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href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Korean_Orthography" title="New Korean Orthography">New Korean Orthography</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanja#Gukja" title="Hanja">Gukja</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanja#Yakja" title="Hanja">Yakja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugyeol" title="Gugyeol">Gugyeol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyangchal" title="Hyangchal">Hyangchal</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_mixed_script" title="Korean mixed script">Mixed script</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Braille</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Transcription</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean_(North)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Korean (North)">Romanization of Korean (North)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bok_Moon_Kim_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bok Moon Kim romanization (page does not exist)">Bok Moon Kim romanization</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B5%EB%AC%B8_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" class="extiw" title="ko:김복문 로마자 표기법">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Korean" title="Cyrillization of Korean">Kontsevich</a> (Cyrillic)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholodovich_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholodovich system (page does not exist)">Kholodovich system</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Система Холодовича">ru</a>]</span> (Cyrillic)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%; padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Transliteration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Korean" title="Yale romanization of Korean">Yale (scholar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">ISO/TR 11941</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_writing" title="Template:Korean writing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korean_writing" title="Template talk:Korean writing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korean_writing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korean writing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Romanization of Korean</b> is the official <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Korean" title="Romanization of Korean">Korean-language romanization</a> system in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. Announced by the <i>Sahoe Kwahagwŏn</i>, it is an adaptation of the older <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a> system,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which it replaced in 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-1992version_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1992version-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNGEGN2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was updated in 2002<sup id="cite_ref-UNGEGN2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNGEGN2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2002version_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002version-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcription_rules">Transcription rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean_(North_Korean_system)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Transcription rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="700" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Vowels<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅏ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅑ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅓ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅕ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅗ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅛ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅜ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅠ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅡ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅣ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅐ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅒ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅔ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅖ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅚ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅟ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅢ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅘ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅝ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅙ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅞ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Romanization </th> <td><i>a</i></td> <td><i>ya</i></td> <td><i>ŏ</i></td> <td><i>yŏ</i></td> <td><i>o</i></td> <td><i>yo</i></td> <td><i>u</i></td> <td><i>yu</i></td> <td><i>ŭ</i></td> <td><i>i</i></td> <td><i>ae</i></td> <td><i>yae</i></td> <td><i>e</i></td> <td><i>ye</i></td> <td><i>oi</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>wi</i></td> <td><i>ŭi</i></td> <td><i>wa</i></td> <td><i>wŏ</i></td> <td><i>wae</i></td> <td><i>we</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" width="700" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 3–4">: 3–4 </span></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Hangul </th> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅁ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅅ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅈ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅊ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅋ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅌ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅍ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅎ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄲ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄸ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅃ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅆ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅉ</span></span></td> <td><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅇ</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Romanization</th> <th>Initial </th> <td rowspan="2"><i>k</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>n</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>t</i></td> <td><i>r</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>m</i></td> <td rowspan="2"><i>p</i></td> <td><i>s</i></td> <td><i>j</i></td> <td><i>ch</i></td> <td><i>kh</i></td> <td><i>th</i></td> <td><i>ph</i></td> <td><i>h</i></td> <td><i>kk</i></td> <td><i>tt</i></td> <td><i>pp</i></td> <td><i>ss</i></td> <td><i>jj</i></td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Final </th> <td><i>l</i></td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><i>k</i></td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><i>p</i></td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td><i>k</i></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td><i>t</i></td> <td>–</td> <td><i>ng</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>In double consonants in the end of a word or before a consonant, only one of them is written:<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">닭섬</span></span> → <i>Ta<b>k</b>sŏm</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">물곬</span></span> → <i>Mulko<b>l</b></i></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>However, in the case before a vowel, both consonants are written:<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">붉은바위</span></span> → <i>Pu<b>lg</b>ŭnbawi</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">앉은바위</span></span> → <i>A<b>nj</b>ŭnbawi</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>The soft voiceless consonants between vowels <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄱ</span></span>, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄷ</span></span>, and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㅂ</span></span> and those between resonant sounds and vowels are transcribed as <i>g</i>, <i>d</i>, and <i>b</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup></li> <li>Final consonants may undergo assimilation before resonants.<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">백마산</span></span> → <i>Pae<b>ng</b>masan</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">꽃마을</span></span> → <i>KKo<b>n</b>maŭl</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">압록강</span></span> → <i>A<b>m</b>rokgang</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>When lax consonants become tense in compound words, they are transcribed as tense consonants if they are preceded by a vowel. Also, if the next element begins with a resonant, then <i>n</i> is added before it.<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">기대산</span></span> → <i>Ki<b>tt</b>aesan</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">새별읍</span></span> → <i>Sae<b>pp</b>yŏl-ŭp</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">뒤문</span></span> → <i>Twi<b>n</b>mun</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>The consonant clusters <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴㄹ</span></span> and <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄴㄴ</span></span> are only transcribed as <i>ll</i> if they correspond with longstanding usage; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">ㄹㄹ</span></span> does not have a special transcription.<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 6, 8">: 6, 8 </span></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">천리마</span></span> → <i>Chŏ<b>ll</b>ima</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">한나산</span></span> → <i>Ha<b>ll</b>asan</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">찔레골</span></span> → <i>JJi<b>lr</b>egol</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Double consonants may be capitalized as a single unit: <i>kk</i> → <i>KK</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guide">Guide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean_(North_Korean_system)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Guide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A personal name is written by family name first, followed by a space and the given name with the first letter capitalized. Also, each letter of a name of Chinese character origin is written separately. The given name's first initial is transcribed in a voiceless letter, even when it becomes resonant in pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">김꽃분이</span></span> → <i>Kim KKotpuni</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">박동구</span></span> → <i>Pak Tong Gu</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">안복철</span></span> → <i>An <b>P</b>ok Chŏl</i></li></ul> <p>However, it is not really possible to follow this rule<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag contains original research. (August 2024)">original research</span></a></i>]</sup> because a certain name written in hangul can be a native Korean name, or a Sino-Korean name, or even both. For example, <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><a href="/wiki/Bo-ram_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bo-ram (name)">보람</a></span></span> can not only be a native Korean name,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but can also be a Sino-Korean name (e.g. 寶濫).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, parents intend a dual meaning: both the meaning from a native Korean word and the meaning from <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a>. </p><p>A name for administrative units is hyphenated from the placename proper:<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">도</span></span> → <i>-do</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">시</span></span> → <i>-si</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">군</span></span> → <i>-gun</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">면</span></span> → <i>-myŏn</i></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">리</span></span> → <i>-ri</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">동</span></span> → <i>-dong</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">구</span></span> → <i>-gu</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">구역</span></span> → <i>-guyŏk</i></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>However, a name for geographic features and artificial structures is not hyphenated:<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">산</span></span> → <i>san</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">거리</span></span> → <i>gŏri</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">고개</span></span> → <i>gogae</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">대</span></span> → <i>dae</i></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">봉</span></span> → <i>bong</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">교</span></span> → <i>gyo</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">골</span></span> → <i>gol</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">각</span></span> → <i>gak</i></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">벌</span></span> → <i>bŏl</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">관</span></span> → <i>gwan</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">곶</span></span> → <i>got</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">강</span></span> → <i>gang</i></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Sound changes are not transcribed in the suffixes above:<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 4–5">: 4–5 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">삿갓봉</span></span> → <i>Satkat<b>b</b>ong</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">압록강</span></span> → <i>Amrok<b>g</b>ang</i></li></ul> <p>Transcription of geographical names may be simplified by removing breves and by reducing initial double consonants to single consonants:<sup id="cite_ref-2012version_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">서포</span></span> → <i>Sŏpho</i> → <i>S<b>o</b>pho</i></li> <li><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">찔레골</span></span> → <i>JJilregol</i> → <i><b>J</b>ilregol</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean_(North_Korean_system)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 1992 version used <i>oe</i> instead;<sup id="cite_ref-1992version_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1992version-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Rodong_Sinmun" title="Rodong Sinmun">Rodong Sinmun</a></i> still uses <i>oe</i> as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanization_of_Korean_(North_Korean_system)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_University_of_Chicago_Press_Editorial_Staff2024" class="citation book cs1">The University of Chicago Press Editorial Staff (2024). <i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i> (18th ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. 11.95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226817972" title="Special:BookSources/9780226817972"><bdi>9780226817972</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&rft.pages=11.95&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780226817972&rft.au=The+University+of+Chicago+Press+Editorial+Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean+%28North+Korean+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1992version-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1992version_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1992version_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/Unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/6th-uncsgn-docs/WP/6th_uncsgn_WP46.pdf">"Working Paper No. 46"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UNGEGN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNGEGN&rft.atitle=Working+Paper+No.+46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2FUnsd%2Fgeoinfo%2FUNGEGN%2Fdocs%2F6th-uncsgn-docs%2FWP%2F6th_uncsgn_WP46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean+%28North+Korean+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNGEGN2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNGEGN2004_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNGEGN2004_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/Unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/22-GEGN-Docs/wp/gegn22wp48.pdf">"Updates to the report on the current status of United Nations romanization systems for geographical names"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UNGEGN</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-17</span></span>. <q>In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea there is a national system adopted in 1992 and presented to the 17th session of UNGEGN in 1994, updated version was published in 2002<sup>20</sup>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNGEGN&rft.atitle=Updates+to+the+report+on+the+current+status+of+United+Nations+romanization+systems+for+geographical+names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2FUnsd%2Fgeoinfo%2FUNGEGN%2Fdocs%2F22-GEGN-Docs%2Fwp%2Fgegn22wp48.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean+%28North+Korean+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2002version-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2002version_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/UNGEGN/docs/8th-uncsgn-docs/inf/8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.72.pdf">"E/CONF.94/INF.72 - Guideline for the Romanization of Korean"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UNGEGN</a></i>. 2002-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNGEGN&rft.atitle=E%2FCONF.94%2FINF.72+-+Guideline+for+the+Romanization+of+Korean&rft.date=2002-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2FUNGEGN%2Fdocs%2F8th-uncsgn-docs%2Finf%2F8th_UNCSGN_econf.94_INF.72.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean+%28North+Korean+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2012version-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2012version_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/10th-uncsgn-docs/crp/E_Conf.101_CRP15_Rules%20of%20Latin%20Alphabetic%20Transcription%20of%20Korean.pdf">"E/CONF.101/CRP15 - The Rules of Latin Alphabetic Transcription of Korean Language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Group_of_Experts_on_Geographical_Names" title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names">UNGEGN</a></i>. 2012-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNGEGN&rft.atitle=E%2FCONF.101%2FCRP15+-+The+Rules+of+Latin+Alphabetic+Transcription+of+Korean+Language&rft.date=2012-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fgeoinfo%2Fungegn%2Fdocs%2F10th-uncsgn-docs%2Fcrp%2FE_Conf.101_CRP15_Rules%2520of%2520Latin%2520Alphabetic%2520Transcription%2520of%2520Korean.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean+%28North+Korean+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705152012/http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/index.php?strPageID=SF01_02_01&newsID=2022-07-04-0006">"Choe Ryong Hae Inspects Different Units of South Phyongan Province"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rodong_Sinmun" title="Rodong Sinmun">Rodong Sinmun</a></i>. 2022-07-04. Retrieved 2022-07-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr/lawman/10502/preview"><bdi lang="ko">김보람(金보람)</bdi></a>. <i>한국법조인대관</i> [<i>List of Legal Professionals in Korea</i>] (in Korean). 법률신문 (The Law Times)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EB%B2%95%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%B8%EB%8C%80%EA%B4%80&rft.atitle=%EA%B9%80%EB%B3%B4%EB%9E%8C%28%E9%87%91%EB%B3%B4%EB%9E%8C%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr%2Flawman%2F10502%2Fpreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARomanization+of+Korean+%28North+Korean+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawpeople.lawtimes.co.kr/lawman/21732/preview"><bdi lang="ko">강보람(姜寶濫)</bdi></a>. <i>한국법조인대관</i> [<i>List of Legal Professionals in Korea</i>] (in Korean). 법률신문 (The Law Times)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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