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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legal case</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts,_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg/270px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg/360px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Courts%2C_Ninth_Judicial_Circuit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data">786 F.3d 733</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appealed from</th><td class="infobox-data">District Court</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appealed to</th><td class="infobox-data">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Garcia v. Google, Inc.</b></i>, 786 F.3d 733 (9th Cir. 2015), is an ongoing dispute that arose when Cindy Lee Garcia sued <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and its video-sharing website, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, to have the controversial film, <i><a href="/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Innocence of Muslims">Innocence of Muslims</a></i>, taken down from the site. A California district court denied Garcia's motion for <a href="/wiki/Preliminary_injunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Preliminary injunction">preliminary injunction</a>, but, on appeal, a panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reversed the lower court's decision, ordered YouTube to take down all copies of <i>Innocence of Muslims</i>, and remanded the case to the district court for reconsideration.<sup id="cite_ref-CA9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2015, in an <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> opinion, the Ninth Circuit reversed the panel's decision, vacating the order for the preliminary injunction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garcia's_participation_in_the_film"><span id="Garcia.27s_participation_in_the_film"></span>Garcia's participation in the film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Garcia's participation in the film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2011, Garcia auditioned for a film by writer and producer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Basseley_Youssef" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Basseley Youssef">Mark Basseley Youssef</a>, also known as Nakoula Basseley Nakoula, with the working title <i>Desert Warrior</i>. A casting call described the film as "an HD 24P historical Arabian Desert adventure film," and Garcia was ultimately cast to play a minor role, that of a mother of a young woman who had been promised in marriage to the movie's protagonist.<sup id="cite_ref-Lex_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garcia participated in three and one-half days of shooting and was paid $500 for her work.<sup id="cite_ref-CA9_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Footnote_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Footnote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_reaction_to_Innocence_of_Muslims">International reaction to <i>Innocence of Muslims</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International reaction to Innocence of Muslims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultimately, Youssef used the footage from <i>Desert Warrior</i> to create the controversial anti-Islamic film, <i><a href="/wiki/Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Innocence of Muslims">Innocence of Muslims</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lex_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He added the anti-Islamic content to the film by dubbing over the actors' lines without their knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, Youssef had partially dubbed one of Garcia's lines in order to have her character ask, "Is your Mohammed a child molester?"<sup id="cite_ref-CA9_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Innocence of Muslims</i> screened at the Vine Theater in Los Angeles, California<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was uploaded to YouTube on July 1, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Lat_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September, Youssef had translated the film into Arabic and drew the attention of the Arabic-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-Lat_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Egyptian cleric issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a>, condemning all involved with the film to death.<sup id="cite_ref-CA9_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 11, 2012, a series of protests began in response to a YouTube trailer for <i>Innocence of Muslims</i>. While the protests began at the diplomatic mission in Cairo, Egypt, unrest quickly spread to several other countries with significant Muslim populations, including Yemen, Greece, Sudan, Tunisia, India, Indonesia, and Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Lat_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lat-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garcia herself received death threats due to her involvement with the film.<sup id="cite_ref-CA9_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lawsuit">Lawsuit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lawsuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="District_Court">District Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: District Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garcia asked Google to take down the film from YouTube on eight occasions pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CA9_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Footnote_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Footnote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Google declined, Garcia sued the company on September 26, 2012, in federal district court in California.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She claimed that the film's continued existence on YouTube violated her <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> interest in her performance in the film. She applied to the court for a temporary restraining order to force Google to take down the film.<sup id="cite_ref-Footnote_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Footnote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The district court treated Garcia's application for a temporary restraining order as an application for a preliminary injunction. To succeed on a claim for preliminary injunction, Garcia had to show four factors: a likelihood that she would succeed on the merits of the copyright claim, the likelihood that irreparable harm will result if the court does not grant the injunction, and the balance of the equity to the parties and the public interest in granting or denying relief. The court denied the application "because Garcia had delayed in bringing the action, had failed to demonstrate 'that the requested preliminary relief would prevent any alleged harm' and was unlikely to succeed on the merits because she'd granted Youssef an implied license to use her performance in the film."<sup id="cite_ref-CA9_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a declaration given by David Hardy, president of DMCA Solutions, YouTube's typical notice-and-counter-notice process is described. Hardy then shares his conversations with YouTube over the Innocence of Muslims video and characterizes YouTube's responses as purposeful delay tactics and feigning ignorance on copyright law<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit">U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court's decision denying Garcia a preliminary injunction, forcing Google to take down all copies of <i>Innocence of Muslims</i> from YouTube. The Ninth Circuit also remanded the case for retrial on the merits of Garcia's copyright claim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ninth_Circuit_opinion">Ninth Circuit opinion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ninth Circuit opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ninth Circuit held that Garcia was entitled to a preliminary injunction because she was likely to succeed on the merits of her copyright claim. The court determined that Garcia likely owned an independent, copyrightable interest in her own performance in the film. Specifically, the court explained that Garcia's performance was "fixed" and that her "body language, facial expression and reactions to other actors and elements of a scene" constituted sufficient originality, both requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>. Further, the court concluded that Garcia never intended to be a "joint author," so Youssef had no co-ownership of her performance in the film. </p><p>Additionally, the court determined that Garcia was not an "employee" for purposes of transferring her ownership interest in her performance under the Copyright Act. The court pointed out that the term "employee" refers "to a hired party in a conventional employer relationship." According to the court, because "Youssef hired Garcia for a specific task, she only worked for three days and she claims she received no health or other traditional employment benefits" suggests that she was not an "employee" under the statute. Garcia never transferred her interest in writing, either.<sup id="cite_ref-CA9_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 12, 2014, the full Ninth Circuit voted to rehear the case <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of that order, the court vacated its prior opinion, meaning that it can no longer be cited and is not binding on lower courts. The order has no effect on the injunction, meaning that Google still may not post the allegedly infringing portions of the film, at least for the time being.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In May 2015, in an <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> opinion, the Ninth Circuit reversed the panel's decision, vacating the order for the preliminary injunction.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to its reversal in an en banc opinion, the Ninth Circuit's decision sparked criticism from the legal community, as well as those who produce, distribute, or host copyrighted content.<sup id="cite_ref-Lex_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> ("EFF") has criticized the court's decision for several reasons. First, "the Copyright Office expressly rejected [Garcia's] effort to register a copyright," suggesting that her claim is "doubtful at best." Second, the EFF argues that the court's decision amounts to a "prior restraint of speech, something that should never happen when the claim is 'doubtful.'" Even worse, the EFF argues, the decision may signal that any party who has added "anything even remotely creative to a work" may have the right to receive a share in the profits of that work, and he or she may have the power to remove that work from circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clark D. Asay, associate professor of law at <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a>, reiterates some of the EFF's concerns. He suggests that the Ninth Circuit's decision could lead to censorship, wherein a small contributor to a creative work can effectively close off public access to the work. He also argues that the decision undercuts the utilitarian purpose of copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-Footnote_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Footnote-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stefan M. Mentzer, a partner at White & Case, LLP, argues that the court misinterpreted certain provisions of the Copyright Act.<sup id="cite_ref-Lex_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flynn_v._Google">Flynn v. Google</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flynn v. Google"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2014, Gaylor Flynn, another actor who appeared in <i>Innocence of Muslims</i>, sued Google in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California alleging copyright infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CA9-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CA9_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA9_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA9_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA9_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA9_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA9_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA9_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CA9_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2014/02/28/12-57302_opinion.pdf"><i>Garcia v. Google</i></a>, no. 12-57302 (9th Cir. Feb. 26, 2014). Accessed November 3, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lex-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lex_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lex_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lex_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lex_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3b6ff140-49a1-4a85-9f90-b27d5987937a">"The Garcia v. Google controversy and what it means for content owners and users"</a>. Lexology.com. March 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Garcia+v.+Google+controversy+and+what+it+means+for+content+owners+and+users&rft.pub=Lexology.com&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexology.com%2Flibrary%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fg%3D3b6ff140-49a1-4a85-9f90-b27d5987937a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarcia+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Footnote-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Footnote_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Footnote_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Footnote_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Footnote_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsay2014" class="citation web cs1">Asay, Clark D. (August 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanfordlawreview.org/online/ex-post-incentives-and-ip-in-garcia-v-google-and-beyond">"Ex Post Incentives and IP in Garcia v. Google and Beyond"</a>. <i>Stanford Law Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Ex+Post+Incentives+and+IP+in+Garcia+v.+Google+and+Beyond&rft.date=2014-08-20&rft.aulast=Asay&rft.aufirst=Clark+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanfordlawreview.org%2Fonline%2Fex-post-incentives-and-ip-in-garcia-v-google-and-beyond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarcia+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Chen" class="citation web cs1">Adrian Chen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141023082359/http://gawker.com/5942748/it-makes-me-sick-actress-in-muhammed-movie-says-she-was-deceived-had-no-idea-it-was-about-islam">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It Makes Me Sick': Actress in Muhammed Movie Says She Was Deceived, Had No Idea It Was About Islam"</a>. <i>Gawker</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gawker.com/5942748/it-makes-me-sick-actress-in-muhammed-movie-says-she-was-deceived-had-no-idea-it-was-about-islam">the original</a> on October 23, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=%27Innocence+of+Muslims%27+producer%27s+identity+in+question%3B+actors+say+they+were+duped%2C+overdubbed&rft.au=Hollie+McKay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fentertainment%2Finnocence-of-muslims-producers-identity-in-question-actors-say-they-were-duped-overdubbed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarcia+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lat-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lat_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lat_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lat_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timelines.latimes.com/unrest-timeline/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Innocence of Muslims' unrest"</a>. 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Google</a></i>, no. 12-57302 (9th Cir. Nov. 12, 2014)(order).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2015" class="citation news cs1">Chappell, Bill (May 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/05/18/407732594/google-wins-copyright-and-speech-case-over-innocence-of-muslims-video">"Google Wins Copyright And Speech Case Over 'Innocence Of Muslims' Video"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Controversial+%27Innocence+of+Muslims%27+Ruling+Reversed+By+Appeals+Court&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Eriq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fthr-esq%2Fcontroversial-innocence-muslims-ruling-reversed-796530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarcia+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2015/05/18/12-57302%20EB%20opinion.pdf">Garcia v. Google</a></i>, no. 12-57302 (9th Cir. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Second+actor+sues+Google+over+%27Innocence+of+Muslims%27+movie+trailer&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-google-movie-idUSKBN0HA20420140915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarcia+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008135032/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/15/innocence-muslims-google-actor-sues-youtube-court">"Innocence of Muslims actor sues Google to block controversial film"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. September 15, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/15/innocence-muslims-google-actor-sues-youtube-court">the original</a> on October 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Innocence+of+Muslims+actor+sues+Google+to+block+controversial+film&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2014%2Fsep%2F15%2Finnocence-muslims-google-actor-sues-youtube-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarcia+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillonKeegan2012" class="citation news cs1">Willon, Phil; Keegan, Rebecca (September 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timelines.latimes.com/unrest-timeline/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Innocence of Muslims' unrest"</a>. <i>Timeline</i>. Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Timeline&rft.atitle=%27Innocence+of+Muslims%27+unrest&rft.date=2012-09-13&rft.aulast=Willon&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Keegan%2C+Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimelines.latimes.com%2Funrest-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGarcia+v.+Google%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_v._Google,_Inc.&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/content/view.php?pk_id=0000000725"><i>Garcia v. Google</i></a>, 12-57302; Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals <i>Cases of Interest</i> page</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMTaBkOBR2Q"><i>Garcia v. 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colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism of Google</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advertising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc." title="Feldman v. Google, Inc.">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc." title="Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.">Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddard_v._Google,_Inc." title="Goddard v. Google, Inc.">Goddard v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google,_Inc." title="Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.">Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google,_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory,_Inc." title="Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.">Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedi_Blue" title="Jedi Blue">Jedi Blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antitrust</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union" title="Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union">European Union</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umar_Javeed,_Sukarma_Thapar,_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors." title="Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.">Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2020)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2020)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2023)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2023)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a> and A9.com Inc. and Google Inc.</i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i>(2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Field_v._Google,_Inc." title="Field v. Google, Inc.">Field v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc." title="Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.">Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc." title="Hibnick v. Google, Inc.">Hibnick v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_Inc." title="United States v. Google Inc.">United States v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function" title="Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function">Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc." title="Joffe v. Google, Inc.">Joffe v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mosley_v_SARL_Google" title="Mosley v SARL Google">Mosley v SARL Google</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González">Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_v._Gaos" title="Frank v. Gaos">Frank v. Gaos</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v_Defteros" title="Google LLC v Defteros">Google LLC v Defteros</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC" title="Gonzalez v. Google LLC">Gonzalez v. Google LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Google_litigation" title="Category:Google litigation">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="YouTube" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:YouTube_navbox" title="Template:YouTube navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:YouTube_navbox" title="Template talk:YouTube navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:YouTube_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:YouTube navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="YouTube" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> (parent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_YouTube" title="History of YouTube">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Mohan" title="Neal Mohan">Neal Mohan</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyor_Cohen" title="Lyor Cohen">Lyor Cohen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chen" title="Steve Chen">Steve Chen</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Hurley" title="Chad Hurley">Chad Hurley</a> (founder & CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_Kamangar" title="Salar Kamangar">Salar Kamangar</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki" title="Susan Wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawed_Karim" title="Jawed Karim">Jawed Karim</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Daniels" title="Susanne Daniels">Susanne Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kyncl" title="Robert Kyncl">Robert Kyncl</a> (CBO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_Manber" title="Udi Manber">Udi Manber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Pan" title="Yu Pan">Yu Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels" title="List of most-subscribed YouTube channels">Most-subscribed channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_channels" title="List of most-viewed YouTube channels">Most-viewed channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-channel_network" title="Multi-channel network">Multi-channel network</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_multi-channel_networks" title="List of multi-channel networks">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube (channel)">Official channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative" title="YouTube Original Channel Initiative">Original channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and<br />videos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apology_video" title="Apology video">Apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_YouTuber" title="Beauty YouTuber">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookTube" title="BookTube">BookTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BreadTube" title="BreadTube">BreadTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Creator_Awards" title="YouTube Creator Awards">Creator Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_My_Life" title="Draw My Life">Draw My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Play" title="Let's Play">Let's Play</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Me_at_the_zoo" title="Me at the zoo">Me at the zoo</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PewDiePie_vs_T-Series" title="PewDiePie vs T-Series">PewDiePie vs T-Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reply_girl" title="Reply girl">Reply girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudyTube" title="StudyTube">StudyTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">Viral video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_poop" title="YouTube poop">YouTube poop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind">YouTube Rewind</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2018:_Everyone_Controls_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2019:_For_the_Record" title="YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTubers" title="List of YouTubers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTuber" title="VTuber">VTuber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed YouTube videos">Most-viewed videos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Arabic_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed Arabic music videos on YouTube">Arabic music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_French_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed French music videos on YouTube">French music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Indian_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed Indian YouTube videos">Indian videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Pakistani_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed Pakistani YouTube videos">Pakistani videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-liked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-liked YouTube videos">Most-liked videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-disliked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-disliked YouTube videos">Most-disliked videos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_YouTube" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of YouTube">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_YouTube" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship by YouTube">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_issues" title="YouTube copyright issues">Copyright issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Content_ID" title="Content ID">Content ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_strike" title="YouTube copyright strike">Copyright strike</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_moderation" title="YouTube moderation">Moderation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_suspensions" title="YouTube suspensions">Channel suspensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsagate" title="Elsagate">Elsagate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures_scandal" title="Fantastic Adventures scandal">Fantastic Adventures scandal</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Kohistan_video_case" title="2012 Kohistan video case">Kohistan video case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Korean_YouTube_backdoor_advertising_controversy" title="2020 Korean YouTube backdoor advertising controversy">Korean backdoor advertisement controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_and_privacy" title="YouTube and privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Reactions to Innocence of Muslims">Reactions to <i>Innocence of Muslims</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Slovenian_YouTube_incident" title="2011 Slovenian YouTube incident">Slovenian government incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apps and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_BrandConnect" title="YouTube BrandConnect">BrandConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Premium" title="YouTube Premium">Premium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming" title="List of YouTube Premium original programming">original programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Shorts" title="YouTube Shorts">Shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Studio" title="YouTube Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_VR" title="YouTube VR">VR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Awards" title="YouTube Awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN/YouTube_presidential_debates" title="CNN/YouTube presidential debates">CNN/YouTube presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Comedy_Week" title="YouTube Comedy Week">Comedy Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_Clash" title="Creator Clash">Creator Clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSI_vs_Logan_Paul" title="KSI vs Logan Paul">KSI vs Logan Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KSI_vs._Logan_Paul_II" title="KSI vs. Logan Paul II">rematch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Live" title="YouTube Live">Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music_Awards" title="YouTube Music Awards">Music Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_YouTube_Music_Awards" title="2013 YouTube Music Awards">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_YouTube_Music_Awards" title="2015 YouTube Music Awards">2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Sauce" title="Open Sauce">Open Sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playlist_Live" title="Playlist Live">Playlist Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_Awesome" title="Project for Awesome">Project for Awesome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_in_the_City" title="Social in the City">Social in the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamy_Awards" title="Streamy Awards">Streamy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space_Lab" title="YouTube Space Lab">Space Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra" title="YouTube Symphony Orchestra">Symphony Orchestra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Symphony_No._1" title="Internet Symphony No. 1">Internet Symphony No. 1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothership_(composition)" title="Mothership (composition)"><i>Mothership</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubecon" title="Tubecon">Tubecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VidCon" title="VidCon">VidCon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_YouTube" title="Censorship of YouTube">Censorship of YouTube</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany" title="Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Select" title="YouTube Select">YouTube Select</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_headquarters_shooting" title="YouTube headquarters shooting">Headquarters shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_in_education" title="YouTube in education">In education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_YouTube_downloaders" title="Comparison of YouTube downloaders">YouTube downloaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Instant" title="YouTube Instant">YouTube Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space" title="YouTube Space">YouTube Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Theater" title="YouTube Theater">YouTube Theater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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