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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> <p><b>Lake Toba</b> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indonesian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Danau Toba</i>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toba_Batak_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak</a>: ᯖᯀᯬ ᯖᯬᯅ; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanized?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanized">romanized</a>: <i>Tao Toba</i>) is a large natural <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake">lake</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Sumatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, Indonesia, occupying the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caldera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caldera">caldera</a> of the <b>Toba <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supervolcano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supervolcano">supervolcano</a></b>. The lake is located in the middle of the northern part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Island">island</a> of Sumatra, with a surface elevation of about 900 metres (2,953 ft), the lake stretches from <span class="geo-inline"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DLake_Toba%26params%3D2.88_N_98.52_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°53′N</span> <span class="longitude">98°31′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.88°N 98.52°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">2.88; 98.52</span></span></span></a></span></span> to <span class="geo-inline"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DLake_Toba%26params%3D2.35_N_99.1_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">99°06′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.35°N 99.1°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">2.35; 99.1</span></span></span></a></span></span>. The lake is about 100 kilometres (62 miles) long, 30 kilometres (19 mi) wide, and up to 505 metres (1,657 ft) deep. It is the largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in Indonesia">lake in Indonesia</a> and the largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanic_lake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic lake">volcanic lake</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldLakes_1-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WorldLakes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toba Caldera is one of twenty <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geopark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geopark">geoparks</a> in Indonesia,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was recognised in July 2020 as one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Geoparks_Network?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Geoparks Network">UNESCO Global Geoparks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="infobox vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Lake Toba</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname" style="font-size:100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Danau Toba</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indonesian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>)</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lake_Toba_and_the_surrounding_hills.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lake_Toba_and_the_surrounding_hills.jpg/296px-Lake_Toba_and_the_surrounding_hills.jpg" decoding="async" width="296" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lake_Toba_and_the_surrounding_hills.jpg/444px-Lake_Toba_and_the_surrounding_hills.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lake_Toba_and_the_surrounding_hills.jpg/592px-Lake_Toba_and_the_surrounding_hills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></a></span> <div class="infobox-caption"> A view of Lake Toba and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samosir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samosir">Samosir Island</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"> <div class="switcher-container"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style> <div class="center"> <div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <div style="width:256px;padding:0"> <div style="position:relative;width:256px"> <span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Indonesia_relief_location_map.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Toba is located in Indonesia"><img alt="Lake Toba is located in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesia_relief_location_map.jpg/256px-Indonesia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesia_relief_location_map.jpg/384px-Indonesia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Indonesia_relief_location_map.jpg/512px-Indonesia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="460"></a></span> <div class="od notheme" style="top:21.222%;left:9.319%;font-size:91%"> <div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"> <span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lake Toba"><img alt="Lake Toba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span> </div> <div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"> <div> Lake Toba </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Indonesia</span> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"> <div class="center"> <div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"> <div style="width:256px;padding:0"> <div style="position:relative;width:256px"> <span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Indonesia_Sumatra_relief_location_map.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Toba is located in Sumatra"><img alt="Lake Toba is located in Sumatra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Indonesia_Sumatra_relief_location_map.jpg/256px-Indonesia_Sumatra_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Indonesia_Sumatra_relief_location_map.jpg/384px-Indonesia_Sumatra_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Indonesia_Sumatra_relief_location_map.jpg/512px-Indonesia_Sumatra_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1057"></a></span> <div class="od notheme" style="top:28.281%;left:29.2%;font-size:91%"> <div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"> <span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lake Toba"><img alt="Lake Toba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></span></span> </div> <div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"> <div> Lake Toba </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Sumatra</span> </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="adr"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th> <td class="infobox-data region"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balige?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balige">Balige</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Sumatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DLake_Toba%26params%3D2.68_N_98.88_E_region:ID_type:waterbody_scale:500000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°41′N</span> <span class="longitude">98°53′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.68°N 98.88°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">2.68; 98.88</span></span></span></a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Body_of_water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th> <td class="infobox-data category">Volcanic/tectonic</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th> <td class="infobox-data">Asahan Toba basin</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asahan_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asahan River">Asahan River</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drainage_basin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th> <td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th> <td class="infobox-data">100 km (62 mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th> <td class="infobox-data">30 km (19 mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th> <td class="infobox-data">1,130 km<sup>2</sup> (440 sq mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th> <td class="infobox-data">216 m (709 ft)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th> <td class="infobox-data">505 m (1,657 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-WorldLakes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WorldLakes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th> <td class="infobox-data">244 km<sup>3</sup> (59 cu mi)</td> </tr> <tr class="note"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface elevation</th> <td class="infobox-data">905 m (2,969 ft)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:Islands_by_body_of_water?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:Islands by body of water">Islands</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samosir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samosir">Samosir</a>, Sibandang</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th> <td class="infobox-data">Ambarita, Pangururan</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th> <td class="infobox-data note"><sup id="cite_ref-WorldLakes_1-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WorldLakes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Lake Toba is the site of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supervolcano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supervolcano">supervolcanic</a> eruption estimated at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">VEI</a> 8 that occurred 69,000 to 77,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chesner1991_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-chesner1991-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing a climate-changing event. Recent advances in dating methods suggest a more accurate identification of 74,000 years ago as the date.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest-known explosive eruption on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth">Earth</a> in the last 25 million years. According to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe theory</a>, the eruption had global consequences for human populations as it killed most humans living at that time and is believed to have created a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Population_bottleneck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a> in central east Africa and India, which affects the genetic make-up of the human worldwide population to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study has cast doubt on this theory and found no evidence of substantial changes in global population.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>It was also suggested that the eruption of the Toba Caldera led to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanic_winter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volcanic winter">volcanic winter</a> with a worldwide decrease in temperature between 3 and 5 °C (5.4 and 9.0 °F), and up to 15 °C (27 °F) in higher latitudes. Additional studies in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Malawi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a> in East Africa show significant amounts of ash being deposited from the Toba Caldera eruptions, even at that great distance, but little indication of a significant climatic effect in East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Major_eruption"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Major eruption</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#More_recent_activity"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">More recent activity</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#People"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">People</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transportation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Transportation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Flora_and_fauna"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Flora and fauna</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sinking_of_MV_Sinar_Bangun"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sinking of MV Sinar Bangun</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lake_Toba,_North_Sumatra_(71).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lake_Toba%2C_North_Sumatra_%2871%29.JPG/220px-Lake_Toba%2C_North_Sumatra_%2871%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="713"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 301px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lake_Toba%2C_North_Sumatra_%2871%29.JPG/220px-Lake_Toba%2C_North_Sumatra_%2871%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="301" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lake_Toba%2C_North_Sumatra_%2871%29.JPG/330px-Lake_Toba%2C_North_Sumatra_%2871%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lake_Toba%2C_North_Sumatra_%2871%29.JPG/440px-Lake_Toba%2C_North_Sumatra_%2871%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Batu Gantung (Hanging stone) in Lake Toba </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map_of_Lake_Toba.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Lake_Toba.jpg/220px-Map_of_Lake_Toba.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4037" data-file-height="3282"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Lake_Toba.jpg/220px-Map_of_Lake_Toba.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Lake_Toba.jpg/330px-Map_of_Lake_Toba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Lake_Toba.jpg/440px-Map_of_Lake_Toba.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Map of the lake </figcaption> </figure> <p>The Toba <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caldera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caldera">Caldera</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/North_Sumatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> comprises four overlapping volcanic craters that adjoin the Sumatran "volcanic front". At 100 by 30 kilometres (62 by 19 mi) it is the world's largest <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quaternary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> caldera, and the fourth and youngest caldera. It intersects the three older calderas. An estimated 2,800 km<sup>3</sup> (670 cu mi) of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dense-rock_equivalent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dense-rock equivalent">dense-rock equivalent</a> pyroclastic material, known as the youngest Toba <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuff">tuff</a>, was released during one of the largest explosive volcanic eruptions in recent geological history.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this eruption, a resurgent dome formed within the new caldera, joining two half-domes separated by a longitudinal <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graben?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graben">graben</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chesner1991_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-chesner1991-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>At least four cones, four <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stratovolcano?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcanoes</a>, and three craters are visible in the lake. The Tandukbenua cone on the northwestern edge of the caldera has only sparse vegetation, suggesting a young age of several hundred years. Also, the Pusubukit (Hill Center) volcano (1,971 m (6,467 ft) above sea level) on the south edge of the caldera is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solfatara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Solfatara">solfatarically</a> active.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Major_eruption">Major eruption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Major eruption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe theory</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lake_Toba_location.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lake_Toba_location.png/220px-Lake_Toba_location.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="269"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lake_Toba_location.png/220px-Lake_Toba_location.png" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Lake_Toba_location.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Location of Lake Toba shown in red on map </figcaption> </figure> <p>The <i>Toba eruption</i> (the <i>Toba event</i>) occurred at what is now Lake Toba about 73,700±300 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the last in a series of at least four <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caldera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caldera">caldera</a>-forming eruptions at this location, with the earlier known caldera having formed around 1.2 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-OregonState_16-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OregonState-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This last eruption had an estimated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanic_explosivity_index?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volcanic explosivity index">VEI</a> of 8, making it the largest-known explosive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcanic_eruption?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a> in the Quaternary.</p> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_I._Rose_(geologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William I. Rose (geologist)">Bill Rose</a> and Craig Chesner of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan Technological University">Michigan Technological University</a> have estimated that the total amount of material released in the eruption was at least 2,800 km<sup>3</sup> (670 cu mi)<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USGS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—about 2,000 km<sup>3</sup> (480 cu mi) of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignimbrite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrite</a> that flowed over the ground, and approximately 800 km<sup>3</sup> (190 cu mi) that fell as ash mostly to the west. However, as more outcrops become available, Toba possibly erupted 3,200 km<sup>3</sup> (770 cu mi) of ignimbrite and co-ignimbrite. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a> of the eruption destroyed an area of least 20,000 km<sup>2</sup> (7,700 sq mi), with ash deposits as thick as 600 m (2,000 ft) by the main vent.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_17-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-USGS-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eruption was large enough to have deposited an ash layer approximately 15 cm (6 in) thick over all of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/South_Asia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>; at one site in central India, the Toba ash layer today is up to 6 m (20 ft) thick<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and parts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malaysia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> were covered with 9 m (30 ft) of ash fall.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The subsequent collapse formed a caldera that filled with water, creating Lake Toba. The island in the center of the lake is formed by a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resurgent_dome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resurgent dome">resurgent dome</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Toba_overview.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Toba_overview.jpg/220px-Toba_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="579"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Toba_overview.jpg/220px-Toba_overview.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Toba_overview.jpg/330px-Toba_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Toba_overview.jpg/440px-Toba_overview.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landsat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsat">Landsat</a> photo of Sumatra surrounding Lake Toba </figcaption> </figure> <p>The exact year of the eruption is unknown, but the pattern of ash deposits suggests that it occurred during the northern summer because only the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monsoon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monsoon">summer monsoon</a> could have deposited Toba ashfall in the South China Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eruption lasted perhaps two weeks, and the ensuing volcanic winter resulted in a decrease in average global temperatures by 3.0 to 3.5 °C (5 to 6 °F) for several years. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ice_cores?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice cores">Ice cores</a> from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> record a pulse of starkly reduced levels of organic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carbon_sequestration?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a>. Very few plants or animals in southeast Asia would have survived, and it is possible that the eruption caused a planet-wide die-off. However, the global cooling has been discussed by Rampino and Self. Their conclusion is that the cooling had already started before Toba's eruption. This conclusion was supported by Lane and Zielinski who studied the lake-core from Africa and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greenland_Ice_Sheet_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greenland Ice Sheet Project">GISP2</a>. They concluded that there was no volcanic winter after the Toba eruption and that high <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfuric_acid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfuric acid">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a> deposits do not cause long-term effects.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, due to the low solubility of sulfur in the magma, the emission of volatiles and climate impacts are likely limited.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Evidence from studies of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> suggests that humans may have passed through a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genetic_bottleneck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic bottleneck">genetic bottleneck</a> around this time that reduced genetic diversity below what would be expected given the age of the species. According to the Toba catastrophe theory, proposed by Stanley H. Ambrose of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a> in 1998, the effects of the Toba eruption may have decreased the size of human populations to only a few tens of thousands of individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this hypothesis is not widely accepted because similar effects on other animal species have not been observed, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paleoanthropology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paleoanthropology">paleoanthropology</a> suggests there was no <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Population_bottleneck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Population bottleneck">population bottleneck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-argo_25-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-argo-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic bottleneck is now recognized to be the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Out-of-Africa</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Founder_effect?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a>, rather than an actual reduction in population.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="More_recent_activity">More recent activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: More recent activity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Since the major eruption ~70,000 years ago, eruptions of smaller magnitude have also occurred at Toba. The small cone of Pusukbukit formed on the southwestern margin of the caldera and lava domes. The most recent eruption may have been at Tandukbenua on the northwestern caldera edge, suggested by a lack of vegetation that could be due to an eruption within the last few hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Some parts of the caldera have shown uplift due to partial refilling of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magma_chamber?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magma chamber">magma chamber</a>, for example, pushing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samosir?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Samosir">Samosir Island</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uluan_Peninsula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uluan Peninsula">Uluan Peninsula</a> above the surface of the lake. The lake sediments on Samosir Island show that it has risen by at least 450 m (1,476 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-OregonState_16-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OregonState-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since the cataclysmic eruption. Such uplifts are common in very large calderas, apparently due to the upward pressure of below-ground <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magma">magma</a>. Toba is probably the largest resurgent caldera on Earth. Large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earthquake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> have recently occurred in the vicinity of the volcano, notably in 1987 along the southern shore of the lake at a depth of 11 km (6.8 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such earthquakes have also been recorded in 1892, 1916, and 1920–1922.<sup id="cite_ref-OregonState_16-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OregonState-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In 2016, a study revealed that the Toba Supervolcano has a magma chamber containing 50,000 cubic kilometres (12,000 cu mi) of eruptible magma, about 30–50 kilometres (19–31 mi) underground.<sup id="cite_ref-Koulakov_etal_2016_30-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Koulakov_etal_2016-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes the supervolcano's magma chamber more than four times larger than the volume of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Superior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake Superior">Lake Superior</a> in North America, and also larger than the magma chamber underneath <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yellowstone Caldera">Yellowstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bigger_31-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bigger-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Lake Toba lies near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Sumatran_fault?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Sumatran fault">Great Sumatran fault</a>, which runs along the centre of Sumatra in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Sumatran_fault?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Sumatran fault">Sumatra Fracture Zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OregonState_16-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-OregonState-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volcanoes of Sumatra and Java are part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sunda_Arc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunda Arc">Sunda Arc</a>, a result of the northeasterly movement of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plate</a>, which is sliding under the eastward-moving <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurasian_Plate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subduction_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zone">subduction zone</a> in this area is very active: the seabed near the west coast of Sumatra has had several major earthquakes since 1995, including the 9.1 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake</a> and the 8.7 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2005_Nias%E2%80%93Simeulue_earthquake?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake">2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake</a>, the epicenters of which were around 300 km (190 mi) from Toba.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: People" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_prauwen_bij_Haranggaol_aan_het_Tobameer_TMnr_60043981.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_prauwen_bij_Haranggaol_aan_het_Tobameer_TMnr_60043981.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_prauwen_bij_Haranggaol_aan_het_Tobameer_TMnr_60043981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="476"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_prauwen_bij_Haranggaol_aan_het_Tobameer_TMnr_60043981.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_prauwen_bij_Haranggaol_aan_het_Tobameer_TMnr_60043981.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_prauwen_bij_Haranggaol_aan_het_Tobameer_TMnr_60043981.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_prauwen_bij_Haranggaol_aan_het_Tobameer_TMnr_60043981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_prauwen_bij_Haranggaol_aan_het_Tobameer_TMnr_60043981.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Batak_prauwen_bij_Haranggaol_aan_het_Tobameer_TMnr_60043981.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Batak canoes near Haranggaol on Lake Toba (circa 1920) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Most of the people who live around Lake Toba are ethnically <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak (Indonesia)">Bataks</a>. Traditional Batak houses are noted for their distinctive roofs (which curve upwards at each end, as a boat's hull does) and their colorful decor.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parapat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parapat">Parapat</a> is located on the edge of the lake, which is the transit point to travel the lake and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Samosir_Island?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosir Island">Samosir Island</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medan">Medan</a> is about 173 km by road from the town and is connected via the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trans-Sumatran_Highway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Sumatran Highway">Trans-Sumatran Highway</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pematang_Siantar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pematang Siantar">Pematang Siantar</a> by a 48 km road. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sisingamangaraja_XII_International_Airport?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisingamangaraja XII International Airport">Sisingamangaraja XII International Airport</a> is located about 47 mi (76 km) from Parapat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flora">flora</a> of the lake includes various types of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Phytoplankton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, emerged <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macrophyte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">macrophytes</a>, floating macrophytes, and submerged macrophytes, while the surrounding countryside is rainforest including areas of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumatran_tropical_pine_forests?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sumatran tropical pine forests">Sumatran tropical pine forests</a> on the higher mountainsides.<sup id="cite_ref-ILEC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ILEC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fauna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fauna">fauna</a> includes several species of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zooplankton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benthos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benthos">benthic</a> animals. Since the lake is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oligotrophic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligotrophic">oligotrophic</a> (nutrient-poor), the native fish fauna is relatively scarce, and the only <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Endemism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Endemism">endemics</a> are <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rasbora_tobana?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rasbora tobana">Rasbora tobana</a></i> (strictly speaking near-endemic, since also found in some tributary rivers that run into the lake)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neolissochilus_thienemanni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neolissochilus thienemanni">Neolissochilus thienemanni</a></i>, locally known as the Batak fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Saragih_35-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Saragih-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter species is threatened by deforestation (causing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siltation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siltation">siltation</a>), pollution, changes in water level and the numerous fish species that have been <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Introduced_species?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> to the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Saragih_35-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Saragih-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other native fishes include species such as <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aplocheilus_panchax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aplocheilus panchax">Aplocheilus panchax</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemacheilus_pfeifferae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nemacheilus pfeifferae">Nemacheilus pfeifferae</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homaloptera_gymnogaster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Homaloptera gymnogaster">Homaloptera gymnogaster</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Channa_gachua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Channa gachua">Channa gachua</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Channa_striata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Channa striata">Channa striata</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clarias_batrachus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarias batrachus">Clarias batrachus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbonymus_gonionotus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbonymus gonionotus">Barbonymus gonionotus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barbonymus_schwanenfeldii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbonymus schwanenfeldii">Barbonymus schwanenfeldii</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danio_albolineatus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Danio albolineatus">Danio albolineatus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osteochilus_vittatus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osteochilus vittatus">Osteochilus vittatus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puntius_binotatus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Puntius binotatus">Puntius binotatus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rasbora_jacobsoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rasbora jacobsoni">Rasbora jacobsoni</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tor_tambra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tor tambra">Tor tambra</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betta_imbellis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Betta imbellis">Betta imbellis</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Betta_taeniata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Betta taeniata">Betta taeniata</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monopterus_albus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monopterus albus">Monopterus albus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fishbase_36-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fishbase-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the many introduced species are <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anabas_testudineus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anabas testudineus">Anabas testudineus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oreochromis_mossambicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreochromis mossambicus">Oreochromis mossambicus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oreochromis_niloticus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oreochromis niloticus">Oreochromis niloticus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ctenopharyngodon_idella?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenopharyngodon idella">Ctenopharyngodon idella</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cyprinus_carpio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinus carpio">Cyprinus carpio</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osphronemus_goramy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Osphronemus goramy">Osphronemus goramy</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trichogaster_pectoralis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichogaster pectoralis">Trichogaster pectoralis</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trichopodus_trichopterus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichopodus trichopterus">Trichopodus trichopterus</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poecilia_reticulata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Poecilia reticulata">Poecilia reticulata</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Xiphophorus_hellerii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiphophorus hellerii">Xiphophorus hellerii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fishbase_36-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fishbase-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:left;max-width:1008px"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lake_Toba_banner.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Lake Toba"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lake_Toba_banner.jpg/1000px-Lake_Toba_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1000px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lake_Toba_banner.jpg/1000px-Lake_Toba_banner.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1000" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lake_Toba_banner.jpg/1500px-Lake_Toba_banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lake_Toba_banner.jpg/2000px-Lake_Toba_banner.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lake_Toba_banner.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:Lake Toba banner.jpg"> </a> </div>Panoramic view of Lake Toba </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sinking_of_MV_Sinar_Bangun">Sinking of MV Sinar Bangun</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sinking of MV Sinar Bangun" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Sinar_Bangun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinking of MV Sinar Bangun">Sinking of MV Sinar Bangun</a> </div> <p>On 18 June 2018, Lake Toba was the scene of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Sinar_Bangun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinking of MV Sinar Bangun">a ferry disaster</a>, in which over 160 people drowned.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Sinar_Bangun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinking of MV Sinar Bangun">MV Sinar Bangun</a> was an irregular operating vessel on the lake which capsized with many passengers on board. The incident caused the death of 167 people and injuries to a number of others. Preliminary reports found the vessel was in operation with irregularities. Ignoring overloading on the vessel and operating in rough weather conditions were concluded to be the main reasons leading to the disaster.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: In popular culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p><i>The Origin of Lake Toba</i> is a folk story about the lake, in which once upon a time, there was a fisherman who caught a golden fish. Samosir Island is believed to be the golden fish's son.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Lake_Toba_Aerial_View.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Toba Aerial View"> <noscript> <img alt="Lake Toba Aerial View" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lake_Toba_Aerial_View.JPG/120px-Lake_Toba_Aerial_View.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lake_Toba_Aerial_View.JPG/120px-Lake_Toba_Aerial_View.JPG" data-alt="Lake Toba Aerial View" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lake_Toba_Aerial_View.JPG/180px-Lake_Toba_Aerial_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Lake_Toba_Aerial_View.JPG/240px-Lake_Toba_Aerial_View.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Lake Toba Aerial View </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:LakeTobaSEShore.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Aerial view of the southern shore with Sibandang Island visible in the background"> <noscript> <img alt="Aerial view of the southern shore with Sibandang Island visible in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/LakeTobaSEShore.jpg/120px-LakeTobaSEShore.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/LakeTobaSEShore.jpg/120px-LakeTobaSEShore.jpg" data-alt="Aerial view of the southern shore with Sibandang Island visible in the background" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/LakeTobaSEShore.jpg/180px-LakeTobaSEShore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/LakeTobaSEShore.jpg/240px-LakeTobaSEShore.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Aerial view of the southern shore with Sibandang Island visible in the background </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:AmbaritaView.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the lake with an example of Batak architecture in the foreground"> <noscript> <img alt="View of the lake with an example of Batak architecture in the foreground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AmbaritaView.jpg/120px-AmbaritaView.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3157" data-file-height="1449"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 55px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AmbaritaView.jpg/120px-AmbaritaView.jpg" data-alt="View of the lake with an example of Batak architecture in the foreground" data-width="120" data-height="55" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AmbaritaView.jpg/180px-AmbaritaView.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/AmbaritaView.jpg/240px-AmbaritaView.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> View of the lake with an example of Batak architecture in the foreground </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Tradbatakhouse.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional Batak house at Ambarita, Lake Toba"> <noscript> <img alt="Traditional Batak house at Ambarita, Lake Toba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tradbatakhouse.jpg/90px-Tradbatakhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tradbatakhouse.jpg/90px-Tradbatakhouse.jpg" data-alt="Traditional Batak house at Ambarita, Lake Toba" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tradbatakhouse.jpg/135px-Tradbatakhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tradbatakhouse.jpg/180px-Tradbatakhouse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Traditional Batak house at Ambarita, Lake Toba </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Air_terjun_sipiso-piso.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Sipiso-Piso Waterfall"> <noscript> <img alt="Sipiso-Piso Waterfall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Air_terjun_sipiso-piso.jpg/120px-Air_terjun_sipiso-piso.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Air_terjun_sipiso-piso.jpg/120px-Air_terjun_sipiso-piso.jpg" data-alt="Sipiso-Piso Waterfall" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Air_terjun_sipiso-piso.jpg/180px-Air_terjun_sipiso-piso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Air_terjun_sipiso-piso.jpg/240px-Air_terjun_sipiso-piso.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Sipiso-Piso Waterfall </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:DanauToba20110608-1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Toba from Tongging Village, near Sipiso-Piso Waterfall"> <noscript> <img alt="Lake Toba from Tongging Village, near Sipiso-Piso Waterfall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DanauToba20110608-1.jpg/120px-DanauToba20110608-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DanauToba20110608-1.jpg/120px-DanauToba20110608-1.jpg" data-alt="Lake Toba from Tongging Village, near Sipiso-Piso Waterfall" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DanauToba20110608-1.jpg/180px-DanauToba20110608-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/DanauToba20110608-1.jpg/240px-DanauToba20110608-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Lake Toba from Tongging Village, near Sipiso-Piso Waterfall </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Indonesia_1992_1000r_o.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Toba featured in 1,000-rupiah banknote"> <noscript> <img alt="Lake Toba featured in 1,000-rupiah banknote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Indonesia_1992_1000r_o.jpg/120px-Indonesia_1992_1000r_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="280"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 56px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Indonesia_1992_1000r_o.jpg/120px-Indonesia_1992_1000r_o.jpg" data-alt="Lake Toba featured in 1,000-rupiah banknote" data-width="120" data-height="56" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Indonesia_1992_1000r_o.jpg/180px-Indonesia_1992_1000r_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Indonesia_1992_1000r_o.jpg/240px-Indonesia_1992_1000r_o.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Lake Toba featured in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonesian rupiah">1,000-rupiah banknote</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijwerk_op_de_voorsteven_van_een_Toba_Batak_prauw_Tobameer_TMnr_10017614.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Details of carvings on the prow of a Toba Batak canoe"> <noscript> <img alt="Details of carvings on the prow of a Toba Batak canoe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijwerk_op_de_voorsteven_van_een_Toba_Batak_prauw_Tobameer_TMnr_10017614.jpg/120px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijwerk_op_de_voorsteven_van_een_Toba_Batak_prauw_Tobameer_TMnr_10017614.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="494"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 85px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijwerk_op_de_voorsteven_van_een_Toba_Batak_prauw_Tobameer_TMnr_10017614.jpg/120px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijwerk_op_de_voorsteven_van_een_Toba_Batak_prauw_Tobameer_TMnr_10017614.jpg" data-alt="Details of carvings on the prow of a Toba Batak canoe" data-width="120" data-height="85" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijwerk_op_de_voorsteven_van_een_Toba_Batak_prauw_Tobameer_TMnr_10017614.jpg/180px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijwerk_op_de_voorsteven_van_een_Toba_Batak_prauw_Tobameer_TMnr_10017614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijwerk_op_de_voorsteven_van_een_Toba_Batak_prauw_Tobameer_TMnr_10017614.jpg/240px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Houtsnijwerk_op_de_voorsteven_van_een_Toba_Batak_prauw_Tobameer_TMnr_10017614.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Details of carvings on the prow of a Toba Batak canoe </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Toba_zoom.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The caldera of Lake Toba, with a resurgent dome, forming Samosir Island"> <noscript> <img alt="The caldera of Lake Toba, with a resurgent dome, forming Samosir Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Toba_zoom.jpg/120px-Toba_zoom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Toba_zoom.jpg/120px-Toba_zoom.jpg" data-alt="The caldera of Lake Toba, with a resurgent dome, forming Samosir Island" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Toba_zoom.jpg/180px-Toba_zoom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Toba_zoom.jpg/240px-Toba_zoom.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The caldera of Lake Toba, with a resurgent dome, forming Samosir Island </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:A_partial_view_of_Toba_Lake.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic partial view of Toba Lake, as seen from the west side to the southeast"> <noscript> <img alt="A panoramic partial view of Toba Lake, as seen from the west side to the southeast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A_partial_view_of_Toba_Lake.jpg/120px-A_partial_view_of_Toba_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6231" data-file-height="2203"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 42px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A_partial_view_of_Toba_Lake.jpg/120px-A_partial_view_of_Toba_Lake.jpg" data-alt="A panoramic partial view of Toba Lake, as seen from the west side to the southeast" data-width="120" data-height="42" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A_partial_view_of_Toba_Lake.jpg/180px-A_partial_view_of_Toba_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/A_partial_view_of_Toba_Lake.jpg/240px-A_partial_view_of_Toba_Lake.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A panoramic partial view of Toba Lake, as seen from the west side to the southeast </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/28px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/28px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png" data-alt="image" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/42px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png/56px-Walden_Pond%2C_Massachusetts_on_June_27%2C_2012.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Lakes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Spaccato_vulcano.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/30px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/30px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="30" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/45px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/60px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Volcanoes portal</a></span></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of lakes of Indonesia">List of lakes of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">List of volcanoes in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mount_Sinabung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mount Sinabung">Mount Sinabung</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Taup%C5%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake Taupō">Lake Taupō</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yellowstone Caldera">Yellowstone Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Garita_Caldera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Garita Caldera">La Garita Caldera</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WorldLakes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WorldLakes_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WorldLakes_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WorldLakes_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid%3D8367">"LakeNet – Lakes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LakeNet+%E2%80%93+Lakes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlakes.org%2Flakedetails.asp%3Flakeid%3D8367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.tempo.co/read/1192974/govt-expects-unesco-to-recognize-kaldera-toba-geopark-this-year">"Gov't Expects UNESCO to Recognize Kaldera Toba Geopark This Year"</a>. <i>Tempo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(29 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3657767">"Ash from the Toba supereruption in Lake Malawi shows no volcanic winter in East Africa at 75 ka"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>110</b> (20): 8025–8029. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..110.8025L">2013PNAS..110.8025L</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1073%252Fpnas.1301474110">10.1073/pnas.1301474110</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3657767">3657767</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23630269">23630269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ash+from+the+Toba+supereruption+in+Lake+Malawi+shows+no+volcanic+winter+in+East+Africa+at+75+ka&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=8025-8029&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3657767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23630269&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1301474110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..110.8025L&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Christine+S.&rft.au=Chorn%2C+Ben+T.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3657767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddTrollDeeganJolis2017" class="citation journal cs1">Budd, David A.; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Jolis, Ester M.; Smith, Victoria C.; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Harris, Chris; Freda, Carmela; Hilton, David R.; Halldórsson, Sæmundur A.; Bindeman, Ilya N. (25 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5264179">"Magma reservoir dynamics at Toba caldera, Indonesia, recorded by oxygen isotope zoning in quartz"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 40624. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...740624B">2017NatSR...740624B</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fsrep40624">10.1038/srep40624</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5264179">5264179</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28120860">28120860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Magma+reservoir+dynamics+at+Toba+caldera%2C+Indonesia%2C+recorded+by+oxygen+isotope+zoning+in+quartz&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40624&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5264179%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...740624B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28120860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep40624&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Budd&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Troll%2C+Valentin+R.&rft.au=Deegan%2C+Frances+M.&rft.au=Jolis%2C+Ester+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Victoria+C.&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+Martin+J.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Chris&rft.au=Freda%2C+Carmela&rft.au=Hilton%2C+David+R.&rft.au=Halld%C3%B3rsson%2C+S%C3%A6mundur+A.&rft.au=Bindeman%2C+Ilya+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5264179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn%3D261090%26vtab%3DSubfeatures">"Toba: Synonyms & Subfeatures"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Toba%3A+Synonyms+%26+Subfeatures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D261090%26amp%3Bvtab%3DSubfeatures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkRenneDymockSmith2017" class="citation journal cs1">Mark, Darren F.; Renne, Paul R.; Dymock, Ross C.; Smith, Victoria C.; Simon, Justin I.; Morgan, Leah E.; Staff, Richard A.; Ellis, Ben S.; Pearce, Nicholas J. G. (1 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.quageo.2017.01.002">"High-precision 40Ar/39Ar dating of pleistocene tuffs and temporal anchoring of the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary"</a>. <i>Quaternary Geochronology</i>. <b>39</b>: 1–23. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.quageo.2017.01.002">10.1016/j.quageo.2017.01.002</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hdl.handle.net/10023%252F10236">10023/10236</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1871-1014">1871-1014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Geochronology&rft.atitle=High-precision+40Ar%2F39Ar+dating+of+pleistocene+tuffs+and+temporal+anchoring+of+the+Matuyama-Brunhes+boundary&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F10236&rft.issn=1871-1014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quageo.2017.01.002&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Darren+F.&rft.au=Renne%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Dymock%2C+Ross+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Victoria+C.&rft.au=Simon%2C+Justin+I.&rft.au=Morgan%2C+Leah+E.&rft.au=Staff%2C+Richard+A.&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Ben+S.&rft.au=Pearce%2C+Nicholas+J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.quageo.2017.01.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-OregonState-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OregonState_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OregonState_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OregonState_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-OregonState_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00280226">Stratigraphy of the Toba Tuffs and the evolution of the Toba Caldera Complex, Sumatra, Indonesia</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-USGS_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-USGS_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/volcanowatch/2005/05_04_28.html">"Supersized eruptions are all the rage!"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USGS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a>. 28 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supersized+eruptions+are+all+the+rage%21&rft.pub=USGS&rft.date=2005-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhvo.wr.usgs.gov%2Fvolcanowatch%2F2005%2F05_04_28.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharyyaBasu1993" class="citation journal cs1">Acharyya, S.K.; Basu, P.K. 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"Toba ash layers in the South China Sea: evidence of contrasting wind directions during eruption ca. 74 ka". <i>Geology</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 275–278. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1130%252F0091-7613%25282000%2529028%253C0275%253ATALITS%253E2.3.CO%253B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0275:TALITS>2.3.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Toba+ash+layers+in+the+South+China+Sea%3A+evidence+of+contrasting+wind+directions+during+eruption+ca.+74+ka.&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=275-278&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282000%29028%3C0275%3ATALITS%3E2.3.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=B%C3%BChring&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Sarnthein%2C+M.&rft.au=Leg+184+Shipboard+Scientific+Party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christine_Lane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christine Lane">Lane, Christine S</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3657767">"Ash from the Toba supereruption in Lake Malawi shows no volcanic winter in East Africa at 75 ka"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>110</b> (20): 8025–8029. <a 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3657767">3657767</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23630269">23630269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ash+from+the+Toba+supereruption+in+Lake+Malawi+shows+no+volcanic+winter+in+East+Africa+at+75+ka&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=8025-8029&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3657767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23630269&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1301474110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..110.8025L&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Christine+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3657767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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(identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1029%252F96GL00706">10.1029/96GL00706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Potential+atmospheric+impact+of+the+Toba+Mega%E2%80%90Eruption+~71%2C000+years+ago&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=837-840&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F96GL00706&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996GeoRL..23..837Z&rft.aulast=Zielinski&rft.aufirst=GA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.library.umaine.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1192%26context%3Ders_facpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Suburban Emergency Management Project. 11 January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID%3D164">the original</a> on 13 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4960321">"The feeder system of the Toba supervolcano from the slab to the shallow reservoir"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>7</b>: 12228. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...712228K">2016NatCo...712228K</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1038%252Fncomms12228">10.1038/ncomms12228</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4960321">4960321</a></span>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27433784">27433784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=The+feeder+system+of+the+Toba+supervolcano+from+the+slab+to+the+shallow+reservoir&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=12228&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4960321%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27433784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms12228&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...712228K&rft.aulast=Koulakov&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Kasatkina%2C+E.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+N.M.&rft.au=Jaupart%2C+C.&rft.au=Vasilevsky%2C+A.&rft.au=El+Khrepy%2C+S.&rft.au=Al-Arifi%2C+N.&rft.au=Smirnov%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4960321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-bigger-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bigger_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Andrews2016" class="citation web cs1">Robin Andrews (20 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.iflscience.com/environment/the-toba-supervolcano-has-a-bigger-underground-magma-chamber-than-yellowstone/all/">"The Toba Supervolcano Has A Bigger Underground Magma Chamber Than Yellowstone"</a>. <i>iflscience.com</i>. 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International Lake Environment Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/asi-10.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Danau+Toba+%28Lake+Toba%29&rft.pub=International+Lake+Environment+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilec.or.jp%2Fdatabase%2Fasi%2Fasi-10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumbantobing2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lumbantobing, Daniel N (2010). "Four New Species of the Rasbora trifasciata-Group (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Northwestern Sumatra, Indonesia". <i>Copeia</i>. <b>2010</b> (4): 644–70. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1643%252FCI-09-155">10.1643/CI-09-155</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86114358">86114358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Four+New+Species+of+the+Rasbora+trifasciata-Group+%28Teleostei%3A+Cyprinidae%29+from+Northwestern+Sumatra%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=2010&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=644-70&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1643%2FCI-09-155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86114358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lumbantobing&rft.aufirst=Daniel+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Saragih-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Saragih_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Saragih_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaragihSunito2001" class="citation journal cs1">Saragih, Bungaran; Sunito, Satyawan (2001). "Lake Toba: Need for an integrated management system". <i>Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 247–51. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1046%252Fj.1440-1770.2001.00155.x">10.1046/j.1440-1770.2001.00155.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lakes+and+Reservoirs%3A+Research+and+Management&rft.atitle=Lake+Toba%3A+Need+for+an+integrated+management+system&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=247-51&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1440-1770.2001.00155.x&rft.aulast=Saragih&rft.aufirst=Bungaran&rft.au=Sunito%2C+Satyawan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-fishbase-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fishbase_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fishbase_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/FishBase?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="FishBase">FishBase</a> (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://fishbase.org/trophiceco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code%3D547">Species in Toba.</a></i> Accessed 25 January 2012</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44560262">"Indonesia ferry disaster: Lake Toba captain detained"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 21 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesia+ferry+disaster%3A+Lake+Toba+captain+detained&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-44560262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Toba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaltsumUtami2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kaltsum, Honest Ummi; Utami, Ratnasari Diah (7 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/handle/11617/6337">"Folklores as English Teaching Media for The Young Learners"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2477-3328">2477-3328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Folklores+as+English+Teaching+Media+for+The+Young+Learners&rft.date=2015-11-07&rft.issn=2477-3328&rft.aulast=Kaltsum&rft.aufirst=Honest+Ummi&rft.au=Utami%2C+Ratnasari+Diah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id%2Fhandle%2F11617%2F6337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_journal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:CS1_errors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRampino,_Michael_R._and_Stephen_Self1993" class="citation journal cs1">Rampino, Michael R. and Stephen Self (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zenodo.org/record/1229950">"Climate-volcanism feedback and the Toba eruption of 74,000 Years Ago"</a>. <i>Quaternary Research</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 269–280. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993QuRes..40..269R">1993QuRes..40..269R</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1006%252Fqres.1993.1081">10.1006/qres.1993.1081</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129546088">129546088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Climate-volcanism+feedback+and+the+Toba+eruption+of+74%2C000+Years+Ago&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=269-280&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129546088%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fqres.1993.1081&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993QuRes..40..269R&rft.au=Rampino%2C+Michael+R.+and+Stephen+Self&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1229950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVazquez,_Jorge_A._and_Mary_R._Reid2004" class="citation journal cs1">Vazquez, Jorge A. and Mary R. Reid (2004). "Probing the accumulation history of the voluminous Toba Magma". <i>Science</i>. <b>305</b> (5686): 991–994. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305..991V">2004Sci...305..991V</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.1096994">10.1126/science.1096994</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15310899">15310899</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43565268">43565268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Probing+the+accumulation+history+of+the+voluminous+Toba+Magma&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5686&rft.pages=991-994&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1096994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43565268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15310899&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305..991V&rft.au=Vazquez%2C+Jorge+A.+and+Mary+R.+Reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetraglia,_M.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Petraglia, M.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.uow.edu.au/era/2117">"Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent Before and After the Toba Super-Eruption"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>317</b> (5834): 114–116. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Sci...317..114P">2007Sci...317..114P</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1126%252Fscience.1141564">10.1126/science.1141564</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17615356">17615356</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20380351">20380351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Middle+Paleolithic+Assemblages+from+the+Indian+Subcontinent+Before+and+After+the+Toba+Super-Eruption&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=5834&rft.pages=114-116&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1141564&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20380351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17615356&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Sci...317..114P&rft.au=Petraglia%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Fera%2F2117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALake+Toba" class="Z3988"></span></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lake_Toba" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lake Toba">Lake Toba</a></span>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/toba">Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia – Volcano.oregonstate.edu</a> Accessed 11 December 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/evolution/">Stanley H. Ambrose, <i>Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans</i></a> Accessed 11 December 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104193725/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0503/resources_who.html">Joel Achenbach, <i>Who Knew</i>, National Geographic</a> Accessed 11 December 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116125129/http://laketoba.org/">(Lake Toba Ecosystem Management Plan) From laketoba.org </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.livescience.com/48545-toba-supervolcano-layered-sills-reservoir.html">Magma 'Pancakes' May Have Fueled Toba Supervolcano</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DLake_Toba%26oldid%3D1250165041">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&oldid=1250165041</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lake_Toba&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Reader of Information" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1728420965"> <span>Last edited on 8 October 2024, at 20:56</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobameer" title="Tobameer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tobameer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AD%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7" title="بحيرة توبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحيرة توبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_g%25C3%25B6l%25C3%25BC" title="Toba gölü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Toba gölü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danu_Toba" title="Danu Toba – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Danu Toba" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259F%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BE_%25E0%25A6%25B9%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25A6" title="টোবা হ্রদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টোবা হ্রদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_%25C3%2594%25CD%2598" title="Toba Ô͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Toba Ô͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0" title="Тоба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тоба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0_(%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE)" title="Тоба (езеро) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тоба (езеро)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llac_Toba" title="Llac Toba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llac Toba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0_(%25D0%25BA%25D3%25B3%25D0%25BB%25C4%2595)" title="Тоба (кӳлĕ) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тоба (кӳлĕ)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Toba" title="Danau Toba – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Danau Toba" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_(jezero)" title="Toba (jezero) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Toba (jezero)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyn_Toba" title="Llyn Toba – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyn Toba" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobas%25C3%25B8en" title="Tobasøen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tobasøen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobasee" title="Tobasee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tobasee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_j%25C3%25A4rv" title="Toba järv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toba järv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%259B%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B7_%25CE%25A4%25CF%258C%25CE%25BC%25CF%2580%25CE%25B1" title="Λίμνη Τόμπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λίμνη Τόμπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Toba" title="Lago Toba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lago Toba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba" title="Toba – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Toba" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_(aintzira)" title="Toba (aintzira) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Toba (aintzira)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7%25DA%2586%25D9%2587_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7" title="دریاچه توبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریاچه توبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac_Toba" title="Lac Toba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lac Toba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2586%25A0%25EB%25B0%2594%25ED%2598%25B8" title="토바호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토바호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258F%25D5%25B8%25D5%25A2%25D5%25A1" title="Տոբա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տոբա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25AC%25E0%25A4%25BE_%25E0%25A4%259D%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="तोबा झील – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तोबा झील" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_(jezero)" title="Toba (jezero) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Toba (jezero)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Toba" title="Danau Toba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Danau Toba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobavatn" title="Tobavatn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tobavatn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Toba" title="Lago Toba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lago Toba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%2592%25D7%259D_%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%2594" title="אגם טובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגם טובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaga_Toba" title="Tlaga Toba – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tlaga Toba" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590_(%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590)" title="ტობა (ტბა) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტობა (ტბა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobas_ezers" title="Tobas ezers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tobas ezers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_(Indonezija)" title="Toba (Indonezija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Toba (Indonezija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba-t%25C3%25B3" title="Toba-tó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Toba-tó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0_(%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE)" title="Тоба (езеро) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тоба (езеро)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25AC_%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B4%2582" title="ടോബ തടാകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടോബ തടാകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590_(%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2590)" title="ტობა (ტობა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტობა (ტობა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasik_Toba" title="Tasik Toba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tasik Toba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Toba" title="Danau Toba – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Danau Toba" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobameer" title="Tobameer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tobameer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2588%25E3%2583%2590%25E6%25B9%2596" title="トバ湖 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トバ湖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba" title="Toba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Toba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_ko%25CA%25BBli" title="Toba koʻli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toba koʻli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%25AC%25E0%25A8%25BE_%25E0%25A8%259D%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%25B2" title="ਤੋਬਾ ਝੀਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੋਬਾ ਝੀਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_(jezioro)" title="Toba (jezioro) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Toba (jezioro)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lago_Toba" title="Lago Toba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lago Toba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacul_%25C8%2599i_vulcanul_Toba" title="Lacul și vulcanul Toba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lacul și vulcanul Toba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0_(%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE)" title="Тоба (озеро) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тоба (озеро)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Toba" title="Loch Toba – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Loch Toba" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_(Liqe)" title="Toba (Liqe) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toba (Liqe)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lake Toba" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_(jazero)" title="Toba (jazero) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Toba (jazero)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0_(%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE)" title="Тоба (језеро) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тоба (језеро)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dano_Toba" title="Dano Toba – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dano Toba" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobaj%25C3%25A4rvi" title="Tobajärvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tobajärvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobasj%25C3%25B6n" title="Tobasjön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tobasjön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawa_ng_Toba" title="Lawa ng Toba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lawa ng Toba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25BE_%25E0%25AE%258F%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="தோபா ஏரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோபா ஏரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0_(%25D0%25BA%25D2%25AF%25D0%25BB)" title="Тоба (күл) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тоба (күл)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%2595%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B2" title="ทะเลสาบโตบา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลสาบโตบา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_G%25C3%25B6l%25C3%25BC" title="Toba Gölü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toba Gölü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0_(%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE)" title="Тоба (озеро) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тоба (озеро)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%25E1%25BB%2593_Toba" title="Hồ Toba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồ Toba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%259A%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E6%25B9%2596" title="多巴湖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="多巴湖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%259A%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E6%25B9%2596" title="多巴湖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多巴湖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Toba" title="Tao Toba – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Tao Toba" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Toba" title="Danau Toba – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Danau Toba" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danau_Toba" title="Danau Toba – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Danau Toba" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 8 October 2024, at 20:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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