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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Измените внешний вид страницы, размер, ширину и цвет шрифта." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ba.wikipedia.org&uselang=ba" class=""><span>Иғәнә</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ" class=""><span>Теркәлеү</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Танылыу</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Шәхси ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="Ҡатнашыусы менюһы" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ba.wikipedia.org&uselang=ba"><span>Иғәнә</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>Индергән өлөш</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Теркәлеү</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Танылыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Танылмаған мөхәррирҙәр өсөн бит <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" aria-label="Мөхәррирләү тураһында ентеклерәк"><span>Күберәк белергә</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%98%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="IP-адресығыҙ өсөн фекер алышыу бите [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eйәшерергә\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"ba\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Йөкмәткеһе</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башы</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Составы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Составы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Составы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Составы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ҡоростарҙың_классификацияһы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡоростарҙың_классификацияһы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ҡоростарҙың классификацияһы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ҡоростарҙың_классификацияһы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ҡоростоң_характеристикаһы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡоростоң_характеристикаһы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ҡоростоң характеристикаһы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ҡоростоң_характеристикаһы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Башҡортостанда_етештереү" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Башҡортостанда_етештереү"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Башҡортостанда етештереү</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Башҡортостанда_етештереү-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ҡорос_буйынса_тикшеренеүҙәр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡорос_буйынса_тикшеренеүҙәр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ҡорос буйынса тикшеренеүҙәр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ҡорос_буйынса_тикшеренеүҙәр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ҡоростоң_үҙсәнлектәре" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡоростоң_үҙсәнлектәре"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ҡоростоң үҙсәнлектәре</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ҡоростоң_үҙсәнлектәре-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ҡоростоң үҙсәнлектәре бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ҡоростоң_үҙсәнлектәре-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Физик_үҙсәнлектәре" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физик_үҙсәнлектәре"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Физик үҙсәнлектәре</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физик_үҙсәнлектәре-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Үҙсәнлектәренең_составҡа_һәм_структураға_бәйлелеге" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Үҙсәнлектәренең_составҡа_һәм_структураға_бәйлелеге"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Үҙсәнлектәренең составҡа һәм структураға бәйлелеге</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Үҙсәнлектәренең_составҡа_һәм_структураға_бәйлелеге-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ҡоросто_эшкәртеү" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡоросто_эшкәртеү"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ҡоросто эшкәртеү</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ҡоросто_эшкәртеү-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ҡоросто эшкәртеү бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ҡоросто_эшкәртеү-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Йылылыҡ_менән_эшкәртеү_төрҙәре" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Йылылыҡ_менән_эшкәртеү_төрҙәре"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Йылылыҡ менән эшкәртеү төрҙәре</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Йылылыҡ_менән_эшкәртеү_төрҙәре-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ҡоросто_химик-термик_эшкәртеү" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡоросто_химик-термик_эшкәртеү"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ҡоросто химик-термик эшкәртеү</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ҡоросто_химик-термик_эшкәртеү-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ҡоростоң_ҡайһы_бер_төрҙәре" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡоростоң_ҡайһы_бер_төрҙәре"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ҡоростоң ҡайһы бер төрҙәре</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ҡоростоң_ҡайһы_бер_төрҙәре-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ҡорос_етештереү" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ҡорос_етештереү"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ҡорос етештереү</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ҡорос_етештереү-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Ҡорос етештереү бүлеген күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ҡорос_етештереү-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Донъяла_ҡорос_етештереү" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Донъяла_ҡорос_етештереү"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Донъяла ҡорос етештереү</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Донъяла_ҡорос_етештереү-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_йыл" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_йыл"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>2008 йыл</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_йыл-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_йыл" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_йыл"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>2009 йыл</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_йыл-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Донъяның_төп_ҡорос_етештереүселәре_рейтингы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Донъяның_төп_ҡорос_етештереүселәре_рейтингы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Донъяның төп ҡорос етештереүселәре рейтингы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Донъяның_төп_ҡорос_етештереүселәре_рейтингы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Рәсәйҙә_төп_ҡорос_етештереүселәр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Рәсәйҙә_төп_ҡорос_етештереүселәр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Рәсәйҙә төп ҡорос етештереүселәр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Рәсәйҙә_төп_ҡорос_етештереүселәр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Сифат_һәм_ҡорос_продукцияһына_ярашлылыҡ_сертификаттары" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Сифат_һәм_ҡорос_продукцияһына_ярашлылыҡ_сертификаттары"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Сифат һәм ҡорос продукцияһына ярашлылыҡ сертификаттары</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Сифат_һәм_ҡорос_продукцияһына_ярашлылыҡ_сертификаттары-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Иҫкәрмәләр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Иҫкәрмәләр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Иҫкәрмәләр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Һылтанмалар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Һылтанмалар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Һылтанмалар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Һылтанмалар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Йөкмәткеһе" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ҡорос</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Икенсе телдәге мәҡәләгә күсегеҙ. 146 телдә уҡырға була" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 тел</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staal" title="Staal — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Staal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahl" title="Stahl — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stahl" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acero" title="Acero — арагонский" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="इस्पात — ангика" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इस्पात" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B0" title="فولاذ — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فولاذ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE" title="তীখা — ассамский" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তীখা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ассамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceru" title="Aceru — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aceru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polad" title="Polad — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="پولاد — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پولاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C4%97ins" title="Plėins — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Plėins" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь — белорусский (тарашкевица)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="белорусский (тарашкевица)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja" title="Waja — батавский" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Waja" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="батавский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Стомана — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стомана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja" title="Waja — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Waja" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="ইস্পাত — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইস্পাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir" title="Dir — бретонский" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dir" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čelik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ган булад — бурятский" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ган булад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="бурятский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer" title="Acer — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%B8_%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ — чероки" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏥᎸ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="чероки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%A7" title="پۆڵا — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڵا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocel" title="Ocel — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ocel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Хурçă — чувашский" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хурçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чувашский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dur" title="Dur — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stahl" title="Stahl — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stahl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stal" title="Stal — нижнелужицкий" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Stal" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="нижнелужицкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χάλυβας — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάλυβας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="яҡшы мәҡәлә"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctalo" title="Ŝtalo — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acero" title="Acero — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teras" title="Teras — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teras" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altzairu" title="Altzairu — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Altzairu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فولاد — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فولاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A4s" title="Teräs — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teräs" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A4s" title="Teräs — выруский" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Teräs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="выруский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acier" title="Acier — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stial" title="Stial — северный фризский" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stial" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северный фризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%A2l" title="Açâl — фриульский" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Açâl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриульский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiel" title="Stiel — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stiel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruach_(miotal)" title="Cruach (miotal) — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cruach (miotal)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asy%C3%A9" title="Asyé — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Asyé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A0ilinn" title="Stàilinn — гэльский" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Stàilinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="гэльский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceiro" title="Aceiro — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aceiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotijy" title="Kuarepotijy — гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotijy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karfe" title="Karfe — хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Karfe" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%94" title="פלדה — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="इस्पात — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्पात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čelik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wocl" title="Wocl — верхнелужицкий" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wocl" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="верхнелужицкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asye" title="Asye — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Asye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ac%C3%A9l" title="Acél — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Acél" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Պողպատ — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պողպատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aciero" title="Aciero — интерлингва" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aciero" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja" title="Baja — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalo" title="Stalo — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stalo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1l" title="Stál — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acciaio" title="Acciaio — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acciaio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%BC" title="鋼 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鋼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiil" title="Stiil — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Stiil" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gasta" title="gasta — ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gasta" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waja" title="Waja — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Waja" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ფოლადი — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფოლადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfed" title="Anfed — кабильский" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anfed" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiyee" title="Asiyee — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Asiyee" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Болат — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Болат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81" title="ಉಕ್ಕು — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉಕ್ಕು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%B2%A0" title="강철 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강철" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Емдон — коми" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Емдон" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="коми" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Болот — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Болот" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalybs" title="Chalybs — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chalybs" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stol" title="Stol — люксембургский" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stol" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чаннан — лакский" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Чаннан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="лакский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aser" title="Aser — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aser" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staol" title="Staol — лимбургский" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staol" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбургский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzal" title="Azzal — ломбардский" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Azzal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ломбардский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plienas" title="Plienas — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plienas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93rauds" title="Tērauds — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tērauds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%E1%BB%B3" title="Tsỳ — малагасийский" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагасийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja" title="Baja — минангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Baja" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Челик — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Челик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഉരുക്ക് — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉരുക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ган — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ган" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="पोलाद — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluli" title="Keluli — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keluli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7o" title="Aço — мирандский" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Aço" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="мирандский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AD" title="သံမဏိ — бирманский" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သံမဏိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acciare" title="Acciare — неаполитанский" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Acciare" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="неаполитанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staal" title="Staal — нижненемецкий" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Staal" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="нижненемецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoal" title="Stoal — нижнесаксонский" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stoal" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="нижнесаксонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="स्टिल — непальский" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्टिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="स्टील — неварский" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्टील" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staal_(legering)" title="Staal (legering) — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staal (legering)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aci%C3%A8r" title="Acièr — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acièr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4" title="ଇସ୍ପାତ — ория" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇସ୍ପାତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Æндон — осетинский" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æндон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4" title="ਇਸਪਾਤ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸਪਾਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stal" title="Stal — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assel" title="Assel — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Assel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فولاد — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فولاد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7o" title="Aço — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aço" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiru" title="Asiru — кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Asiru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C8%9Bel" title="Oțel — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oțel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilechi" title="Cilechi — арумынский" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cilechi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ыстаал — саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ыстаал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzaru" title="Azzaru — сицилийский" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Azzaru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel — шотландский" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اسٽيل — синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسٽيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čelik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A" title="වානේ — сингальский" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වානේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel" title="Steel — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Steel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C4%BE" title="Oceľ — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oceľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeklo" title="Jeklo — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jeklo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisa" title="Chisa — шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chisa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eliku" title="Çeliku — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çeliku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Челик — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Челик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A5l" title="Stål — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stål" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuma_cha_pua" title="Chuma cha pua — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuma cha pua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="எஃகு — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எஃகு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81" title="ఉక్కు — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉక్కు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="เหล็กกล้า — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหล็กกล้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asero" title="Asero — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asero" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87elik" title="Çelik — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87" title="Корыч — татарский" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Корыч" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D2%A3" title="Каң — тувинский" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Каң" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="тувинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="پولات — уйгурский" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پولات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгурский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сталь — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сталь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="فولاد — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فولاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%CA%BBlat" title="Poʻlat — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Poʻlat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asal" title="Asal — венецианский" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Asal" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="венецианский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teraz" title="Teraz — вепсский" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Teraz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="вепсский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9p" title="Thép — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thép" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoal" title="Stoal — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Stoal" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asero" title="Asero — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asero" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A2" title="钢 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钢" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ბულათი — мегрельский" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბულათი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="мегрельский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="שטאל — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irin" title="Irin — йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Irin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%A2" title="钢 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C7%B9g-thih" title="Kǹg-thih — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kǹg-thih" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8B%BC" title="鋼 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鋼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11427#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башҡа телдәргә һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтеү" class="wbc-editpage">Һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтергә</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Исем арауыҡтары"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Эстәлек битен ҡарау [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Бит</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Ҡоралдар</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ғәмәлдәр </div> <div 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Был биткә һылтанған барлыҡ биттәрҙең исемлеге [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Был биткә һылтанмалар</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" rel="nofollow" title="Был бит һылтанған биттәрҙәге һуңғы үҙгәртеүҙәр [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Бәйле үҙгәртеүҙәр</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&oldid=1213754" title="Биттең был өлгөһөнә даими һылтанма"><span>Даими һылтанма</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=info" title="Был бит тураһында ентекләберәк"><span>Бит мәғлүмәттәре</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0&page=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&id=1213754&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Был биттән нисек өҙөмтә яһау тураһында мәғлүмәт"><span>Биттән өҙөмтә яһарға</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fba.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D2%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581"><span>Ҡыҫҡа URL алыу</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fba.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D2%25A0%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581"><span>QR код алыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Баҫтырыу/сығарыу </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:Collection&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81"><span>Китап төҙөү</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF форматында йөкләү</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&printable=yes" title="Биттең ҡағыҙға баҫтырыу өсөн өлгөһө [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Баҫтырыу өлгөһө</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Башҡа проекттарҙа </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steel" hreflang="en"><span>Викимилек</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11427" title="Мәғлүмәт һаҡлағысына бәйле элементҡа һылтанма [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Викимәғлүмәт элементы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ҡоралдар"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедия — ирекле энциклопедия мәғлүмәте</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ba" dir="ltr"><div class="dablink noprint">Был терминдың башҡа мәғәнәләре лә бар, ҡарағыҙ: <a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_(%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%93%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80)" title="Ҡорос (мәғәнәләр)">Ҡорос (мәғәнәләр)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1278674">.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка{width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-above{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);font-weight:bold;font-size:120%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-original,.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-image{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-label{width:9em;background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);text-align:left;padding-left:.4em;padding-right:.4em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-split{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-below{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-error{background:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);border:1px solid var(--border-color-error,#9f3526);text-align:center}</style> <table cellspacing="2" class="infobox ts-Универсальная_карточка"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above ts-Универсальная_карточка-above">Ҡорос</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ts-Универсальная_карточка-image"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q11427$75294044-4f5d-fda4-09a4-8236e67efdb2" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P18"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Steel_wire_rope.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Рәсем" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/274px-Steel_wire_rope.png" decoding="async" width="274" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/411px-Steel_wire_rope.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Steel_wire_rope.png/548px-Steel_wire_rope.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1708" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label">Төҫ</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q11427$b2d15b08-40b7-ba86-6402-f64f78e1103d" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P462"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Һоро">Һоро</a></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label">Асыу датаһы</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q11427$33cfba1a-4189-cf9c-470b-5199e44d3373" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P575"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/1865_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1865 йыл">1865</a></span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label">Тығыҙлыҡ</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q11427$358137c8-49c0-4f88-de78-4afe11691af1" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P2054"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak">7850 килограмм на кубический метр</span><sup id="cite_ref-_240b13e23519be39_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_240b13e23519be39-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P5480" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P5480">Модуль Юнга</a></th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q11427$7b620410-45bd-7f59-0ec4-10b8597541d4" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P5480"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak">210 гигапаскаль</span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label">Етештереү ысулы</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q11427$56ff5a9d-47f6-10c4-5074-aef124fcdbfd" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P2079"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&action=edit&editintro=T:Нет_статьи/editintro&preload=T:Нет_статьи/preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Q482090&preloadparams%5B%5D=%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&preloadparams%5B%5D=Универсальная+карточка"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">сталеплавильное производство</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482090" class="extiw" title="d:Q482090">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P5994" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P5994">Код утилизации</a></th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q11427$be496c4d-4bfd-a244-c7b1-d6c4f54f2c00" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P5994"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak">40</span></span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below ts-Универсальная_карточка-below"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="q11427$789D785D-8725-4E71-BBDF-794DB4EF2BAC" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P373"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steel" title="commons:Category:Steel"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Steel">Ҡорос Викимилектә</a></span></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Ҡорос</b> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тимер">тимерҙең</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод">углерод</a> (0,02—2,14 %) менән <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D3%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Иретмә (был бит юҡ)">иретмәһе</a>. Составында углерод күләме 2,14 % күберәк булһа — иретмә <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Суйын (был бит юҡ)">суйын</a> тип атала. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Stress_v_strain_A36_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Stress_v_strain_A36_2.png/300px-Stress_v_strain_A36_2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Stress_v_strain_A36_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption> σ — ε диаграммаһы <br /> 1. ныҡлыҡ сиге<br /> 2. ағыусанлыҡ сиге <br /> 3. юҡҡа сығарыу сиге<br /> 4. деформацион нығытыу өлкәһе <br /> 5. өлгөлә шейка тыуыу </figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Составы"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B2.D1.8B"></span>Составы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Составы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=1" title="Составы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cоставына <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец">марганец</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кремний">кремний</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82" title="Көкөрт">көкөрт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">фосфор</a> ҡатышмалары, шулай уҡ легирлау элементтары (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хром (был бит юҡ)">хром</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Никель (был бит юҡ)">никель</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Молибден (был бит юҡ)">молибден</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вольфрам">вольфрам</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий">ванадий</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Баҡыр">баҡыр</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Кобальт">кобальт</a> һ.б.) инә. Үҙенсәлектәре химик составына, микротөҙөлөшөнә, эшкәртеү ысулдарына бәйле. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ҡоростарҙың_классификацияһы"><span id=".D2.A0.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D2.99.D1.8B.D2.A3_.D0.BA.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F.D2.BB.D1.8B"></span>Ҡоростарҙың классификацияһы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Ҡоростарҙың классификацияһы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=2" title="Ҡоростарҙың классификацияһы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="dablink">Шулай уҡ ҡарағыҙ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ҡорос маркалары (был бит юҡ)">Ҡоростарҙы маркировкалау</a> </div> <p>Ҡоростарҙы классификациялауҙың күп ысулдары бар, мәҫәлән, ҡулланылышы буйынса, химик составы буйынса, сифаты буйынса, структураһы буйынса. </p><p>Ҡулланылышы буйынса ҡоростар күп категорияларға бүленәләр, конструкцион ҡорос, коррозияға бирешмәүсән (тутыҡмаусы) ҡорос, инструменталь ҡорос, эҫегә бирешмәүсән ҡорос, криоген ҡорос. </p><p>Химик составы буйынса ҡорос углеродлы<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> һәм <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ҡатыштырылған ҡорос (был бит юҡ)">ҡатыштырылған</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ҡоросҡа бүленә; шул иҫәптән углерод миҡдары буйынса —түбән углеродлы (0,25 %-ҡа тиклем С), урта углеродлы (0,3—0,55 % С) һәм юғары углеродлыларға (0,6—2 % С) бүленә; ҡатыштырылған ҡорос ҡатыштырған элемент буйынса түбән ҡатыштырылған —ҡатыштырған элемент 4 %-ҡа тиклем, урта ҡатыштырылған — ҡатыштырған элемент 11 %-ҡа тиклем һәм юғары ҡатыштырылған — ҡатыштырған элемент 11 % -тан артыҡ, ҡоросҡа бүленә. </p><p>Ҡоросҡа, уны етештереү ысулы буйынса, төрлө миҡдарҙа металл булмаған ҡушымталар инә. Ҡушымтаның миҡдары буйынса ҡоросто сифаты буйынса классификациялайҙар: ғәҙәти сифатлы, сифатлы, юғары сифатлы һәм үтә юғары сифатлы. </p><p>Структураһы буйынса ҡорос <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Аустенит (был бит юҡ)">аустенитлы</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Феррит (фаза) (был бит юҡ)">ферритлы</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мартенсит (был бит юҡ)">мартенситлы</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бейнит (был бит юҡ)">бейнитлы</a> һәм <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Перлит (был бит юҡ)">Перлитлы</a> ҡоросҡа бүленә. Әгәр структураһында ике йәки күберәк фаза өҫтөнлөк итһә, ҡоросто ике фазалы һәм күп фазалы ҡоросҡа бүләләр </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ҡоростоң_характеристикаһы"><span id=".D2.A0.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D2.A3_.D1.85.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D2.BB.D1.8B"></span>Ҡоростоң характеристикаһы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Ҡоростоң характеристикаһы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=3" title="Ҡоростоң характеристикаһы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D2%99%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тығыҙлыҡ (был бит юҡ)">Тығыҙлыҡ</a>: 7700—7900 кг/м³ (7,7—7,9 г/см³).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сағыштырма ауырлығы (был бит юҡ)">Сағыштырма ауырлығы</a>: 75500—77500 Н/м³ (7700—7900 кгс/м³ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%A1%D0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="МКГСС (был бит юҡ)">МКГСС</a> системаһында).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%B9%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сағыштырма йылылыҡ һыйҙырышлылығы (был бит юҡ)">Сағыштырма йылылыҡ һыйҙырышлылығы</a> 20 °C температураһында: 462 Дж/(кг•°C) (110 кал/(кг•°C)).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%AF_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Иреү температураһы (был бит юҡ)">Иреү температураһы</a>: 1450—1520 °C.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%AF_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Сағыштырма иреү йылылығы (был бит юҡ)">Сағыштырма иреү йылылығы</a>: 84 кДж/кг (20 ккал/кг, 23 Вт•ч/кг).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D2%AF%D1%82%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%AF%D1%81%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Йылы үткәреүсәнлек коэффициенты (был бит юҡ)">Йылы үткәреүсәнлек коэффициенты</a> 100 °C температураһында <sup id="cite_ref-therm_conduct_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-therm_conduct-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <table class="standard"> <tbody><tr> <td>Хромоникельвольфрамлы ҡорос</td> <td>15,5 Вт/(м•К) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Хромлы ҡорос</td> <td>22,4 Вт/(м•К) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Молибденлы ҡорос</td> <td>41,9 Вт/(м•К) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Углеродлы ҡорос (марка 30)</td> <td>50,2 Вт/(м•К) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Углеродлы ҡорос (марка 15)</td> <td>54,4 Вт/(м•К) </td></tr> <tr> <td>56,3 Вт/(м•К) </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D2%A3%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B5%D2%AF%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Йылылыҡ киңәйеүе коэффициенты (был бит юҡ)">Һыҙыҡлы йылылыҡ киңәйеү коэффициены</a> яҡынса 20 °C температураһында:</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <table class="standard"> <tbody><tr> <td>ҡорос Ст3 (марка 20)</td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 11{,}9\cdot 10^{-6}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>11</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>9</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 11{,}9\cdot 10^{-6}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e1470277bd0f2e94b0974b20fd0a3bf0806898e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.471ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 11{,}9\cdot 10^{-6}}"></span> 1/°C </td></tr> <tr> <td>тутыҡмаусы ҡорос</td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 11{,}0\cdot 10^{-6}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>11</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>0</mn> <mo>⋅</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 11{,}0\cdot 10^{-6}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1e6a9c632158810dc7e188e9b134ab3478604a70" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.471ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 11{,}0\cdot 10^{-6}}"></span> 1/°C </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ҡоростоң һуҙғанда <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D1%8B%D2%A1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ныҡлыҡ сиге (был бит юҡ)">ныҡлыҡ сиге</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <table class="standard"> <tbody><tr> <td>конструкциялар өсөн ҡорос</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1128724">.mw-parser-output .ts-comment-commentedText{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}@media(hover:none){.mw-parser-output .ts-comment-commentedText:not(.rt-commentedText){border-bottom:0;cursor:auto}}</style><span class="ts-comment-commentedText" title="38—42 кгс/мм² МКГСС системаһында">373—412 МПа</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>кремнехромомарганецлы ҡорос</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1128724"><span class="ts-comment-commentedText" title="155 кгс/мм² МКГСС системаһында">1,52 ГПа</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>машиналар төҙөлөшөндәге ҡорос (углеродлы)</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1128724"><span class="ts-comment-commentedText" title="32—80 кгс/мм² МКГСС системаһында">314—785 МПа</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>рельс ҡоросо</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1128724"><span class="ts-comment-commentedText" title="70-80 кгс/мм² МКГСС системаһында">690—785 МПа</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Башҡортостанда_етештереү"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B0.D1.88.D2.A1.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B0_.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.88.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D2.AF"></span>Башҡортостанда етештереү</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Башҡортостанда етештереү бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=4" title="Башҡортостанда етештереү бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Башҡортостан">Башҡортостанда</a> ҡорос етештереү тау сәнәғәте үҫеше менән бәйле. </p><p>19 быуат башында тигелдә иретеү (был ысул 20 быуат башына тиклем файҙаланыла һәм электр м‑н иретеүгә алыштырыла) юлы м‑н ҡойолған Ҡорос <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Златоуст">Златоуст</a> ҡорал фабрикаһында, Златоуст (Косотур) заводында алына. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ҡорос_буйынса_тикшеренеүҙәр"><span id=".D2.A0.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81_.D0.B1.D1.83.D0.B9.D1.8B.D0.BD.D1.81.D0.B0_.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D1.88.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D2.AF.D2.99.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Ҡорос буйынса тикшеренеүҙәр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Ҡорос буйынса тикшеренеүҙәр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=5" title="Ҡорос буйынса тикшеренеүҙәр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>19 быуат уртаһында П. П. Аносов Ҡорос төҙөлөшөн тикшерә, булат Ҡорос һ.б. алыу ысулдарын эшләй. 1940—2002 йй. <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Белорет металлургия комбинаты">Белорет металлургия комбинаты</a> юғары сифатлы Ҡорос иретеү б‑са төп пр‑тие була (80‑се йй. 150‑нән ашыу маркаһын етештерә); Бөйөк Ватан һуғышы барышында И. П. Бардин етәкс. оборона сәнәғәте өсөн Ҡорос махсус сорттарын етештереү ойошторола. 90‑сы йылдарҙа <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Метал (был бит юҡ)">Металдарҙың</a> үтә һығылмалылығы проблемалары институтында һәм <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D1%84%D3%A9_%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Өфө дәүләт авиация техник университеты">Авиация техник университетында</a> (Р.Ғ.Зарипова, Г. А. Салищев) интенсив <i>пластик деформация</i> ысулы м‑н субмикрокристалл һәм нанокристалл хәлендәге структураларҙы формалаштырыу иҫәбенә Ҡорос ныҡлығын арттырыу б‑са тикшеренеүҙәр үткәрелә (мәҫ., 12Х18Н10Т маркалы тутыҡмай торған Ҡорос ныҡлығы 2—4 тапҡырға арта). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ҡоростоң_үҙсәнлектәре"><span id=".D2.A0.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D2.A3_.D2.AF.D2.99.D1.81.D3.99.D0.BD.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5"></span>Ҡоростоң үҙсәнлектәре</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Ҡоростоң үҙсәнлектәре бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=6" title="Ҡоростоң үҙсәнлектәре бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Diag_FeC_domaines_acier_fonte_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diag_FeC_domaines_acier_fonte_en.svg/220px-Diag_FeC_domaines_acier_fonte_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diag_FeC_domaines_acier_fonte_en.svg/330px-Diag_FeC_domaines_acier_fonte_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Diag_FeC_domaines_acier_fonte_en.svg/440px-Diag_FeC_domaines_acier_fonte_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80-%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Тимер-углерод иретмәһе торошо диаграммаһы (был бит юҡ)">Тимер-углерод иретмәһе торошо диаграммаһы</a>, ҡорос өлкәһе күк төҫ менән билдәләнгән</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Физик_үҙсәнлектәре"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BA_.D2.AF.D2.99.D1.81.D3.99.D0.BD.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5"></span>Физик үҙсәнлектәре</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Физик үҙсәнлектәре бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=7" title="Физик үҙсәнлектәре бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>тығыҙлығы ρ ≈ 7,86 г/см<sup>3</sup>; һыҙыҡлы йылылыҡ киңәйеү коэффициенты α = (11…13)•10<sup>−6</sup> K<sup>−1</sup>;</li> <li>йылылыҡ үткәреүсәнлек коэффициенты <i>k</i> = 58 Вт/(м•K);</li> <li>Юнга модуле <i>E</i> = 210 ГПа;</li> <li>күсеш модуле <i>G</i> = 80 ГПа;</li> <li>Пуассон коэффициенты ν = 0,28…0,30;</li> <li>сағыштырма электр ҡаршылығы (20 °C, 0,37—0,42 % углерод) = 1,71•10<sup>−7</sup> Ом•м.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Үҙсәнлектәренең_составҡа_һәм_структураға_бәйлелеге"><span id=".D2.AE.D2.99.D1.81.D3.99.D0.BD.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BA.D1.82.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D2.A3_.D1.81.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B2.D2.A1.D0.B0_.D2.BB.D3.99.D0.BC_.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D1.83.D0.BA.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0.D2.93.D0.B0_.D0.B1.D3.99.D0.B9.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.B3.D0.B5"></span>Үҙсәнлектәренең составҡа һәм структураға бәйлелеге</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Үҙсәнлектәренең составҡа һәм структураға бәйлелеге бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=8" title="Үҙсәнлектәренең составҡа һәм структураға бәйлелеге бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ҡоростоң үҙсәнлектәре уларҙың составына һәм структураһына бәйле, улар түбәндәге элементтарҙың булыуы һәм проценттарҙа нисбәте менән яһала: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод">Углерод</a> — элемент, ҡороста уның миҡдары артыу менән ҡоростоң ҡатылығы һәм ныҡлығы арта, шуның менән бергә <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%AE%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Үҙлелек (физика) (был бит юҡ)">үҙлелеге</a> кәмей.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кремний">Кремний</a> һәм <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Марганец">марганец</a> (0,5 … 0,7 % сиктәрендә) ҡоростоң үҙсәнлегенә һиҙелерлек йоғонто яһамаҙар. Был элементтар, кислотаһыҙландырыу операцияһы ваҡытында ҡоростоң күпселек углеродлы һәм түбән ҡатыштырылған маркаларына индерелә (башта — ферромарганец, аҙаҡ — ферросилиций, осһоҙ кислотаһыҙландырыусы ферроиретмәләр булараҡ).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82" title="Көкөрт">Көкөрт</a> зарарлы ҡушылма булып тора, тимер менән FeS (көкөртлө тимер) химик берләшмә барлыҡҡа килтерә. Ҡороста көкөртлө тимер тимер менән иреү температураһы 1258 К булған эвтектика барлыҡҡа килтерә, ул материалды йылытып баҫым менән эшкәрткәндә һыныусанлыҡҡа сәбәпсе була. Күрһәтелгән эвтектика термик эшкәрткәндә ирей, һөҙөмтәлә бөртөктәр араһында ярыҡ барлыҡҡа килеп бәйләнеш юғала. Бынан тыш, көкөрт ҡоростоң үҙлелеген һәм ныҡлығын, туҙыуға бирешмәүсәнлеген һәм тутығыуға бирешмәүсәнлеген кәметә.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Фосфор">Фосфор</a> шулай уҡ зарарлы ҡушылма булып тора, сөнки ҡоросҡа һыуыҡта һыныусанлыҡ (түбән температурала һыныусанлыҡ) бирә<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Был шуның менән аңлатыла, фосфор көслө эске кристаллик <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1128724"><span class="ts-comment-commentedText" title="бер төрлө магманың температура түбәнәйгәндә составы буйынса төрлө ике йәки күберәк ҡушылмаусан магмаға тарҡалыу">ликвация</span> процесын тыуҙыра. Ләкин күп миҡдарҙа фосфоры булған, «автомат ҡорос» тип аталған ҡоростар төркөмө бар, уларҙан эшләнгән металл изделиеларҙы киҫеп эшкәртеүе еңел (мәҫәлән, револьверлы токарь станок-ярымавтоматтарҙа болттар, гайкалар һәм башҡалар).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Феррит (металлургия) (был бит юҡ)">Феррит</a> —күләмле үҙәкләштерелгән кристаллик решеткалы тимер. Уның нигеҙендә иретмәләр йомшаҡ һәм пластик микроструктураға эйә.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цементит (был бит юҡ)">Цементит</a> — тимер карбиды, формулаһы Fe<sub>3</sub>C булған химик берләшмә, киреһенсә, ҡоросҡа ныҡлыҡ бирә. Эвтектоидтан ары ҡорос структураһында ирекле цементит булғанда (С 0,8%-тан артыҡ) углерод миҡдары һәм механик үҙсәнлектәр комплексы: ҡатылыҡ, һуҡма үҙлелек һәм ныҡлыҡ араһында аныҡ бәйләнеш юғала.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Перлит (металловедение) (был бит юҡ)">Перлит</a> — ике фазаның — ферриттың һәм цементиттың эвтектоидлы (ваҡ дисперслы механик) ҡатышмаһы, 1/8 өлөш цементит инә (теүәлерәк — «рычаг» ҡағиҙәһенә ярашлы, әгәр углеродтың ферритта бүлмә температураһында иреүсәнлеген иҫәпкә алмағанда — 0,8/6,67) һәм шуға күрә феррит менән сағыштырғанда юғары ныҡлыҡҡа һәм ҡатылыҡҡа эйә. Шуға ла эвтектоидҡа тиклемге ҡоростар, эвтектоидтан ары ҡоростарға ҡарағанда күпкә үҙлерәк.</li></ul> <p>Ҡороста 2,14 %-ҡа тиклем углерод була. Ҡорос тураһында тимер менән углерод иретмәһе булараҡ фәндең нигеҙен тимер-углерод иретмәләре торошо диаграммаһы — тимер менән углерод иретмәһенең уларҙың химик составына һәм температураһына бәйле фаза торошоноң график сағылышы тәшкил итә. Ҡоростоң механик һәм башҡа характеристикаларын яҡшыртыу өсөн легирлауҙы (ҡушымталар индереү) файҙаланалар. Күпселек ҡоростарҙы легирлауҙың төп маҡсаты — ферритта һәм аустенитта ҡушымта элементтарҙы иретеү иҫәбенә ныҡлығын арттырыу, карбидтар барлыҡҡа килтереү. Бынан тыш, ҡушымта элементтар тутығыуға ҡаршы ныҡлығын, эҫегә бирешмәүсәнлеген арттырырға мөмкиндәр. Хром, марганец, молибден, вольфрам, ванадий, титан кеүек элементтар карбидтар барлыҡҡа килтерәләр, ә никель, кремний, баҡыр, алюминий карбид барлыҡҡа килтермәйҙәр. Бынан тыш, легирлаусы элементтар сыныҡтырғанда һыуыныуҙың критик тиҙлеген кәметәләр, быны сыныҡтырыу режимын (йылытыу температураһын һәм һыуытыу мөхитен) билдәләләгәндә иҫәпкә алырға кәрәк. Легирлаусы элементтарҙың байтаҡ ҙур миҡдарында структура һиҙелерлек үҙгәрергә мөмкин, был углеродлы ҡорос менән сағыштырғанда яңы структур кластарҙың барлыҡҡа килеүенә килтерә. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ҡоросто_эшкәртеү"><span id=".D2.A0.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE_.D1.8D.D1.88.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B5.D2.AF"></span>Ҡоросто эшкәртеү</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Ҡоросто эшкәртеү бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=9" title="Ҡоросто эшкәртеү бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Йылылыҡ_менән_эшкәртеү_төрҙәре"><span id=".D0.99.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.A1_.D0.BC.D0.B5.D0.BD.D3.99.D0.BD_.D1.8D.D1.88.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B5.D2.AF_.D1.82.D3.A9.D1.80.D2.99.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5"></span>Йылылыҡ менән эшкәртеү төрҙәре</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Йылылыҡ менән эшкәртеү төрҙәре бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=10" title="Йылылыҡ менән эшкәртеү төрҙәре бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ҡорос баштағы торошонда үҙле, уны формаһын үҙгәртеү юлы менән (баҫым) эшкәртеп була: сүкеү, вальцовкалау, штамплау. Ҡоросто йылылыҡ менән эшкәрткәндән һуң үҙенең механик үҙсәнлектәрен һиҙелерлек үҙгәртеү һәләте уның төп үҙенсәлеге булып тора. Уның асылы махсус режим буйынса йылытҡанда, оҙаҡ тотҡанда һәм һыуытҡанда ҡоростоң структураһының үҙгәреүенән ғибәрәт. Йылытып эшкәртеүҙең түбәндәге төрҙәре бар: </p> <ul><li>Яндырыу;</li> <li>нормалләштереү;</li> <li>сыныҡтырыу;</li> <li>ҡоросто ҡайтарыу (ҡоросто эшкәртеп ватылыусанлығын кәметеү).</li></ul> <p>Ҡорос ни тиклем углеродҡа бай, шул тиклем ул сыныҡтырғандан һуң ҡатыраҡ була. Углероды 0,3 %-ҡа тиклем булған ҡорос (техник тимер) сыныҡтырыуға бирелмәй. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ҡоросто_химик-термик_эшкәртеү"><span id=".D2.A0.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE_.D1.85.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BA-.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BC.D0.B8.D0.BA_.D1.8D.D1.88.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B5.D2.AF"></span>Ҡоросто химик-термик эшкәртеү</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Ҡоросто химик-термик эшкәртеү бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=11" title="Ҡоросто химик-термик эшкәртеү бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ҡоросто химик-термик эшкәртеү, структураһындағы үҙгәрештәргә өҫтәп, өҫкө йөҙөнөң билдәле бер тәрәнлегенә тиклем төрлө химик мәтдәләр өҫтәү юлы менән, өҫкө йөҙөнөң химик составын үҙгәртеүгә килтерә. Был процедуралар махсус мөхиттә контролдә тотолған йылытыу һәм һыуытыу системаларын ҡулланыуҙы талап итә. Был технологияларҙы ҡулланыу маҡсаттарының иң таралғандары араһында, урта өлөшө ныҡ үҙле булғанда өҫкө йөҙөнөң ҡатылығын арттырыу, ышҡылыу көсөн кәметеү, туҙыуға бирешмәүсәнлеген арттырыу, арыуға тотороҡлолоғон күтәреү һәм тутығыуға бирешмәүсәнлеген яҡшыртыу тора. Был ысулдарға инәләр: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ҡоросто цементациялау (был бит юҡ)">Цементациялау</a> (C) өҫкө өлөшөндә углеродтың концентрацияһы артыу сәбәпле йомшаҡ ҡоростоң өҫкө йөҙөнөң ҡатылығын арттыра.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Азотлау (был бит юҡ)">Азотлау</a> (N), цементациялау кеүек үк, йөҙөнөң ҡатылығын һәм туҙыуға бирешмәүсәнлеген арттыра.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D2%A1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Цианидлау (ҡорос ҡойоу производствоһы) (был бит юҡ)">Цианидлау</a> һәм <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ҡоросто нитроцементациялау (был бит юҡ)">нитроцементациялау</a> (N + C) — ҡоростоң өҫкө йөҙөн бер үк ваҡытта углерод һәм азот менән туйындырыу процесы. Цианидлағанда составында NaCN төркөмө булған тоҙҙар иретмәһен, ә нитроцементациялағанда —аммиактың составында углерод (СО, СН<sub>4</sub> и др.) булған газдар менән ҡатышмаһын ҡулланалар. Цианидлағандан һәм нитроцементациялағандан һуң сыныҡтыралар һәм ҡайтаралар (ҡоросто эшкәртеп ватылыусанлығын кәметеү).</li> <li>Сульфатлаштырыу (S) — өҫкө йөҙөн көкөрт менән туйындырыу деталдәрҙең ышҡылыусы йөҙҙөрен яҡшырта, ышҡылыу коэффициенты кәмей.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ҡоростоң_ҡайһы_бер_төрҙәре"><span id=".D2.A0.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE.D2.A3_.D2.A1.D0.B0.D0.B9.D2.BB.D1.8B_.D0.B1.D0.B5.D1.80_.D1.82.D3.A9.D1.80.D2.99.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5"></span>Ҡоростоң ҡайһы бер төрҙәре</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Ҡоростоң ҡайһы бер төрҙәре бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=12" title="Ҡоростоң ҡайһы бер төрҙәре бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ҡоростоң маркалары </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D1%8B_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Металдарҙы йылылыҡ менән эшкәртеү (был бит юҡ)">Йылылыҡ менән эшкәртеү</a> </th> <th>Ҡатылығы (үҙәге-өҫкө йөҙө) </th></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%AF_(%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Нормалләштереү (йылылыҡ менән эшкәртеү) (был бит юҡ)">нормалләштереү</a> </td> <td>163—192 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D2%A1%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%83_(%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Яҡшыртыу (йылылыҡ менән эшкәртеү) (был бит юҡ)">яҡшыртыу</a> </td> <td>192—228 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td>нормалләштереү </td> <td>179—207 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td>яҡшыртыу </td> <td>235—262 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>55 </td> <td>сыныҡтырыу һәм юғары ҡайтарыу </td> <td>212—248 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td>сыныҡтырыу һәм юғары ҡайтарыу </td> <td>217—255 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>70 </td> <td>сыныҡтырыу һәм юғары ҡайтарыу </td> <td>229—269 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td>сыныҡтырыу һәм юғары ҡайтарыу </td> <td>269—302 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>У9 </td> <td>яндырыу </td> <td>192 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>У9 </td> <td>сыныҡтырыу </td> <td>50—58 HRC </td></tr> <tr> <td>У10 </td> <td>яндырыу </td> <td>197 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>У10 </td> <td>сыныҡтырыу </td> <td>62—63 HRC </td></tr> <tr> <td>40Х </td> <td>яҡшыртыу </td> <td>235—262 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>40Х </td> <td>яҡшыртыу+ юғары йышлыҡтағы ток менән <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%99%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Металдарҙы сыныҡтырыу (был бит юҡ)">сыныҡтырыу</a> </td> <td>45-50 HRC; 269—302 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>40ХН </td> <td>яҡшыртыу </td> <td>235—262 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>40ХН </td> <td>яҡшыртыу+ юғары йышлыҡтағы ток менән сыныҡтырыу </td> <td>48-53 HRC; 269—302 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>35ХМ </td> <td>яҡшыртыу </td> <td>235—262 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>35ХМ </td> <td>яҡшыртыу+ юғары йышлыҡтағы ток менән сыныҡтырыу </td> <td>48-53 HRC; 269—302 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>35Л </td> <td>нормалләштереү </td> <td>163—207 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>40Л </td> <td>нормалләштереү </td> <td>147 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>40ГЛ </td> <td>яҡшыртыу </td> <td>235—262 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>45Л </td> <td>яҡшыртыу </td> <td>207—235 HB </td></tr> <tr> <td>65Г </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бринелль ысулы (был бит юҡ)">HB — Бринелль буйынса ҡатылыҡ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Роквелл ысулы (был бит юҡ)">HRC — Роквелл буйынса ҡатылыҡ</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ҡорос_етештереү"><span id=".D2.A0.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81_.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.88.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D2.AF"></span>Ҡорос етештереү</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Ҡорос етештереү бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=13" title="Ҡорос етештереү бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Донъяла_ҡорос_етештереү"><span id=".D0.94.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.8A.D1.8F.D0.BB.D0.B0_.D2.A1.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81_.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.88.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D2.AF"></span>Донъяла ҡорос етештереү</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Донъяла ҡорос етештереү бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=14" title="Донъяла ҡорос етештереү бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ҡорос етештереүҙә Ҡытай донъя лидеры булып тора, 2017 йыл һөҙөмтәләре буйынса уның өлөшө 49 % тәшкил итә. </p><p>2015 йылда донъяла бөтәһео 1 620 млн тонна ҡорос етештерелә, 2017 йылда донъя етештереү күләме 1 691,2 млн тонна тәшкил итә<sup id="cite_ref-steel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ҡорос иретеү буйынса ун лидер-илдәр исемлегенә инәләр<sup id="cite_ref-steel_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ил</th> <th>2017 йылда иретелгән, млн тонн </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="right">831,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Япония">Япония</a></td> <td align="right">104,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һиндостан">Һиндостан</a></td> <td align="right">101,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A0%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="АҠШ">АҠШ</a></td> <td align="right">81,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Рәсәй">Рәсәй</a></td> <td align="right">71,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Көньяҡ Корея">Көньяҡ Корея</a></td> <td align="right">71,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия">Германия</a></td> <td align="right">43,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D3%99" title="Төркиә">Төркиә</a></td> <td align="right">37,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия">Бразилия</a></td> <td align="right">34,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия">Италия</a></td> <td align="right">24,0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ҡорос етештереү континент һәм төбәктәр буйынса ошолай бүленә: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Донъя төбәктәре</th> <th>2011 йыл</th> <th>2017 йыл </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Азия">Азия</a></td> <td align="right">954 190</td> <td>1 162 500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Европа союзы">Европа союзы</a> (27)</td> <td align="right">177 431</td> <td>168 700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Төньяҡ Америка">Төньяҡ Америка</a></td> <td align="right">118 927</td> <td>116 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%94%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="БДБ">БДБ</a> (6)</td> <td align="right">112 434</td> <td>102 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Көньяҡ Америка">Көньяҡ Америка</a></td> <td align="right">48 357</td> <td>43 700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа">Ҡалған Европа</a></td> <td align="right">37 181</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Яҡын Көнсығыш">Яҡын Көнсығыш</a></td> <td align="right">20 325</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Африка">Африка</a></td> <td align="right">13 966</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Океания">Океания</a></td> <td align="right">7 248</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80" title="Ер">Бөтәһе донъяла</a></th> <th align="right">1 490 060</th> <th>1 691 200 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008_йыл"><span id="2008_.D0.B9.D1.8B.D0.BB"></span>2008 йыл</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=15" title="2008 йыл бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=15" title="2008 йыл бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2008 йылда донъяла 1 млрд 329,7 млн тонна ҡорос етештерелә, был 2007 йылдағынан 1,2 %-ҡа кәм. Был йыллыҡ етештереү күләменең һуңғы 11 йылда тәүге ҡыҫҡарыуы була. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_йыл"><span id="2009_.D0.B9.D1.8B.D0.BB"></span>2009 йыл</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=16" title="2009 йыл бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=16" title="2009 йыл бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Донъя ҡорос иретеү тармағында өлөшө 98%-тан кәм булмаған донъяның 66 илендә, 2009 йылдың тәүге алты айы һөҙөмтәһе буйынса, алдағы йылдың шул уҡ осоро менән сағыштырғанда, ҡорос етештереү 21,3 %-ҡа кәмей — 698,2 млн тоннанан 549,3 млн тоннаға тиклем (World Steel Association статистикаһы). </p><p>Ҡытай 2008 йылдың шул уҡ осорона ҡарата ҡорос етештереүҙе 1,2 %-ҡа — 266,6 млн тоннаға тиклем арттыра, Һиндостанда ҡорос етештереү 1,3 %-ҡа — 27,6 млн тоннаға тиклем арта. </p><p>Ҡорос етештереү АҠШ-та 51,5 %-ҡа, Японияла — 40,7 %-ҡа, Көньяҡ Кореяла — 17,3 %-ҡа, Германияла — 43,5 %-ҡа, Италияла — 42,8 %-ҡа, Францияла — 41,5 %-ҡа, Бөйөк Британяла — 41,8 %-ҡа, Бразилияла — 39,5 %-ҡа, Рәсәйҙә — 30,2 %-ҡа, Украинала — 38,8 %ҡа кәмей. </p><p>2009 йылдың июнендә ҡорос етештерең донъяла 99,8 млн тонна тәшкил итә, был 2009 йылдың май айы менән сағыштырғанда 4,1 %-ҡа күберәк. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Донъяның_төп_ҡорос_етештереүселәре_рейтингы"><span id=".D0.94.D0.BE.D0.BD.D1.8A.D1.8F.D0.BD.D1.8B.D2.A3_.D1.82.D3.A9.D0.BF_.D2.A1.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81_.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.88.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D2.AF.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80.D0.B5_.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B9.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B3.D1.8B"></span>Донъяның төп ҡорос етештереүселәре рейтингы</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Донъяның төп ҡорос етештереүселәре рейтингы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=17" title="Донъяның төп ҡорос етештереүселәре рейтингы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Төрлө йылдарҙа эре етештереүселәр буйынса ҡорос етештереү (млн тонналарҙа): </p> <table class="standard sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Рейтинг<br /> 2019 йылда </th> <th>Етештереүсе</th> <th>Ил</th> <th>Етештереү<br />2006 йылда<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Етештереү<br />2007 йылда<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Етештереү<br />2019 йылда<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ArcelorMittal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArcelorMittal (был бит юҡ)">ArcelorMittal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Люксембург">Люксембург</a></td> <td align="center">117,98 </td> <td align="center">116,40</td> <td align="center">97,31 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nippon_Steel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nippon Steel (был бит юҡ)">Nippon Steel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Япония">Япония</a></td> <td align="center">33,70 </td> <td align="center">34,50</td> <td align="center">51,68 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=JFE_Holdings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JFE Holdings (был бит юҡ)">JFE Steel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Япония">Япония</a></td> <td align="center">31,83 </td> <td align="center">33,80</td> <td align="center">27,35 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=POSCO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="POSCO (был бит юҡ)">POSCO</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Республика Корея (был бит юҡ)">К. Корея</a></td> <td align="center">31,20 </td> <td align="center">32,78</td> <td align="center">43,12 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Baowu_Steel_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Baowu Steel Group (был бит юҡ)">China Baowu Group</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Baoshan_Iron_and_Steel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baoshan Iron and Steel (был бит юҡ)">Shanghai Baosteel</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="center">22,53 </td> <td align="center">28,58</td> <td align="center">95,47 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tata_Steel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tata Steel (был бит юҡ)">Tata Steel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һиндостан">Һиндостан</a></td> <td align="center">23,95 </td> <td align="center">26,52</td> <td align="center">30,15 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td>Shagang Group (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiangsu_Shagang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiangsu Shagang (был бит юҡ)">Jiangsu Shagang</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="center">14,63 </td> <td align="center">22,89</td> <td align="center">41,10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td>HBIS Group (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangshang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tangshang (был бит юҡ)">Tangshang</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="center">19,06 </td> <td align="center">22,75</td> <td align="center">46,56 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">26</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Steel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Steel (был бит юҡ)">US Steel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A0%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="АҠШ">АҠШ</a></td> <td align="center">21,25 </td> <td align="center">20,54</td> <td align="center">15.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td>China Baowu Group (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuhan (был бит юҡ)">Wuhan</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="center">13,76 </td> <td align="center">20,19</td> <td align="center">- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nucor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nucor (был бит юҡ)">Nucor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A0%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="АҠШ">АҠШ</a></td> <td align="center">20,31 </td> <td align="center">20,04</td> <td align="center">23,09 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ArcelorMittal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArcelorMittal (был бит юҡ)">ArcelorMittal (Riva)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италия">Италия</a></td> <td align="center">18,19 </td> <td align="center">17,91</td> <td align="center">- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">30</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerdau_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerdau Group (был бит юҡ)">Gerdau Group</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия">Бразилия</a></td> <td align="center">15,57 </td> <td align="center">17,90</td> <td align="center">13,13 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">35</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ThyssenKrupp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ThyssenKrupp (был бит юҡ)">ThyssenKrupp</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия">Германия</a></td> <td align="center">16,80 </td> <td align="center">17,02</td> <td align="center">12,25 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">37</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Северсталь (был бит юҡ)">Северсталь</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Рәсәй">Рәсәй</a></td> <td align="center">17,60 </td> <td align="center">16,75</td> <td align="center">11,85 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">28</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Евраз (был бит юҡ)">Евраз</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Рәсәй">Рәсәй</a></td> <td align="center">16,10 </td> <td align="center">16,30</td> <td align="center">13,81 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td>Ansteel Group (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anshan (был бит юҡ)">Anshan</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="center">15,00 </td> <td align="center">16,17</td> <td align="center">39,20 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Baowu_Steel_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Baowu Steel Group (был бит юҡ)">China Baowu Group</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maanshan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maanshan (был бит юҡ)">Maanshan</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="center">10,91 </td> <td align="center">14,16</td> <td align="center">- </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steel_Authority_of_India_Limited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steel Authority of India Limited (был бит юҡ)">Sail</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Һиндостан">Һиндостан</a></td> <td align="center">13,50 </td> <td align="center">13,87</td> <td align="center">16,18 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">32</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Магнитогорск металлургия комбинаты (был бит юҡ)">ММК</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Рәсәй">Рәсәй</a></td> <td align="center">12,45 </td> <td align="center">13,30</td> <td align="center">12,46 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">24</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Techint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Techint (был бит юҡ)">Techint</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аргентина">Аргентина</a></td> <td align="center">12,83 </td> <td align="center">13,20</td> <td align="center">14,44 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shougang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shougang (был бит юҡ)">Shougang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="center">10,55 </td> <td align="center">12,85</td> <td align="center">29,34 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">23</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=China_Steel_Corp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="China Steel Corp (был бит юҡ)">China Steel Corp</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Тайвань">Тайвань</a></td> <td align="center">12,48 </td> <td align="center">12,67</td> <td align="center">15,23 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td>Shandong Steel (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinan (был бит юҡ)">Jinan</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="center">11,24 </td> <td align="center">12,12</td> <td align="center">27,58 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td>Jianlong Group</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="center">- </td> <td align="center">-</td> <td align="center">31,19 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13 </td> <td>Valin Group</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҡытай">Ҡытай</a></td> <td align="center">- </td> <td align="center">-</td> <td align="center">24.31 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Рәсәйҙә_төп_ҡорос_етештереүселәр"><span id=".D0.A0.D3.99.D1.81.D3.99.D0.B9.D2.99.D3.99_.D1.82.D3.A9.D0.BF_.D2.A1.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81_.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.88.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D2.AF.D1.81.D0.B5.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Рәсәйҙә төп ҡорос етештереүселәр</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Рәсәйҙә төп ҡорос етештереүселәр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=18" title="Рәсәйҙә төп ҡорос етештереүселәр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="dablink">Шулай уҡ ҡарағыҙ: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Металлургия России (был бит юҡ)">Металлургия России</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D3%99%D2%AF&wpDestFile=StalRUS.png" class="new" title="Файл:StalRUS.png"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="270">Файл:StalRUS.png</span></a><figcaption>Рәсәйҙә 1992—2015 йылдарҙа ҡорос етештереү, млн тонналарҙа</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable standard"> <caption>Рәсәй компанияларының донъя рейтингтарында урыны (млн тонналарҙа): </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Рейтинг<br />2019 йылда<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Етештереүсе</th> <th>Етештереү<br />2006 йылда<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Етештереү<br />2007 йылда<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Етештереү<br />2010 йылда<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Етештереү<br />2019 йылда<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">37</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Северсталь (был бит юҡ)">Северсталь</a></td> <td align="center">17,60</td> <td align="center">16,75</td> <td align="center">14,70</td> <td align="center">11,85 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">28</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Евраз (был бит юҡ)">Евраз</a></td> <td align="center">16,10</td> <td align="center">16,30</td> <td align="center">16,29</td> <td align="center">13,81 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">32</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Магнитогорск металлургическия комбинаты (был бит юҡ)">ММК</a></td> <td align="center">12,45</td> <td align="center">13,30</td> <td align="center">11,40</td> <td align="center">12,46 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">21</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Новолипецк металлургия комбинаты (был бит юҡ)">НЛМК</a></td> <td align="center">9,13</td> <td align="center">9,06</td> <td align="center">11,50</td> <td align="center">15,61 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">70</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Металлоинвест (был бит юҡ)">Металлоинвест</a></td> <td align="center">6,28</td> <td align="center">6,43</td> <td align="center">6,10</td> <td align="center">4,87 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">86</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Мечел (компания) (был бит юҡ)">Мечел</a></td> <td align="center">5,95</td> <td align="center">6,09</td> <td align="center">6,07</td> <td align="center">3,60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">100</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Торба металлургия компанияһы">ТМК</a></td> <td align="center">2,15</td> <td align="center">2,19</td> <td align="center">2,60</td> <td align="center">3,12 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Сифат_һәм_ҡорос_продукцияһына_ярашлылыҡ_сертификаттары"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.B0.D1.82_.D2.BB.D3.99.D0.BC_.D2.A1.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B4.D1.83.D0.BA.D1.86.D0.B8.D1.8F.D2.BB.D1.8B.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.8F.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.88.D0.BB.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.A1_.D1.81.D0.B5.D1.80.D1.82.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.8B"></span>Сифат һәм ҡорос продукцияһына ярашлылыҡ сертификаттары</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Сифат һәм ҡорос продукцияһына ярашлылыҡ сертификаттары бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=19" title="Сифат һәм ҡорос продукцияһына ярашлылыҡ сертификаттары бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF:%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ҡалып:Глобализировать (был бит юҡ)">Ҡалып:Глобализировать</a> Ҡорос продукцияһының күпселек өлөшө мотлаҡ сертификацияланырға тейеш. Ябайлыҡ өсөн был бүлектә артабан «прокат» телгә алынасаҡ, ләкин шул уҡ талаптар сүкелмәләргә, ҡойолмаларға, металл эшләнмәләргә (әйберҙәргә) (мәҫәлән, сым, һалҡын прокат таҫмаһы) һәм башҡаларға ла ҡағыла. Сифат сертификаты предприятие-етештереүсе тарафынан рәсмиләштерелә һәм продукцияның ғәмәлдәге нормативтарға (ГОСТ-ҡа, ТУ һәм башҡаларға) тап килеүен раҫлай. </p><p>Төп нормалаштырылыусы характеристикалар: </p> <ul><li>сортамент, йәғни прокат геометрияһы (үлсәмдәре, оҙонлоғо, рөхсәт ителгән кәкрелек һәм башҡалар);</li> <li>ҡоростоң химик составы;</li> <li>техник шарттар (механик үҙсәнлектәр, өҫкө йөҙөнөң эшләнеше, айырым төрҙәр өсөн — ҡоростоң структураһы һәм ҡайһы бер башҡа параметрҙар).</li></ul> <p>Прокаттың ниндәйҙер төрҙәре өсөн һәр характеристика айырым ГОСТ менән нормалаштырыла; ниндәйҙер ГОСТтар ике һәм хатта бөтә өс характеристиканы берләштерә. </p><p>Миҫалдар: </p><p>1. Ҡоростоң 3сп-5 маркаһынан эҫеләй һуҙылған 50х50х5 мм оҙонлоғо 12,0 м булған мөйөш өс ГОСТ менән нормалаштырыла: </p> <ul><li>ГОСТ 8509-93 — үлсәменә (50х50х5мм), сымдың оҙонлоғона 12,0 м, рөхсәт ителгән кәкрелегенә һәм башҡалар.</li> <li>ГОСТ 380—2005 химик составына (ст3сп)</li> <li>ГОСТ 535—2005 механик үҙсәнлектәренә</li></ul> <p>2. ст20 маркаһынан эҫеләй һуҙылған 25 мм түңәрәк тик ике ГОСТ менән нормалаштырыла: </p> <ul><li>ГОСТ 2590—2006 — 25 мм диаметрына һәм рөхсәт ителгән кәкрелегенә.</li> <li>ГОСТ 1050-88 (яңы редакция 1050—2013) химик составына, механик үҙсәнлектәренә, өҫкө йөҙөнөң сифатына һәм башҡалар.</li></ul> <p>3. Арматура АIII 28 мм 25Г2С маркаһынан — бөтә параметрҙары ГОСТ 5781-82 буйынса регламентлана. </p><p>Ярашлылыҡ сертификаттары (башлыса), предприятие эшләп сығарған прокаттың теге йәки был төрө, прокатҡа тура ҡағылышы булмаған талаптарға: санитар-гигиеник, төҙөлөш, сәнәғәттең атом, авиация, суднолар төҙөү һәм ҡайһы бер башҡа махсус өлкәләренә кәрәкле прокатҡа ҡуйылған айырым талаптарға, яуап бирә тип раҫлай. Бындай сертификаттар, прокаттың тәғәйенләнешенә бәйле, махсус вәкәләт бирелгән ойошмалар тарафынан бирелә. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Иҫкәрмәләр"><span id=".D0.98.D2.AB.D0.BA.D3.99.D1.80.D0.BC.D3.99.D0.BB.D3.99.D1.80"></span>Иҫкәрмәләр</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=20" title="Иҫкәрмәләр бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-_240b13e23519be39-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-_240b13e23519be39_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simetric.co.uk/si_metals.htm">https://www.simetric.co.uk/si_metals.htm</a><span class="wef_low_priority_links"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ГОСТ 380-71, ГОСТ 1050-75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.complexdoc.ru/text/ГОСТ%204543-71">ГОСТ 4543-71, ГОСТ 5632-72, ГОСТ 14959-79</a> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2015 йыл 23 сентябрь <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210045/http://www.complexdoc.ru/text/%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%204543-71">архивланған</a>.</span></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-therm_conduct-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-therm_conduct_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemanalytica.com/book/novyy_spravochnik_khimika_i_tekhnologa/12_obshchie_svedeniya/6099">Раздел 3.7. Теплопроводность</a></span> // Новый справочник химика и технолога. — Спб.: MMVI, НПО «Профессионал», 2006. — Т. 12.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Васильев А.В., Ермаков С.Б</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://refrigeration.ihbt.ifmo.ru/file/article/7706.pdf">Причины разрушения высокопрочных сталей при пониженных температурах</a> // <i>Науч. журн. НИУ ИТМО; серия «Холодильная техника и кондиционирование»</i>. — 2008. — № 2.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steel-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-steel_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-steel_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.steelland.ru/news/metallurgy/9483.html">Мировое производство стали в 2017 году выросло на 5,3 процента</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1">7,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2">7,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3">7,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Wold top steelmakers of 2007 // <i>Metal Bulletin Weekly</i>. — 17 March 2008. — № 9038. — С. 7.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1">8,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2">8,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span lang="en"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:21ca3ee7-4e2b-4c4e-b07d-47b139553ee1/2019%2520Top%2520Steel%2520Producers%2520and%2520tonnage%2520of%2520worldsteel%2520members_28May2020.pdf">Top steelmakers in 2019</a></span> <span class="ref-info" style="cursor:help;" title="на языке инглиз теле">(ингл.)</span>. World steel association.</span> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2020 йыл 23 ноябрь <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123224236/https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:21ca3ee7-4e2b-4c4e-b07d-47b139553ee1/2019%2520Top%2520Steel%2520Producers%2520and%2520tonnage%2520of%2520worldsteel%2520members_28May2020.pdf">архивланған</a>.</span></small></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span lang="und"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metalbulletin.com/stub.aspx?stubid=12542">Metal Bulletin</a></span><span class="hidden-ref" style="display:none;">  <span class="ref-info" title="телендә" style="font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">(билдәһеҙ)</span></span>. <i>www.metalbulletin.com</i>. <small>Дата обращения: 22 ноябрь 2020.</small></span> <small><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> 2020 йыл 27 ноябрь <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015616/https://www.metalbulletin.com/stub.aspx?stubid=12542">архивланған</a>.</span></small></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Һылтанмалар"><span id=".D2.BA.D1.8B.D0.BB.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Һылтанмалар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Һылтанмалар бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81&action=edit&section=21" title="Һылтанмалар бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343" id="CITEREFБЭ2015—2024"><span data-wikidata-qualifier-id="P248"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bashenc.online/ba/articles/index.php/read/8-statya/8440-oros/">Ҡорос</a></span> // <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bashenc.online/ba/articles/"></a><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Башҡорт энциклопедияһы">Башҡорт энциклопедияһы</a>. — Өфө: <a href="/wiki/%C2%AB%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B%C2%BB_%D2%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="«Башҡорт энциклопедияһы» ғилми-нәшриәт комплексы">БР ДАҒУ «Башҡорт энциклопедияһы»</a>, 2015—2024. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9785881851439" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-5-88185-143-9</a>.</span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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