritik från den politiska högern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kritik från den politiska högern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kritik från den politiska högern"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel: <a href="/wiki/Kulturmarxism" title="Kulturmarxism">Kulturmarxism</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Från 1990-talet har Frankfurtskolans kritiker sett på Frankfurtskolans forskning och teorier om samhälle, människa och kultur via den <a href="/wiki/Antisemitiska" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitiska">antisemitiska</a> <a href="/wiki/Konspirationsteori" title="Konspirationsteori">konspirationsteorin</a> om "<a href="/wiki/Kulturmarxism" title="Kulturmarxism">kulturmarxism</a>", som, av kritikerna, ses som ursprunget till idéer om <a href="/wiki/Politisk_korrekthet" title="Politisk korrekthet">politisk korrekthet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Termen kan sägas vara en sorts återupplivning av <a href="/wiki/Nazisternas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazisternas">nazisternas</a> propagandaterm "<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulturbolschewismus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulturbolschewismus [inte skriven än]">Kulturbolschewismus</a></i>". Bland annat massmördaren <a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Anders Behring Breivik</a> uppgav sig tro på konspirationsteorin i fråga.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teorin har dock framför allt spridits av <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6gerradikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Högerradikal">högerradikaler</a> och <a href="/wiki/Paleokonservativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleokonservativa">paleokonservativa</a> debattörer i USA, bland annat sådana kopplade till den konservativa <a href="/wiki/Tankesmedja" title="Tankesmedja">tankesmedjan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Congress_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Congress Foundation [inte skriven än]">Free Congress Foundation</a>. Den tidigaste kända skrift som gör kopplingen mellan Frankfurtskolan och politisk korrekthet är från tidigt 1990-tal och publicerades av det till <a href="/wiki/LaRouche-r%C3%B6relsen" class="mw-redirect" title="LaRouche-rörelsen">LaRouche-rörelsen</a> kopplade <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schillerinstitutet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schillerinstitutet [inte skriven än]">Schillerinstitutet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personer_verksamma_inom_Frankfurtskolan">Personer verksamma inom Frankfurtskolan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Personer verksamma inom Frankfurtskolan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Personer verksamma inom Frankfurtskolan"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Första_generationen"><span id="F.C3.B6rsta_generationen"></span>Första generationen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Första generationen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Första generationen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Pollock" title="Friedrich Pollock">Friedrich Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kirchheimer" title="Otto Kirchheimer">Otto Kirchheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Leo Löwenthal">Leo Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Leopold_Neumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Leopold Neumann">Franz Leopold Neumann</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Alfredschmidt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Alfredschmidt.jpg/250px-Alfredschmidt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Alfredschmidt.jpg/375px-Alfredschmidt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Alfredschmidt.jpg/500px-Alfredschmidt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt" title="Alfred Schmidt">Alfred Schmidt</a>, Goethe-universitetet (cirka 1986)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andra_generationen">Andra generationen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Andra generationen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Andra generationen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Till andra generationen räknas de som studerat under Adorno: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Negt" title="Oskar Negt">Oskar Negt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Oevermann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Oevermann [inte skriven än]">Ulrich Oevermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schmidt" title="Alfred Schmidt">Alfred Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Wellmer" title="Albrecht Wellmer">Albrecht Wellmer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tredje_generationen">Tredje generationen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tredje generationen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tredje generationen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Axel_Honneth_2016-04-18_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Axel_Honneth_2016-04-18_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Axel_Honneth_2016-04-18_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Axel_Honneth_2016-04-18_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Axel_Honneth_2016-04-18_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Axel_Honneth_2016-04-18_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Axel_Honneth_2016-04-18_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1974" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Axel Honneth</a>, 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Till tredje generationen räknas de som studerat under Habermas och Wellmer: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Forst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Forst [inte skriven än]">Rainer Forst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_G%C3%BCnther&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Günther [inte skriven än]">Klaus Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Axel Honneth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Seel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Seel [inte skriven än]">Martin Seel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutz_Wingert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutz Wingert [inte skriven än]">Lutz Wingert</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fjärde_generationen"><span id="Fj.C3.A4rde_generationen"></span>Fjärde generationen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fjärde generationen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fjärde generationen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Rosa" title="Hartmut Rosa">Hartmut Rosa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunskapsteori" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunskapsteori">Kunskapsteori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritisk_teori" title="Kritisk teori">Kritisk teori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nya_v%C3%A4nstern" title="Nya vänstern">Nya vänstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialantropologi" title="Socialantropologi">Socialantropologi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFCallinicos2001">Callinicos, Alex (2001). <i><span>Samhällsteori: en historisk introduktion</span></i>. Göteborg: Daidalos. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7173-137-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7173-137-7">ISBN 91-7173-137-7</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samh%C3%A4llsteori%3A+en+historisk+introduktion&rft.aulast=Callinicos&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Callinicos%2C+Alex&rft.date=2001&rft.place=G%C3%B6teborg&rft.pub=Daidalos&rft.isbn=91-7173-137-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Frankfurtskolan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&action=edit&section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFBronner2017">Bronner, Stephen Eric (2017-10-01). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190692674.003.0002">Critical Theory: A Very Short Introduction</a></i>. Oxford University Press. sid. 7–16. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-19-069267-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-19-069267-4">ISBN 978-0-19-069267-4</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190692674.003.0002">http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190692674.003.0002</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 juli 2021</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Theory%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Eric&rft.au=Bronner%2C+Stephen+Eric&rft.date=2017-10-01&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B7%E2%80%9316&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-069267-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Factrade%2F9780190692674.003.0002&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Frankfurtskolan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE-2">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-NE_2-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_2-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_2-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_2-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_2-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_2-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_2-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_2-7"><small>h</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NE_2-8"><small>i</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Frankfurtskolan i <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i>, band 6 (1991)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFJay1996">Jay, Martin (1996). <i><span>The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research</span></i>. University of California Press. sid. 7-8</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialectical+Imagination%3A+A+History+of+the+Frankfurt+School+and+the+Institute+of+Social+Research&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Jay%2C+Martin&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B7-8&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Frankfurtskolan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMoishe2006">Moishe, Postone, (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/475188205">Time, labor, and social domination : a reinterpretation of Marx's critical theory</a></i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-0-521-56540-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-0-521-56540-0">ISBN 978-0-521-56540-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/475188205">475188205</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/475188205">http://worldcat.org/oclc/475188205</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 juli 2021</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+labor%2C+and+social+domination+%3A+a+reinterpretation+of+Marx%27s+critical+theory&rft.aulast=Moishe&rft.aufirst=Postone%2C&rft.au=Moishe%2C+Postone%2C&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=info:oclcnum/475188205&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56540-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F475188205&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Frankfurtskolan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IfS-5"><a href="#cite_ref-IfS_5-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.uni-frankfurt.de/institut/">Institut für Sozialforschung: Institut</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140523050029/http://www.ifs.uni-frankfurt.de/institut/">Arkiverad</a> 23 maj 2014 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>., läst 2014-05-12 <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(tyska)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IfS_Geschichte-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-IfS_Geschichte_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IfS_Geschichte_6-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IfS_Geschichte_6-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.uni-frankfurt.de/institut/geschichte/">Institut für Sozialforschung: Geschichte</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303111756/http://www.ifs.uni-frankfurt.de/institut/geschichte/">Arkiverad</a> 3 mars 2016 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>., läst 2014-05-12 <span style="font-size:.95em;font-weight:bold;color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(tyska)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallinicos2001">Callinicos 2001</a>, s. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nationalencyklopedin</i> multimedia plus, 2000 (uppslagsord Frankfurtskolan)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching">”'Cultural Marxism' Catching On”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>Southern Poverty Law Center</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching">https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/cultural-marxism-catching</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 juli 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27Cultural+Marxism%27+Catching+On&rft.atitle=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fintelligence-report%2F2003%2Fcultural-marxism-catching&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Frankfurtskolan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/19/cultural-marxism-a-uniting-theory-for-rightwingers-who-love-to-play-the-victim">”'Cultural Marxism': a uniting theory for rightwingers who love to play the victim | Jason Wilson”</a> (på engelska). <i><span>the Guardian</span></i>. 19 januari 2015<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/19/cultural-marxism-a-uniting-theory-for-rightwingers-who-love-to-play-the-victim">http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jan/19/cultural-marxism-a-uniting-theory-for-rightwingers-who-love-to-play-the-victim</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 juli 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%27Cultural+Marxism%27%3A+a+uniting+theory+for+rightwingers+who+love+to+play+the+victim+%7C+Jason+Wilson&rft.atitle=the+Guardian&rft.date=19+januari+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Fjan%2F19%2Fcultural-marxism-a-uniting-theory-for-rightwingers-who-love-to-play-the-victim&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Frankfurtskolan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901071348/http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099">”NAS - The National Association of Scholars :: Press Releases”</a>. <i><span>web.archive.org</span></i>. 1 september 2011. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099">originalet</a> den 1 september 2011<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110901071348/http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099">https://web.archive.org/web/20110901071348/http://www.nas.org/polPressReleases.cfm?Doc_Id=2099</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 juli 2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=NAS+-+The+National+Association+of+Scholars+%3A%3A+Press+Releases&rft.atitle=web.archive.org&rft.date=1+september+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110901071348%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.nas.org%2FpolPressReleases.cfm%3FDoc_Id%3D2099&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Frankfurtskolan"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schillerinstitute.org/fid_91-96/921_frankfurt.html">The New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness</a> i <i>Fidelio</i>, Winter 1992</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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<a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Österländsk filosofi">Österländsk</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Filosofins_historia" title="Filosofins historia">Historia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsokratisk_filosofi" title="Försokratisk filosofi">Försokratisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Filosofins_historia#Antikens_filosofi" title="Filosofins historia">Antiken</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Medeltidens_filosofi" title="Medeltidens filosofi">Medeltiden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssansens_filosofi" title="Renässansens filosofi">Renässansen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/1600-talets_filosofi" title="1600-talets filosofi">1600-talet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Upplysningstidens_filosofi" title="Upplysningstidens filosofi">Upplysningstiden</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nutidens_filosofi" title="Nutidens filosofi">Nutid</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer" title="Kategori:Filosofer">Filosofer</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">Sortering efter: <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_epok" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter epok">epok</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_nationalitet" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter nationalitet">nationalitet</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_religion" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter religion">religion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_tradition" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter tradition">tradition</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Filosofer_efter_verksamhetsomr%C3%A5de" title="Kategori:Filosofer efter verksamhetsområde">verksamhetsområde</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Grenar</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Traditionella</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Axiologi" title="Axiologi">Axiologi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estetik" title="Estetik">Estetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Etik" title="Etik">Etik</a>) <span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Epistemologi" title="Epistemologi">Epistemologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Logik" title="Logik">Logik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metafysik" title="Metafysik">Metafysik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontologi" title="Ontologi">Ontologi</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Filosofi om…</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Filosofin_kring_artificiell_intelligens" title="Filosofin kring artificiell intelligens">Artificiell intelligens</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Bioetik" title="Bioetik">Bioetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Feministisk_filosofi" title="Feministisk filosofi">Feminism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Handlingsteori" title="Handlingsteori">Handling</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Historiefilosofi" title="Historiefilosofi">Historia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Krigsfilosofi" title="Krigsfilosofi">Krig</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Matematikfilosofi" title="Matematikfilosofi">Matematik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Medicinsk_filosofi" title="Medicinsk filosofi">Medicin</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Medvetandefilosofi" title="Medvetandefilosofi">Medvetande</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metafilosofi" title="Metafilosofi">Meta</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturfilosofi" title="Naturfilosofi">Natur</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pedagogikens_filosofi" title="Pedagogikens filosofi">Pedagogik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttsfilosofi" title="Rättsfilosofi">Rätt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialfilosofi" title="Socialfilosofi">Social</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kfilosofi" title="Språkfilosofi">Språk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Politisk_filosofi" title="Politisk filosofi">Politik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Religionsfilosofi" title="Religionsfilosofi">Religion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskapsteori" title="Vetenskapsteori">Vetenskap</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Skolor</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Filosofins_historia#Antikens_filosofi" title="Filosofins historia">Antiken</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kinesisk_filosofi" title="Kinesisk filosofi">Kinesisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Konfucianism" title="Konfucianism">Konfucianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(kinesisk_filosofi)" title="Legalism (kinesisk filosofi)">Legalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Namnskolan" title="Namnskolan">Namnskolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Daoism" title="Daoism">Taoism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yin-yang-skolan" title="Yin-yang-skolan">Yin-yang-skolan</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Grekisk-romersk</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Aristotelism" title="Aristotelism">Aristotelism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Eleaterna" title="Eleaterna">Eleaterna</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Epikurism" title="Epikurism">Epikurism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rsokratisk_filosofi" title="Försokratisk filosofi">Försokrater</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/De_joniska_naturfilosoferna" title="De joniska naturfilosoferna">Joniska skolan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Efesiska_skolan" title="Efesiska skolan">Efesiska skolan</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kyniska_skolan" title="Kyniska skolan">Kyniska skolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kyrenaiker" title="Kyrenaiker">Kyrenaiker</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Peripatetiska_skolan" title="Peripatetiska skolan">Peripatetiska skolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nyplatonism" title="Nyplatonism">Ny</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pythagor%C3%A9erna" title="Pythagoréerna">Pytagoreism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nypytagoreism" title="Nypytagoreism">Ny</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sofister" title="Sofister">Sofister</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Indisk_filosofi" title="Indisk filosofi">Indisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ajivika" title="Ajivika">Ajivika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sautrantika" title="Sautrantika">Sautrantika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" title="Yogacara">Yogacara</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Yoga_sutra" title="Yoga sutra">Yoga sutra</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Medeltidens_filosofi" title="Medeltidens filosofi">Medeltiden</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Västerländsk filosofi">Västerländsk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_filosofi" title="Kristen filosofi">Kristen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Skolastik" title="Skolastik">Skolastik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A4ssanshumanism" title="Renässanshumanism">Renässanshumanism</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Islamisk_filosofi" title="Islamisk filosofi">Islamisk</a> och <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterl%C3%A4ndsk_filosofi" title="Österländsk filosofi">österländsk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Advaita" title="Advaita">Advaita</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Neokonfucianism" title="Neokonfucianism">Neokonfucianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Modern tid</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Allmänt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Anarkism" title="Anarkism">Anarkism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Empirism" title="Empirism">Empirism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi">Fenomenologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fundamentism" title="Fundamentism">Fundamentism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(filosofi_och_historia)" title="Historicism (filosofi och historia)">Historicism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kollektivism" title="Kollektivism">Kollektivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konservatism" title="Konservatism">Konservatism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kontraktualism" title="Kontraktualism">Kontraktualism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(filosofi)" title="Naturalism (filosofi)">Naturalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nykantianism" title="Nykantianism">Nykantianism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nyskolastik" title="Nyskolastik">Nyskolastik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Utilitarism" title="Utilitarism">Utilitarism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Nutidens_filosofi" title="Nutidens filosofi">Nutid</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_filosofi" title="Analytisk filosofi">Analytisk</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Analytisk_marxism" title="Analytisk marxism">Analytisk marxism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Experimentell_filosofi" title="Experimentell filosofi">Experimentell filosofi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Filosofisk_kvietism" title="Filosofisk kvietism">Filosofisk kvietism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Internalism_och_externalism" title="Internalism och externalism">Internalism och externalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Koherentism" title="Koherentism">Koherentism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kommunitarism" title="Kommunitarism">Kommunitarism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konsekventialism" title="Konsekventialism">Konsekventialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Logisk_positivism" title="Logisk positivism">Logisk positivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Metaetik" title="Metaetik">Metaetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Normativ_etik" title="Normativ etik">Normativ etik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4ttspositivism" title="Rättspositivism">Rättspositivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Till%C3%A4mpad_etik" title="Tillämpad etik">Tillämpad etik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vardagsspr%C3%A5ksfilosofi" title="Vardagsspråksfilosofi">Vardagsspråksfilosofi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Vetenskaplig_skepticism" title="Vetenskaplig skepticism">Vetenskaplig skepticism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rderealism" title="Värderealism">Värderealism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Wienkretsen" title="Wienkretsen">Wienkretsen</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;"><a href="/wiki/Kontinental_filosofi" title="Kontinental filosofi">Kontinental</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dekonstruktion" title="Dekonstruktion">Dekonstruktion</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Feministisk_filosofi" title="Feministisk filosofi">Feministisk</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Fenomenologi" title="Fenomenologi">Fenomenologi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frankfurtskolan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kritisk_teori" title="Kritisk teori">Kritisk teori</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutik" title="Hermeneutik">Hermeneutik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nymarxism" title="Nymarxism">Ny</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterl%C3%A4ndsk_marxism" title="Västerländsk marxism">Västerländsk</a>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Socialkonstruktivism" title="Socialkonstruktivism">Socialkonstruktivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Strukturalism" title="Strukturalism">Strukturalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poststrukturalism" title="Poststrukturalism">Post</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="background:#ceecee;;;">Övrigt</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"></div><table class="navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;;;;"><tbody><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dialektik" title="Dialektik">Dialektik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Formalism" title="Formalism">Formalism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Nythomism" title="Nythomism">Nythomism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Objektivism_(Ayn_Rand)" title="Objektivism (Ayn Rand)">Objektivism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Filosofisk_skepticism" title="Filosofisk skepticism">Skepticism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&oldid=54070272">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankfurtskolan&oldid=54070272</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:R%C3%B6relser_inom_socialfilosofi" title="Kategori:Rörelser inom socialfilosofi">Rörelser inom 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