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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician and businessman (born 1946)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">David Stockman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Stockman_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Stockman_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-David_Stockman_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Stockman_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/330px-David_Stockman_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Stockman_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/440px-David_Stockman_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2338" data-file-height="3267" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Stockman in 2017</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">25th Director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 21, 1981 – August 1, 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_T._McIntyre" title="James T. McIntyre">Jim McIntyre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Miller_III" title="James C. Miller III">Jim Miller</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Michigan04 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">4th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1977 – January 21, 1981</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">Edward Hutchinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Siljander" title="Mark D. Siljander">Mark Siljander</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">David Alan Stockman</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1946-11-10</span>) </span>November 10, 1946<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 78)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hood">Fort Hood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidstockmanscontracorner.com">Official website</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Alan Stockman</b> (born November 10, 1946) is an American politician and former businessman who was a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Representative">U.S. Representative</a> from the state of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (1977–1981) and the Director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> (1981–1985) under President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stockman was born in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hood,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Hood, Texas">Fort Hood, Texas</a>, the son of Allen Stockman, a fruit farmer, and Carol (née Bartz).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is of German descent, and his family's surname was originally "Stockmann".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was raised in a conservative family in <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph,_Michigan" title="St. Joseph, Michigan">St. Joseph, Michigan</a>; his maternal grandfather, William Bartz, was a Republican treasurer of <a href="/wiki/Berrien_County,_Michigan" title="Berrien County, Michigan">Berrien County, Michigan</a> for 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytmag_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytmag-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stockman was educated at public schools in <a href="/wiki/Stevensville,_Michigan" title="Stevensville, Michigan">Stevensville, Michigan</a>. He graduated from <a href="/wiki/Lakeshore_School_District_(Berrien)" title="Lakeshore School District (Berrien)">Lakeshore High School</a> in 1964<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> in History from <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">in 1968</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. He was a graduate theology student at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> from 1968 until he left the university after 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-nytmag_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytmag-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He served as special assistant to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Representative" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Representative">United States Representative</a> and 1980 U.S. presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/John_Bayard_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bayard Anderson">John Anderson</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, 1970–1972, and was executive director, <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a>, 1972–1975. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Stockman_Michigan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/David_Stockman_Michigan.png/219px-David_Stockman_Michigan.png" decoding="async" width="219" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/David_Stockman_Michigan.png/329px-David_Stockman_Michigan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/David_Stockman_Michigan.png/438px-David_Stockman_Michigan.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Stockman's Congressional portrait, circa 1975-77</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1976, Stockman was elected from <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">Michigan's 4th congressional district</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> for the <a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th Congress</a>. He was reelected in the two subsequent elections. In total, he served in the House from January 3, 1977, until his resignation on January 21, 1981, to accept appointment as Director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> for <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OMB_fmr_dir_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OMB_fmr_dir-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_of_Management_and_Budget">Office of Management and Budget</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Office of Management and Budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stockman was one of the most controversial OMB directors ever appointed, also known as the "Father of <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a>." He resigned in August 1985. Committed to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a>, he assisted in the passing of the "Reagan Budget" (the <a href="/wiki/Gramm-Latta_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramm-Latta Budget">Gramm-Latta Budget</a>), which Stockman hoped would curtail the "<a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>". He thus gained a reputation as a tough negotiator with House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a>'s Democratic-controlled House of Representatives and Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a>'s Republican-controlled <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. During this period, Stockman became well known to the public during the contentious political wrangling concerning the role of the federal government in American society. </p><p>Stockman's influence within the Reagan Administration was weakened after the <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i> magazine published the infamous 18,246-word article, "The Education of David Stockman",<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in its December 1981 issue, based on lengthy interviews Stockman gave to reporter <a href="/wiki/William_Greider" title="William Greider">William Greider</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_with_David_Stockman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_David_Stockman.jpg/232px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_David_Stockman.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_David_Stockman.jpg/348px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_David_Stockman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_David_Stockman.jpg/464px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_David_Stockman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2655" /></a><figcaption>Reagan and Stockman in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>Stockman was quoted as referring to Reagan's tax act in these terms: "I mean, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Recovery_Tax_Act_of_1981" title="Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981">Kemp-Roth</a> [Reagan's 1981 tax cut] was always a Trojan horse to bring down the top rate.... It's kind of hard to sell 'trickle down.' So the supply-side formula was the only way to get a tax policy that was really 'trickle down.' Supply-side is 'trickle-down' theory."<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the budget process during his first year on the job, Stockman was quoted as saying, "None of us really understands what's going on with all these numbers," which was used as the subtitle of the article.<sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After "being taken to the woodshed by the president"<sup id="cite_ref-upi1986_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upi1986-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of his candor with Greider, Stockman became concerned with the projected trend of increasingly large federal <a href="/wiki/Deficits" class="mw-redirect" title="Deficits">deficits</a> and the rapidly expanding <a href="/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt">national debt</a>. On August 1, 1985, he resigned from OMB and later wrote a memoir of his experience in the Reagan Administration titled <i>The Triumph of Politics: Why the Reagan Revolution Failed</i> in which he specifically criticized the failure of congressional Republicans to endorse a reduction of government spending to offset large tax decreases to avoid the creation of large deficits and an increasing national debt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiscal_legacy">Fiscal legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fiscal legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_David_Stockman_at_Camp_David.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_David_Stockman_at_Camp_David.jpg/234px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_David_Stockman_at_Camp_David.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_David_Stockman_at_Camp_David.jpg/351px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_David_Stockman_at_Camp_David.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_David_Stockman_at_Camp_David.jpg/468px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_David_Stockman_at_Camp_David.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and David Stockman at Camp David during a debate preparation for upcoming debate on domestic policy, 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>President Jimmy Carter's last fiscal year budget ended with a $79.0 billion budget deficit (and a national debt of $907.7 billion as of September 30, 1980),<sup id="cite_ref-treasury_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treasury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending during the period of David Stockman's and Ronald Reagan's first year in office, on October 1, 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gross federal national debt had just increased to $1.0 trillion during October 1981 ($998 billion on September 30, 1981, up from $907.7 billion during the last full fiscal year of the Carter administration).<sup id="cite_ref-treasury_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treasury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September 30, 1985, four and a half years into the Reagan administration and shortly after Stockman's resignation from the OMB during August 1985, the gross federal debt was $1.8 trillion.<sup id="cite_ref-treasury_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treasury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stockman's OMB work within the administration during 1981 until August 1985 was dedicated to negotiating with the Senate and House about the next fiscal year's budget, executed later during the autumn of 1985, which resulted in the national debt becoming $2.1 trillion at fiscal year end September 30, 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-treasury_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-treasury-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1981, Stockman received the Samuel S. Beard Award for Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under, an award given out annually by <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Awards_for_Public_Service" title="Jefferson Awards for Public Service">Jefferson Awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_career">Business career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Business career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After leaving government, Stockman joined the Wall St. investment bank <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Brothers" title="Salomon Brothers">Salomon Brothers</a> and later became a partner of the New York–based private equity company, the <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackstone Group">Blackstone Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carey_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125–127">: 125–127 </span></sup> His record was mixed at Blackstone, with some very good investments, such as American Axle, but also failures, including Haynes International and Republic Technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Carey_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144–147">: 144–147 </span></sup> During 1999, after Blackstone CEO <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Schwarzman" title="Stephen A. Schwarzman">Stephen A. Schwarzman</a> curtailed Stockman's role in managing the investments he had developed,<sup id="cite_ref-Carey_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146">: 146 </span></sup> Stockman resigned from Blackstone to start his own private equity fund company, <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Industrial_Partners" title="Heartland Industrial Partners">Heartland Industrial Partners</a>, L.P., based in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Connecticut" title="Greenwich, Connecticut">Greenwich</a>, Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-advocate_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advocate-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the strength of his investment record at Blackstone, Stockman and his partners raised $1.3 billion of equity from institutional and other investors. With Stockman's guidance, Heartland used a contrarian investment strategy, buying controlling interests in companies operating in sectors of the U.S. economy that were attracting the least amount of new equity: auto parts and textiles. With the help of about $9 billion in <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> debt financing, Heartland completed more than 20 transactions in less than 2 years to create four portfolio companies: <a href="/wiki/Springs_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Springs Industries">Springs Industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaldyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaldyne">Metaldyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collins_%26_Aikman" title="Collins & Aikman">Collins & Aikman</a>, and TriMas. Several major investments performed very poorly, however. Collins & Aikman filed for bankruptcy during 2005 and when Heartland sold Metaldyne to Asahi Tec Corp. during 2006, Heartland lost most of the $340 million of equity it had invested in the business.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collins_and_Aikman_Corp.">Collins and Aikman Corp.</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Collins and Aikman Corp."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During August 2003, Stockman became CEO of <a href="/wiki/Collins_%26_Aikman_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collins & Aikman Corporation">Collins & Aikman Corporation</a>, a Detroit-based manufacturer of automotive interior components. He was ousted from that job days before Collins & Aikman filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11 on May 17, 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criminal_and_civil_charges">Criminal and civil charges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criminal and civil charges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Stockman_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/David_Stockman_2011.jpg/236px-David_Stockman_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/David_Stockman_2011.jpg/354px-David_Stockman_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/David_Stockman_2011.jpg/472px-David_Stockman_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1109" /></a><figcaption>David Stockman in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 26, 2007, federal prosecutors in Manhattan indicted Stockman in "a scheme... to defraud [Collins & Aikman]'s investors, banks and creditors by manipulating C&A's reported revenues and earnings." The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Securities and Exchange Commission">United States Securities and Exchange Commission</a> also brought civil charges against Stockman related to actions that he performed while CEO of Collins & Aikman.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stockman suffered a personal financial loss, over $13 million, along with losses suffered by as many as 15,000 Collins & Aikman employees worldwide. </p><p>Stockman said in a statement posted on his law firm's website that the company's end was the consequence of an industry decline, not due to fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 9, 2009, the US Attorney's Office announced that it would discontinue prosecution of Stockman for this case.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stockman lives in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-advocate_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-advocate-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is married to Jennifer Blei Stockman and is the father of two children, Rachel and Victoria. Jennifer Blei Stockman is a chairwoman emerita of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and president of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Foundation" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation">Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation</a> Board of Trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, Stockman signed an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief">amicus brief</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Stockman criticized the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist</a> foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He serves on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Responsible_Federal_Budget" title="Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget">Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copy_to_Wikiquote plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg/40px-Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg/60px-Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg/80px-Edit-copy_purple-wikiq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This page <b>is a candidate for <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Transwiki" class="extiw" title="m:Help:Transwiki">copying</a> over to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="q:Main Page">Wikiquote</a> using the Transwiki process</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> If the page can be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to edit a page">expanded</a> into an encyclopedic article, rather than a list of quotations, please do so and remove this message.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>"[Social Security] has to be means-tested. And Medicare needs to be means-tested ... Let the Bush tax cuts expire. Let the capital gains go back to the same rate as ordinary income."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The Republican Party has totally abdicated its job in our democracy, which is to act as the guardian of fiscal discipline and responsibility. They're on an anti-tax jihad – one that benefits the prosperous classes."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>“[R.] Jeffrey Pollock is the most-kind person and smartest attorney I know.”</li> <li>"I invest in anything that <a href="/wiki/Bernanke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernanke">Bernanke</a> can't destroy, including gold, canned beans, bottled water and flashlight batteries."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Ninety-two percent of the wealth is owned by five percent of the people." (Bloomberg TV 2013)</li> <li>"[T]he Republican Party was hijacked by modern imperialists during the Reagan era. As a consequence, the conservative party cannot perform its natural function as watchdog of the public purse because it is constantly seeking legislative action to provision a vast war machine of invasion and occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-Stockman2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stockman2013-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The hard part of the supply-side tax cut is dropping the top rate from 70 to 50 per cent — the rest of it is a secondary matter. The original argument was that the top bracket was too high, and that’s having the most devastating effect on the economy. Then, the general argument was that, in order to make this palatable as a political matter, you had to bring down all the brackets. But, I mean, Kemp-Roth was always a Trojan horse to bring down the top rate." (1982, speaking on Reagan's 1981 tax cuts)<sup id="cite_ref-Ackerman1982_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ackerman1982-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Reagan Economic Plan</i>, 1981</li> <li><i>The Triumph of Politics: Why the Reagan Revolution Failed</i>, Harper & Row, 1986, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060155605" title="Special:BookSources/9780060155605">9780060155605</a></li> <li><i>The Great Deformation: The Corruption of Capitalism in America</i>, PublicAffairs, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586489120" title="Special:BookSources/9781586489120">9781586489120</a></li> <li><i>Trumped!: A Nation on the Brink of Ruin, and How to Bring it Back</i>, Laissez Faire Books, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781621291848" title="Special:BookSources/9781621291848">9781621291848</a></li> <li><i>Peak Trump: The Undrainable Swamp And The Fantasy Of MAGA</i>, Contra Corner Press, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780578451107" title="Special:BookSources/9780578451107">9780578451107</a></li> <li><i>DUMP TRUMP: WHY CONSERVATIVES SHOULD PUNT ON NOV. 3</i>, Amazon Kindle Edition October 23, 2020, ASIN  : B08LSZ476N</li> <li><i>The Great Money Bubble: Protect Yourself from the Coming Inflation Storm</i>,Humanix Books, 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781630062194" title="Special:BookSources/9781630062194">9781630062194</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockman2024" class="citation book cs1">Stockman, David (2024). <i>Trump's War on Capitalism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hot_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot Books">Hot Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781510779327" title="Special:BookSources/9781510779327"><bdi>9781510779327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trump%27s+War+on+Capitalism&rft.pub=Hot+Books&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781510779327&rft.aulast=Stockman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span> Foreward by <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1980" class="citation news cs1">Hunter, Marjorie (December 12, 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1980/12/12/archives/office-of-management-and-budget-david-alan-stockman-strong-support.html">"Office of Management and Budget David Alan Stockman; Strong Support From Kemp Chosen by House Republicans Views on Economy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Office+of+Management+and+Budget+David+Alan+Stockman%3B+Strong+Support+From+Kemp+Chosen+by+House+Republicans+Views+on+Economy&rft.date=1980-12-12&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1980%2F12%2F12%2Farchives%2Foffice-of-management-and-budget-david-alan-stockman-strong-support.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stockmanfamily.net/news65.htm">"The Stockman Family Newsletter"</a>. <i>The Stockman Family Newsletter</i>. Vol. 17, no. 1. June 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stockman+Family+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Stockman+Family+Newsletter&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stockmanfamily.net%2Fnews65.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2024)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff1984" class="citation news cs1">Staff (August 8, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/365957103/">"Incumbent Berrien Treasurer Loses; Sheriff, Clerk Win"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Herald-Palladium" title="The Herald-Palladium">The Herald-Palladium</a></i>. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald-Palladium&rft.atitle=Incumbent+Berrien+Treasurer+Loses%3B+Sheriff%2C+Clerk+Win&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1984-08-08&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F365957103%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytmag-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytmag_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytmag_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumenthal1981" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Blumenthal" title="Sidney Blumenthal">Blumenthal, Sidney</a> (March 15, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/03/15/magazine/david-stockman-the-president-s-cutting-edge.html">"David Stockman: The President's Cutting Edge"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i>. p. 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=David+Stockman%3A+The+President%27s+Cutting+Edge&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1981-03-15&rft.aulast=Blumenthal&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1981%2F03%2F15%2Fmagazine%2Fdavid-stockman-the-president-s-cutting-edge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeibutzki2012" class="citation news cs1">Heibutzki, Ralph (June 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/442325504/">"Stockman Surprise Speaker at Lakeshore's Graduation"</a>. <i>The Herald-Palladium</i>. p. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald-Palladium&rft.atitle=Stockman+Surprise+Speaker+at+Lakeshore%27s+Graduation&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft.aulast=Heibutzki&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F442325504%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OMB_fmr_dir-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OMB_fmr_dir_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/organization_former_directors/">"Former Directors of OMB and BOB"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2018</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Management+and+Budget&rft.atitle=Former+Directors+of+OMB+and+BOB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fomb%2Forganization_former_directors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Greider1981" class="citation web cs1">William Greider (December 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1981/12/the-education-of-david-stockman/305760/">"The Education of David Stockman"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Education+of+David+Stockman&rft.date=1981-12&rft.au=William+Greider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1981%2F12%2Fthe-education-of-david-stockman%2F305760%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-upi1986-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-upi1986_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/04/12/David-Stockmans-famous-trip-to-the-woodshed-was-prompted/2637513666000/">"David Stockman's famous trip to the woodshed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a></i>. April 12, 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2018</span>. <q>Upon emerging from the lunch, Stockman told reporters he had been taken 'to the woodshed' – a reference to punishment meted out during his youth on his parents' Michigan farm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=David+Stockman%27s+famous+trip+to+the+woodshed&rft.date=1986-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1986%2F04%2F12%2FDavid-Stockmans-famous-trip-to-the-woodshed-was-prompted%2F2637513666000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-treasury-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-treasury_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-treasury_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-treasury_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-treasury_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206164959/http://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo4.htm">"Treasury Department's Historical Debt Outstanding – Annual 1950 – 1999"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Department of the Treasury</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/histdebt/histdebt_histo4.htm">the original</a> on February 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treasury+Department%27s+Historical+Debt+Outstanding+%E2%80%93+Annual+1950+%E2%80%93+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasurydirect.gov%2Fgovt%2Freports%2Fpd%2Fhistdebt%2Fhistdebt_histo4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/budget/Historicals">Office of Management and Budget Historical Tables</a> see Table 1.1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/budget/fy2012/assets/hist01z1.xls">(Excel Spreadsheet)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national">"Jefferson Awards"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national">the original</a> on November 24, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeffersonawards.org%2Fpastwinners%2Fnational&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carey-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carey_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carey_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carey_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_CareyJohn_E._Morris2001" class="citation book cs1">David Carey & John E. Morris (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://king-of-capital.com/"><i>King of Capital: The Remarkable Rise, Fall and Rise Again of Steve Schwarzman and Blackstone</i></a>. Crown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+Capital%3A+The+Remarkable+Rise%2C+Fall+and+Rise+Again+of+Steve+Schwarzman+and+Blackstone&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2001&rft.au=David+Carey&rft.au=John+E.+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fking-of-capital.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-advocate-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-advocate_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-advocate_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Collins & Aikman seeks to emerge from bankruptcy," <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i> article by Jeff Bennett, published in the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a></i> of Stamford and (identical version, perhaps with changes by the local editor in the common business section for both newspapers) in the <i><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Time_(newspaper)" title="Greenwich Time (newspaper)">Greenwich Time</a></i> on September 5, 2006, page A7, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Advocate (LGBT magazine)">The Advocate</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Carey and Lou Whiteman, "PE firms find buyer for Metaldyne," <i>The Deal</i>, September 1, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2007" class="citation web cs1">Levin, Doris (March 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601039&refer=columnist_levin&sid=a.cBZSUCgS3Y">"Stockman Outsmarts Self in Detroit"</a>. Bloomberg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stockman+Outsmarts+Self+in+Detroit&rft.pub=Bloomberg&rft.date=2007-03-29&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601039%26refer%3Dcolumnist_levin%26sid%3Da.cBZSUCgS3Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=adfH6qwori34&refer=us">"Ex-Collins Chief David Stockman Charged With Fraud (Update10)"</a>. Bloomberg. March 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ex-Collins+Chief+David+Stockman+Charged+With+Fraud+%28Update10%29&rft.date=2007-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3D20601103%26sid%3DadfH6qwori34%26refer%3Dus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100718201226/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-01-10/news/0901090241_1_david-stockman-aikman-corp-elkan-abramowitz">"Fraud charges dropped against ex-Reagan aide David Stockman"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. January 10, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2009-01-10/news/0901090241_1_david-stockman-aikman-corp-elkan-abramowitz">the original</a> on July 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fraud+charges+dropped+against+ex-Reagan+aide+David+Stockman&rft.date=2009-01-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.chicagotribune.com%2F2009-01-10%2Fnews%2F0901090241_1_david-stockman-aikman-corp-elkan-abramowitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gopchoice.org/meet.asp">About Us</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080921025012/http://www.gopchoice.org/meet.asp">Archived</a> September 21, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Republican Majority for Choice</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/guggenheim-foundation/trustees">Trustees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_R._Guggenheim_Foundation" title="Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation">Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolberg2013" class="citation news cs1">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (February 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/26/us/politics/prominent-republicans-sign-brief-in-support-of-gay-marriage.html?_r=0">"Republicans Sign Brief in Support of Gay Marriage"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Republicans+Sign+Brief+in+Support+of+Gay+Marriage&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft.aulast=Stolberg&rft.aufirst=Sheryl+Gay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F02%2F26%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fprominent-republicans-sign-brief-in-support-of-gay-marriage.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.antiwar.com/blog/2018/04/26/david-stockman-enters-hostile-territory-to-support-nonintervention-and-oppose-increased-military-spending/">"David Stockman Enters Hostile Territory to Support Nonintervention and Oppose Increased Military Spending"</a>. April 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Stockman+Enters+Hostile+Territory+to+Support+Nonintervention+and+Oppose+Increased+Military+Spending&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiwar.com%2Fblog%2F2018%2F04%2F26%2Fdavid-stockman-enters-hostile-territory-to-support-nonintervention-and-oppose-increased-military-spending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crfb.org/board-members">Board Members</a>, <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_a_Responsible_Federal_Budget" title="Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget">Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-david-stockman-isnt-buying-it/">"Why David Stockman Isn't buying it"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. March 2, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Why+David+Stockman+Isn%27t+buying+it&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwhy-david-stockman-isnt-buying-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2011" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Dickinson" title="Tim Dickinson">Dickinson, Tim</a> (November 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/how-the-gop-became-the-party-of-the-rich-20111109">"How the GOP Became the Party of the Rich"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=How+the+GOP+Became+the+Party+of+the+Rich&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Fhow-the-gop-became-the-party-of-the-rich-20111109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2010/10/06/david-stockman-i-invest-in-anything-bernanke-cant-destroy.html">David Stockman: I Invest In Anything Bernanke Can't Destroy</a>, John Carney, CNBC, October 6, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stockman2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stockman2013_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockman2013" class="citation book cs1">Stockman, David (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586489120/page/688"><i>The Great Deformation – the corruption of capitalism in America</i></a></span>. PublicAffairs. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781586489120/page/688">688</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586489120" title="Special:BookSources/978-1586489120"><bdi>978-1586489120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Deformation+%E2%80%93+the+corruption+of+capitalism+in+America&rft.pages=688&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1586489120&rft.aulast=Stockman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781586489120%2Fpage%2F688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ackerman1982-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ackerman1982_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman1982" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Frank (1982). <i>Reaganomics: Rhetoric and Reality</i>. Pluto Press. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896081413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896081413"><bdi>978-0896081413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaganomics%3A+Rhetoric+and+Reality&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0896081413&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Stockman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stockman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000935">Biography</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?4479">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/01/opinion/01stockman.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">Four Deformations of the Apocalypse</a>, David Stockman, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 31, 2010, op-ed</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/blog/2011/01/03/ronald-reagan-ron-paul-the-fed">Ronald Reagan, Ron Paul, & the Fed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lq9NwyQSzhk"><span class="plainlinks">Q&A with David Stockman</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reason.tv" class="mw-redirect" title="Reason.tv">Reason.tv</a></i>, January 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onpoint.wbur.org/2011/05/19/fixing-americas-finances">Fixing America's Finances</a> interview on <a href="/wiki/On_Point" title="On Point">On Point</a>, May 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/04/01/david-stockman-on-the-great-deformation-and-our-economic-doom.html">David Stockman on 'The Great Deformation' and Our Economic Doom</a>, Daniel Gross, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a></i>, April 1, 2013, interview</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/05/18/books/what-he-believed-and-when-he-believed-it.html">NY Times review by Peter T. Kilborn of a 1986 biography of David Stockman</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidstockmanscontracorner.com/author/stockdav/">David Stockman's Contra Corner</a>" His Personal Blog</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">Edward Hutchinson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Michigan">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">Michigan's 4th congressional district</a> </b><br />1977–1981 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Siljander" title="Mark D. Siljander">Mark Siljander</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_T._McIntyre" title="James T. McIntyre">Jim McIntyre</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Director of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> </b><br />1981–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Miller_III" title="James C. Miller III">Jim Miller</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Griffin" title="Tim Griffin">Tim Griffin</a></div><i><b>as Former US Representative </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">as Former US Representative</span></i> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bishop_(politician)" title="Mike Bishop (politician)">Mike Bishop</a></div><i><b>as Former US Representative </b></i> 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href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Directors of the United States Office of Management and Budget</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Lord" title="Herbert Lord">Herbert Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clawson_Roop" title="Clawson Roop">Clawson Roop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Williams_Douglas" title="Lewis Williams Douglas">Lewis W. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Bell" title="Daniel W. Bell">Daniel W. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_D._Smith" title="Harold D. Smith">Harold Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pace" title="Frank Pace">Frank Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lawton" title="Frederick Lawton">Frederick Lawton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dodge" title="Joseph Dodge">Joseph Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hughes" title="Rowland Hughes">Rowland Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Brundage" title="Percival Brundage">Percival Brundage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Bell" title="David E. Bell">David E. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Gordon" title="Kermit Gordon">Kermit Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schultze" title="Charles Schultze">Charles Schultze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Zwick" title="Charles Zwick">Charles Zwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Robert P. Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Lance" title="Bert Lance">Lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._McIntyre" title="James T. McIntyre">James T. McIntyre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Stockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Miller_III" title="James C. Miller III">James Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Wright_(businessman)" title="Joe Wright (businessman)">Jon Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Darman" title="Richard Darman">Richard Darman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Rivlin" title="Alice Rivlin">Alice Rivlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Raines" title="Franklin Raines">Franklin Raines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Mulvaney" title="Mick Mulvaney">Mick Mulvaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Vought" title="Russell Vought">Russell Vought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalanda_Young" title="Shalanda Young">Shalanda Young</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg/75px-US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg/113px-US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg/150px-US-OfficeOfManagementAndBudget-Seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reagan_cabinet" title="Template:Reagan cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reagan_cabinet" title="Template talk:Reagan cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reagan_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reagan cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Ronald_Reagan_(1981–1989)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/100px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/150px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg/200px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Reagan_1981-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="2355" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a> (1981–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1982–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Donald Regan</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Nicholas F. Brady</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Frank Carlucci</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_French_Smith" title="William French Smith">William French Smith</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Dick Thornburgh</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Watt" title="James G. Watt">James G. Watt</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Clark_Jr." title="William P. Clark Jr.">William P. Clark Jr.</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Hodel" title="Donald P. Hodel">Donald P. Hodel</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Block" title="John R. Block">John R. Block</a> (1981–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lyng" title="Richard Lyng">Richard Lyng</a> (1986–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Baldrige_Jr." title="Malcolm Baldrige Jr.">Malcolm Baldrige Jr.</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Verity_Jr." title="William Verity Jr.">William Verity Jr.</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._Donovan" title="Raymond J. Donovan">Raymond J. Donovan</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Bill Brock</a> (1985–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McLaughlin_Korologos" title="Ann McLaughlin Korologos">Ann Dore McLaughlin</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Richard Schweiker</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heckler" title="Margaret Heckler">Margaret Heckler</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Bowen" title="Otis Bowen">Otis Bowen</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pierce" title="Samuel Pierce">Samuel Pierce</a> (1981–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Lewis" title="Drew Lewis">Drew Lewis</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a> (1983–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Burnley_IV" title="James H. Burnley IV">James H. Burnley IV</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Edwards" title="James B. Edwards">James B. Edwards</a> (1981–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Hodel" title="Donald P. Hodel">Donald P. Hodel</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Herrington" title="John S. Herrington">John S. Herrington</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrel_Bell" title="Terrel Bell">Terrel Bell</a> (1981–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bennett" title="William Bennett">William Bennett</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauro_Cavazos" title="Lauro Cavazos">Lauro Cavazos</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">David Stockman</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Miller_III" title="James C. Miller III">James C. Miller III</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Wright_(businessman)" title="Joe Wright (businessman)">Joe Wright</a> (1988–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director of Central Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William J. Casey</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a> (1987–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Bill Brock</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Clayton Yeutter</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon A. Walters</a> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Edwin Meese</a> (1981–1985)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1985–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Michigan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Template:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan Territory's at-large congressional district">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sibley" title="Solomon Sibley">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Richard" title="Gabriel Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eli_Wing" title="Austin Eli Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biddle_(Michigan_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Biddle (Michigan politician)">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eli_Wing" title="Austin Eli Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Jones" title="George Wallace Jones">G. Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan's at-large congressional district">At-large</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Crary" title="Isaac E. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Howard" title="Jacob M. Howard">J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Kelley" title="Patrick H. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Staebler" title="Neil Staebler">Staebler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan01 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClelland_(American_politician)" title="Robert McClelland (American politician)">McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Buel" title="Alexander W. Buel">Buel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_J._Penniman" title="Ebenezer J. Penniman">Penniman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stuart_(brigadier_general)" title="David Stuart (brigadier general)">D. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard" title="William Alanson Howard">W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cooper_(politician)" title="George B. Cooper (politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard" title="William Alanson Howard">W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_F._Granger" title="Bradley F. Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_C._Beaman" title="Fernando C. Beaman">Beaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_W._Field" title="Moses W. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">A. S. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stoughton_Newberry" title="John Stoughton Newberry">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Lord" title="Henry W. Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Maybury" title="William C. Maybury">Maybury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logan_Chipman" class="mw-redirect" title="John Logan Chipman">J. L. Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_T._Griffin" title="Levi T. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blaisdell_Corliss" title="John Blaisdell Corliss">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lucking" title="Alfred Lucking">Lucking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Denby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ellsworth_Doremus" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Ellsworth Doremus">Doremus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Codd" title="George P. Codd">Codd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Clancy" title="Robert H. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Sosnowski" title="John B. Sosnowski">Sosnowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Clancy" title="Robert H. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">Sadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_G._Tenerowicz" title="Rudolph G. Tenerowicz">Tenerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">Sadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz">Machrowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Nedzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">Stupak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">Benishek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan02 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_Chipman" title="John Smith Chipman">J. S. Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bradley_(politician)" title="Edward Bradley (politician)">E. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">C. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sprague_(Michigan_politician)" title="William Sprague (Michigan politician)">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">C. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Noble" title="David A. Noble">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_C._Beaman" title="Fernando C. Beaman">Beaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Upson" title="Charles Upson">Upson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Stoughton" title="William L. Stoughton">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Willits" title="Edwin Willits">Willits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Eldredge" title="Nathaniel B. Eldredge">Eldredge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Allen" title="Edward P. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Gorman" title="James S. Gorman">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spalding" title="George Spalding">Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Smith_(politician)" title="Henry C. Smith (politician)">H. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Townsend" title="Charles E. Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedemeyer" title="William Wedemeyer">Wedemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beakes" title="Samuel Beakes">Beakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Bacon" title="Mark R. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beakes" title="Samuel Beakes">Beakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Lehr" title="John C. Lehr">Lehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">Meader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_E._Vivian" title="Weston E. Vivian">Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Esch" title="Marvin L. Esch">Esch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">Pursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">Hoekstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Huizenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">Moolenaar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan03 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Hunt" title="James B. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsley_S._Bingham" title="Kinsley S. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Conger" title="James L. Conger">J. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clark_(New_York_and_Michigan_politician)" title="Samuel Clark (New York and Michigan politician)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Walbridge" title="David S. Walbridge">Walbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Kellogg" title="Francis William Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Longyear" title="John W. Longyear">Longyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Willard" title="George Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_H._McGowan" title="Jonas H. McGowan">McGowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Lacey" title="Edward S. Lacey">Lacey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Donnell_(politician)" title="James O'Donnell (politician)">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milnes" title="Alfred Milnes">Milnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_M._Todd" title="Albert M. Todd">A. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Gardner" title="Washington Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._C._Smith" title="John M. C. Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Frankhauser" title="William H. Frankhauser">Frankhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._C._Smith" title="John M. C. Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Williams" title="Arthur B. Williams">A. B. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Hooper" title="Joseph L. Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Kimball" title="Henry M. Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner_Main" title="Verner Main">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Shafer" title="Paul W. Shafer">Shafer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_E._Johansen" title="August E. Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Todd_Jr." title="Paul H. Todd Jr.">P. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_E._Brown" title="Garry E. Brown">G. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wolpe" title="Howard Wolpe">Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Meijer" title="Peter Meijer">Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Scholten" title="Hillary Scholten">Scholten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan04 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hestor_L._Stevens" title="Hestor L. Stevens">H. L. Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Peck" title="George Washington Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewitt_C._Leach" title="Dewitt C. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_E._Trowbridge" title="Rowland E. Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Kellogg" title="Francis William Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_D._Foster" title="Wilder D. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Potter" title="Allen Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Keightley" title="Edwin W. Keightley">Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Yaple" title="George L. Yaple">Yaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Thomas" title="Henry F. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Hamilton" title="Edward L. Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Ketcham" title="John C. Ketcham">Ketcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_Foulkes" title="George Ernest Foulkes">Foulkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Siljander" title="Mark D. Siljander">Siljander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">Moolenaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Huizenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan05 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Baldwin" title="Augustus C. Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_E._Trowbridge" title="Rowland E. Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">O. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_D._Foster" title="Wilder D. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Williams_(Michigan_politician)" title="William B. Williams (Michigan politician)">W. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stone" title="John W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Webber_(politician)" title="George W. Webber (politician)">Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Houseman" title="Julius Houseman">Houseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Comstock" title="Charles C. Comstock">Comstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_H._Ford" title="Melbourne H. Ford">M. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap" title="Charles E. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_H._Ford" title="Melbourne H. Ford">M. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap" title="Charles E. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Richardson" title="George F. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alden_Smith" title="William Alden Smith">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_J._Diekema" title="Gerrit J. Diekema">Diekema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Sweet" title="Edwin F. Sweet">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Mapes" title="Carl E. Mapes">Mapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartel_J._Jonkman" title="Bartel J. Jonkman">Jonkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">G. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vander_Veen" title="Richard Vander Veen">Vander Veen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Sawyer" title="Harold S. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barcia" title="James Barcia">Barcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. T. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan06 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Driggs" title="John F. Driggs">Driggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Strickland" title="Randolph Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_G._Sutherland" title="Jabez G. Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Begole" title="Josiah Begole">Begole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Durand" title="George H. Durand">Durand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Brewer" title="Mark S. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_L._Spaulding" title="Oliver L. Spaulding">Spaulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Winans_(politician)" title="Edwin B. Winans (politician)">Winans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Brewer" title="Mark S. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_G._Stout" title="Byron G. Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Aitken" title="David D. Aitken">Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_William_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel William Smith">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Kelley" title="Patrick H. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_M._Hudson" title="Grant M. Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Person" title="Seymour H. Person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Cady" title="Claude E. Cady">Cady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">Blackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Transue" title="Andrew J. Transue">Transue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">Blackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Clardy" title="Kit Clardy">Clardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hayworth" title="Donald Hayworth">Hayworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitney_Dunn" title="James Whitney Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">Dingell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan07 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">O. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Treadway_Rich" title="John Treadway Rich">Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_C._Carleton" title="Ezra C. Carleton">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Rice_Whiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Rice Whiting">Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_G._Snover" title="Horace G. Snover">Snover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Weeks" title="Edgar Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McMorran" title="Henry McMorran">McMorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Cramton" title="Louis C. Cramton">Cramton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._McIntosh" title="Robert J. McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mackie" title="John C. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">Riegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schwarz" title="Joe Schwarz">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schauer" title="Mark Schauer">Schauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan08 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 8th congressional district">8th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_B._Bradley" title="Nathan B. Bradley">N. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Ellsworth" title="Charles C. Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_G._Horr" title="Roswell G. Horr">Horr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_E._Tarsney" title="Timothy E. Tarsney">Tarsney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Bliss" title="Aaron T. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Youmans" title="Henry M. Youmans">Youmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Linton" title="William S. Linton">Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Brucker" title="Ferdinand Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Fordney" title="Joseph W. Fordney">Fordney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_J._Vincent" title="Bird J. Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Hart" title="Michael J. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Crawford" title="Fred L. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Morell_Bentley" title="Alvin Morell Bentley">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">Traxler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Chrysler" title="Dick Chrysler">Chrysler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bishop_(politician)" title="Mike Bishop (politician)">M. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">Kildee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan09 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 9th congressional district">9th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Abel_Hubbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Abel Hubbell">Hubbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_M._Cutcheon" title="Byron M. Cutcheon">Cutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_H._Wheeler" title="Harrison H. Wheeler">H. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Moon" title="John W. Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Bishop" title="Roswell P. Bishop">R. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McLaughlin" title="James C. McLaughlin">McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_W._Musselwhite" title="Harry W. Musselwhite">Harry W. Musselwhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Engel" title="Albert J. Engel">Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Thompson" title="Ruth Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">Vander Jagt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">Knollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Levin" title="Andy Levin">A. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan10 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 10th congressional district">10th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_H._Hatch" title="Herschel H. Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_O._Fisher" title="Spencer O. Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Wheeler" title="Frank W. Wheeler">F. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._E._Weadock" title="Thomas A. E. Weadock">Weadock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseau_Owen_Crump" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau Owen Crump">Crump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Aplin" title="Henry H. Aplin">Aplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Loud" title="George A. Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Loud" title="George A. Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_A._Currie" title="Gilbert A. Currie">Currie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">Cederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Albosta" title="Donald J. Albosta">Albosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Schuette" title="Bill Schuette">Schuette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">Bonior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_(Michigan_politician)" title="John James (Michigan politician)">J. James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan11 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 11th congressional district">11th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Breitung" title="Edward Breitung">Breitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_C._Moffatt" title="Seth C. Moffatt">Moffatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Seymour" title="Henry W. Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Stephenson" title="Samuel M. Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Avery_(politician)" title="John Avery (politician)">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Mesick" title="William S. Mesick">Mesick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_B._Darragh" title="Archibald B. Darragh">Darragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Dodds" title="Francis H. Dodds">Dodds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_O._Lindquist" title="Francis O. Lindquist">Lindquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Scott" title="Frank D. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Bohn" title="Frank P. Bohn">Bohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentiss_M._Brown" title="Prentiss M. Brown">P. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Luecke" title="John F. Luecke">Luecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Ness_Bradley" title="Frederick Van Ness Bradley">F. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Clevenger" title="Raymond F. Clevenger">Clevenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruppe" title="Philip Ruppe">Ruppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Davis_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Davis (Michigan politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">Knollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">McCotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Curson" title="David Curson">Curson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bentivolio" title="Kerry Bentivolio">Bentivolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Trott_(politician)" title="Dave Trott (politician)">Trott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Stevens" title="Haley Stevens">H. Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan12 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 12th congressional district">12th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Stephenson" title="Samuel M. Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_D._Shelden" title="Carlos D. Shelden">Shelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Olin_Young" title="H. Olin Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Josiah_MacDonald" title="William Josiah MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Frank_James" title="W. Frank James">W. F. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eugene_Hook" title="Frank Eugene Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eugene_Hook" title="Frank Eugene Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">Bonior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan13 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 13th congressional district">13th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Archibald_Nichols" title="Charles Archibald Nichols">Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_M._Brennan" title="Vincent M. Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_A._Coffin" title="Howard A. Coffin">Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">Diggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crockett_Jr." title="George Crockett Jr.">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Rivers" title="Lynn Rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansen_Clarke" title="Hansen Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Jones_(politician)" title="Brenda Jones (politician)">B. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Thanedar" title="Shri Thanedar">Thanedar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan14 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_M._Weideman" title="Carl M. Weideman">Weideman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Rabaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_F._Youngblood" title="Harold F. Youngblood">Youngblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Rabaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_M._Ryan" title="Harold M. Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Nedzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hertel" title="Dennis Hertel">Hertel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan15 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 15th congressional district">15th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell_Sr." title="John Dingell Sr.">J. Dingell Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan16 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Sr." title="John Lesinski Sr.">Lesinski Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">Lesinski Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan17 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_17th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 17th congressional district">17th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">Dondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Oakman" title="Charles G. Oakman">Oakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Brodhead" title="William M. Brodhead">Brodhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan18 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 18th congressional district">18th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">Dondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Huber" title="Robert J. Huber">Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Blanchard" title="James J. Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan19 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 19th congressional district">19th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billie_S._Farnum" title="Billie S. Farnum">Farnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_H._McDonald" title="Jack H. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michigan&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_95th–97th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michigan&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_95th–97th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s delegation(s) to the 95th–97th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congresses</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">R. Griffin</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">L. Nedzi</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">G. Vander Jagt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Garry_E._Brown" title="Garry E. Brown">G. Brown</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruppe" title="Philip Ruppe">P. Ruppe</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">J. B. Traxler</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Blanchard" class="mw-redirect" title="James Blanchard">J. Blanchard</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_M._Brodhead" title="William M. Brodhead">W. Brodhead</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Milton_Robert_Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Robert Carr">B. Carr</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">C. Pursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Sawyer" title="Harold S. Sawyer">H. Sawyer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">D. Stockman</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs"><i>C. Diggs</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">L. Nedzi</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">G. Vander Jagt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">J. B. Traxler</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Blanchard" class="mw-redirect" title="James Blanchard">J. Blanchard</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_M._Brodhead" title="William M. Brodhead">W. Brodhead</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Milton_Robert_Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton Robert Carr">B. Carr</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">C. Pursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Sawyer" title="Harold S. Sawyer">H. Sawyer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">D. Stockman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Albosta" title="Donald J. Albosta">D. Albosta</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Davis">B. Davis</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wolpe" title="Howard Wolpe">H. Wolpe</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Crockett_Jr." title="George Crockett Jr."><i>G. Crockett</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/97th_United_States_Congress" title="97th United States Congress">97th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Levin" title="Carl Levin">C. Levin</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">G. Vander Jagt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">J. B. Traxler</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Blanchard" class="mw-redirect" title="James Blanchard">J. Blanchard</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_M._Brodhead" title="William M. Brodhead">W. Brodhead</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">D. Bonior</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. Kildee</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">C. Pursell</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Sawyer" title="Harold S. Sawyer">H. Sawyer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>D. Stockman</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Albosta" title="Donald J. Albosta">D. Albosta</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert William Davis">B. Davis</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wolpe" title="Howard Wolpe">H. Wolpe</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Crockett_Jr." title="George Crockett Jr.">G. Crockett</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_Whitney_Dunn" title="James Whitney Dunn">J. Dunn</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hertel" title="Dennis Hertel">D. Hertel</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Siljander" title="Mark D. Siljander"><i>M. Siljander</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Private_equity_and_venture_capital_investors" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Private_equity_investors" title="Template:Private equity investors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Private_equity_investors" title="Template talk:Private equity investors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Private_equity_investors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Private equity investors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Private_equity_and_venture_capital_investors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Private_equity" title="Private equity">Private equity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> investors</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investment strategy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leveraged_buyout" title="Leveraged buyout">Buyout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_capital" title="Growth capital">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzanine_capital" title="Mezzanine capital">Mezzanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_equity_secondary_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Private equity secondary market">Secondaries</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicklet-currency.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chicklet-currency.jpg/60px-Chicklet-currency.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chicklet-currency.jpg/90px-Chicklet-currency.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Chicklet-currency.jpg/120px-Chicklet-currency.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_private_equity_and_venture_capital" title="History of private equity and venture capital">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_private_equity_and_venture_capital" title="History of private equity and venture capital">History of private equity and venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_private_equity" title="Early history of private equity">Early history of private equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_equity_in_the_1980s" title="Private equity in the 1980s">Private equity in the 1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_equity_in_the_1990s" title="Private equity in the 1990s">Private equity in the 1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_equity_in_the_2000s" title="Private equity in the 2000s">Private equity in the 2000s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investor types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Private_equity_and_venture_capital_investors" title="Category:Private equity and venture capital investors">Private equity investors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Venture_capitalists" title="Category:Venture capitalists">Venture capitalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporate_raiders" title="Category:Corporate raiders">Corporate raiders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1176745#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1176745#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1176745#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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