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class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&oldid=1027123822" title="Solar power in China">Revision as of 07:32, 6 June 2021</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&action=edit&oldid=1027123822" title="Solar power in China">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2021-06-06T07:32:17Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:PolygonalMantis" class="mw-userlink" title="User:PolygonalMantis" data-mw-revid="1027123822"><bdi>PolygonalMantis</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:PolygonalMantis" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:PolygonalMantis">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/PolygonalMantis" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/PolygonalMantis">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>28</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Revised and expanded lead section to match new changes</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&diff=prev&oldid=1027123822&diffonly=1" title="Solar power in China" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&oldid=1027217448" title="Solar power in China">Revision as of 19:19, 6 June 2021</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Trappist_the_monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Trappist the monk (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1027217448"><bdi>Trappist the monk</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Trappist_the_monk" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Trappist the monk">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Trappist_the_monk" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Trappist the monk">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>478,182</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">cite repair;</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&diff=next&oldid=1027217448&diffonly=1" title="Solar power in China" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4"><div class="mw-diff-inline-header">Line 23:</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">[[Solar water heating]] is also extensively implemented, with a total installed capacity of 290 [[gigawatt thermal|GWth]] at the end of 2014, representing about 70% of world's total installed solar thermal capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=chinas-big-push-for-renewable-energy|title=China's Big Push for Renewable Energy}}</ref><ref name="SHC-IEA_2014" /></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">The expansion of the solar sector in China has been criticized due to the large quantities of waste being produced and improperly disposed of from the production of photovoltaic cells.<ref name=":142">{{Cite news|last=Cha|first=Ariana|date=9 March 2008|title=Solar Energy Firms Leave Waste Behind in China|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/08/AR2008030802595_pf.html|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> Criticism over large amounts of unused energy being produced has appeared along with criticism over the forced removal of native populations for development land and the usage of [[Xinjiang internment camps|forced labor]] in the production of photovoltaic cells.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web|last=Baker|first=Jill|title=Solar Leader China Is Slashing Its Subsidies On Solar Power -- What You Need To Know|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillbaker/2018/06/18/solar-leader-china-is-slashing-its-subsidies-on-solar-power-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":172">{{Cite book|last=Li|first=Yifei<del title="Content deleted">|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1137747668</del><ins title="Content added"> </ins>|title=China goes green<del title="Content deleted"> </del>: coercive environmentalism for a troubled planet|date=2020|others=Judith Shapiro|isbn=978-1-5095-4311-3|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=1137747668}}</ref><ref name=":133">{{Cite web|title=A Dark Spot for the Solar Energy Industry: Forced Labor in Xinjiang|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/dark-spot-solar-energy-industry-forced-labor-xinjiang|access-date=2021-05-16|website=www.csis.org|language=en}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">==History==</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-header">Line 34:</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">[[File:Dunhuang.champs.de.panneaux.solaires.jpg|right|thumb|A part of [[Gansu Dunhuang Solar Park]]（10MW， Solar PV）]]</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">In 2011, feed-in-tariffs for solar power projects completed before a certain deadline were introduced. These feed-in tariffs were extremely successful at expanding China's solar power sector, largely exceeding the Chinese government's expectations for growth.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Sun shines on development of power sector<del title="Content deleted">{{!}}</del><ins title="Content added"> |department=</ins>Industries<del title="Content deleted">{{!}}chinadaily.com.cn</del><ins title="Content added"> |newspaper=China Daily </ins>|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-07/03/content_15545080.htm|access-date=2021-05-16<del title="Content deleted">|website=usa.chinadaily.com.cn</del>}}</ref> The Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park was also completed in 2011 in [[Golmud]], a county-level city in [[Qinghai|Qinghai province]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2011|title=China PV plant largest in the world|url=http://www.accendo.ro/news/res/74-golmud-solar-park|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405034226/http://www.accendo.ro/news/res/74-golmud-solar-park|archive-date=5 April 2012|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> The solar park contains 200 MW of installed photovoltaic capacity and was the largest individual solar plant in the world on its completion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 June 2012|title=Golmud 200MW PV Station Won China Quality Power Project Award|url=http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/NewsCenter/CorporateNews/201206/t20120607_200313.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725025143/http://eng.cpicorp.com.cn/NewsCenter/CorporateNews/201206/t20120607_200313.htm|archive-date=25 July 2012|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> Other solar parks such as the 20 MW [[Qinghai Golmud Solar Park]] were also installed in Golmud, with 570 MW of capacity installed in total at the end of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2011|title=Astroenergy completes 20 MW Golmud solar project in China|url=http://www.renewbl.com/2011/11/11/astronergy-completes-20-mw-golmud-solar-project-in-china.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405022737/http://www.renewbl.com/2011/11/11/astronergy-completes-20-mw-golmud-solar-project-in-china.html|archive-date=5 April 2012|access-date=5 June 2021|website=}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">The Chinese PV production system faced severe external shocks since 2010. A sharp recession in the global demand due to institutional alterations in the German market in 2010, followed by [[Dumping (pricing policy)|anti-dumping duties]] and anti-subsidy countervailing duties on Chinese PV products enforced in both USA and EU.<ref name="Shubbak2019">{{cite journal |last1=Shubbak |first1=Mahmood H. |title=The technological system of production and innovation: The case of photovoltaic technology in China |journal=Research Policy |date=May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=993–1015 |doi=10.1016/j.respol.2018.10.003}}</ref> Chinese PV manufacturers, which were already running at full capacity, faced a difficult situation in 2011 and 2012 with huge financial losses that led to the bankruptcy of some important companies, such as [[Suntech Power|SunTech Power]] in 2013 which defaulted on $541 million of convertible bonds.<ref name="Shubbak2019" /> To rescue the huge PV industry with its large labor market and assets, a comprehensive set of policies was introduced by the Chinese government mainly to stimulate the domestic market. Accordingly, the annual installed capacity in China experienced notable growth since 2011. This growth was mainly due to the construction of several PV power plants around the country.</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-header">Line 41:</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">According to a 2012 forecast by the [[European Photovoltaic Industry Association]], the total installed capacity was predicted to reach between 47&nbsp;GW and 66&nbsp;GW by 2017.<ref name="epia-2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.epia.org/news/publications/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203185136/http://www.epia.org/news/publications/|archive-date=3 December 2012|title=Publications - European Photovoltaic Industry Association|date=3 December 2012}}</ref>{{rp|p. 35}}</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">In 2014, the National Development and Reform Commission increased the solar capacity target to 70 GW by 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China Targets 70 Gigawatts of Solar Power to Cut Coal Reliance|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/tosv2.html?vid=&uuid=6d2f6df0-c66a-11eb-8806-d19be162e4b8&url=L25ld3MvYXJ0aWNsZXMvMjAxNC0wNS0xNi9jaGluYS10YXJnZXRzLTcwLWdpZ2F3YXR0cy1vZi1zb2xhci1wb3dlci10by1jdXQtY29hbC1yZWxpYW5jZQ==|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> The National Energy Administration also announced plans to install 100 GW of solar power along with other renewable energy sources and nuclear energy by 2020 in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 October 2014|title=China Plans to Install 200GW of Wind and 100GW of Solar Power by 2020|url=http://pv.energytrend.com/news/20141014-7578.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TNqeVMsN?url=http://pv.energytrend.com/news/20141014-7578.html|archive-date=17 October 2014|access-date=5 June 2021|website=pv.energytrend.com}}</ref> However, market analysts expected for 110 GW to be installed by 2018 and that by 2020, more solar energy could be installed than planned.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web|last=SolarPower Europe|title=Global Market Outlook for Solar Power 2017-2021|url=https://resources.solarbusinesshub.com/solar-industry-reports/item/global-market-outlook-2017-2021<del title="Content deleted">|url-status=live</del>|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Solar Business Hub <del title="Content deleted">{{!}} </del><ins title="Content added">|department=</ins>Resources|language=en-gb}}</ref> In 2015, the solar capacity target was initially planned to be 15 GW but was increased in March 2015 by the [[National Development and Reform Commission|National Energy Administration]] to 17.8 GW of installed solar capacity for the year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayre|first=James|date=2015-03-19|title=China's National Energy Administration: 17.8 GW Of New Solar PV In 2015 (~20% Increase)|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/19/chinas-national-energy-administration-17-8-gw-new-solar-pv-2015/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=CleanTechnica|language=en-US}}</ref> This target was increased again to 23.1 GW in October, a very ambitious goal considering that the annual solar energy installations for the entire world in 2010 were less than 20 GW.<ref name=":72" /> Despite these ambitious goals, China only 7.73 GW of solar energy in the first half of 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China again lifts 2015 solar target, now aims at 23.1 GW|url=https://renewablesnow.com/news/china-again-lifts-2015-solar-target-now-aims-at-23-1-gw-496550/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Renewablesnow.com|language=en}}</ref> By the end of 2015, China installed 15.1 GW of solar energy, failing to meet both of the raised goals, but meeting the original goal.<ref name=":72" /> The plan for annual solar capacity for 2020 was also increased in October 2015 to 150 GW.<ref>{{Cite web|title=China boosts 2020 solar target to 150 GW|url=https://renewablesnow.com/news/china-boosts-2020-solar-target-to-150-gw-497270/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Renewablesnow.com|language=en}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">In 2016, China added 34.5 GW of solar energy.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-15|title=Global Market Outlook 2020-2024|url=https://www.solarpowereurope.org/global-market-outlook-2020-2024/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=SolarPower Europe|language=en-US}}</ref> The first 105 GW solar capacity by 2020 goal set by Chinese authorities was met in July 2017. In the first nine months of 2017, China saw 43 GW of solar energy installed in the first nine months of the year and saw a total of 52.8 GW of solar energy installed for the entire year.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web|date=2017-08-24|title=China has already surpassed its 2020 solar target|url=https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2017/08/25/china-raises-solar-power-target/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=Unearthed|language=en-GB}}</ref> 2017 is currently the year with the largest addition of solar energy capacity in China. China's total photovoltaic energy capacity at the end of 2017 was 130 GW, surpassing Germany as the world's largest producer of solar energy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-19|title=2017 PV installations utility and distributed by province|url=https://chinaenergyportal.org/2017-pv-installations-utility-and-distributed-by-province/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=China Energy Portal <del title="Content deleted">{{!}} 中国能源门户</del>|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, China saw a decrease in annual solar energy, dropping down to 44.4 GW. In 2019, annual solar energy installation further dropped to 30.1 GW, even lower than the installations made in 2016.<ref name=":03" /> This decline in growth is attributed to the Chinese government restructuring government incentives to start solar energy projects in May 2018. Despite this decline in growth, China remained the largest market for solar energy with 205 TW generated from solar power in 2019, which was almost as much as the solar power generated in the European Union (132 TW) and the United States (76 TW) combined.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Snapshot 2020|url=https://iea-pvps.org/snapshot-reports/snapshot-2020/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=IEA-PVPS|language=en-US}}</ref> However, from all of the total energy produced by China in 2019, only 3.9% of that energy was produced by solar energy. This was lower than the percent energy production from solar power of the European Union (4.9%) but greater than the percent share in the United States (2.8%).<ref name=":13" /></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">In 2020, China saw an increase in annual solar energy installations with 48.4 GW of solar energy capacity being added, accounting for 3.5% of China's energy capacity that year. 2020 is currently the year with the second-largest addition of solar energy capacity in China's history. Combined with wind energy, almost 10% of China's energy came from non-hydroelectric renewable power in 2020.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-19|title=China targets 11% solar and wind in power mix in 2021|url=https://www.pv-tech.org/china-targets-11-solar-and-wind-in-power-mix-in-2021/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=PV Tech|language=en-US}}</ref> China's total photovoltaic energy capacity at the end of 2020 was 252.5 GW.<ref name=":112">{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Harsh|date=2021-01-21|title=China Adds 48.2 GW of Solar Capacity in 2020, its Second Best Year on Record|url=https://mercomindia.com/china-adds-solar-capacity-2020/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Mercom India|language=en-US}}</ref> China has stated that it aims to increase the energy share of solar and wind energy to 11% by the end of 2021. Renewable energy subsidies for 2021 for increased, with subsidies for solar power having increased more than subsidies for wind energy.<ref name=":23" /> The Huanghe Hydropower Hainan Solar Park was also completed in 2020 in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province. The solar park has an installed capacity of 2.2 GW, making it the second-largest solar plant in the world as of 2021, behind the [[Bhadla Solar Park]] in [[India]]. The solar plant is connected to the world's first ultra-high voltage power line which gets all of its power from renewable energy and is capable of transferring power over 1000 km. The solar plant is planned to expand to a photovoltaic capacity of 10 GW.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-02|title=China completes world's second-largest solar power plant|url=https://balkangreenenergynews.com/china-completes-worlds-second-largest-solar-power-plant/|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Balkan Green Energy News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Huawei Smart PV Solution Highlights Role In World's Largest PV Plant - Saur Energy International|url=https://www.saurenergy.com/solar-energy-news/huawei-smart-pv-solution-highlights-role-in-worlds-largest-pv-plant|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.saurenergy.com}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-header">Line 230:</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">*100 MW project in Golmud by GD ENERGY</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">*100 MW project in Ningxia by Beijing Control Technology Co. Ltd</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">*100 MW project (TBD) by Avic <del title="Content deleted">Xi’an</del><ins title="Content added">Xi'an</ins> Aero-Engine (Group) Ltd</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">*100 MW project (TBD) by Guangdong Kangda</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">*100 MW in Gansu by SETC Tianjin</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-header">Line 250:</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">== Effects on the global solar power industry ==</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">{{See also|Growth of photovoltaics}}The growth of solar power industries worldwide has been rapidly accelerated by the growth of the solar market in China. Chinese-produced photovoltaic cells have made the construction of new solar power projects much cheaper than in previous years. Domestic solar projects have also been heavily subsidized by the Chinese government, allowing for China's solar energy capacity to dramatically soar. As a result, they have become the leading country for solar energy, passing Germany's capacity in 2015.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Hill|first=Joshua S.|date=2016-01-22|title=China Overtakes Germany To Become World's Leading Solar PV Country|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2016/01/22/china-overtakes-germany-become-worlds-leading-solar-pv-country/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=CleanTechnica|language=en-US}}</ref> As other countries from around the world look to switch to renewable energy sources, cheap options for solar and wind have become focal points of interest for investments.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roberts|first=David|date=2019-06-18|title=The global transition to clean energy, explained in 12 charts|url=https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/6/18/18681591/renewable-energy-china-solar-pv-jobs|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref> China's mass production of cheap photovoltaic cells and wind energy have consequently spurred investments in Chinese products from around the world and expanded the construction of solar energy projects worldwide.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klein|first=Naomi<del title="Content deleted">|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/881875853</del><ins title="Content added"> </ins>|title=This changes everything<del title="Content deleted"> </del>: capitalism vs. the climate|date=2014|isbn=978-1-4516-9738-4|<del title="Content deleted">edition</del><ins title="Content added">publisher</ins>=<del title="Content deleted">First </del>Simon & Schuster <del title="Content deleted">hardcover edition</del>|location=New York|<del title="Content deleted">pages</del><ins title="Content added">page</ins>=91|oclc=881875853}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">==Government incentives==</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">In 2011, new [[Feed-in tariff|feed-in tariffs]] were promised to potential solar power developers to help drive investments and growth in the solar power market. The government of Qinghai province offered solar projects that were operational before September 30 1.15 yuan ($0.18) for each kWh they produced in May of 2011. The National Development and Reform Commission offered same-priced subsidies to potential solar power project operators nationwide.<ref name=":62">{{Cite <del title="Content deleted">web</del><ins title="Content added">news </ins>|title=Sun shines on development of power sector<del title="Content deleted">{{!}}</del><ins title="Content added"> |department=</ins>Industries<del title="Content deleted">{{!}}chinadaily.com.cn</del><ins title="Content added"> |newspaper=China Daily </ins>|url=http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-07/03/content_15545080.htm|access-date=2021-05-16<del title="Content deleted">|website=usa.chinadaily.com.cn</del>}}</ref> These tariffs were not capped. Other subsidies, such as Top Runner and Poverty Alleviation programs, were used in conjunction with feed-in tariffs to helped grow the solar power market immensely.<ref>{{Cite web|last=REN21|title=RENEWABLES 2019 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT|url=https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2019|access-date=2021-05-16|website=www.ren21.net|language=en}}</ref> These incentives were more successful in garnishing attention and investment into the solar power sector than the Chinese government expected. Consequently, the Chinese government has struggled to keep up with these incentives. The government incentives have also contributed to the [[Curtailment (electricity)|curtailment]] of solar energy, as many of the solar projects have been built in northern and western regions of China where there is a low demand for electricity and a lack of infrastructure to transfer energy towards China's main power grid.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Baker|first=Jill|title=Solar Leader China Is Slashing Its Subsidies On Solar Power -- What You Need To Know|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jillbaker/2018/06/18/solar-leader-china-is-slashing-its-subsidies-on-solar-power-what-you-need-to-know/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">In response to the growing problems of the rapidly expanding solar power market and the need to meet promised subsidies, the National Development and Reform Commission announced in May 2018 that solar power subsidies would be slashed and feed-in tariffs would be significantly reduced in favor of an auction-based system.<ref name=":3" /> In 2020, the [[Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China]] slashed the solar energy subsidy budget down to 1.5 billion yuan ($233 billion) from 3 billion yuan in 2019. With the auction-based system, companies are to submit subsidies bids for solar power construction projects to the [[National Energy Administration]]. Companies that do not partake in competitive bidding must instead accept a largely reduced amount of subsidies for projects that are already in operation while new projects do not receive any subsidies outside of auctions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=As China moves to cut subsidies, uncertainties mount for wind and solar firms|url=https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3124106/china-moves-reduce-subsidy-load-uncertainties-mount-countrys|access-date=2021-05-16|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web<del title="Content deleted">|last=Tone|first=Sixth</del><ins title="Content added"> </ins>|date=<del title="Content deleted">Thu Mar</del><ins title="Content added">March</ins> 12<del title="Content deleted"> 03:04:42 PDT</del><ins title="Content added">,</ins> 2020|title=China to Slash Subsidies for Renewable Energy|url=http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1005309/china-to-slash-subsidies-for-renewable-energy|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Sixth Tone|language=en}}</ref> The switch to the auction system and capping of subsidies was designed to alleviate costs of solar subsidies and is attributed to the decline of the growth of the Chinese solar market in 2018 and 2019.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-15|title=Global Market Outlook 2020-2024|url=https://www.solarpowereurope.org/global-market-outlook-2020-2024/|access-date=2021-05-15|website=SolarPower Europe|language=en-US}}</ref> However, the auction system has made renewable energy in western provinces cheaper than thermal energy in some cases, with Qinghai observing periods of time in which all of its energy usage was supplied through renewable energy.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book<del title="Content deleted">|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1135224565</del>|title=China 2049<del title="Content deleted"> </del>: economic challenges of a rising global power|date=2020<ins title="Content added"> </ins>|<del title="Content deleted">others</del><ins title="Content added">editor</ins>=David Dollar<del title="Content deleted">,</del> <ins title="Content added">|editor2=</ins>Yiping Huang<del title="Content deleted">,</del> <ins title="Content added">|editor3=</ins>Yang Yao<ins title="Content added"> </ins>|isbn=978-0-8157-3806-0|location=Washington, <del title="Content deleted">D.C.</del><ins title="Content added">DC</ins>|oclc=1135224565}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">China's budget for renewable energy subsidies was increased to 6 billion yuan for 2021, with solar power receiving 3.38 billion yuan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Daly|first=Muyu Xu, Tom|date=2020-11-20|title=UPDATE 2-China lifts renewable power subsidy for 2021 by nearly 5% y/y|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/china-renewables-subsidy-idUKL1N2I60PC|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref> These grants are set to be distributed to 14 provinces, with Inner Mongolia receiving the majority of the funding with 5.10 billion yuan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-25|title=China unveils boost for 2021 renewable subsidies, solar wins biggest share|url=https://www.pv-tech.org/china-unveils-boost-for-2021-renewable-subsidies-solar-wins-biggest-share/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=PV Tech|language=en-US}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-header">Line 267:</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">Chinese green energy companies such as Luoyang Zhonggui High-Technology Co. in Henan have become large producers of [[Polycrystalline silicon|polysilicon]] in response to growing the demand for solar cells. However, polysilicon production produces [[silicon tetrachloride]] as a byproduct. Silicon tetrachloride is a poisonous material that can make soil infertile and harm humans if it is not disposed of properly. In developed countries, silicon tetrachloride is recycled and reprocessed, preventing the substance from entering the environment. However, special technology and large amounts of energy are required to reprocess silicon tetrachloride. Chinese green energy companies have not invested in recycling this byproduct, instead opting to lower production costs and dump waste into nearby residential areas. This lack of investment into environmental safety protocols has also been attributed to Chinese factories attempting to open much sooner than it would take normally.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Cha|first=Ariana|date=9 March 2008|title=Solar Energy Firms Leave Waste Behind in China|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/08/AR2008030802595_pf.html|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">Some solar cells are also made with chemicals such as [[sulfuric acid]] and [[Phosphine|phosphine gas]] as well as metals such as [[lead]], [[chromium]], and [[cadmium]]. These chemicals and metals are toxic to humans through contact and contamination of resources. While many developed countries that produce photovoltaic cells have properly disposed of or repurposed wasted solar cells, many Chinese firms have not adopted the practice recycling solar panels and waste. Non-hazardous materials have also been dumped instead of repurposed, further contributing to waste.<ref>{{Cite web<del title="Content deleted">|last=Tone|first=Sixth</del><ins title="Content added"> </ins>|date=<del title="Content deleted">Tue Jul</del><ins title="Content added">July</ins> 17<del title="Content deleted"> 04:39:01 PDT</del><ins title="Content added">,</ins> 2018|title=The Dark Side of <del title="Content deleted">China’s</del><ins title="Content added">China's</ins> Solar Boom|url=http://www.sixthtone.com/news/1002631/the-dark-side-of-chinas-solar-boom-|access-date=2021-06-06|website=Sixth Tone|language=en}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">Various protests over solar cell production pollution have been staged. In Zhejiang province, protests over the destruction of fish habitats emerged in September, 2011. Hundreds of villagers rioted in the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. factory, which produces photovoltaic cells and wafers. The factory had previously failed pollution tests in April and that its waste control was inadequate despite warnings from the local environmental protection bureau. The protests occurred over multiple days, in which company property was damaged and destroyed.<ref>{{Cite <del title="Content deleted">web</del><ins title="Content added">news </ins>|title=Protest over factory pollution in E China enters third day<del title="Content deleted">{{!}}</del><ins title="Content added"> |department=</ins>Society<del title="Content deleted">{{!}}chinadaily.com.cn</del><ins title="Content added"> |newspaper=China Daily </ins>|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-09/18/content_13727154.htm|access-date=2021-06-06<del title="Content deleted">|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn</del>}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">=== Climate change contribution ===</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">China's recent increased investments into renewables has been accompanied by controversy regarding China's contributions to [[climate change]] in general. China has pledged to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 and has invested into renewable sources of energy, including solar power, to help meet this pledge.<ref>{{Citation|title=<del title="Content deleted">China’s</del><ins title="Content added">China's</ins> Next Economic Transformation: Going Carbon Neutral by 2060 <del title="Content deleted">{{!}}</del><ins title="Content added">|newspaper=Wall Street Journal</ins> <del title="Content deleted">WSJ</del>|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGQQ8fyWJi4|language=en|access-date=2021-05-16}}</ref> However, as China has been opening new plants for solar energy production<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramirez|first=Vanessa Bates|date=2020-10-09|title=A Ridiculously Huge New Solar Farm Just Came Online in China|url=https://singularityhub.com/2020/10/09/a-ridiculously-huge-new-solar-farm-just-came-online-in-china/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Singularity Hub|language=en-US}}</ref>, it has also opened new coal plants simultaneously<ref>{{Cite web|title=Despite Pledges to Cut Emissions, China Goes on a Coal Spree|url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/despite-pledges-to-cut-emissions-china-goes-on-a-coal-spree|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Yale E360|language=en-US}}</ref>. Critics of China's climate policy argue that China is not trying to replace thermal fuels with renewable sources of energy, but instead trying to increase the energy capacity of both forms of energy. Although China's solar energy capacity has increased dramatically in recent years, its carbon emissions have risen as well.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandalow|first=David|title=Guide to Chinese Climate Policy 2019|year=2019|isbn=1691490245}}</ref> Consequently, critics have seen China's pledge to peak its carbon emissions as a time window for it to increase its carbon emissions rather than reduce them, with its investments into renewable energy sources such as solar power being used as a coverup for China's plan to continue expanding with fossil fuel-powered production.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Richard, Ph. D.<del title="Content deleted">|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1164185270</del><ins title="Content added"> </ins>|title=China's engine of environmental collapse|date=2020|isbn=978-1-78680-663-5|location=London|<del title="Content deleted">pages</del><ins title="Content added">page</ins>=xvi|oclc=1164185270}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">The mass government subsidy-fueled construction of solar power plants has also been linked to climate change contribution as mass construction has contributed to increases in carbon emissions while the energy produced by the projects has not been fully utilized.<ref name=":16" /></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">==== Green grabbing ====</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">China's expansion of solar power capacity has been met with criticism over implications of [[Green grabbing|"green grabbing"]]. Critics argue that China has seized land from native populations and repurposed it for its own projects, such as solar farms, using the need to protect the country from climate change as a justification for land seizure. Renewable energy projects, such as solar power plants, have been built in western regions of China where many native nomadic people have had their land taken away. As such, critics argue that investments into renewable energy sources such as solar power are means to increase the power of the central state rather than protect the environment. This argument has been complemented by China's expansion of thermal fuel plants in conjunction with solar energy.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|last=Li|first=Yifei<del title="Content deleted">|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1137747668</del><ins title="Content added"> </ins>|title=China goes green<del title="Content deleted"> </del>: coercive environmentalism for a troubled planet|date=2020|others=Judith Shapiro|isbn=978-1-5095-4311-3|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=1137747668}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">Following claims of China has taken land from rural natives under the guise of climate protection, many rural populations have been encouraged to move to government housing or urban centers. However, as expectations for the arrival of urban citizens have risen, so has the construction of buildings infrastructure projects. This speculation of the growth of urban centers has led to a housing bubble in China, where buildings and infrastructure are being constructed at a rate in which much of the construction is unused or redundant.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-26|title='An incredible amount of waste': What China's eerie ghost cities say about its economy|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-27/china-ghost-cities-show-growth-driven-by-debt/9912186|access-date=2021-06-06|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> As these [[Under-occupied developments in China|unused buildings and towns]] are constructed, more carbon emissions are produced due to the usage of cement and other building materials. Thus, China's "green grabbing" has also been criticized by environmentalists who see China's urban expansion as useless and damaging to the environment. The forced movement of rural populations, as critics claim that these rural populations do not receive adequate compensation for removal<ref>{{Cite web|last=Togochog|first=Enghebatu|date=4 November 2006|title=Ecological Migration and Human Rights|url=https://www.hrichina.org/sites/default/files/PDFs/CRF.4.2006/CRF-2006-4_Ecological.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and face discrimination and a lack of support to thrive in urban centers in contrast to citizens who have lived in urban centers throughout their lives.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Tom<del title="Content deleted">|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/818848251</del><ins title="Content added"> </ins>|title=China's Urban Billion<del title="Content deleted"> </del>: the story behind the biggest migration in human history|date=2012|publisher=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-78032-143-1|location=London|oclc=818848251}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">=== Curtailment ===</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">The high amount of government incentives has encouraged the mass development of solar projects, especially in the northern and western regions of China. Consequently, there has been mass investment in energy production in low-population regions where energy usage is relatively low and not enough investment in infrastructure to transfer this produced energy to China's main power grid. This has caused the curtailment of solar energy to which critics point out to argue that many of China's heavy investments in renewable energy are inefficient and will become unsustainable for the country in the future.<ref name=":32" /> This inability to transfer energy to regions that require it has led many critics to call for China to invest more into power transfer infrastructure instead of solely energy capacity. Although curtailment rates have lowered since 2016, dropping down from 17% to 7% in 2016, some critics argue that these rates are still too high. Critics have used solar power curtailment as an example to argue for China to change its methods for dealing with the climate crisis as they see that its current efforts are ineffective.<ref name=":152">{{Cite book<del title="Content deleted">|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1135224565</del>|title=China 2049 : economic challenges of a rising global power|date=2020<ins title="Content added"> </ins>|<del title="Content deleted">others</del><ins title="Content added">editor</ins>=David Dollar<del title="Content deleted">,</del> <ins title="Content added">|editor2=</ins>Yiping Huang<del title="Content deleted">,</del> <ins title="Content added">|editor3=</ins>Yang Yao<ins title="Content added"> </ins>|isbn=978-0-8157-3806-0|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=1135224565}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">=== Usage of forced labor ===</div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-changed">{{See also|Xinjiang internment camps}}China's production of cheap photovoltaic cells has been the target of a large amount of criticism due to claims of forced labor being used to drive production costs down. Reports of large Chinese solar manufacturing companies using forced labor from [[Uyghurs]] of [[Xinjiang]] to produce photovoltaic cells have appeared.<ref>{{Cite <del title="Content deleted">web</del><ins title="Content added">news </ins>|title=New Allegations Made of Forced Labor at Chinese Solar Manufacturers <del title="Content deleted">{{!}} </del><ins title="Content added">|work=</ins>Voice of America <del title="Content deleted">- English</del>|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/new-allegations-made-forced-labor-chinese-solar-manufacturers|access-date=2021-05-16<del title="Content deleted">|website=www.voanews.com</del><ins title="Content added"> </ins>|language=en}}</ref> Reports for forced labor being used to acquire polysilicon, a key component of solar panels, have also emerged. Although the Chinese government claims that the labor used for material acquisition and production is voluntary, reports claim that there is substantial evidence that Uyghur laborers have been coerced to produce solar panels, threatened by internment camps.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-05-14|title=China uses Uyghur forced labour to make solar panels, says report|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-57124636|access-date=2021-06-06}}</ref> As the demand for solar power increases due to climate change, the cheap nature of Chinese photovoltaic cells has resulted in China's solar exports growing massively in recent years in spite of the labor used in production. The usage of forced labor in China has only been partially condemned globally, in part due to the fact that many countries depend on China's cheap labor and photovoltaic cells to afford the transition from thermal energy to renewable energy. Since China is responsible for 80% of the world's polysilicon production, with half of the world's polysilicon produced in Xinjiang, many critics of the forced labor usage have stated that it is difficult for many countries to avoid Chinese made solar power solutions. As a result, debates over whether or not solar energy components from China should be used have arisen.<ref name=":132">{{Cite web|title=A Dark Spot for the Solar Energy Industry: Forced Labor in Xinjiang|url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/dark-spot-solar-energy-industry-forced-labor-xinjiang|access-date=2021-05-16|website=www.csis.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shellenberger|first=Michael|title=Why <del title="Content deleted">Won’t</del><ins title="Content added">Won't</ins> Environmentalists Speak Out Against Forced Labor For China-Made Solar Panels?|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2021/04/29/why-wont-environmentalists-speak-out-against-forced-labor-for-china-made-solar-panels/|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Forbes|language=en}}</ref></div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context"> </div> <div class="mw-diff-inline-context">== See also ==</div> </td></tr></table><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_China">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_in_China</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"></ul> <p>This page is not available in other languages.</p> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_power_in_China&diff=1027217448&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-f7ths","wgBackendResponseTime":254});});</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>