AFRIQUE (Structure et milieu) - Géographie générale

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Géographie physique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AFRIQUE (Structure et milieu) - Géographie générale, Géographie humaine et économique" href="/encyclopedie/afrique-structure-et-milieu-geographie-generale/2-geographie-humaine-et-economique/"> 2. Géographie humaine et économique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="AFRIQUE (Structure et milieu) - Géographie générale, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/afrique-structure-et-milieu-geographie-generale/3-bibliographie/"> 3. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>AFRIQUE </strong><span class="rm">(Structure et milieu)</span><span class="label-sub"> Géographie générale</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><p class="text-sm text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC240017_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC240017_0"></i><p>L'Afrique couvre environ 30 300 000 kilomètres carrés pour une population de 1,4 milliard d'habitants en 2023. Située entre 37<sup>°</sup> 21' de latitude nord et 34<sup>°</sup> 51' de latitude sud, elle est comprise pour l'essentiel dans la zone tropicale, et se partage entre zones à climats chauds et secs sous les tropiques, et zones à climats chauds et humides sous l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="« Vous vous trouvez à la moitié du monde », a proclamé le président populiste Abdalá Bucaram, en 1996, lors de son discours d'investiture. L'Équateur (15,2 millions d'habitants en 2012), en effet, ne doit pas son nom à un passé chargé d'histoire comme la plupart de ses voisins, mais à un repère géographique, la ligne équinoxiale qui le traverse au nord. Une situation géographiqu..." title="Article : ÉQUATEUR" href="/encyclopedie/equateur/">équateur</a>. Les régions tempérées (méditerranéennes) n'occupent que deux marges étroites, à ses extrémités nord et sud. La masse continentale est inégalement répartie. Dans l'hémisphère Nord, à la latitude du Ras Caseyr (cap Guardafui) en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À la pointe orientale de l'Afrique, formant une péninsule bordée par le golfe d' Aden au nord et l' océan Indien à l'est, la Somalie (636 000 kilomètres carrés et environ 10 millions d'habitants au milieu des années 2000) est un État en ruine. Créé en 1960 par l'unification de deux colonies devenues indépendantes, le Somaliland britannique et la Somalia italienne, l'État somal..." title="Article : SOMALIE" href="/encyclopedie/somalie/">Somalie</a>, l'Afrique s'étend d'ouest en est, sur près de 7 500 kilomètres : c'est presque autant que du nord au sud (8 050 km) et deux fois plus qu'aux latitudes équatoriales. Les effets de la continentalité (températures extrêmes, aridité) s'exercent avec le maximum d'intensité au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Sahara est le plus grand désert chaud du monde. Occupant presque tout le nord de l'Afrique, il mesure environ 4 800 kilomètres d'est en ouest et entre 1 300 et 1 900 kilomètres du nord au sud, soit une superficie totale de près de 8 600 000 kilomètres carrés. Il se prolonge au-delà de la mer Rouge et est appelé alors désert saharo-arabique, étiré sur 7 500 kilom..." title="Article : SAHARA" href="/encyclopedie/sahara/">Sahara</a>, le plus grand désert chaud du monde, prolongé à l'est par la diagonale aride qui s'étend de la péninsule arabique aux <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les déserts se définissent à partir de critères climatiques caractérisant les milieux arides : des régions du globe caractérisées par un bilan hydrique déficitaire résultant, pour l'essentiel, de l'insuffisance des précipitations par rapport aux prélèvements de l'évaporation. En réalité, de nombreux autres facteurs interviennent, qui compliquent la notion d'aridité. Car il im..." title="Article : DÉSERTS" href="/encyclopedie/deserts/">déserts</a> iraniens. En <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L’Afrique australe trouve sa dynamique et sa cohérence autour de l’Afrique du Sud, véritable moteur et pays émergent du continent africain. Constituée de dix États (Afrique du Sud, Angola , Botswana , Eswatini , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibie , Zambie et Zimbabwe), elle fut longtemps désignée comme « l'Afrique des mines ». Aujourd’hui, elle présente un fort p..." title="Article : AFRIQUE AUSTRALE" href="/encyclopedie/afrique-australe/">Afrique australe</a> au contraire, la relative proximité des océans Atlantique et Indien atténue la continentalité ; le modèle climatique zonal y est moins net que dans l'hémisphère Nord.</p><p>Le continent africain, à peine séparé de l'Europe par le détroit de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le territoire de Gibraltar, d'une superficie de 6 kilomètres carrés et peuplé de 28 000 habitants au milieu des années 2000, se compose d'un haut rocher calcaire (425 m) rattaché au continent par une étroite plaine sablonneuse qui ferme la partie orientale de la baie d'Algésiras.. À la jonction de l'Europe et de l'Afrique, de la Méditerranée et de l'Atlantique, le Rocher const..." title="Article : GIBRALTAR" href="/encyclopedie/gibraltar/">Gibraltar</a> (14 km) et accroché à l'Asie par l'isthme de Suez, est depuis longtemps en contact avec les civilisations méditerranéennes et moyen-orientales. La <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La mer Rouge occupe l'un des plus spectaculaires parmi les fossés tectoniques du globe. Sa situation, à la rencontre d'un alignement de fractures continentales et du système des dorsales océaniques , en fait une région d'intérêt scientifique considérable ; cet intérêt est encore accru par la découverte d'eaux profondes ayant des particularités exceptionnelles, peut-être liées au ..." title="Article : MER ROUGE" href="/encyclopedie/mer-rouge/">mer Rouge</a> et la Méditerranée ont été porteuses d'échanges entre les trois continents. Pourtant, une grande partie de l'Afrique dite subsaharienne a longtemps vécu isolée du reste du monde.</p><p>Cet isolement tient d'abord à la configuration physique du continent, en premier lieu à l'obstacle que l'immense Sahara (9 000 000 km<sup>2</sup>) oppose au déplacement des hommes. Il n'en a certes pas toujours été ainsi. La préhistoire et les gravures rupestres attestent de la réalité des échanges transsahariens avant le début de l'actuelle phase aride, voici environ 3 500 ans. Jusqu'à une époque très récente, la traversée du désert était une épreuve. Le commerce caravanier n'en a pas moins maintenu des liens entre la Méditerranée et le <em>bled es soudan</em>, ce pays des Noirs qu'on atteignait après avoir franchi le <em>sahel</em>, c'est-à-dire le rivage, celui du désert, selon les premières représentations géographiques établies par les Arabes. Commerçants, ceux-ci furent en même temps propagateurs de l'islam, démontrant la perméabilité du désert, du moins sur le plan religieux, car aucune des avancées technologiques des civilisations euro-asiatiques, notamment la roue et l'attelage, ne franchit le Sahara. L'Égypte elle-même ne fut pas un foyer de diffusion vers l'Afrique noire des techniques qu'elle maîtrisa précocement. Les cataractes fractionnant le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Avec ses 6 671 kilomètres, depuis son affluent le plus lointain, la Luvironza en Tanzanie , et 6 058 kilomètres depuis le lac Victoria, le Nil prend rang, aux côtés de l' Amazone et de l'ensemble Mississippi-Missouri, parmi les trois plus longs fleuves du monde. Son bassin draine 3 millions de kilomètres carrés, un dixième du continent africain réparti entre deux grands ense..." title="Article : NIL" href="/encyclopedie/nil/">Nil</a>, l'obstacle des marais du Bahr el-Ghazal succédant à ceux du désert, les risques à voyager dans des régions où régnaient de redoutables systèmes pathogènes (paludisme, maladie du sommeil, fièvre jaune) ne permirent pas au plus long fleuve d'Afrique d'établir un véritable lien entre le monde méditerranéen et l'Afrique tropicale.</p><p>Autre obstacle : la massivité d'un continent aux côtes rectilignes peu hospitalières et sans voies naturelles de pénétration. L'Afrique ne compte que 30 500 kilomètres de côtes, et assez peu de sites d'abri. Les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les fleuves, et les cours d'eau en général, ont toujours tenu une grande place dans la vie des hommes et leurs préoccupations. Les civilisations anciennes, désarmées devant leur puissance de destruction et ne pouvant ni expliquer ni prévoir leur comportement, les ont divinisés et implorés. L'homme moderne a entrepris de les étudier (potamologie), de comprendre les lois de leur écoulement..." title="Article : FLEUVES" href="/encyclopedie/fleuves/">fleuves</a>, souvent entrecoupés dans leur cours inférieur par des chutes et des rapides, comme c'est le cas du Congo, n'ont pas aidé à l'ouverture de l'intérieur d'un continent resté, pour les Européens, <em>terra incognita</em> jusqu'aux <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les grands voyages de découverte et d'exploration sont liés à la conjonction de volontés et de moyens techniques. Il faut les navires, les marins entraînés, les armateurs officiels ou privés, une volonté politique, mais avant tout des motifs assez puissants pour rompre les amarres, quitter la sûreté des quais pour l'inconnu et ses risques.. Les motifs et mobiles sont nombreux, souvent en..." title="Article : EXPLORATIONS" href="/encyclopedie/explorations/">explorations</a> de la seconde moitié du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. 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class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC240017_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010414A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Socles africains" href="/media/socles-africains-v010414a/"> <img id="V010414A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/4/csm_v010414a_7106aa0965.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Socles africains - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="La structure du socle africain." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="940" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Socles africains </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V010414B" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Afrique : géomorphologie" href="/media/afrique-geomorphologie-v010414b/"> <img id="V010414B" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/b/csm_v010414b_79b307c2f3.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Afrique : géomorphologie - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Les grands traits de la géomorphologie africaine." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1556" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Afrique : géomorphologie </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH990716" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Désert du Namib" href="/media/desert-du-namib-ph990716/"> <img id="PH990716" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/c/csm_ph990716_ac93a52ce0.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Désert du Namib - crédits : John Chard/ Getty Images" data-description="Dunes de sable et végétation clairsemée dans le désert du Namib." data-copyright="John Chard/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="762" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Désert du Namib </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> John Chard/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/afrique-structure-et-milieu-geographie-generale/"> Afficher les 27 médias de l'article <span class="rg">AFRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Structure et milieu) - Géographie générale</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC240017_REFERENCES"></i> <ul class="list-group"> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC240017_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HÉVÉA" href="/index/hevea/"> <span class="rg">HÉVÉA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ISLAM, histoire" href="/index/islam-histoire/"> <span class="rg">ISLAM, </span><em class="it">histoire</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ACACIA" href="/index/acacia/"> <span class="rg">ACACIA</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANTHROPOLOGIE RELIGIEUSE" href="/index/anthropologie-religieuse/"> <span class="rg">ANTHROPOLOGIE RELIGIEUSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HYDROÉLECTRICITÉ" href="/index/hydroelectricite/"> <span class="rg">HYDROÉLECTRICITÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ÉTHIOPIENNE ÉGLISE" href="/index/eglise-ethiopienne/"> <span class="rg">ÉTHIOPIENNE </span><span class="pc">ÉGLISE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SÉCHERESSE" href="/index/secheresse/"> <span class="rg">SÉCHERESSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OUA (Organisation de l'unité africaine)" href="/index/oua-organisation-de-l-unite-africaine/"> <span class="rg">OUA </span><span class="rm">(Organisation de l'unité africaine)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SÉGRÉGATION" href="/index/segregation/"> <span class="rg">SÉGRÉGATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MINORITÉS" href="/index/minorites/"> <span class="rg">MINORITÉS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SOUS-EMPLOI" href="/index/sous-emploi/"> <span class="rg">SOUS-EMPLOI</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ORANGE, fleuve" href="/index/orange-fleuve/"> <span class="rg">ORANGE, </span><em class="it">fleuve</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MATIÈRES PREMIÈRES" href="/index/matieres-premieres/"> <span class="rg">MATIÈRES PREMIÈRES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CRIQUET" href="/index/criquet/"> <span class="rg">CRIQUET</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FÉCONDITÉ, démographie" href="/index/fecondite-demographie/"> <span class="rg">FÉCONDITÉ, </span><em class="it">démographie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MIGRATIONS HISTOIRE DES" href="/index/histoire-des-migrations/"> <span class="rg">MIGRATIONS </span><span class="pc">HISTOIRE DES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : COURANT-JET ou JET-STREAM" href="/index/courant-jet-jet-stream/"> <span class="rg">COURANT-JET </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">JET-STREAM</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CAP COLONIE DU" href="/index/colonie-du-cap/"> <span class="rg">CAP </span><span class="pc">COLONIE DU</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ÉROSION & SÉDIMENTATION" href="/index/erosion-et-sedimentation/"> <span class="rg">ÉROSION & SÉDIMENTATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CRUES" href="/index/crues/"> <span class="rg">CRUES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EXORÉISME" href="/index/exoreisme/"> <span class="rg">EXORÉISME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ARIDE DOMAINE" href="/index/domaine-aride/"> <span class="rg">ARIDE </span><span class="pc">DOMAINE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CLIMATS" href="/index/climats/"> <span class="rg">CLIMATS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ENDORÉISME" href="/index/endoreisme/"> <span class="rg">ENDORÉISME</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALIZÉS" href="/index/alizes/"> <span class="rg">ALIZÉS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DÉSERTS VIE DANS LES" href="/index/vie-dans-les-deserts/"> <span class="rg">DÉSERTS </span><span class="pc">VIE DANS LES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FAUNE" href="/index/faune/"> <span class="rg">FAUNE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PAUVRETÉ" href="/index/pauvrete/"> <span class="rg">PAUVRETÉ</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INDIENS HORS DE L'INDE" href="/index/indiens-hors-de-l-inde/"> <span class="rg">INDIENS HORS DE L'INDE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TRAVAILLEURS ÉTRANGERS" href="/index/travailleurs-etrangers/"> <span class="rg">TRAVAILLEURS ÉTRANGERS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : STEPPE" href="/index/steppe/"> <span class="rg">STEPPE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OROGENÈSE" href="/index/orogenese/"> <span class="rg">OROGENÈSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AGRICULTEURS" href="/index/agriculteurs/"> <span class="rg">AGRICULTEURS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AGRICULTURE TRADITIONNELLE" href="/index/agriculture-traditionnelle/"> <span class="rg">AGRICULTURE TRADITIONNELLE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANTHROPOMÉTRIE" href="/index/anthropometrie/"> <span class="rg">ANTHROPOMÉTRIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHAÎNES DE MONTAGNES, géomorphologie" href="/index/chaines-geomorphologie/"> <span class="rg">CHAÎNES DE MONTAGNES, </span><em class="it">géomorphologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ATLAS, Afrique du Nord" href="/index/atlas-afrique-du-nord/"> <span class="rg">ATLAS, </span><em class="it">Afrique du Nord</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ÉQUATORIALE FORÊT ou FORÊT TROPICALE HUMIDE" href="/index/foret-equatoriale/"> <span class="rg">ÉQUATORIALE </span><span class="pc">FORÊT </span><span class="rm">ou </span><span class="rg">FORÊT TROPICALE HUMIDE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SAVANE" href="/index/savane/"> <span class="rg">SAVANE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PLANTATION AGRICULTURE DE" href="/index/agriculture-de-plantation/"> <span class="rg">PLANTATION </span><span class="pc">AGRICULTURE DE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CRATON" href="/index/craton/"> <span class="rg">CRATON</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CONTINENT" href="/index/continent/"> <span class="rg">CONTINENT</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TUTSI" href="/index/tutsi/"> <span class="rg">TUTSI</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AMÉNAGEMENT DE L'ESPACE URBAIN" href="/index/amenagement-de-l-espace-urbain/"> <span class="rg">AMÉNAGEMENT DE L'ESPACE URBAIN</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SEMPERVIRENTE FORÊT" href="/index/foret-sempervirente/"> <span class="rg">SEMPERVIRENTE </span><span class="pc">FORÊT</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : BROUSSE" href="/index/brousse/"> <span class="rg">BROUSSE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VOLCANISME ACTUEL" href="/index/volcanisme-actuel/"> <span class="rg">VOLCANISME ACTUEL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CROÛTES SOLS À" href="/index/sols-a-croutes/"> <span class="rg">CROÛTES </span><span class="pc">SOLS À</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VELD" href="/index/veld/"> <span class="rg">VELD</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : LESSIVÉS SOLS" href="/index/sols-lessives/"> <span class="rg">LESSIVÉS </span><span class="pc">SOLS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CUIRASSE, pédologie" href="/index/cuirasse-pedologie/"> <span class="rg">CUIRASSE, </span><em class="it">pédologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE" href="/index/changement-climatique/"> <span class="rg">CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HARMATTAN" href="/index/harmattan/"> <span class="rg">HARMATTAN</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CHAÎNES DE MONTAGNES, géologie" href="/index/chaines-geologie/"> <span class="rg">CHAÎNES DE MONTAGNES, </span><em class="it">géologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CLIMATIQUES VARIATIONS" href="/index/variations-climatiques/"> <span class="rg">CLIMATIQUES </span><span class="pc">VARIATIONS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : SOUS-DÉVELOPPEMENT" href="/index/sous-developpement/"> <span class="rg">SOUS-DÉVELOPPEMENT</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : INGA BARRAGE D'" href="/index/barrage-d-inga/"> <span class="rg">INGA </span><span class="pc">BARRAGE D'</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : EMPLOI" href="/index/emploi/"> <span class="rg">EMPLOI</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : MOURIDES" href="/index/mourides/"> <span class="rg">MOURIDES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : OMBROPHILE FORÊT" href="/index/foret-ombrophile/"> <span class="rg">OMBROPHILE </span><span class="pc">FORÊT</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : URBANISATION" href="/index/urbanisation/"> <span class="rg">URBANISATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AFRIQUE, géographie" href="/index/afrique-geographie/"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE, </span><em class="it">géographie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AFRIQUE NOIRE, histoire, période coloniale" href="/index/afrique-noire-histoire-periode-coloniale/"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE NOIRE, </span><em class="it">histoire, période coloniale</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AFRIQUE NOIRE, histoire, des indépendances à nos jours" href="/index/afrique-noire-histoire-des-independances-a-nos-jours/"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE NOIRE, </span><em class="it">histoire, des indépendances à nos jours</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AFRIQUE, préhistoire" href="/index/afrique-prehistoire/"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE, </span><em class="it">préhistoire</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DÉPENDANCE ÉCONOMIQUE" href="/index/dependance-economique/"> <span class="rg">DÉPENDANCE ÉCONOMIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : PANDÉMIES" href="/index/pandemies/"> <span class="rg">PANDÉMIES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ETHNOGRAPHIE" href="/index/ethnographie/"> <span class="rg">ETHNOGRAPHIE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AFRIQUE NOIRE, histoire précoloniale" href="/index/afrique-noire-histoire-precoloniale/"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE NOIRE, </span><em class="it">histoire précoloniale</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CORNE DE L'AFRIQUE" href="/index/corne-de-l-afrique/"> <span class="rg">CORNE DE L'AFRIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : COLONIALES VILLES" href="/index/villes-coloniales/"> <span class="rg">COLONIALES </span><span class="pc">VILLES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VILLE, urbanisme et architecture" href="/index/ville-urbanisme-et-architecture/"> <span class="rg">VILLE, </span><em class="it">urbanisme et architecture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CAOUTCHOUC NATUREL" href="/index/caoutchouc-naturel/"> <span class="rg">CAOUTCHOUC NATUREL</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AFRIQUE NOIRE, ethnologie" href="/index/afrique-noire-ethnologie/"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE NOIRE, </span><em class="it">ethnologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ANTHROPISATION" href="/index/anthropisation/"> <span class="rg">ANTHROPISATION</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : HERBIVORES" href="/index/herbivores/"> <span class="rg">HERBIVORES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : DÉFRICHEMENT, agriculture" href="/index/defrichement-agriculture/"> <span class="rg">DÉFRICHEMENT, </span><em class="it">agriculture</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ACRIDIENS" href="/index/acridiens/"> <span class="rg">ACRIDIENS</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : AFRIQUE NOIRE, langues" href="/index/afrique-noire-langues/"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE NOIRE, </span><em class="it">langues</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : VICTORIA LAC" href="/index/lac-victoria/"> <span class="rg">VICTORIA </span><span class="pc">LAC</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : FORMATIONS VÉGÉTALES" href="/index/formations-vegetales/"> <span class="rg">FORMATIONS VÉGÉTALES</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : RIFT, géologie" href="/index/rift-geologie/"> <span class="rg">RIFT, </span><em class="it">géologie</em> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : CROISSANCE DÉMOGRAPHIQUE" href="/index/croissance-demographique/"> <span class="rg">CROISSANCE DÉMOGRAPHIQUE</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : TROPICALE FORÊT" href="/index/foret-tropicale/"> <span class="rg">TROPICALE </span><span class="pc">FORÊT</span> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a 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AFRIQUE (Structure et milieu) - Géographie générale - Encyclopædia Universalis