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href="#Interpretation_of_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Interpretation of doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_of_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundational_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundational_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foundational elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foundational_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homilies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Homilies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homilies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Prayer books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_divines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;padding-bottom:0.15em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglicanism" title="Category:Anglicanism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;display:block;margin-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg/160px-Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg/240px-Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg/320px-Canterbury_Cathedral_-_Portal_Nave_Cross-spire.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3113" data-file-height="2395" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglican doctrine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a><br /><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Books of Homilies</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chicago%E2%80%93Lambeth_Quadrilateral" title="Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Sacraments</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Mary</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Ministry and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Ministry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_eucharistic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i>)<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Liturgical year</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Churchmanship" title="Churchmanship">Churchmanship</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Monasticism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Background and history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval cathedral architecture</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a><br /><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">Latitudinarian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Anglo-Catholicism" title="Liberal Anglo-Catholicism">Liberal</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Anglican_Communion" title="History of the Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion history</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Primates_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Primates in the Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion Primates'</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_Primates%27_Meetings" title="Anglican Communion Primates' Meetings">Meetings</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Communion_dioceses" title="List of Anglican Communion dioceses">Bishops</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_and_ecumenism" title="Anglican Communion and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women_in_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion">Ordination of women</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Report" title="Windsor Report">Windsor Report</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCCFF;;background:#CCCCFF;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other Anglican denominations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bartonville_Agreement" title="Bartonville Agreement">Bartonville Agreement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_St._Louis" title="Congress of St. Louis">Congress of St. Louis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/North_American_Anglican_Conference" title="North American Anglican Conference">North American Anglican Conference</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglicanism" title="Template:Anglicanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglicanism" title="Template talk:Anglicanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anglican doctrine</b> (also called <b>Episcopal doctrine</b> in some countries) is the body of Christian teachings used to guide the religious and moral practices of <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>. </p><p>Describing its doctrine as "Catholic and Reformed", Anglicanism has historically aimed to be a <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media#Anglicanism" title="Via media">via media</a></i> between <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic doctrine">Roman Catholic doctrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity#Theology" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed Protestant doctrine</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran doctrine">Lutheran doctrine</a> also having some influence. Over time, the tension between <a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">catholicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist Protestantism</a> resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarian" title="Latitudinarian">latitudinarian</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">broad church</a>" mainstream, within a <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a> to <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> spectrum of sanctioned approaches to ritual and tolerance of the associated beliefs. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Anglicanism" title="Evangelical Anglicanism">Evangelicals</a> (low church) and <a href="/wiki/Anglo_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo Catholics">Anglo Catholics</a> (high church) represent the far ends of this spectrum, with most Anglicans falling somewhere in <a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">between</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> compiled the original <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>, which forms the basis of Anglican worship and practice. By 1571 it included the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a>, the historic doctrinal statement of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_divines" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline divines">Caroline divines</a> later developed Anglican doctrine of religious authority as being derived from scripture, tradition, and "redeemed" reason, in contrast to both the <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">supremacy of the Pope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">solā scripturā</a> ("by scripture alone") principle of the reformers. Rather, Anglicans affirmed the <i>primacy</i> of scriptural revelation (<a href="/wiki/Prima_scriptura" title="Prima scriptura">prima scriptura</a>), informed by the <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">Church fathers</a>, the historic <a href="/wiki/Nicene_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicene creed">Nicene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostles' creed">Apostles'</a> creeds, and a latitudinarian interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">scholasticism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simeon" title="Charles Simeon">Charles Simeon</a> espoused and popularised evangelical positions in the 18th and 19th centuries, while the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> re-introduced <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">monasticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican religious orders">religious orders</a> and various other Catholic practices and beliefs in the 19th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approach_to_doctrine">Approach to doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Approach to doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anglican doctrine does not possess an agreed-upon confession of faith, such as the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a>, nor does it claim a founding theologian, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, or a central authority over doctrine, such as the <a href="/wiki/Magisterium" title="Magisterium">Magisterium</a> in Roman Catholicism, to set the parameters of acceptable belief and practice. The universally agreed-upon foundations of Anglican doctrine are the three major creeds of the early <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a> creeds), the principles enshrined in the "<a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral</a>" and the dispersed authority of the four <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion#Instruments_of_communion" title="Anglican Communion">instruments of Communion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>. </p><p>Additionally, there are two streams informing doctrinal development and understanding in Anglicanism. Firstly, there is an appeal to the historical formularies, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer"><i>Books of Common Prayer</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_(liturgy)" title="Ordinal (liturgy)">ordinals</a> and the "standard divines". Most prominent of the historical formularies are the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion">Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion</a>, principally authored by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>. These are divided into four sections, moving from the general (the fundamentals of the faith) to the particular (the interpretation of scripture, the structure and authority of the church, and the relationship between church and society). Other significant formularies include <a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a>, listed in Article XXXV in the Articles of Religion. Some Anglicans also take the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_orandi,_lex_credendi" title="Lex orandi, lex credendi">lex orandi, lex credendi</a></i> seriously, regarding the content, form and rubrics of <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> as an important element of doctrinal understanding, development and interpretation. Secondly, Anglicans cite the work of the standard divines, or foundational theologians, of Anglicanism as instructive. Such divines include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ponet" title="John Ponet">John Ponet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Jewel" title="John Jewel">John Jewel</a>. </p><p>The second stream of doctrine is contained in the formally adopted doctrinal positions of the constitutions and <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> of various national churches and provinces of the Anglican Communion. These are usually formulated by <a href="/wiki/General_synod" class="mw-redirect" title="General synod">general synods</a> of national or regional churches and interpreted and enforced by a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>-in-council structure, involving consultation between the bishops and delegated lay and clerical leadership, although the extent of the devolution of authority from the bishops varies from place to place. This stream is the only binding and enforceable expression of doctrine in Anglicanism, which can sometimes result in conflicting doctrinal understandings between and within national churches and provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretation_of_doctrine">Interpretation of doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interpretation of doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foundations and streams of doctrine are interpreted through the lenses of various <a href="/wiki/Christian_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian movements">Christian movements</a> which have gained wide acceptance among <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>. Prominent among those in the latter part of the 20th century and the early 21st century are <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a>. These perspectives emphasise or supplement particular aspects of historical theological writings, canon law, formularies and prayer books. Because of this, these perspectives often conflict with each other and can conflict with the formal doctrines. Some of these differences help to define "parties" or "factions" within Anglicanism. However, with certain notable exceptions that led to <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schisms</a>, Anglicans have grown a tradition of tolerating internal differences. This tradition of tolerance is sometimes known as "comprehensiveness". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anglican doctrine emerged from the interweaving of two main strands of <a href="/wiki/Christian_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian doctrine">Christian doctrine</a> during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries. The first strand comes from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> doctrine taught by the established church in England in the early 16th century. The second strand represents a range of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformed</a> teachings brought to England from neighbouring countries in the same period, notably <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, the Church of England formed the local expression of the institutional <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> in England. <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> had documented the formal doctrines over the centuries and the Church of England still follows an unbroken tradition of canon law today<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. The English Reformation did not dispense with all previous doctrines. The church not only retained the core Catholic beliefs common to Reformed doctrine in general, such as the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, the virginal conception of Mary, the nature of Jesus as fully human and divine, the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_Resurrection_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> (as affirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a>), but also retained some historic Catholic teachings which Protestants rejected, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">three orders of ministry</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> of bishops. For this reason Anglican doctrine is often said to tread a middle path, or <i><a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a></i>, between <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and Protestant perspectives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundational_elements">Foundational elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundational elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripture,_creeds_and_ecumenical_councils"><span id="Scripture.2C_creeds_and_ecumenical_councils"></span>Scripture, creeds and ecumenical councils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scripture, creeds and ecumenical councils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central to Anglican doctrine are the foundational documents of Christianity – all the books of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testaments</a> are accepted, but the books of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Apocrypha" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a>, while recommended as instructive by Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles, are declared not "to establish any doctrine". </p><p>Article VIII of the Thirty-Nine Articles declared the three Catholic creeds – the <a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a> – to "be proved by most certain warrants of holy Scripture" and were included in the first and subsequent editions of The Book of Common Prayer. All Anglican prayer books continue to include the Apostles' and Nicene Creed. Some — such as the Church of England's <a href="/wiki/Common_Worship" title="Common Worship">Common Worship</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_New_Zealand_Prayer_Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A New Zealand Prayer Book (page does not exist)">A New Zealand Prayer Book</a> — omit the Athanasian Creed, but include alternative "affirmations". This liturgical diversity suggests that the principles enunciated by the Apostles' and Nicene creeds remain doctrinally unimpeachable. Nonetheless, metaphorical or spiritualised interpretations of some of the creedal declarations – for instance, the virgin birth of Jesus and his resurrection – have been commonplace in Anglicanism since the integration of biblical <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a> into theological discourse in the 19th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first four ecumenical councils of <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicea" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Nicea">Nicea</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Ephesus" class="mw-redirect" title="First Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> "have a special place in Anglican theology, secondary to the Scriptures themselves." <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This authority is usually considered to pertain to questions of the nature of Christ (the <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (religion)">hypostasis</a> of divine and human) and the relationships between the Persons of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>, summarised chiefly in the creeds which emerged from those councils. Nonetheless, Article XXI of The Thirty-Nine Articles limit the authority of these and other ecumenical councils, noting that "they may err, and sometimes have erred." In other words, their authority being strictly derivative from and accountable to scripture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thirty-Nine_Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thirty-Nine Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a></div> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> at Wikisource</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/170px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/255px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/340px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed</a> doctrine and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> were developed into a distinctive English form by bishops and theologians led by Thomas Cranmer and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a>. Their doctrine was summarised in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion which were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> and the Church of England in 1571. </p><p>The early English Reformers, like contemporaries on the European continent such as <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, rejected many Roman Catholic teachings. The Thirty-Nine Articles list core <a href="/wiki/Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed church">Reformed</a> doctrines such as the sufficiency of the <a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">Holy Scriptures</a> for salvation, the execution of Jesus as "the perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction for all the sins of the whole world", <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Election">Election</a>. Some of the articles are simple statements of opposition to Roman Catholic doctrine, such as Article XIV which denies "Works of <a href="/wiki/Supererogation" title="Supererogation">Supererogation</a>", Article XV which implicitly excludes the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a>, and XXII which explicitly rejects the concept of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>. Catholic worship and teaching was at the time conducted in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, while the Articles required church services to use the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>. The Articles reveal <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> influence, but moderately (double predestination is rejected; God has willed some to redemption because of foresight, but does not will any to perdition), and reject other strands of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> teachings such as the corporeal Real Presence of Lutheranism (but agree on Justification by Faith alone), Zwinglianism, such as those of the doctrine of common property of "certain <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a>". Transubstantiation is rejected: i.e. the bread and wine remain in their natural properties. However, the real and essential presence of Christ in the eucharist is affirmed but "only after an heavenly and spiritual manner." </p><p>Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformers</a> the Articles hew out a <i>via media</i> between Roman Catholic and extreme Protestant views, alluded to above. For example, in contrast to Calvin, the Articles did not explicitly reject the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramental Union">Sacramental Union</a>, a doctrine which is often confused with the medieval doctrine of Consubstantiation. The Articles also endorse an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a>, and the English monarch as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a> to replace the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a>. The Articles can also be read as permitting the acceptance of the five so-called "non-dominical" sacraments of private confession, marriage, ordination, anointing of the sick, and confirmation as legitimately sacramental, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. The Sacrifice of Masses is rejected. The doctrine of the eucharistic as the Church's sacrifice or oblation to God, dating from the second century A.D., is rejected but the Holy Communion is referred to as the Sacrifice of Praise and Thanksgiving in an optional Prayer of Oblation after the reception of Communion. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> has not amended the Thirty-Nine Articles. However, <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synodical</a> legislators made changes to canon law to accommodate those who feel unable to adhere strictly to the Thirty-Nine Articles. The legal form of the declaration of assent required of clergy on their appointment, which was at its most rigid in 1689, was amended in 1865 and again in 1975 to allow more latitude. Outside of the Church of England, the Articles have an even less secure status and are generally treated as an edifying historical document not binding on doctrine or practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homilies">Homilies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Homilies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Homilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Homilies">Anglican Homilies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookof_homiliesI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Bookof_homiliesI.jpg/170px-Bookof_homiliesI.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a7/Bookof_homiliesI.jpg/255px-Bookof_homiliesI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a7/Bookof_homiliesI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Title page of Cranmer's book of Homilies</figcaption></figure> <p>The Homilies are two books of thirty-three sermons developing <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> doctrines in greater depth and detail than in the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion. During the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>, Thomas Cranmer and other English Reformers saw the need for local congregations to be taught Christian theology and practice. Sermons were appointed and required to be read each Sunday and holy day in English. Some are straightforward exhortations to read scripture daily and lead a life of faith; others are rather lengthy scholarly treatises directed at academic audiences on theology, church history, the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Christian Empire</a> and the heresies of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Rome</a>. </p><p>The Homilies are noteworthy for their beautiful and magisterial phrasing and the instances of historical terms. Each homily is heavily annotated with references to scripture, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">church fathers</a>, and other primary sources. The reading of the Homilies in church is still directed under Article XXXV of the Thirty-Nine Articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer_books">Prayer books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prayer books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></div> <p>The original Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England was published in 1549, and its most recently approved successor was issued in 1662. It is this edition that national prayer-books (with the exception of Scotland's) used as a template as the Anglican Communion spread outside England. The foundational status of the 1662 edition has led to its being cited as an authority on doctrine. This status reflects a more pervasive element of Anglican doctrinal development, namely that of <i>lex orandi, lex credendi</i>, or "the law of prayer is the law of belief".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral">Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></div> <p>The Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral is a summation of the Anglican approach to theology, worship and church structure and is often cited as a basic summary of the essentials of Anglican identity. The four points are: </p> <ol><li>The Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments, as "containing all things necessary to salvation," and as being the rule and ultimate standard of faith.</li> <li>The Creeds (specifically, the Apostles' and Nicene) as the sufficient statement of Christian faith;</li> <li>The dominical sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion;</li> <li>The historic <a href="/wiki/Episcopalian_church_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalian church governance">episcopate</a> locally adapted.</li></ol> <p>The four points originated in resolutions of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States">Episcopal Church in the United States</a> of 1886 and were (more significantly) modified and finalised in the 1888 <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> of bishops of the Anglican Communion. Primarily intended as a means of pursuing ecumenical dialogue with the Roman Catholic Church, the Quadrilateral soon became a "sine qua non" for essential Anglican identity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_divines">Standard divines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Standard divines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned above, Anglicanism has no theologian comparable to the founding theologians of eponymous schools, like <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a>. Nonetheless, it has writers whose works are regarded as standards for faith and doctrine. While there is no definitive list, such individuals are implicitly recognised as authoritative by their inclusion in <a href="/wiki/Anglican_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican saints">Anglican liturgical calendars</a> or in anthologies of works on Anglican theology. These include such early figures as <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cosin" title="John Cosin">John Cosin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jewel" title="John Jewel">John Jewel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Matthew Parker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Taylor" title="Jeremy Taylor">Jeremy Taylor</a>; and later figures such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Joseph Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Law" title="William Law">William Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a>. The 19th century produced several prominent Anglican thinkers, notably <a href="/wiki/John_Keble" title="John Keble">John Keble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">Frederick Denison Maurice</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pusey" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Pusey">Edward Pusey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._C._Ryle" title="J. C. Ryle">John Charles Ryle</a>. More recently, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gore" title="Charles Gore">Charles Gore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ramsey" title="Michael Ramsey">Michael Ramsey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(archbishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Temple (archbishop)">William Temple</a> have been included among the pantheon. While this list gives a snapshot, it is not exhaustive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrinal_development">Doctrinal development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Doctrinal development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given that the foundational elements of Anglican doctrine are either not binding or are subject to local interpretation, methodology has tended to assume a place of key importance. Hence, it is not so much a body of doctrinal statements so much as the process of doctrinal development that is important in Anglican theological identity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lex_orandi,_lex_credendi"><span id="Lex_orandi.2C_lex_credendi"></span><i>Lex orandi, lex credendi</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lex orandi, lex credendi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lex_orandi,_lex_credendi" title="Lex orandi, lex credendi">Lex orandi, lex credendi</a></div> <p>Anglicanism has traditionally expressed its doctrinal convictions based on the prayer texts and liturgy of the church. In other words, appeal has typically been made to what Anglicans do and prescribe in common worship, enunciated in the texts of the Book of Common Prayer and other national prayer books, to guide theology and practice. Applying this axiom to doctrine, there are three venues for its expression in the worship of the Church: </p> <ul><li>The selection, arrangement, and composition of prayers and exhortations;</li> <li>The selection and arrangement of the lectionary; and</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rubrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubrics">rubrics</a> (regulations) for liturgical action and variations in the prayers and exhortations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The principle of <i>lex orandi, lex credendi</i> functions according to the so-called "three-legged stool" of scripture, tradition, and reason attributed to Richard Hooker.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This doctrinal stance is intended to enable Anglicanism to construct a theology that is pragmatic, focused on the institution of the church, yet engaged with the world. It is, in short, a theology that places a high value on the traditions of the faith and the intellect of the faithful, acknowledging the primacy of the worshipping community in articulating, amending, and passing down the church's beliefs. In doing so, Anglican theology is inclined towards a <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">comprehensive</a> consensus concerning the principles of the tradition and the relationship between the church and society. In this sense, Anglicans have viewed their theology as strongly <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnational</a> – expressing the conviction that God is revealed in the physical and temporal things of everyday life and the attributes of specific times and places. </p><p>This approach has its hazards, however. For instance, there is a countervailing tendency to be "text-centric", that is, to focus on the technical, historical, and interpretative aspects of prayer books and their relationship to the institution of the church, rather than on the relationship between faith and life. Second, the emphasis on comprehensiveness often instead results in compromise or tolerance of every viewpoint. The effect that is created is that Anglicanism may appear to stand for nothing or for everything, and that an unstable and unsatisfactory middle-ground is staked while theological disputes wage interminably. Finally, while <i>lex orandi, lex credendi</i> helped solidify a uniform Anglican perspective when the 1662 Prayer Book and its successors predominated, and while expatriate bishops of the United Kingdom enforced its conformity in territories of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, this has long since ceased to be true. Liturgical reform and the <a href="/wiki/Post-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-colonial">post-colonial</a> reorganisation of national churches has led to a growing diversity in common worship since the middle of the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Process_of_doctrinal_development">Process of doctrinal development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Process of doctrinal development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/220px-Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/330px-Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/440px-Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The principle of <i>lex orandi, lex credendi</i> discloses a larger theme in the approach of Anglicanism to doctrine, namely, that doctrine is considered a lived experience; since in living it, the community comes to understand its character. In this sense, doctrine is considered to be a dynamic, participatory enterprise rather than a static one. </p><p>This inherent sense of dynamism was articulated by <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a> a century and a half ago, when he asked how, given the passage of time, we can be sure that the Christianity of today is the same religion as that envisioned and developed by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">apostles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As indicated above, Anglicans look to the teaching of the Bible and of the undivided Church of the first five centuries as the sufficient criterion for an understanding of doctrine, as expressed in the creeds. Yet they are only a criterion: interpretation, and thus doctrinal development, is thoroughly contextual. The reason this is the case is chiefly due to three factors: </p> <ol><li>Differing theories of <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">interpretation of scripture</a>, developed as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Semiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiology">symbolic nature of language</a>, the difficulty of translating its cultural and temporal aspects, and the particular perceptual lenses worn by authors;</li> <li>The accumulation of knowledge through science and philosophy; and</li> <li>The emerging necessity of giving some account of the relationship of Christ to distinct and evolving cultural realities throughout the world, as Christianity has spread to different places.</li></ol> <p>Newman's suggestion of two criteria for the sound development of doctrine has permeated Anglican thinking. These are, first, that development must be open and accessible to the faithful at every stage; and second, that it must be subject to appeal to scripture and the precedents of antiquity through the process of sound scholarship. The method by which this is accomplished is by the distillation of doctrine through, and its subordination to a dominant Anglican <a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">ethos</a> consisting of the maintenance of order through consensus, comprehensiveness, and contract; and a preference for pragmatism over speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, the former — experience — flows from the latter — method. Anglican doctrinal <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> means concurrence with a base structure of shared identity: An agreement on the fundamentals of the faith articulated in the creeds; the existence of Protestant and catholic elements creating both a <i>via media</i> as well as a "union of opposites";<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the conviction that there is development in understanding the truth, expressed more in practical terms rather than theoretical ones.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In short, the character of Anglicanism is that the church "contains in itself many elements regarded as mutually exclusive in other communions."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formal_doctrine">Formal doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Formal doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anglican churches in other countries generally inherited the doctrinal apparatus of the Church of England, consisting most commonly an adaptation of the Thirty-Nine Articles and the Quadrilateral into general principles. From the earliest times, they have adapted them to suit their local needs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutions_and_canon_law">Constitutions and canon law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Constitutions and canon law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canon law in the churches of the Anglican Communion stem from the law of the <a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">patristic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> Western church which was received, along with the limiting conditions of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. Canon law touches on several areas of church life: <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">ecclesiology</a>, that is, the governance and structure of the church as an institution; liturgy; relationships with secular institutions; and the doctrines which implicitly or explicitly touch on these matters. Such laws have varying degrees and means of enforcement, variability, and jurisdiction. </p><p>The nature of canon law is complicated by the status of the Church of England as subordinate to the crown; a status which does not affect jurisdictions outside England, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a>. It is further complicated by the relationship between the autonomous churches of the Communion itself; since the canon law of one jurisdiction has no status in that of another. Moreover, there is — as mentioned above — no international <a href="/wiki/Juridical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Juridical system">juridical system</a> which can formulate or enforce uniformity in any matter. This has led to conflict regarding certain issues (see below), leading to calls for a "covenant" specifying the parameters of Anglican doctrinal development (see <a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a> for discussion). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instruments_of_unity">Instruments of unity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Instruments of unity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></div> <p>As mentioned above, the Anglican Communion has no international juridical organisation. The Archbishop of Canterbury's role is strictly symbolic and unifying, and the Communion's three international bodies are consultative and collaborative, their resolutions having no legal effect on the independent provinces of the Communion. Taken together, however, the four do function as "instruments of unity", since all churches of the Communion participate in them. In order of antiquity, they are: </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, as the spiritual head of the Communion, is the focus of unity, since no church claims membership in the Communion without being in communion with him.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> is a consultation of the bishops of the Communion, intended to reinforce unity and collegiality through manifesting the <a href="/wiki/Episcopate" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopate">episcopate</a>, to discuss matters of mutual concern, and to pass resolutions intended to act as guideposts. It is held roughly every ten years and invitation is by the Archbishop of Canterbury.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Consultative_Council" title="Anglican Consultative Council">Anglican Consultative Council</a> meets usually at three year intervals. Consisting of representative bishops, clergy, and laity chosen by the thirty-eight provinces, the body has a permanent secretariat, the Anglican Communion Office, of which the Archbishop of Canterbury is president.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion_Primates%27_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting">Primates' Meeting</a> is the most recent manifestation of international consultation and deliberation, having been first convened by Archbishop of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/Donald_Coggan" title="Donald Coggan">Donald Coggan</a> as a forum for "leisurely thought, prayer and deep consultation."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Since there is no binding authority in the Communion, these international bodies are a vehicle for consultation and persuasion. In recent years, persuasion has tipped over into debates over conformity in certain areas of doctrine, discipline, worship, and ethics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effect of nationalising the Catholic faith in England inevitably led to conflict between factions wishing to remain obedient to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, those wishing more radical reform, and those holding a middle ground. A range of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> views gained currency in the Church in England, Ireland, and Wales through the late 16th and early 17th centuries. Although the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim Fathers">Pilgrim Fathers</a> felt compelled to leave for <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> gained increasing ecclesiastical and political authority, while Royalists advocated <a href="/wiki/Arminianism_in_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminianism in the Church of England">Arminianism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Right_of_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Right of Kings">Divine Right of Kings</a>. This conflict was one of the ultimate causes of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> theologians and clergy, set down their newly developed <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> doctrines in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster Confession">Westminster Confession</a> of 1648, which was never formally adopted into church law. After the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> of 1660 and the 1662 <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity</a> reinforced Cranmer's Anglicanism, those wishing to hold to the stricter views set out at Westminster either emigrated or covertly founded non-conformist Presbyterian, Congregational, or Baptist churches at home. </p><p>The 18th century saw the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a>, and the identification of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> party among the many conservatives who remained in the Anglican churches. The schism with the <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> in the 18th century had a theological aspect, particularly concerning the Methodist emphasis on personal salvation by faith alone, although <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> continued to regard himself as a member of the Church of England. The same period also saw the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> movement, which began to identify with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> heritage of Anglicanism, and to emphasise the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> and church tradition, while mostly rejecting the legitimacy of papal authority in England. The High Churchmen gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a> in the 19th century, which also saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberal Christianity</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> world. </p><p>The mid-19th century saw doctrinal debate between adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Low_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Church">Low Church</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> opponents, though the most public conflict tended to involve more superficial matters such as the use of church ornaments, vestments, candles, and ceremonial (which were taken to indicate a sympathy with Roman Catholic doctrine), and the extent to which such matters ought to be restricted by the church authorities. These conflicts led to further schism, for example in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed Episcopal Church</a> in North America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doctrinal_controversies_in_the_20th_century">Doctrinal controversies in the 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Doctrinal controversies in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1942_William_Temple_Philip_De_Laszlo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1942_William_Temple_Philip_De_Laszlo.jpg/150px-1942_William_Temple_Philip_De_Laszlo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1942_William_Temple_Philip_De_Laszlo.jpg/225px-1942_William_Temple_Philip_De_Laszlo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1942_William_Temple_Philip_De_Laszlo.jpg/300px-1942_William_Temple_Philip_De_Laszlo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(archbishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Temple (archbishop)">William Temple</a>, a leading figure of liberal social thought in Anglicanism in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in the 17th century, Anglicanism came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Latitudinarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitudinarianism">latitudinarianism</a>, chiefly represented by the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonists</a>, who held that doctrinal orthodoxy was less important than applying rational rigour to the examination of theological propositions. The increasing influence of German <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a> of the Bible throughout the 19th century, however, resulted in growing doctrinal disagreement over the interpretation and application of scripture. This debate was intensified with the accumulation of insights derived from the natural and social sciences which tended to challenge literally read biblical accounts. Figures such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lightfoot">Joseph Lightfoot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooke_Foss_Westcott" title="Brooke Foss Westcott">Brooke Foss Westcott</a> helped mediate the transition from the theology of Hooker, Andrewes, and Taylor to accommodate these developments. In the early 20th century, the liberal Catholicism of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gore" title="Charles Gore">Charles Gore</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_(archbishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Temple (archbishop)">William Temple</a> attempted to fuse the insights of modern biblical criticism with the theology expressed in the creeds and by the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>, but the following generations of scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Selwyn" title="Gordon Selwyn">Gordon Selwyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_Woolwich)" title="John Robinson (bishop of Woolwich)">John Robinson</a> questioned what had hitherto been the sacrosanct status of these verities. As the century progressed, the conflict sharpened, chiefly finding its expression in the application of biblically derived doctrine to social issues. </p><p>Anglicans have debated the relationship between doctrine and social issues since its origins, when the focus was chiefly on the church's proper relationship to the state. Later, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, the focus shifted to <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Anglicans fiercely debated the use of artificial <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> by Christian couples, which was prohibited by church teaching. In 1930 the <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> took a lone stand among major Christian denominations at the time and permitted its use in some circumstances<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on contraception">Christian views on contraception</a>). </p><p>The 20th century also saw an intense doctrinal debate among Anglicans over the <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a>, which led to schism, as well as to the conversion of some Anglican clergy to Roman Catholicism. Even today, there is no unanimity of doctrine or practice in the Anglican Communion as it relates to women's ordination. Finally, in the 1950s, '60s, and '70s Anglican churches wrestled with the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_Divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and Divorce">remarriage of divorced persons</a>, which was prohibited by dominical commandment. Once again, there is presently no unanimity of doctrine or practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_controversies">Current controversies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Current controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Akinola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Peter_Akinola.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="121" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Akinola" title="Peter Akinola">Peter Akinola</a>, former Archbishop of the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Nigeria" title="Church of Nigeria">Church of Nigeria</a> and a principal figure in debates about homosexuality</figcaption></figure> <p>The focus of doctrinal debate on issues of social theology has continued into the 21st century. Indeed, the eclipse of issues of classical doctrine, such as confessions of faith, has been exemplified by the relatively non-controversial decisions by some Communion provinces to amend the Nicene Creed by dropping the <a href="/wiki/Filioque_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Filioque clause">filioque clause</a>, or supplementing the historic creeds with other affirmations of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, the prominent doctrinal issue being actively debated in Anglican synods and convocations across the world is the place of gay and lesbian people in the life of the church — specifically with respect to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex unions">same-sex unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_the_Anglican_Communion" title="Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion">Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion</a>). </p><p>The consecration of bishops and the extension of sacraments to individuals based on gender or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> would ordinarily be matters of concern to the synods of the autonomous provinces of the Communion. Insofar as they affect other provinces, it is by association — either the physical association between the individuals to whom the sacraments have been extended and those who oppose such extension; or the perceptual association of Anglicanism generally with such practices. Regardless, these issues have incited debate over the parameters of domestic autonomy in doctrinal matters in the absence of international consensus. Some dioceses and provinces have moved further than others can easily accept, and some conservative parishes within them have sought pastoral oversight from bishops of other dioceses or provinces, in contravention of traditional Anglican <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a>). These developments have led some to call for a covenant to delimit the power of provinces to act on controversial issues independently, while others have called for a renewed commitment to comprehensiveness and tolerance of diverse practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Eucharistic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Eucharistic theology">Anglican Eucharistic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Calvinist–Arminian debate">History of Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Anglican Marian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Anglican sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritualist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritualist movement">Ritualist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangorian_Controversy" title="Bangorian Controversy">Bangorian Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theological_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian theological controversy">Christian theological controversy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Some_contemporary_Anglican_theologians">Some contemporary Anglican theologians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Some contemporary Anglican theologians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Leech" title="Kenneth Leech">Kenneth Leech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Lionel_Mascall" title="Eric Lionel Mascall">Eric Lionel Mascall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Leonard" title="Graham Leonard">Graham Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Carey" title="George Carey">George Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jensen_(bishop)" title="Peter Jensen (bishop)">Peter Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._I._Packer" title="J. I. Packer">J. I. Packer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stott" title="John Stott">John Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberalism</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Marcus Borg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Jenkins" class="mw-redirect" title="David Edward Jenkins">David Edward Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shelby_Spong" title="John Shelby Spong">John Shelby Spong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Although Calvinism by the end of the 16th century was the ruling theology in England among conformists and nonconformists alike, the Episcopalian Anglicans would only accept Calvinistic doctrines of predestination, justification, sanctification, etc. They did not follow Calvin in his ecclesiology, certainly not in his conception of church-government.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a short article on this concept, from which much of the content of this section is derived, see <a href="#CITEREFStevenson1998">Stevenson (1998)</a>, pp. 174–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Newman's discussion of doctrinal development, see <a href="#CITEREFNewman1909">Newman (1909)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A phrase used by Frederick Denison Maurice in <a href="#CITEREFMaurice1958">Maurice (1958)</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Common_Worship" title="Common Worship">Common Worship</a> texts, which include several forms of affirmation alongside the traditional creeds.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaas2007">Paas (2007)</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShriver1988">Shriver (1988)</a>, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson1998">Stevenson (1998)</a>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Of_the_Laws_of_Ecclesiastical_Polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity">Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity</a></i>, III.8.13-15; and V.8.2. Hooker himself, however, never used the "stool" analogy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevenson1998">Stevenson (1998)</a>, pp. 177–179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSykes1978">Sykes (1978)</a>, p. 10ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSykes1978">Sykes (1978)</a>, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted, for example, by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/windsor2004/section_c/p5.cfm">2004 Windsor report</a> (accessed 2007-07-17), where it is sourced to the Lambeth Conference 1978, Report, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_O%27Grady" title="Kathleen O'Grady">Kathleen O'Grady</a>, 1999 <i>"Contraception and religion, A short history"</i> from The Encyclopedia of Women and World Religion (Serinity Young et al. eds). Macmillan, 1999, reprinted on <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mum.org/contrace.htm">http://www.mum.org/contrace.htm</a>, retrieved August 15, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cofe.anglican.org/worship/liturgy/commonworship/texts/word/creeds.html">Creeds and Authorized Affirmations of Faith</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100526032240/http://www.cofe.anglican.org/worship/liturgy/commonworship/texts/word/creeds.html">Archived</a> 2010-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2008-04-21</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaurice1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">Maurice, Frederick Denison</a> (1958) [1842]. <i>The Kingdom of Christ</i>. Vol. II. London: SCM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Christ&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SCM&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Maurice&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Denison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglican+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman, John Henry</a> (1909) [1845]. <i>Essays on the Development of Doctrine</i>. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Development+of+Doctrine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglican+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaas2007" class="citation book cs1">Paas, Stephen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ35z6fz7bEC"><i>Ministers and Elders: The Birth of Presbyterianism</i></a>. Kachere theses. African Books Collective. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789990887020" title="Special:BookSources/9789990887020"><bdi>9789990887020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ministers+and+Elders%3A+The+Birth+of+Presbyterianism&rft.series=Kachere+theses&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=African+Books+Collective&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789990887020&rft.aulast=Paas&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmZ35z6fz7bEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglican+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShriver1988" class="citation book cs1">Shriver, Frederick P. (1988). "Councils, Conferences, and Synods". In Booty, John E.; Sykes, Stephen; Knight, Jonathan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYYMRIiI3n0C"><i>The Study of Anglicanism</i></a>. S.P.C.K. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1118-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-1118-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Councils%2C+Conferences%2C+and+Synods&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Anglicanism&rft.pub=S.P.C.K.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1118-8&rft.aulast=Shriver&rft.aufirst=Frederick+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYYMRIiI3n0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglican+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1998" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, W. Taylor (1998). "Lex Orandi—Lex Credendi". In Booty, John E.; Sykes, Stephen; Knight, Jonathan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dYYMRIiI3n0C"><i>The Study of Anglicanism</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-1118-8"><bdi>978-1-4514-1118-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lex+Orandi%E2%80%94Lex+Credendi&rft.btitle=The+Study+of+Anglicanism&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-1118-8&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=W.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdYYMRIiI3n0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglican+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sykes" title="Stephen Sykes">Sykes, Stephen</a> (1978). <i>The Integrity of Anglicanism</i>. London and Oxford: Mowbray & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Integrity+of+Anglicanism&rft.place=London+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Mowbray+%26+Co.&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglican+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2015" class="citation book cs1">Buchanan, Colin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFCbCgAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5016-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5016-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-5016-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Anglicanism&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5016-1&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmFCbCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglican+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2013" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_IbJwObG4UC"><i>Anglican Theology</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567008022" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567008022"><bdi>978-0567008022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglican+Theology&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0567008022&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_IbJwObG4UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglican+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGore1951" class="citation book cs1">Gore, Charles (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R74snQEACAAJ"><i>The Reconstruction of Belief: Belief in God. Belief in Christ. The Holy Spirit and the Church</i></a>. J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Belief%3A+Belief+in+God.+Belief+in+Christ.+The+Holy+Spirit+and+the+Church&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR74snQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglican+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published 1921–1924 in three separate volumes, published in 1926 in one volume.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1982" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Phillip Edgecumbe (1982). Owen C. Thomas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AxBEOAAACAAJ"><i>Introduction to Theology</i></a>. Morehouse-Barlow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-1315-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-1315-0"><bdi>978-0-8192-1315-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Theology&rft.pub=Morehouse-Barlow&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-1315-0&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Edgecumbe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAxBEOAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglican+doctrine" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>MacDougall, Scott (2022). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/62141">The Shape of Anglican Theology: Faith Seeking Wisdom</a></i>. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-51785-1.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchsociety.org/issues_new/doctrine/39A/iss_doctrine_39A_history.asp">The History of the Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/div_epis.htm">Liberal - Conservative Divisions Within the Episcopal Church by Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, B.A. Robinson, 2000 updated 2003 Liberal-Conservative divisions in Anglicanism</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&oldid=1239233569">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglican_doctrine&oldid=1239233569</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_theology_and_doctrine" title="Category:Anglican theology and doctrine">Anglican theology and doctrine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2016" title="Category:Use British English from June 2016">Use British English from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2006" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2016" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2016">Articles with dead external links from October 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 August 2024, at 02:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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