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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Scientific career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Inventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_and_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_and_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relationships and personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_and_personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Residences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monument_to_Alfred_Nobel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monument_to_Alfred_Nobel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monument to Alfred Nobel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monument_to_Alfred_Nobel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alfred Nobel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 158 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-158" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">158 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AC%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8A%96%E1%89%A4%E1%88%8D" title="አልፍሬድ ኖቤል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልፍሬድ ኖቤል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Нобель, Альфред – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Нобель, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ألفرد نوبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألفرد نوبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BF_%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A7%D5%AC" title="Ալֆրետ Նոպէլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալֆրետ Նոպէլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%A8%27%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আলফ্ৰেড ন'বেল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলফ্ৰেড ন'বেল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="آلفرد نوبل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلفرد نوبل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bernhard_Nobel" title="Alfred Bernhard Nobel – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Alfred Bernhard Nobel" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="আলফ্রেদ নোবেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলফ্রেদ নোবেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфред Нобель – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Альфред Нобель" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфрэд Нобель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альфрэд Нобель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфрэд Нобэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альфрэд Нобэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अल्फ्रेड नोबेल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अल्फ्रेड नोबेल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Алфред Нобел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алфред Нобел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bernhard_Nobel" title="Alfred Bernhard Nobel – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Alfred Bernhard Nobel" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфред Нобель – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Альфред Нобель" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="ألفريد نوبل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألفريد نوبل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अल्फ्रेड नोबेल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अल्फ्रेड नोबेल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BB" title="Άλφρεντ Νομπέλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλφρεντ Νομπέλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="آلفرد نوبل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلفرد نوبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="આલ્ફ્રેડ નોબેલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આલ્ફ્રેડ નોબેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EB%93%9C_%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8" title="알프레드 노벨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알프레드 노벨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D6%86%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4_%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Ալֆրեդ Նոբել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալֆրեդ Նոբել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अल्फ़्रेद नोबेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्फ़्रेद नोबेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C" title="אלפרד נובל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלפרד נובל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಲ್‌ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ನೊಬೆಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಲ್‌ಫ್ರೆಡ್ ನೊಬೆಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალფრედ ნობელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალფრედ ნობელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфред Нобель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альфред Нобель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфред Нобель – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Альфред Нобель" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredus_Nobel" title="Alfredus Nobel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alfredus Nobel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfr%C4%93ds_Nobels" title="Alfrēds Nobels – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alfrēds Nobels" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel%E2%80%99" title="Alfred Nobel’ – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Alfred Nobel’" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bernhard_Nobel" title="Alfred Bernhard Nobel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alfred Bernhard Nobel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अल्फ्रेड नोबेल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अल्फ्रेड नोबेल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Алфред Нобел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алфред Нобел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BD" title="ആൽഫ്രഡ് നോബൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൽഫ്രഡ് നോബൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="आल्फ्रेड नोबेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आल्फ्रेड नोबेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალფრედ ნობელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალფრედ ნობელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="الفريد نوبل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفريد نوبل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="آلفرد نوبل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلفرد نوبل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфред Нобель – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Альфред Нобель" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အဲလ်ဖရက် နိုဘယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အဲလ်ဖရက် နိုဘယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अल्फ्रेड नोबेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्फ्रेड नोबेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अल्फ्रेद नोबेल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अल्फ्रेद नोबेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="アルフレッド・ノーベル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルフレッド・ノーベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Нобель Альфред – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нобель Альфред" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2" title="ଆଲଫ୍ରେଡ଼ ନୋବେଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲଫ୍ରେଡ଼ ନୋବେଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਅਲਫ਼ਰੈਡ ਨੋਬਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਫ਼ਰੈਡ ਨੋਬਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="الفریڈ نوبل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الفریڈ نوبل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%89_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="الفرېډ نوبل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الفرېډ نوبل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8A_%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B" title="អាល់ហ្វ្រិដ ណូបែល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល់ហ្វ្រិដ ណូបែល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Нобель, Альфред – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нобель, Альфред" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфред Нобель – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Альфред Нобель" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="आल्फ्रेड् नोबेल् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आल्फ्रेड् नोबेल्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0_%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱨᱮᱰ ᱱᱚᱵᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱞᱯᱷᱨᱮᱰ ᱱᱚᱵᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%8A_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="الفريڊ نوبل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الفريڊ نوبل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%84" title="ئەلفرێد نۆبێل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەلفرێد نۆبێل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Алфред Нобел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алфред Нобел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆல்பிரட் நோபல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆல்பிரட் நோபல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфред Нобель – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Альфред Нобель" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆల్‍ఫ్రెడ్ నోబెల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆల్‍ఫ్రెడ్ నోబెల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5" title="อัลเฟรด โนเบล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลเฟรด โนเบล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Алфред Нобел – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алфред Нобел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Альфред Нобель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альфред Нобель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="الفریڈ نوبل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الفریڈ نوبل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%84" title="ئالفېرد نوبىل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالفېرد نوبىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" title="諾貝爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="諾貝爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%93_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C" title="אלפרעד נאבעל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלפרעד נאבעל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%B2%BB%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE" title="阿爾費利德·諾貝爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿爾費利德·諾貝爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔弗雷德·诺贝尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Bernhard_Nobel" title="Alfred Bernhard Nobel – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Alfred Bernhard Nobel" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Alfred Nobel" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7_%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⴼⵔⵉⴷ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23810#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swedish chemist and inventor (1833–1896)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Irish racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel_(horse)" title="Alfred Nobel (horse)">Alfred Nobel (horse)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Noble_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Alfred Noble (disambiguation)">Alfred Noble</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alfred Nobel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Nobel3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alfred_Nobel3.jpg/220px-Alfred_Nobel3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alfred_Nobel3.jpg/330px-Alfred_Nobel3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Alfred_Nobel3.jpg/440px-Alfred_Nobel3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="879" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Nobel in 1896</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Alfred Bernhard Nobel</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1833-10-21</span>)</span>21 October 1833<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 1896<span style="display:none">(1896-12-10)</span> (aged 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">Sanremo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (now Italy)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Norra_begravningsplatsen" title="Norra begravningsplatsen">Norra begravningsplatsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solna" title="Solna">Solna</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alfred_Nobel&params=59_21_24.52_N_18_1_9.43_E_region:SE_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">59°21′24.52″N</span> <span class="longitude">18°1′9.43″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">59.3568111°N 18.0192861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">59.3568111; 18.0192861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Monument" title="Nobel Monument">Nobel Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Chemist</li><li>engineer</li><li>inventor</li><li>businessman</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Establishing the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a><br />Inventing <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Nobel" title="Immanuel Nobel">Immanuel Nobel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Andriette_Nobel" title="Andriette Nobel">Karolina Ahlsell</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_family" title="Nobel family">Nobel</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Nobel_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alfred_Nobel_Signature.svg/150px-Alfred_Nobel_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alfred_Nobel_Signature.svg/225px-Alfred_Nobel_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alfred_Nobel_Signature.svg/300px-Alfred_Nobel_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="129" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alfred Bernhard Nobel</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">noh-<span style="font-size:90%">BEL</span></i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Swedish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈǎlfrɛd<span class="wrap"> </span>nʊˈbɛlː]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/00\/Sv-Alfred_Nobel.ogg\/Sv-Alfred_Nobel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-Alfred Nobel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Sv-Alfred_Nobel.ogg/Sv-Alfred_Nobel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-Alfred_Nobel.ogg" title="File:Sv-Alfred Nobel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 21 October 1833 – 10 December 1896) was a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, inventor, <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> and businessman. He is known for inventing <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> as well as having bequeathed his fortune to establish the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also made several other important contributions to science, holding 355 <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> in his lifetime. </p><p>A member of the prominent <a href="/wiki/Nobel_family" title="Nobel family">Nobel family</a>, Nobel displayed an early aptitude for science and learning, particularly in chemistry and languages; he became fluent in six languages and filed his first patent at the age of 24. He embarked on many business ventures with his family, most notably owning the company <a href="/wiki/Bofors" title="Bofors">Bofors</a>, which was an iron and steel producer that he had developed into a major manufacturer of cannons and other armaments. Nobel's most famous invention, dynamite, was an explosive using <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a> that was patented in 1867. He further invented <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a> in 1875 and <a href="/wiki/Ballistite" title="Ballistite">ballistite</a> in 1887. </p><p>Upon his death, Nobel donated his fortune to a foundation to fund <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a>, which annually recognize those who "conferred the greatest benefit to humankind".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The synthetic element <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a> was named after him,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his name and legacy also survive in companies such as <a href="/wiki/Dynamit_Nobel" title="Dynamit Nobel">Dynamit Nobel</a> and <a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">AkzoNobel</a>, which descend from mergers with companies he founded. Nobel was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>, which, pursuant to his will, would be responsible for choosing the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">physics</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">chemistry</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audhumbla_-_Au%C3%B0umbla_-_Audumbla_-_Adumbla_-_Milk-Stockholm-1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Audhumbla_-_Au%C3%B0umbla_-_Audumbla_-_Adumbla_-_Milk-Stockholm-1908.jpg/220px-Audhumbla_-_Au%C3%B0umbla_-_Audumbla_-_Adumbla_-_Milk-Stockholm-1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Audhumbla_-_Au%C3%B0umbla_-_Audumbla_-_Adumbla_-_Milk-Stockholm-1908.jpg/330px-Audhumbla_-_Au%C3%B0umbla_-_Audumbla_-_Adumbla_-_Milk-Stockholm-1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Audhumbla_-_Au%C3%B0umbla_-_Audumbla_-_Adumbla_-_Milk-Stockholm-1908.jpg/440px-Audhumbla_-_Au%C3%B0umbla_-_Audumbla_-_Adumbla_-_Milk-Stockholm-1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>The birthplace of Alfred Nobel at <a href="/wiki/Norrlandsgatan" title="Norrlandsgatan">Norrlandsgatan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_family" title="Nobel family">The Nobel family</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/180px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/240px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Members</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Nobel" title="Immanuel Nobel">Immanuel Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nobel" title="Robert Nobel">Robert Nobel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Nobel" title="Ludvig Nobel">Ludvig Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Oskar_Nobel" title="Emil Oskar Nobel">Emil Oskar Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Nobel" title="Emanuel Nobel">Emanuel Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nobel" title="Peter Nobel">Peter Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Nobel" title="Gustaf Nobel">Gustaf Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Helena_Nobel-Oleinikoff" title="Marta Helena Nobel-Oleinikoff">Marta Helena Nobel-Oleinikoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Nobel" title="Michael Nobel">Michael Nobel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Companies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Nobel" title="Immanuel Nobel">Nobel Fils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branobel" title="Branobel">Branobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamit_Nobel" title="Dynamit Nobel">Dynamit Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AkzoNobel" title="AkzoNobel">KemaNord</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Prizes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_family" title="Nobel family">Nobel Family Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Charitable_Trust" title="Nobel Charitable Trust">Nobel Charitable Trust</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_family" title="Template:Nobel family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Nobel_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Nobel family (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_family" title="Nobel family">Nobel family</a></div> <p>Alfred Nobel was born in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> on 21 October 1833. He was the third son of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Nobel" title="Immanuel Nobel">Immanuel Nobel</a> (1801–1872), an inventor and engineer, and <a href="/wiki/Andriette_Nobel" title="Andriette Nobel">Andriette Nobel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">née</a> Ahlsell 1805–1889).<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-life_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple married in 1827 and had eight children. The family was impoverished and only Alfred and his three brothers survived beyond childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his father, Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scientist <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Rudbeck" title="Olaus Rudbeck">Olaus Rudbeck</a> (1630–1702).<sup id="cite_ref-thoughtco_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thoughtco-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobel's father was an alumnus of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of Technology">Royal Institute of Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> and was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings and experimented with different ways of blasting rocks. He encouraged and taught Nobel from a young age.<sup id="cite_ref-life_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Nobel_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alfred_Nobel_young.jpg/220px-Alfred_Nobel_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alfred_Nobel_young.jpg/330px-Alfred_Nobel_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Alfred_Nobel_young.jpg/440px-Alfred_Nobel_young.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>Alfred Nobel at a young age in the 1850s</figcaption></figure> <p>Following various business failures caused by the loss of some barges of building material, Immanuel Nobel was forced into bankruptcy, Nobel's father moved to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, and grew successful there as a manufacturer of machine tools and explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invented the veneer <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a>, which made possible the production of modern <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and started work on the <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">naval mine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1842, the family joined him in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now prosperous, his parents were able to send Nobel to private tutors, and the boy excelled in his studies, particularly in chemistry and languages, achieving fluency in English, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 18 months, from 1841 to 1842, Nobel attended the Jacobs Apologistic School in Stockholm, his only schooling; he never attended university.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobel gained proficiency in Swedish, French, Russian, English, German, and Italian. He also developed sufficient literary skill to write <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. His <i><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(Nobel_play)" title="Nemesis (Nobel play)">Nemesis</a></i> is a prose tragedy in four acts about the Italian noblewoman <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Cenci" title="Beatrice Cenci">Beatrice Cenci</a>. It was printed while he was dying, but the entire stock was destroyed immediately after his death except for three copies, being regarded as scandalous and <a href="/wiki/Blasphemous" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasphemous">blasphemous</a>. It was published in Sweden in 2003 and has been translated into <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish.</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_career">Scientific career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/220px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/330px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/440px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Nobel by Gösta Florman (1831–1900)</figcaption></figure> <p>As a young man, Nobel studied with chemist <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Nikolaevich_Zinin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin">Nikolai Zinin</a>; then, in 1850, went to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to further the work. There he met <a href="/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero">Ascanio Sobrero</a>, who had invented <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a> three years before. Sobrero strongly opposed the use of nitroglycerin because it was unpredictable, exploding when subjected to variable heat or pressure. But Nobel became interested in finding a way to control and use <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a> as a commercially usable explosive; it had much more power than <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>. In 1851 at age 18, he went to the United States for one year to study,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> working for a short period under Swedish-American inventor <a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a>, who designed the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> ironclad, <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a>. Nobel filed his first patent, an English patent for a <a href="/wiki/Gas_meter" title="Gas meter">gas meter</a>, in 1857, while his first Swedish patent, which he received in 1863, was on "ways to prepare gunpowder".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family factory produced <a href="/wiki/Armaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Armaments">armaments</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1853–1856), but had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fighting ended and they filed for <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, Nobel's father left his factory in the care of the second son, <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Nobel" title="Ludvig Nobel">Ludvig Nobel</a> (1831–1888), who greatly improved the business. Nobel and his parents returned to Sweden from Russia and Nobel devoted himself to the study of <a href="/wiki/Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosives">explosives</a>, and especially to the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerin. Nobel invented a <a href="/wiki/Detonator" title="Detonator">detonator</a> in 1863, and in 1865 designed the <a href="/wiki/Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">blasting cap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also got honored with an element with his name, <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a>. </p><p>On 3 September 1864, a shed used for preparation of nitroglycerin exploded at the factory in <a href="/wiki/Heleneborg" title="Heleneborg">Heleneborg</a>, Stockholm, Sweden, killing five people, including Nobel's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Emil_Oskar_Nobel" title="Emil Oskar Nobel">Emil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then deprived of his license to produce explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fazed by the accident, Nobel founded the company Nitroglycerin <a href="/wiki/Aktiebolag" title="Aktiebolag">AB</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vinterviken" title="Vinterviken">Vinterviken</a> so that he could continue to work in a more isolated area.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobel invented <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> in 1867, a substance easier and safer to handle than the more unstable <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a>. Dynamite was patented in the US and the UK and was used extensively in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and the building of transport networks internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, Nobel invented <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a>, more stable and powerful than dynamite, and in 1887, patented <a href="/wiki/Ballistite" title="Ballistite">ballistite</a>, a predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">cordite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobel was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> in 1884, the same institution that would later select <a href="/wiki/Laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Laureates">laureates</a> for two of the Nobel prizes, and he received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorate">honorary doctorate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a> in 1893. Nobel's brothers Ludvig and Robert founded the oil company <a href="/wiki/Branobel" title="Branobel">Branobel</a> and became hugely rich in their own right. Nobel invested in these and amassed great wealth through the development of these new oil regions. It operated mainly in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Cheleken" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheleken">Cheleken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>. During his life, Nobel was issued 355 <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> internationally, and by his death, his business had established more than 90 armaments factories, despite his apparently <a href="/wiki/Pacifist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifist">pacifist</a> character.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inventions">Inventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">Dynamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">Gelignite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ballistite" title="Ballistite">Ballistite</a></div> <p>Nobel found that when <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a> was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like <i>kieselguhr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a>) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as "dynamite".<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time that year, at a quarry in <a href="/wiki/Redhill,_Surrey" title="Redhill, Surrey">Redhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England. In order to help reestablish his name and improve the image of his business from the earlier controversies associated with dangerous explosives, Nobel had also considered naming the highly powerful substance "Nobel's Safety Powder", which is the text used in his patent, but settled with Dynamite instead, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word for "power" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δύναμις</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobel later combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds, similar to <a href="/wiki/Collodion" title="Collodion">collodion</a>, but settled on a more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, which was a more powerful explosive than dynamite. <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">Gelignite</a>, or blasting gelatin, as it was named, was patented in 1876; and was followed by a host of similar combinations, modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various other substances.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gelignite was more stable, powerful, transportable and conveniently formed to fit into bored holes, like those used in drilling and mining, than the previously used compounds. It was adopted as the standard technology for mining in the "Age of Engineering", bringing Nobel a great amount of financial success, though at a cost to his health. An offshoot of this research resulted in Nobel's invention of <a href="/wiki/Ballistite" title="Ballistite">ballistite</a>, the precursor of many modern smokeless powder explosives and still used as a rocket propellant.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/220px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/330px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/440px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Front side of one of the Nobel Prize medals</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a well known story about the origin of the Nobel Prize, although historians have been unable to verify it and some dismiss the story as a myth.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888, the death of his brother Ludvig supposedly caused several newspapers to publish <a href="/wiki/Obituaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Obituaries">obituaries</a> of Alfred in error. One French newspaper condemned him for his invention of military explosives—in many versions of the story, dynamite is quoted, although this was mainly used for civilian applications—and this is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The obituary stated, <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le marchand de la mort est mort</i></span></i> ("The merchant of death is dead"),<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobel read the obituary and was appalled at the idea that he would be remembered in this way. His decision to posthumously donate the majority of his wealth to found the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> has been credited to him wanting to leave behind a better legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloppy_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloppy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been questioned whether or not the obituary in question actually existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloppy_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloppy-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 November 1895, at the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a>, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-will_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-will-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_kronor" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish kronor">Swedish kronor</a>, to establish the five Nobel Prizes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2022, the foundation had approximately 6 billion Swedish Kronor of invested capital.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first three of these prizes are awarded for eminence <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">in physical science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">in chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">in medical science or physiology</a>; the fourth is <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">for literary work</a> "in an ideal direction" and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">the fifth prize</a> is to be given to the person or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of international <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fraternity" class="extiw" title="wikt:fraternity">fraternity</a>, in the suppression or reduction of standing armies, or in the establishment or furtherance of peace congresses.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formulation for the literary prize being given for a work "in an ideal direction" (<i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">i idealisk riktning</i></span></i> in Swedish), is cryptic and has caused much confusion. For many years, the Swedish Academy interpreted "ideal" as "idealistic" (<i><span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">idealistisk</i></span></i>) and used it as a reason not to give the prize to important but less romantic authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>. This interpretation has since been revised, and the prize has been awarded to, for example, <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a>, who do not belong to the camp of literary idealism.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was room for interpretation by the bodies he had named for deciding on the physical sciences and chemistry prizes, given that he had not consulted them before making the will. In his one-page testament, he stipulated that the money go to discoveries or inventions in the physical sciences and to discoveries or improvements in chemistry. He had opened the door to technological awards, but had not left instructions on how to deal with the distinction between science and technology. Since the deciding bodies he had chosen were more concerned with the former, the prizes went to scientists more often than engineers, technicians or other inventors.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweden's central bank <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a> celebrated its 300th anniversary in 1968 by donating a large sum of money to the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a> to be used to set up a sixth prize in the field of economics in honor of Alfred Nobel. In 2001, Alfred Nobel's great-great-nephew, Peter Nobel (born 1931), asked the Bank of Sweden to differentiate its award to economists given "in Alfred Nobel's memory" from the five other awards. This request added to the controversy over whether the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Sweden_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</a> is actually a legitimate "Nobel Prize".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_issues_and_death">Health issues and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health issues and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel%27s_death_mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nobel%27s_death_mask.jpg/220px-Nobel%27s_death_mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nobel%27s_death_mask.jpg/330px-Nobel%27s_death_mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nobel%27s_death_mask.jpg/440px-Nobel%27s_death_mask.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Alfred Nobel's <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a>, Nobel's residence in <a href="/wiki/Karlskoga" title="Karlskoga">Karlskoga</a>, Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p>In his letters to his mistress, Hess, Nobel described constant pain, debilitating migraines, and "paralyzing" fatigue, leading some to believe that he suffered from <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a>. However, his concerns at the time were dismissed as <a href="/wiki/Hypochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypochondria">hypochondria</a>, leading to further <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1895, Nobel had developed <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 November 1895, he finalized his <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will and testament</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-health_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-will_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-will-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving most of his wealth in trust, unbeknownst to his family, to fund the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> awards.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 December 1896, he suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intracerebral_hemorrhage" title="Intracerebral hemorrhage">intracerebral hemorrhage</a> and was first partially paralyzed and then died, aged 63.<sup id="cite_ref-health_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-health-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Norra_begravningsplatsen" title="Norra begravningsplatsen">Norra begravningsplatsen</a> in Stockholm.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on his experimentation with explosives, his strenuous work habit, and the decline in his health at the end of the 1870s, some hypothesize that <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroglycerine">nitroglycerine</a> poisoning was a contributing factor to his death at a premature age.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobel was <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and, during his years living in Paris, he regularly attended the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden_Abroad" title="Church of Sweden Abroad">Church of Sweden Abroad</a> led by pastor <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a> who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a> in youth and became an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> later in life, though he still donated generously to the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-stp_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-side_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-side-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thoughtco_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thoughtco-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-remembering_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remembering-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_and_personality">Relationships and personality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationships and personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobel remained a solitary character, given to periods of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never married,<sup id="cite_ref-life_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although his biographers note that he had at least three loves. His first love was in Russia with a girl named Alexandra who rejected his <a href="/wiki/Marriage_proposal" title="Marriage proposal">marriage proposal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-remembering_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remembering-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1876, Austro-Bohemian Countess <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a> became his secretary, but she left him after a brief stay to marry her previous lover Baron Arthur Gundaccar von Suttner. Her contact with Nobel was brief, yet she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and probably influenced his decision to include the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in his will.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace prize "for her sincere peace activities".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobel's longest-lasting relationship was an 18-year relationship with Sofija Hess from <a href="/wiki/Celje" title="Celje">Celje</a> whom he met in 1876 in <a href="/wiki/Baden_bei_Wien" title="Baden bei Wien">Baden bei Wien</a>, where she worked as an employee in a flower shop that catered to wealthy clientele. The extent of their relationship was revealed by a collection of 221 letters sent by Nobel to Hess over 15 years. At the time that they met, Nobel was 43 years old, while Hess was 26. Their relationship, which was not merely platonic, ended when she became pregnant from another man, although Nobel continued to support her financially until Hess married her child's father to avoid being ostracized as a whore. Hess was a Jewish woman who converted to Christianity and the letters include remarks by Nobel characterized as <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. Nobel also displayed characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a> in the letters writing to Hess: "You neither work, nor write, nor read, nor think" and guilted her, writing "I have for years now sacrificed out of purely noble motives my time, my duties, my intellectual life, my reputation".<sup id="cite_ref-affair_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affair-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-side_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-side-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reveal_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reveal-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residences">Residences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Residences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rborns_herrg%C3%A5rd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bj%C3%B6rborns_herrg%C3%A5rd.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B6rborns_herrg%C3%A5rd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bj%C3%B6rborns_herrg%C3%A5rd.jpg/330px-Bj%C3%B6rborns_herrg%C3%A5rd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bj%C3%B6rborns_herrg%C3%A5rd.jpg/440px-Bj%C3%B6rborns_herrg%C3%A5rd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Karlskoga" title="Karlskoga">Karlskoga</a>, was Alfred Nobel's last residence in Sweden.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nobel traveled for much of his business life, maintaining companies in Europe and America. From 1865 to 1873, Nobel lived in Krümmel (now in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Geesthacht" title="Geesthacht">Geesthacht</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>). From 1873 to 1891, he lived in a house in the Avenue Malakoff in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891, after being accused of high treason against France for selling <a href="/wiki/Ballistite" title="Ballistite">Ballistite</a> to Italy, he moved from Paris to <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">Sanremo</a>, Italy, acquiring <a href="/wiki/Villa_Nobel" title="Villa Nobel">Villa Nobel</a>, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, where he died in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1894, when he acquired Bofors-Gullspång, the <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a> was included, where he stayed during the summers. It is now a museum.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monument_to_Alfred_Nobel">Monument to Alfred Nobel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monument to Alfred Nobel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Monument to Alfred Nobel</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Памятник Альфреду Нобелю</span>, <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Alfred_Nobel&params=59.960787_N_30.334905_E_dim:30_region:RU-LEN_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">59°57′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°20′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">59.960787°N 30.334905°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">59.960787; 30.334905</span></span></span></a></span></span>) is in Saint Petersburg along the <a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Nevka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshaya Nevka River">Bolshaya Nevka River</a> on Petrogradskaya Embankment, the street where Nobel's family lived until 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was dedicated in 1991 to mark the 90th anniversary of the first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> presentation. Diplomat Thomas Bertelman and Professor <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Melua" title="Arkady Melua">Arkady Melua</a> were initiators of the creation of the monument in 1989 and they provided funds for the establishment of the monument. The abstract metal sculpture was designed by local artists Sergey Alipov and Pavel Shevchenko, and appears to be an explosion or branches of a tree.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criticism of Nobel focuses on his leading role in weapons manufacturing and sales. Some people question his motives in creating his prizes, suggesting they are intended to improve his reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Antisemitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobel has also been criticized for displays of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-side_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-side-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-affair_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-affair-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his letters to Hess, he wrote "In my experience, Jews never do anything out of good will. They act merely out of selfishness or a desire to show off .... all others exist to be fleeced."<sup id="cite_ref-reveal_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reveal-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGolden2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Golden, Frederic (16 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,998209,00.html">"The Worst and the Brightest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071103153942/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998209,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Worst+and+the+Brightest&rft.date=2000-10-16&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C998209%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/the-nobel-prize-organisation/">"THE NOBEL PRIZE ORGANISATION"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+NOBEL+PRIZE+ORGANISATION&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fthe-nobel-prize-organisation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/nobel-peace-prize/history/alfred-nobel-s-will">"Alfred Nobel's Will"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612014132/https://www.nobelpeaceprize.org/History/Alfred-Nobel-s-will">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel%27s+Will&rft.pub=Nobel+Peace+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelpeaceprize.org%2Fnobel-peace-prize%2Fhistory%2Falfred-nobel-s-will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/102/nobelium">"Nobelium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309201141/http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/102/Nobelium">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobelium&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F102%2Fnobelium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Nobel">"Alfred Nobel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502193629/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416842/Alfred-Bernhard-Nobel">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alfred+Nobel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlfred-Nobel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-life_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-life-and-work/">"Alfred Nobel's life and work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. 13 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008180102/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-life-and-work/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel%27s+life+and+work&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Falfred-nobel%2Falfred-nobels-life-and-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thoughtco-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thoughtco_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thoughtco_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2020" class="citation web cs1">Lim, Alane (27 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/alfred-nobel-biography-4176433">"Biography of Alfred Nobel, Inventor of Dynamite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dotdash_Meredith" title="Dotdash Meredith">Dotdash Meredith</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Alfred+Nobel%2C+Inventor+of+Dynamite&rft.pub=Dotdash+Meredith&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Alane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Falfred-nobel-biography-4176433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobel-his-life-and-work/">"Alfred Nobel – his life and work"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. 3 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005110401/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobel-his-life-and-work/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+his+life+and+work&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Falfred-nobel%2Falfred-nobel-his-life-and-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/local-news/2012/07/09/the-week-in-preview-alfred-nobel-8217s-father-immanuel-invented-a-rotary-lathe-that-became-the-key-to-manufacturing-modern-plywood/">"The Week in Preview: Alfred Nobel's father, Immanuel, invented a rotary lathe that became the key to manufacturing modern plywood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="The Telegraph (Nashua, New Hampshire)">The Telegraph</a></i>. 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Week+in+Preview%3A+Alfred+Nobel%27s+father%2C+Immanuel%2C+invented+a+rotary+lathe+that+became+the+key+to+manufacturing+modern+plywood.&rft.date=2012-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nashuatelegraph.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2F2012%2F07%2F09%2Fthe-week-in-preview-alfred-nobel-8217s-father-immanuel-invented-a-rotary-lathe-that-became-the-key-to-manufacturing-modern-plywood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.usni.org/posts/2016/06/02/ten-mining-campaigns-that-shaped-mine-warfare">"Ten Mining Campaigns That Shaped Mine Warfare"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>. 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ten+Mining+Campaigns+That+Shaped+Mine+Warfare&rft.pub=United+States+Naval+Institute&rft.date=2016-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.usni.org%2Fposts%2F2016%2F06%2F02%2Ften-mining-campaigns-that-shaped-mine-warfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/info/privat/alfred-nobel/">"Alfred Nobel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i> (in Swedish). 1 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009003438/https://www.ne.se/info/aktuellt/privat/alfred-nobel/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalencyklopedin&rft.atitle=Alfred+Nobel&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Finfo%2Fprivat%2Falfred-nobel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/nobel-alfred-0">"Nobel, Alfred"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel%2C+Alfred&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fnobel-alfred-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stp-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stp_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stp_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobel-st-petersburg-1842-1863/">"Alfred Nobel – St. Petersburg, 1842–1863"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. 5 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205414/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobel-st-petersburg-1842-1863/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+St.+Petersburg%2C+1842%E2%80%931863&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2014-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Falfred-nobel%2Falfred-nobel-st-petersburg-1842-1863%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Nobel2008" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Nobel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRUYPQAACAAJ"><i>Némésis: tragédie en quatre actes</i></a>. Belles lettres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-44342-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-251-44342-3"><bdi>978-2-251-44342-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C3%A9m%C3%A9sis%3A+trag%C3%A9die+en+quatre+actes&rft.pub=Belles+lettres&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-251-44342-3&rft.au=Alfred+Nobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRUYPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=8143">"Alfred B Nobel – Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon"</a>. <i>sok.riksarkivet.se</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224115217/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=8143">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sok.riksarkivet.se&rft.atitle=Alfred+B+Nobel+%E2%80%93+Svenskt+Biografiskt+Lexikon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsok.riksarkivet.se%2FSbl%2FPresentation.aspx%3Fid%3D8143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/patents.html">"Patents – Alfred Nobel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928063709/http://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/patents.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patents+%E2%80%93+Alfred+Nobel&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Falfred_nobel%2Fbiographical%2Fpatents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle2004" class="citation book cs1">Carlisle, Rodney (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDbQVE3IdTcC&pg=PA256"><i>Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-24410-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-24410-4"><bdi>0-471-24410-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101104815/https://books.google.com/books?id=pDbQVE3IdTcC&pg=PA256">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+American+Inventions+and+Discoveries&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-471-24410-4&rft.aulast=Carlisle&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDbQVE3IdTcC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tekniskamuseet.se/en/learn-more/swedish-inventors/alfred-nobel-dynamite/">"Alfred Nobel – Dynamite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Science_and_Technology_(Sweden)" title="National Museum of Science and Technology (Sweden)">National Museum of Science and Technology</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+Dynamite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tekniskamuseet.se%2Fen%2Flearn-more%2Fswedish-inventors%2Falfred-nobel-dynamite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods1942" class="citation news cs1">Woods, Katherine (13 December 1942). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1942/12/13/archives/the-life-of-nobel-alfred-nobel-dynamite-king-architect-of-peace-by.html">"The Life of Nobel; ALFRED NOBEL: Dynamite King -- Architect of Peace. By Herta E. Pauli. With frontispiece. 325 pp. New York: L. B. Fischer. $3"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+Nobel%3B+ALFRED+NOBEL%3A+Dynamite+King+--+Architect+of+Peace.+By+Herta+E.+Pauli.+With+frontispiece.+325+pp.+New+York%3A+L.+B.+Fischer.+%243.&rft.date=1942-12-13&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1942%2F12%2F13%2Farchives%2Fthe-life-of-nobel-alfred-nobel-dynamite-king-architect-of-peace-by.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tekniskamuseet.se/lar-dig-mer/svenska-uppfinnare-och-innovatorer/alfred-nobel-dynamit/">"Alfred Nobel – Dynamit"</a> [Alfred Nobel – Dynamite] (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Museum_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology">Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003064331/https://www.tekniskamuseet.se/lar-dig-mer/svenska-uppfinnare-och-innovatorer/alfred-nobel-dynamit/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+Dynamit&rft.pub=Swedish+National+Museum+of+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tekniskamuseet.se%2Flar-dig-mer%2Fsvenska-uppfinnare-och-innovatorer%2Falfred-nobel-dynamit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml">"Alfred Nobel (1833–1896)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227150003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Alfred+Nobel+%281833%E2%80%931896%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fnobel_alfred.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tekniskamuseet.se/lar-dig-mer/svenska-uppfinnare-och-innovatorer/alfred-nobel-dynamit/">"Alfred Nobel - Dynamit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Science_and_Technology_(Sweden)" title="National Museum of Science and Technology (Sweden)">National Museum of Science and Technology</a></i> (in Swedish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003064331/https://www.tekniskamuseet.se/lar-dig-mer/svenska-uppfinnare-och-innovatorer/alfred-nobel-dynamit/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Alfred+Nobel+-+Dynamit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tekniskamuseet.se%2Flar-dig-mer%2Fsvenska-uppfinnare-och-innovatorer%2Falfred-nobel-dynamit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDePasquale" class="citation web cs1">DePasquale, Sue. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dixonvalve.com/sites/default/files/publications/articles/The_Inventor_of_Dynamite_Left_a_Leg_DIXBOA.pdf">"THE INVENTOR OF DYNAMITE LEFT A LEGACY OF PEACE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Dixon_Valve_%26_Coupling_Company" title="Dixon Valve & Coupling Company">Dixon Valve & Coupling Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+INVENTOR+OF+DYNAMITE+LEFT+A+LEGACY+OF+PEACE&rft.pub=Dixon+Valve+%26+Coupling+Company&rft.aulast=DePasquale&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dixonvalve.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Farticles%2FThe_Inventor_of_Dynamite_Left_a_Leg_DIXBOA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ballistite">"Definition of ballistite"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154058/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/ballistite">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+ballistite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fballistite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2020" class="citation web cs1">Andrews, Evan (23 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/did-a-premature-obituary-inspire-the-nobel-prize">"Did a Premature Obituary Inspire the Nobel Prize?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130142424/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/blame-sloppy-journalism-for-the-nobel-prizes-1172688/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Channel&rft.atitle=Did+a+Premature+Obituary+Inspire+the+Nobel+Prize%3F&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fdid-a-premature-obituary-inspire-the-nobel-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakovsky2011" class="citation news cs1">Makovsky, Ken (11 July 2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenmakovsky/2011/11/07/nobel-how-he-built-his-reputation/">"Nobel: How He Built His Reputation"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Nobel%3A+How+He+Built+His+Reputation&rft.date=2011-07-11&rft.aulast=Makovsky&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fkenmakovsky%2F2011%2F11%2F07%2Fnobel-how-he-built-his-reputation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sloppy-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sloppy_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sloppy_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2013" class="citation news cs1">Schultz, Colin (9 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/blame-sloppy-journalism-for-the-nobel-prizes-1172688/">"Blame Sloppy Journalism for the Nobel Prizes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231130142424/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/blame-sloppy-journalism-for-the-nobel-prizes-1172688/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Blame+Sloppy+Journalism+for+the+Nobel+Prizes&rft.date=2013-10-09&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fblame-sloppy-journalism-for-the-nobel-prizes-1172688%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-will-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-will_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-will_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-will/">"Alfred Nobel's will"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel%27s+will&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Falfred-nobel%2Falfred-nobels-will%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1897/01/01/archives/the-will-of-alfred-nobel.html">"The Will of Alfred Nobel"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 1 January 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Will+of+Alfred+Nobel.&rft.date=1897-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1897%2F01%2F01%2Farchives%2Fthe-will-of-alfred-nobel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="#Abrams">Abrams, Irwin</a> (2001). <i>The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates</i>. Watson Publishing International. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88135-388-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88135-388-4"><bdi>0-88135-388-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+and+the+Laureates&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Watson+Publishing+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88135-388-4&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFantRuuth1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenne_Fant" title="Kenne Fant">Fant, Kenne</a>; Ruuth, Marianne (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-87ReXymessC&pg=PA327"><i>Alfred Nobel: a biography</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Publishing" title="Arcade Publishing">Arcade Publishing</a>. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-328-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55970-328-8"><bdi>1-55970-328-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel%3A+a+biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-55970-328-8&rft.aulast=Fant&rft.aufirst=Kenne&rft.au=Ruuth%2C+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-87ReXymessC%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2023/04/annual-report-2022-2.pdf">"THE NOBEL FOUNDATION ANNUAL REPORT 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+NOBEL+FOUNDATION+ANNUAL+REPORT+2022&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F04%2Fannual-report-2022-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvzgb63g.13">"The Nobel Peace Prize"</a>, <i>Northern Light</i>, Renaissance Books, pp. 59–61, 30 April 2019, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvzgb63g.13">10.2307/j.ctvzgb63g.13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898823-91-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898823-91-9"><bdi>978-1-898823-91-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243214222">243214222</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Light&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize&rft.pages=59-61&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243214222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvzgb63g.13&rft.isbn=978-1-898823-91-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvzgb63g.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHervey2017" class="citation web cs1">Hervey, Angus (4 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1092758/nobel-prize-2017-why-is-there-no-nobel-prize-in-technology/">"Why is there no Nobel Prize in technology?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quartz_(publication)" title="Quartz (publication)">Quartz</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220429122841/https://qz.com/1092758/nobel-prize-2017-why-is-there-no-nobel-prize-in-technology/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=Why+is+there+no+Nobel+Prize+in+technology%3F&rft.date=2017-10-04&rft.aulast=Hervey&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1092758%2Fnobel-prize-2017-why-is-there-no-nobel-prize-in-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2005" class="citation news cs1">Henderson, Hazel (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/2005/02/12nobel">"The 'Nobel prize' that isn't"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=The+%27Nobel+prize%27+that+isn%27t&rft.date=2005-02&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2005%2F02%2F12nobel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/is-the-economics-prize-not-a-real-nobel-5390957/">"Fact Check: Is the Economics Prize not a 'real' Nobel?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 8 October 2018.</cite><span 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href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/world/2017/Oct/21/the-man-behind-the-nobel-prize-remembering-alfred-nobel-on-his-184th-birth-anniversary-100926.html">"The man behind the Nobel Prize: Remembering Alfred Nobel on his 184th birth anniversary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Indian_Express" title="The New Indian Express">The New Indian Express</a></i>. 21 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=The+man+behind+the+Nobel+Prize%3A+Remembering+Alfred+Nobel+on+his+184th+birth+anniversary&rft.date=2017-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fgalleries%2Fworld%2F2017%2FOct%2F21%2Fthe-man-behind-the-nobel-prize-remembering-alfred-nobel-on-his-184th-birth-anniversary-100926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1905/summary/">"The Nobel Peace Prize 1905"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522204445/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1905/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+1905&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fpeace%2F1905%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-affair-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-affair_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-affair_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/nobel-affair-the-correspondence-between-alfred-nobel-and-sofie-hess/oclc/987791384">"A Nobel affair: the correspondence between Alfred Nobel and Sofie Hess"</a>. 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Nobel+affair%3A+the+correspondence+between+Alfred+Nobel+and+Sofie+Hess&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2Fnobel-affair-the-correspondence-between-alfred-nobel-and-sofie-hess%2Foclc%2F987791384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reveal-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reveal_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reveal_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon2018" class="citation news cs1">Ron, Nathan (15 July 2018). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/world-news/europe/2018-07-15/ty-article/.premium/alfred-nobels-letters-reveal-his-anti-semitic-chauvinistic-side/0000017f-e20a-d804-ad7f-f3fa72280000">"Alfred Nobel's Letters Reveal His anti-Semitic, Chauvinistic Side"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Alfred+Nobel%27s+Letters+Reveal+His+anti-Semitic%2C+Chauvinistic+Side&rft.date=2018-07-15&rft.aulast=Ron&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fworld-news%2Feurope%2F2018-07-15%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Falfred-nobels-letters-reveal-his-anti-semitic-chauvinistic-side%2F0000017f-e20a-d804-ad7f-f3fa72280000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJi2013" class="citation web cs1">Ji, Lizhen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intlpress.com/site/pub/files/_fulltext/journals/iccm/2013/0001/0001/ICCM-2013-0001-0001-a009.pdf">"Why is there No Nobel Prize in Mathematics?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Chinese_Mathematicians" title="International Congress of Chinese Mathematicians">International Congress of Chinese Mathematicians</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Congress+of+Chinese+Mathematicians&rft.atitle=Why+is+there+No+Nobel+Prize+in+Mathematics%3F&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ji&rft.aufirst=Lizhen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intlpress.com%2Fsite%2Fpub%2Ffiles%2F_fulltext%2Fjournals%2Ficcm%2F2013%2F0001%2F0001%2FICCM-2013-0001-0001-a009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRUMMEL2017" class="citation book cs1">RUMMEL, ERIKA (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1pwtd68"><i>A Nobel Affair: The Correspondence between Alfred Nobel and Sofie Hess</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0177-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-0177-8"><bdi>978-1-4875-0177-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1pwtd68">10.3138/j.ctt1pwtd68</a> – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nobel+Affair%3A+The+Correspondence+between+Alfred+Nobel+and+Sofie+Hess&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt1pwtd68%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-0177-8&rft.aulast=RUMMEL&rft.aufirst=ERIKA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt1pwtd68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmel2013" class="citation web cs1">Lemmel, Birgitta (11 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-house-in-paris/">"Alfred Nobel's House in Paris"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611203342/http://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/articles/malakoff/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel%27s+House+in+Paris&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft.aulast=Lemmel&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Falfred-nobel%2Falfred-nobels-house-in-paris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGozzo2016" class="citation web cs1">Gozzo, Lorenette (23 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-final-years-in-sanremo/">"Alfred Nobel's final years in Sanremo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208160223/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-final-years-in-sanremo/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel%27s+final+years+in+Sanremo&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft.aulast=Gozzo&rft.aufirst=Lorenette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Falfred-nobel%2Falfred-nobels-final-years-in-sanremo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobelprizemuseum.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Alfred-Nobel-faktatext.pdf">"Alfred Nobel – en mångsidig man"</a> [Alfred Nobel – a versatile man] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nobel_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nobel Prize">The Nobel Prize</a></i> (in Swedish). December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021140326/https://nobelprizemuseum.se/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Alfred-Nobel-faktatext.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+en+m%C3%A5ngsidig+man&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnobelprizemuseum.se%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2FAlfred-Nobel-faktatext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobelkarlskoga.se/welcome-2/alfred-nobel_english/">"Alfred Nobel"</a>. <i>nobelkarlskoga.se</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008180102/https://nobelkarlskoga.se/utstallningar/alfred-nobel/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelkarlskoga.se&rft.atitle=Alfred+Nobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnobelkarlskoga.se%2Fwelcome-2%2Falfred-nobel_english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobelkarlskoga.se/welcome-2/bjorkborn-manor/">"Björkborn Manor – Alfred Nobels Björkborn"</a>. <i>nobelkarlskoga.se</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904153608/https://nobelkarlskoga.se/welcome-2/bjorkborn-manor/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelkarlskoga.se&rft.atitle=Bj%C3%B6rkborn+Manor+%E2%80%93+Alfred+Nobels+Bj%C3%B6rkborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnobelkarlskoga.se%2Fwelcome-2%2Fbjorkborn-manor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmel" class="citation web cs1">Lemmel, Birgitta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/articles/russia">"Alfred Nobel – St. Petersburg, 1842–1863"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703024113/http://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/articles/russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+St.+Petersburg%2C+1842%E2%80%931863&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft.aulast=Lemmel&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Falfred_nobel%2Fbiographical%2Farticles%2Frussia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saint-petersburg.com/monuments/alfred-nobel/">"Monument to Alfred Nobel"</a>. Saint-Petersburg.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715075855/http://www.saint-petersburg.com/monuments/alfred-nobel/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monument+to+Alfred+Nobel&rft.pub=Saint-Petersburg.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint-petersburg.com%2Fmonuments%2Falfred-nobel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.se/20101004/29406">"How 'merchant of death' Alfred Nobel became a champion of peace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a></i>. 4 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928121503/https://www.thelocal.se/20101004/29406">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=How+%27merchant+of+death%27+Alfred+Nobel+became+a+champion+of+peace&rft.date=2010-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20101004%2F29406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFant2002" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenne_Fant" title="Kenne Fant">Fant, Kenne</a> (10 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/a/7117df16-574e-350c-a31a-24de251593a2/fortalskampanj-bakom-nobels-nobla-testamente">"Kenne Fant: Förtalskampanj bakom Nobels nobla testamente"</a> [Kenne Fant: Slander campaign behind Nobel's noble testament]. <i><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet" title="Svenska Dagbladet">Svenska Dagbladet</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214153642/https://www.svd.se/a/7117df16-574e-350c-a31a-24de251593a2/fortalskampanj-bakom-nobels-nobla-testamente">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Svenska+Dagbladet&rft.atitle=Kenne+Fant%3A+F%C3%B6rtalskampanj+bakom+Nobels+nobla+testamente&rft.date=2002-12-10&rft.aulast=Fant&rft.aufirst=Kenne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svd.se%2Fa%2F7117df16-574e-350c-a31a-24de251593a2%2Ffortalskampanj-bakom-nobels-nobla-testamente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schück, H, and Sohlman, R., (1929). <i>The Life of Alfred Nobel</i>, transl. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lunn" title="Brian Lunn">Brian Lunn</a>, London: William Heineman Ltd.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/U.S._Patent_78317" class="extiw" title="s:U.S. Patent 78317">Alfred Nobel US Patent No 78,317</a>, dated 26 May 1868</li> <li>Evlanoff, M. and Fluor, M. <i>Alfred Nobel – The Loneliest Millionaire</i>. Los Angeles, Ward Ritchie Press, 1969.</li> <li>Sohlman, R. <i>The Legacy of Alfred Nobel</i>, transl. Schubert E. London: The Bodley Head, 1983 (Swedish original, <i>Ett Testamente</i>, published in 1950).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorpes1959" class="citation journal cs1">Jorpes, J. E. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1992347">"Alfred Nobel"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>1</b> (5113): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5113.1">10.1136/bmj.1.5113.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1992347">1992347</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13608066">13608066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Alfred+Nobel&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5113&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1992347%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13608066&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.5113.1&rft.aulast=Jorpes&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1992347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlfred+Nobel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Nobel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Alfred Nobel</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" class="extiw" title="wikt:Alfred Nobel">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" class="extiw" title="c:Alfred Nobel">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" class="extiw" title="q:Alfred Nobel">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Alfred_Nobel" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Alfred Nobel">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alfred_Nobel" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Alfred Nobel">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alfred_Nobel" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Alfred Nobel">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/">THE MAN BEHIND THE PRIZE – ALFRED NOBEL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021009142637/http://www.nobel.no/eng_com_will1.html">Biography at the Norwegian Nobel Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063125/http://www.eanw.info/nobel.html">Documents of Life and Activity of The Nobel Family. Under the editorship of Professor Arkady Melua. Series of books.</a> (mostly in Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai102_folder/102_articles/102_nobels_asbrink.html">"The Nobels in Baku" in <i>Azerbaijan International</i>, Vol 10.2 (Summer 2002), 56–59.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/022685">Newspaper clippings about Alfred Nobel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Nobel%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alfred%20Nobel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nobel%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alfred%20Nobel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nobel%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alfred%20Nobel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nobel%2C%20Alfred%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alfred%20Nobel%22%29%20OR%20%28%221833-1896%22%20AND%20Nobel%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Alfred Nobel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338139787_Alfred_Nobel_and_his_unknown_coworker">Alfred Nobel and his unknown coworker</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/100px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/150px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/200px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>by occupation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_Nobel_laureates" title="List of heads of state and government Nobel laureates">Heads of state and government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">by year</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by<br />population<br />group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Bengali Nobel laureates">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates" title="List of black Nobel laureates">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Latin American Nobel laureates">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Muslim Nobel laureates">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates" title="List of nonreligious Nobel laureates">Non-religious</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by continent<br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">nationality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_Nobel_laureates" title="List of African Nobel laureates">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Egyptian Nobel laureates and nominees">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of South African Nobel laureates and nominees">South African</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Asian Nobel laureates">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Indian Nobel laureates">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Israeli Nobel laureates">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Pakistani Nobel laureates">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Vietnamese Nobel laureates and nominees">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Belgian Nobel laureates">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Danish Nobel laureates">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Nobel_laureates" title="List of German Nobel laureates">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Greek Nobel laureates and nominees">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Irish Nobel laureates and nominees">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Italian Nobel laureates">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Polish Nobel laureates">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Russian Nobel laureates">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Spanish Nobel laureates">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swedish Nobel laureates">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swiss Nobel laureates">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Welsh Nobel laureates">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Australian Nobel laureates">Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of American Nobel laureates">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Mexican Nobel laureates and nominees">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li>South American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Argentine Nobel laureates">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Venezuelan Nobel laureates">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">by university</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_City_University_of_New_York_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York as alumni or faculty">City University of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Columbia_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ETH_Zurich_people#Nobel_Prize_winners" title="List of ETH Zurich people">ETH Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people#Nobel_laureates" title="List of Harvard University people">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Washington_University_in_St._Louis_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis as alumni or faculty">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_priests_and_religious_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize">Catholic priests and religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize">Couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (page does not exist)">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">AFSC Nobel nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRIO_Director%27s_Shortlist" title="PRIO Director's Shortlist">PRIO Director's Shortlist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Citation_Laureates" title="Clarivate Citation Laureates">Clarivate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Clarivate_Citation_laureates" title="List of female Clarivate Citation laureates">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Chemistry" title="Nobel Committee for Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" title="Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Economics</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Literature" title="Nobel Committee for Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physics" title="Nobel Committee for Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laboratory" title="Nobel Laboratory">Nobel Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates" title="World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates">World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes).<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" title="Template:People whose names are used in chemical element names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:People whose names are used in chemical element names (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People whose names are used in chemical element names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_whose_names_are_used_in_chemical_element_names" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">People whose names are used in chemical element names</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vassili_Samarsky-Bykhovets" title="Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets">Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flyorov" title="Georgy Flyorov">Georgy Flyorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Livermore" title="Robert Livermore">Robert Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Oganessian" title="Yuri Oganessian">Yuri Oganessian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="List of scientists whose names are used as SI units">Scientists whose names are used as SI units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_non_SI_units" class="mw-redirect" title="List of scientists whose names are used as non SI units">non SI units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Physical constants</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23810#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23810#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23810#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121290017">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/241927177">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/84231/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJq6X3JchJ9RBrj3mVF7pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118588370">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81147736">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125092450">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125092450">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nobel, Alfred Bernhard, 1833-1896"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621216">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nobel, Alfred <1833-1896>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV346000">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35389036">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720196&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1049083">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071400427">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90094214">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000024521&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000068710">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=234554">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199635682">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq467k8b0cn5mck">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810623205305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/196008">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265900305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509127806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/c13a0f24-c61b-476d-8565-0350505c320c">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/60819a87-7a50-46bb-9116-2d883fa7e4aa">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/935313">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/persons/1004151">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118588370.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118588370">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034326340">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hx1gtq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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