CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Axonal transport - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f8fa8004-70b2-425c-b493-1b7de6c25a24","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Axonal_transport","wgTitle":"Axonal transport","wgCurRevisionId":1226631400,"wgRevisionId":1226631400,"wgArticleId":2957025,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Neurophysiology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Axonal_transport","wgRelevantArticleId":2957025,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{ "levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q792602","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles" :"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg/1200px-Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1393"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg/800px-Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="929"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg/640px-Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="743"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Axonal transport - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonal_transport"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonal_transport"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Axonal_transport rootpage-Axonal_transport skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Axonal+transport" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Axonal+transport" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Axonal+transport" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Axonal+transport" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fast_and_slow_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fast_and_slow_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fast and slow transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fast_and_slow_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anterograde_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anterograde_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anterograde transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anterograde_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retrograde_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retrograde_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Retrograde transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retrograde_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_interruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_interruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Consequences of interruption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_of_interruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Axonal transport</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="نقل محواري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقل محواري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonov%C3%BD_transport" title="Axonový transport – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Axonový transport" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonaler_Transport" title="Axonaler Transport – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Axonaler Transport" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_axopl%C3%A1smico" title="Transporte axoplásmico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Transporte axoplásmico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flux_axoplasmique" title="Flux axoplasmique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Flux axoplasmique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporte_axopl%C3%A1smico" title="Transporte axoplásmico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Transporte axoplásmico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E7%B4%A2%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81" title="軸索輸送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軸索輸送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_aksonalny" title="Transport aksonalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transport aksonalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аксонный транспорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аксонный транспорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axon%C3%A1lny_transport" title="Axonálny transport – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Axonálny transport" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аксоплазматичний транспорт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аксоплазматичний транспорт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q792602#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Axonal_transport" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Axonal_transport" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Axonal_transport"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Axonal_transport"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Axonal_transport" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Axonal_transport" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&oldid=1226631400" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Axonal_transport&id=1226631400&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAxonal_transport"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAxonal_transport"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Axonal_transport&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q792602" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Movement of organelles</div> <p><b>Axonal transport</b>, also called <b>axoplasmic transport</b> or <b>axoplasmic flow</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Cellular_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellular process">cellular process</a> responsible for movement of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">synaptic vesicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> to and from a <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cell_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell body">cell body</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Axoplasm" title="Axoplasm">axoplasm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabry_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since some axons are on the order of meters long, neurons cannot rely on diffusion to carry products of the nucleus and organelles to the ends of their axons. Axonal transport is also responsible for moving molecules destined for degradation from the axon back to the cell body, where they are broken down by <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosomes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oztas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oztas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg/200px-Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg/300px-Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg/400px-Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dynein" title="Dynein">Dynein</a>, a motor protein responsible for retrograde axonal transport, carries vesicles and other cellular products toward the cell bodies of neurons. Its light chains bind the cargo, and its globular head regions bind the <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubule</a>, "inching" along it.</figcaption></figure> <p>Movement toward the cell body is called <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde transport">retrograde transport</a> and movement toward the <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterograde transport">anterograde transport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bear_et_al_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bear_et_al-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinesin_walking.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kinesin_walking.gif/300px-Kinesin_walking.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Kinesin_walking.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Kinesin" title="Kinesin">Kinesin</a> walking on a <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubule</a>. It is a molecular <a href="/wiki/Biological_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological machine">biological machine</a> that uses <a href="/wiki/Protein_dynamics#Global_flexibility:_multiple_domains" title="Protein dynamics">protein domain dynamics</a> on <a href="/wiki/Nanoscopic_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoscopic scale">nanoscales</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The vast majority of axonal proteins are synthesized in the neuronal cell body and transported along axons. Some <a href="/wiki/MRNA_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA translation">mRNA translation</a> has been demonstrated within axons.<sup id="cite_ref-Giustetto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giustetto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Si_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Si-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Axonal transport occurs throughout the life of a neuron and is essential to its growth and survival. <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">Microtubules</a> (made of <a href="/wiki/Tubulin" title="Tubulin">tubulin</a>) run along the length of the axon and provide the main cytoskeletal "tracks" for transportation. <a href="/wiki/Kinesin" title="Kinesin">Kinesin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynein" title="Dynein">dynein</a> are <a href="/wiki/Motor_protein" title="Motor protein">motor proteins</a> that move cargoes in the anterograde (forwards from the <a href="/wiki/Perikaryon" class="mw-redirect" title="Perikaryon">soma</a> to the axon tip) and retrograde (backwards to the soma (cell body) directions, respectively. Motor proteins bind and transport several different cargoes including <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeletal</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autophagosome" title="Autophagosome">autophagosomes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_vesicle" title="Synaptic vesicle">synaptic vesicles</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>. </p><p>Axonal transport can be fast or slow, and anterograde (away from the cell body) or retrograde (conveys materials from axon to cell body). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fast_and_slow_transport">Fast and slow transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fast and slow transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vesicular cargoes move relatively fast (50–400 mm/day) whereas transport of soluble (cytosolic) and cytoskeletal proteins takes much longer (moving at less than 8 mm/day).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic mechanism of fast axonal transport has been understood for decades but the mechanism of slow axonal transport is only recently becoming clear, as a result of advanced <a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">imaging techniques</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluorescent labeling techniques (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope" title="Fluorescence microscope">fluorescence microscopy</a>) have enabled direct visualization of transport in living neurons. </p><p>Recent studies have revealed that the movement of cytoskeletal "slow" cargoes is actually rapid but unlike fast cargoes, they pause frequently, making the overall transit rate much slower. The mechanism is known as the "Stop and Go" model of slow axonal transport, and has been extensively validated for the transport of the cytoskeletal protein neurofilament.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement of soluble (cytosolic) cargoes is more complex, but appears to have a similar basis where soluble proteins organize into multi-protein complexes that are then conveyed by transient interactions with more rapidly moving cargoes moving in fast axonal transport.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott,_D_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott,_D-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roy,_S_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy,_S-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analogy is the difference in transport rates between local and express subway trains. Though both types of train travel at similar velocities between stations, the local train takes much longer to reach the end of the line because it stops at every station whereas the express makes only a few stops on the way. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anterograde_transport">Anterograde transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anterograde transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anterograde_tracing" title="Anterograde tracing">Anterograde tracing</a></div> <p>Anterograde (also called "orthograde") transport is movement of molecules/organelles outward, from the <a href="/wiki/Cell_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell body">cell body</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Soma_(biology)" title="Soma (biology)">soma</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>. </p><p>The anterograde movement of individual cargoes (in <a href="/wiki/Transport_vesicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport vesicles">transport vesicles</a>) of both fast and slow components along the <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubule</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bear_et_al_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bear_et_al-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is mediated by <a href="/wiki/Kinesin" title="Kinesin">kinesins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oztas_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oztas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several kinesins have been implicated in slow transport,<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the mechanism for generating the "pauses" in the transit of slow component cargoes is still unknown. </p><p>There are two classes of slow anterograde transport: slow component a (SCa) that carries mainly microtubules and <a href="/wiki/Neurofilament" title="Neurofilament">neurofilaments</a> at 0.1-1 millimeters per day, and slow component b (SCb) that carries over 200 diverse proteins and <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> at a rate of up to 6 millimeters per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slow component b, which also carries actin, are transported at a rate of 2-3 millimeters per day in retinal cell axons. </p><p>During reactivation from latency, the <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">herpes simplex virus (HSV)</a> enters its <a href="/wiki/Lytic_cycle" title="Lytic cycle">lytic cycle</a>, and uses anterograde transport mechanisms to migrate from <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal root ganglia">dorsal root ganglia</a> neurons to the skin or mucosa that it subsequently affects.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A cargo-receptor for anterograde transport motors, the kinesins, has been identified as the <a href="/wiki/Amyloid_precursor_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyloid precursor protein">amyloid precursor protein</a> (APP), the parent protein that produces the senile plaques found in Alzheimer's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 15-amino acid peptide in the cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus of APP binds with high affinity to conventional kinesin-1 and mediates transport of exogenous cargo in the <a href="/wiki/Squid_giant_axon" title="Squid giant axon">giant axon</a> of the squid.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manganese, a <a href="/wiki/Contrast_agent" title="Contrast agent">contrast agent</a> for T<sub>1</sub>-weighted MRI, travels by anterograde transport after stereotaxic injection into the brain of experimental animals and thereby reveals circuitry by whole brain MR imaging in living animals, as pioneered by Robia Pautler, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Bearer" title="Elaine Bearer">Elaine Bearer</a> and Russ Jacobs. Studies in kinesin-light chain-1 knockout mice revealed that Mn<sup>2+</sup> travels by kinesin-based transport in the optic nerve and in the brain. Transport in both hippocampal projections and in the optic nerve also depends on APP.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22500926_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22500926-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transport from hippocampus to forebrain is decreased in aging and destination is altered by the presence of Alzheimer's disease plaques.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retrograde_transport">Retrograde transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Retrograde transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_tracing" title="Retrograde tracing">Retrograde tracing</a></div> <p>Retrograde transport shuttles molecules/organelles away from axon termini toward the <a href="/wiki/Soma_(biology)" title="Soma (biology)">cell body</a>. Retrograde axonal transport is mediated by cytoplasmic <a href="/wiki/Dynein" title="Dynein">dynein</a>, and is used for example to send chemical messages and <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a> products headed to <a href="/wiki/Endolysosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Endolysosome">endolysosomes</a> from the axon back to the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Oztas_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oztas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operating at average <i>in vivo</i> speeds of approximately 2 μm/sec,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fast retrograde transport can cover 10-20 centimeters per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Oztas_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oztas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fast retrograde transport returns used synaptic vesicles and other materials to the soma and informs the soma of conditions at the axon terminals. Retrograde transport carries survival signals from the synapse back to the cell body, such as the TRK, the nerve growth factor receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some pathogens exploit this process to invade the nervous system. They enter the distal tips on an axon and travel to the soma by retrograde transport. Examples include tetanus toxin and the herpes simplex, rabies, and polio viruses. In such infections, the delay between infection and the onset of symptoms corresponds to the time needed for the pathogens to reach the somata.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herpes simplex virus travels both ways in axons depending on its life cycle, with retrograde transport dominating polarity for incoming capsids.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences_of_interruption">Consequences of interruption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consequences of interruption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whenever axonal transport is inhibited or interrupted, normal physiology becomes pathophysiology, and an accumulation of axoplasm, called an <b>axonal spheroid</b>, may result. Because axonal transport can be disrupted in a multitude of ways, axonal spheroids can be seen in many different classes of diseases, including genetic, traumatic, ischemic, infectious, toxic, degenerative and <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_diffuse_leukoencephalopathy_with_spheroids" title="Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids">specific white matter diseases</a> called <a href="/wiki/Leukoencephalopathy" title="Leukoencephalopathy">leukoencephalopathies</a>. Several rare <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">neurodegenerative diseases</a> are linked to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_mutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic mutation">genetic mutations</a> in the motor proteins, <a href="/wiki/Kinesin" title="Kinesin">kinesin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynein" title="Dynein">dynein</a>, and in those cases, it is likely that axonal transport is a key player in mediating pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dysfunctional axonal transport is also linked to sporadic (common) forms of neurodegenerative diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's">Alzheimer's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkinson's">Parkinson's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is mainly due to numerous observations that large axonal accumulations are invariably seen in affected neurons, and that genes known to play a role in the familial forms of these diseases also have purported roles in normal axonal transport. However, there is little direct evidence for involvement of axonal transport in the latter diseases, and other mechanisms (such as direct synaptotoxicity) may be more relevant. </p><p>Arrest of axoplasmic flow at the edge of ischemic areas in vascular retinopathies leads to swelling of nerve fibres, which give rise to soft exudates or cotton-wool patches. </p><p>Since the axon depends on axoplasmic transport for vital proteins and materials, injury, such as <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_axonal_injury" title="Diffuse axonal injury">diffuse axonal injury</a>, which interrupts the transport, will cause the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> axon to degenerate in a process called <a href="/wiki/Wallerian_degeneration" title="Wallerian degeneration">Wallerian degeneration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cancer_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer drugs">Cancer drugs</a> that interfere with cancerous growth by altering microtubules (which are necessary for <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">cell division</a>) damage nerves because the microtubules are necessary for axonal transport. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infection">Infection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rabies_virus" title="Rabies virus">rabies virus</a> reaches the central nervous system by retrograde axoplasmic flow.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitrabhakdi_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitrabhakdi-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tetanus <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a> is internalised at the <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">neuromuscular junction</a> through binding the <a href="/wiki/Nidogen" title="Nidogen">nidogen</a> proteins and is retrogradely transported towards the soma in signaling endosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurotropic viruses, such as the herpesviruses, travel inside axons using cellular transport machinery, as has been shown in work by Elaine Bearer's group.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other infectious agents are also suspected of using axonal transport.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such infections are now thought to contribute to Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative neurological disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intraflagellar_transport" title="Intraflagellar transport">Intraflagellar transport</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sabry-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sabry_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSabryO'ConnorKirschner1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sabry J, O'Connor TP, Kirschner MW (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0896-6273%2895%2990271-6">"Axonal transport of tubulin in Ti1 pioneer neurons in situ"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>14</b> (6): 1247–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0896-6273%2895%2990271-6">10.1016/0896-6273(95)90271-6</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7541635">7541635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Axonal+transport+of+tubulin+in+Ti1+pioneer+neurons+in+situ&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1247-56&rft.date=1995-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0896-6273%2895%2990271-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7541635&rft.aulast=Sabry&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=O%27Connor%2C+TP&rft.au=Kirschner%2C+MW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0896-6273%252895%252990271-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oztas-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oztas_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oztas_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oztas_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oztas_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOztas2003" class="citation journal cs1">Oztas E (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neuroanatomy.org/2003/002_005.pdf">"Neuronal Tracing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Neuroanatomy</i>. <b>2</b>: 2–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051025165319/http://neuroanatomy.org/2003/002_005.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2005-10-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroanatomy&rft.atitle=Neuronal+Tracing&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=2-5&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Oztas&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neuroanatomy.org%2F2003%2F002_005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karp_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpvan_der_Geer2005" class="citation book cs1">Karp G, van der Geer P (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cellmolecularbio04edkarp"><i>Cell and molecular biology: concepts and experiments</i></a></span> (4th ed.). John Wiley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cellmolecularbio04edkarp/page/344">344</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46580-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-46580-5"><bdi>978-0-471-46580-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cell+and+molecular+biology%3A+concepts+and+experiments&rft.pages=344&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-471-46580-5&rft.aulast=Karp&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=van+der+Geer%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcellmolecularbio04edkarp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bear_et_al-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bear_et_al_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bear_et_al_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearConnorsParadso2007" class="citation book cs1">Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradso MA (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceexpl00mark"><i>Neuroscience : exploring the brain</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neuroscienceexpl00mark/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6003-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6003-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-6003-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuroscience+%3A+exploring+the+brain&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6003-4&rft.aulast=Bear&rft.aufirst=MF&rft.au=Connors%2C+BW&rft.au=Paradso%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneuroscienceexpl00mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giustetto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giustetto_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiustettoHegdeSiCasadio2003" class="citation journal cs1">Giustetto M, Hegde AN, Si K, Casadio A, Inokuchi K, Pei W, Kandel ER, Schwartz JH (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC263873">"Axonal transport of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1alpha mRNA couples transcription in the nucleus to long-term facilitation at the synapse"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>100</b> (23): 13680–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..10013680G">2003PNAS..10013680G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1835674100">10.1073/pnas.1835674100</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC263873">263873</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14578450">14578450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Axonal+transport+of+eukaryotic+translation+elongation+factor+1alpha+mRNA+couples+transcription+in+the+nucleus+to+long-term+facilitation+at+the+synapse&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=13680-5&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC263873%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14578450&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1835674100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PNAS..10013680G&rft.aulast=Giustetto&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hegde%2C+AN&rft.au=Si%2C+K&rft.au=Casadio%2C+A&rft.au=Inokuchi%2C+K&rft.au=Pei%2C+W&rft.au=Kandel%2C+ER&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC263873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Si-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Si_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Si K, Giustetto <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiGiustettoEtkinHsu2003" class="citation journal cs1">Si K, Giustetto M, Etkin A, Hsu R, Janisiewicz AM, Miniaci MC, Kim JH, Zhu H, Kandel ER (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2803%2901021-3">"A neuronal isoform of CPEB regulates local protein synthesis and stabilizes synapse-specific long-term facilitation in aplysia"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>115</b> (7): 893–904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2803%2901021-3">10.1016/s0092-8674(03)01021-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14697206">14697206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15552012">15552012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+neuronal+isoform+of+CPEB+regulates+local+protein+synthesis+and+stabilizes+synapse-specific+long-term+facilitation+in+aplysia&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=893-904&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15552012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14697206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0092-8674%2803%2901021-3&rft.aulast=Si&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Giustetto%2C+M&rft.au=Etkin%2C+A&rft.au=Hsu%2C+R&rft.au=Janisiewicz%2C+AM&rft.au=Miniaci%2C+MC&rft.au=Kim%2C+JH&rft.au=Zhu%2C+H&rft.au=Kandel%2C+ER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0092-8674%252803%252901021-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadayTwelvetreesMoughamianHolzbaur2014" class="citation journal cs1">Maday, Sandra; Twelvetrees, Alison E.; Moughamian, Armen J.; <a href="/wiki/Erika_Holzbaur" title="Erika Holzbaur">Holzbaur, Erika L.F.</a> (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4269290">"Axonal Transport: Cargo-Specific Mechanisms of Motility and Regulation"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>84</b> (2): 292–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2014.10.019">10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4269290">4269290</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25374356">25374356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Axonal+Transport%3A+Cargo-Specific+Mechanisms+of+Motility+and+Regulation&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-309&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4269290%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25374356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2014.10.019&rft.aulast=Maday&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Twelvetrees%2C+Alison+E.&rft.au=Moughamian%2C+Armen+J.&rft.au=Holzbaur%2C+Erika+L.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4269290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyZhangLeeTrojanowski2005" class="citation journal cs1">Roy S, Zhang B, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ (January 2005). "Axonal transport defects: a common theme in neurodegenerative diseases". <i>Acta Neuropathologica</i>. <b>109</b> (1): 5–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00401-004-0952-x">10.1007/s00401-004-0952-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15645263">15645263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11635065">11635065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Neuropathologica&rft.atitle=Axonal+transport+defects%3A+a+common+theme+in+neurodegenerative+diseases&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-13&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11635065%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15645263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00401-004-0952-x&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Zhang%2C+B&rft.au=Lee%2C+VM&rft.au=Trojanowski%2C+JQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brown A (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2173776">"Axonal transport of membranous and nonmembranous cargoes: a unified perspective"</a>. <i>The Journal of Cell Biology</i>. <b>160</b> (6): 817–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.200212017">10.1083/jcb.200212017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2173776">2173776</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12642609">12642609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Axonal+transport+of+membranous+and+nonmembranous+cargoes%3A+a+unified+perspective&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=817-21&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2173776%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12642609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1083%2Fjcb.200212017&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2173776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott,_D-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scott,_D_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottDasTangRoy2011" class="citation journal cs1">Scott DA, Das U, Tang Y, Roy S (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096075">"Mechanistic logic underlying the axonal transport of cytosolic proteins"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>70</b> (3): 441–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2011.03.022">10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3096075">3096075</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21555071">21555071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Mechanistic+logic+underlying+the+axonal+transport+of+cytosolic+proteins&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=441-54&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3096075%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21555071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2011.03.022&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Das%2C+U&rft.au=Tang%2C+Y&rft.au=Roy%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3096075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy,_S-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy,_S_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyWintonBlackTrojanowski2007" class="citation journal cs1">Roy S, Winton MJ, Black MM, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6672457">"Rapid and intermittent cotransport of slow component-b proteins"</a>. <i>The Journal of Neuroscience</i>. <b>27</b> (12): 3131–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4999-06.2007">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4999-06.2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6672457">6672457</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17376974">17376974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Rapid+and+intermittent+cotransport+of+slow+component-b+proteins&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3131-8&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6672457%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17376974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.4999-06.2007&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Winton%2C+MJ&rft.au=Black%2C+MM&rft.au=Trojanowski%2C+JQ&rft.au=Lee%2C+VM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6672457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuznetsov2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kuznetsov AV (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fs11534-010-0066-0">"Analytical solution of equations describing slow axonal transport based on the stop-and-go hypothesis"</a>. <i>Central European Journal of Physics</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 662–673. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CEJPh...9..662K">2011CEJPh...9..662K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fs11534-010-0066-0">10.2478/s11534-010-0066-0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Analytical+solution+of+equations+describing+slow+axonal+transport+based+on+the+stop-and-go+hypothesis&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=662-673&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fs11534-010-0066-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011CEJPh...9..662K&rft.aulast=Kuznetsov&rft.aufirst=Andrey+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fs11534-010-0066-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandMiranda-SaksenaBoadleArmati1999" class="citation journal cs1">Holland DJ, Miranda-Saksena M, Boadle RA, Armati P, Cunningham AL (October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC112870">"Anterograde transport of herpes simplex virus proteins in axons of peripheral human fetal neurons: an immunoelectron microscopy study"</a>. <i>Journal of Virology</i>. <b>73</b> (10): 8503–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.73.10.8503-8511.1999">10.1128/JVI.73.10.8503-8511.1999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC112870">112870</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10482603">10482603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Virology&rft.atitle=Anterograde+transport+of+herpes+simplex+virus+proteins+in+axons+of+peripheral+human+fetal+neurons%3A+an+immunoelectron+microscopy+study&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=8503-11&rft.date=1999-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC112870%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10482603&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJVI.73.10.8503-8511.1999&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Miranda-Saksena%2C+M&rft.au=Boadle%2C+RA&rft.au=Armati%2C+P&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+AL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC112870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatpute-KrishnanDeGiorgisConleyJang2006" class="citation journal cs1">Satpute-Krishnan P, DeGiorgis JA, Conley MP, Jang M, Bearer EL (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1621108">"A peptide zipcode sufficient for anterograde transport within amyloid precursor protein"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>103</b> (44): 16532–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10316532S">2006PNAS..10316532S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0607527103">10.1073/pnas.0607527103</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1621108">1621108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17062754">17062754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=A+peptide+zipcode+sufficient+for+anterograde+transport+within+amyloid+precursor+protein&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=16532-7&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1621108%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17062754&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0607527103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..10316532S&rft.aulast=Satpute-Krishnan&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=DeGiorgis%2C+JA&rft.au=Conley%2C+MP&rft.au=Jang%2C+M&rft.au=Bearer%2C+EL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1621108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeamsterLoewenbergPascalChauviere2012" class="citation journal cs1">Seamster PE, Loewenberg M, Pascal J, Chauviere A, Gonzales A, Cristini V, Bearer EL (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625656">"Quantitative measurements and modeling of cargo-motor interactions during fast transport in the living axon"</a>. <i>Physical Biology</i>. <b>9</b> (5): 055005. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhBio...9e5005S">2012PhBio...9e5005S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1478-3975%2F9%2F5%2F055005">10.1088/1478-3975/9/5/055005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3625656">3625656</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23011729">23011729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Biology&rft.atitle=Quantitative+measurements+and+modeling+of+cargo-motor+interactions+during+fast+transport+in+the+living+axon&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=055005&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3625656%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23011729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1478-3975%2F9%2F5%2F055005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhBio...9e5005S&rft.aulast=Seamster&rft.aufirst=PE&rft.au=Loewenberg%2C+M&rft.au=Pascal%2C+J&rft.au=Chauviere%2C+A&rft.au=Gonzales%2C+A&rft.au=Cristini%2C+V&rft.au=Bearer%2C+EL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3625656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid22500926-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid22500926_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherZhangZiomekJacobs2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gallagher JJ, Zhang X, Ziomek GJ, Jacobs RE, Bearer EL (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328142">"Deficits in axonal transport in hippocampal-based circuitry and the visual pathway in APP knock-out animals witnessed by manganese enhanced MRI"</a>. <i>NeuroImage</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 1856–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2012.01.132">10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.132</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328142">3328142</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22500926">22500926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroImage&rft.atitle=Deficits+in+axonal+transport+in+hippocampal-based+circuitry+and+the+visual+pathway+in+APP+knock-out+animals+witnessed+by+manganese+enhanced+MRI&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1856-66&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3328142%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22500926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroimage.2012.01.132&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Zhang%2C+X&rft.au=Ziomek%2C+GJ&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+RE&rft.au=Bearer%2C+EL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3328142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearerManifold-WheelerMedinaGonzales2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bearer EL, Manifold-Wheeler BC, Medina CS, Gonzales AG, Chaves FL, Jacobs RE (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6159914">"Alterations of functional circuitry in aging brain and the impact of mutated APP expression"</a>. <i>Neurobiology of Aging</i>. <b>70</b>: 276–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neurobiolaging.2018.06.018">10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6159914">6159914</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30055413">30055413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurobiology+of+Aging&rft.atitle=Alterations+of+functional+circuitry+in+aging+brain+and+the+impact+of+mutated+APP+expression&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=276-290&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6159914%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30055413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neurobiolaging.2018.06.018&rft.aulast=Bearer&rft.aufirst=EL&rft.au=Manifold-Wheeler%2C+BC&rft.au=Medina%2C+CS&rft.au=Gonzales%2C+AG&rft.au=Chaves%2C+FL&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+RE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6159914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbsKalmarSleighGreensmith2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs KL, Kalmar B, Sleigh JN, Greensmith L, Schiavo G (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4666412">"In vivo imaging of axonal transport in murine motor and sensory neurons"</a>. <i>Journal of Neuroscience Methods</i>. <b>257</b>: 26–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jneumeth.2015.09.018">10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.09.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4666412">4666412</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26424507">26424507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neuroscience+Methods&rft.atitle=In+vivo+imaging+of+axonal+transport+in+murine+motor+and+sensory+neurons&rft.volume=257&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4666412%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26424507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jneumeth.2015.09.018&rft.aulast=Gibbs&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.au=Kalmar%2C+B&rft.au=Sleigh%2C+JN&rft.au=Greensmith%2C+L&rft.au=Schiavo%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4666412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleighSchiavo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sleigh J, Schiavo G (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19185%2Fmatters.201605000018">"Older but not slower: aging does not alter axonal transport dynamics of signalling endosomes in vivo"</a>. <i>Matters</i>. <b>2</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19185%2Fmatters.201605000018">10.19185/matters.201605000018</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Matters&rft.atitle=Older+but+not+slower%3A+aging+does+not+alter+axonal+transport+dynamics+of+signalling+endosomes+in+vivo&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19185%2Fmatters.201605000018&rft.aulast=Sleigh&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Schiavo%2C+Giampietro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.19185%252Fmatters.201605000018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuiWuChenRamirez2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cui B, Wu C, Chen L, Ramirez A, Bearer EL, Li WP, <a href="/wiki/William_C._Mobley" class="mw-redirect" title="William C. Mobley">Mobley WC</a>, Chu S (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1959439">"One at a time, live tracking of NGF axonal transport using quantum dots"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>104</b> (34): 13666–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PNAS..10413666C">2007PNAS..10413666C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0706192104">10.1073/pnas.0706192104</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1959439">1959439</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17698956">17698956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=One+at+a+time%2C+live+tracking+of+NGF+axonal+transport+using+quantum+dots&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=34&rft.pages=13666-71&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1959439%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17698956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0706192104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PNAS..10413666C&rft.aulast=Cui&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Wu%2C+C&rft.au=Chen%2C+L&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+A&rft.au=Bearer%2C+EL&rft.au=Li%2C+WP&rft.au=Mobley%2C+WC&rft.au=Chu%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1959439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saladin, Kenneth. Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function. Sixth. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2010. 445. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearerBreakefieldSchubackReese2000" class="citation journal cs1">Bearer EL, Breakefield XO, Schuback D, Reese TS, LaVail JH (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16684">"Retrograde axonal transport of herpes simplex virus: evidence for a single mechanism and a role for tegument"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>97</b> (14): 8146–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.8146B">2000PNAS...97.8146B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.97.14.8146">10.1073/pnas.97.14.8146</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16684">16684</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10884436">10884436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Retrograde+axonal+transport+of+herpes+simplex+virus%3A+evidence+for+a+single+mechanism+and+a+role+for+tegument&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=8146-50&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC16684%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10884436&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.97.14.8146&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PNAS...97.8146B&rft.aulast=Bearer&rft.aufirst=EL&rft.au=Breakefield%2C+XO&rft.au=Schuback%2C+D&rft.au=Reese%2C+TS&rft.au=LaVail%2C+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC16684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadayTwelvetreesMoughamianHolzbaur2014" class="citation journal cs1">Maday S, Twelvetrees AE, Moughamian AJ, Holzbaur EL (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4269290">"Axonal transport: cargo-specific mechanisms of motility and regulation"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>84</b> (2): 292–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2014.10.019">10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4269290">4269290</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25374356">25374356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuron&rft.atitle=Axonal+transport%3A+cargo-specific+mechanisms+of+motility+and+regulation&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=292-309&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4269290%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25374356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2014.10.019&rft.aulast=Maday&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Twelvetrees%2C+AE&rft.au=Moughamian%2C+AJ&rft.au=Holzbaur%2C+EL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4269290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleighRossorFellowsTosolini2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sleigh JN, Rossor AM, Fellows AD, Tosolini AP, Schiavo G (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10083572/">"Axonal transport and neurological disease"</a>. <i>Nat Rev Neurol</i>. <b>15</b> (12): 691–703. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41582-019-0257-2">10.1038/s41582-019-0257-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31558780">31558780</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203437348">203437348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Neurol&rft.atitle=Axonal+transport+and+neurological+disease&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=691-703&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203437348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31558780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41582-019-0257-2&rft.aulast=Sleigh&rft.aufirst=JN&rft.au=Rossor%2C+AM&rft.au=Fellows%2C+AD&rft.au=Tosolini%2C+AP&rft.au=Schiavo%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10083572%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitrabhakdi-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitrabhakdi_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitrabhakdiShuangshotiWannakrairotLewis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mitrabhakdi E, Shuangshoti S, Wannakrairot P, Lewis RA, Susuki K, Laothamatas J, Hemachudha T (November 2005). "Difference in neuropathogenetic mechanisms in human furious and paralytic rabies". <i>Journal of the Neurological Sciences</i>. <b>238</b> (1–2): 3–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jns.2005.05.004">10.1016/j.jns.2005.05.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16226769">16226769</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25509462">25509462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Neurological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Difference+in+neuropathogenetic+mechanisms+in+human+furious+and+paralytic+rabies&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=3-10&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25509462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16226769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jns.2005.05.004&rft.aulast=Mitrabhakdi&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Shuangshoti%2C+S&rft.au=Wannakrairot%2C+P&rft.au=Lewis%2C+RA&rft.au=Susuki%2C+K&rft.au=Laothamatas%2C+J&rft.au=Hemachudha%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBercsenyiSchmiegBrysonWallace2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bercsenyi K, Schmieg N, Bryson JB, Wallace M, Caccin P, Golding M, Zanotti G, Greensmith L, Nischt R, Schiavo G (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1464360/1/Kinga%20Bercsenyi_Thesis%20final.pdf">"Tetanus toxin entry. Nidogens are therapeutic targets for the prevention of tetanus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>346</b> (6213): 1118–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1258138">10.1126/science.1258138</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25430769">25430769</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206560426">206560426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Tetanus+toxin+entry.+Nidogens+are+therapeutic+targets+for+the+prevention+of+tetanus&rft.volume=346&rft.issue=6213&rft.pages=1118-23&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206560426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25430769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1258138&rft.aulast=Bercsenyi&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Schmieg%2C+N&rft.au=Bryson%2C+JB&rft.au=Wallace%2C+M&rft.au=Caccin%2C+P&rft.au=Golding%2C+M&rft.au=Zanotti%2C+G&rft.au=Greensmith%2C+L&rft.au=Nischt%2C+R&rft.au=Schiavo%2C+G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1464360%2F1%2FKinga%2520Bercsenyi_Thesis%2520final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatpute-KrishnanDeGiorgisBearer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Satpute-Krishnan P, DeGiorgis JA, Bearer EL (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3622731">"Fast anterograde transport of herpes simplex virus: role for the amyloid precursor protein of alzheimer's disease"</a>. <i>Aging Cell</i>. <b>2</b> (6): 305–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1474-9728.2003.00069.x">10.1046/j.1474-9728.2003.00069.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3622731">3622731</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14677633">14677633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aging+Cell&rft.atitle=Fast+anterograde+transport+of+herpes+simplex+virus%3A+role+for+the+amyloid+precursor+protein+of+alzheimer%27s+disease&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=305-18&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3622731%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14677633&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1474-9728.2003.00069.x&rft.aulast=Satpute-Krishnan&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=DeGiorgis%2C+JA&rft.au=Bearer%2C+EL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3622731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengFerlandWebsterBearer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng SB, Ferland P, Webster P, Bearer EL (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069030">"Herpes simplex virus dances with amyloid precursor protein while exiting the cell"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>6</b> (3): e17966. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...617966C">2011PLoSO...617966C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0017966">10.1371/journal.pone.0017966</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3069030">3069030</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21483850">21483850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Herpes+simplex+virus+dances+with+amyloid+precursor+protein+while+exiting+the+cell&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e17966&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3069030%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21483850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0017966&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...617966C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=SB&rft.au=Ferland%2C+P&rft.au=Webster%2C+P&rft.au=Bearer%2C+EL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3069030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearerSatpute-Krishnan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bearer EL, Satpute-Krishnan P (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3616324">"The role of the cytoskeleton in the life cycle of viruses and intracellular bacteria: tracks, motors, and polymerization machines"</a>. <i>Current Drug Targets. Infectious Disorders</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 247–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1568005023342407">10.2174/1568005023342407</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3616324">3616324</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462128">12462128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Drug+Targets.+Infectious+Disorders&rft.atitle=The+role+of+the+cytoskeleton+in+the+life+cycle+of+viruses+and+intracellular+bacteria%3A+tracks%2C+motors%2C+and+polymerization+machines&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=247-64&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3616324%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12462128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1568005023342407&rft.aulast=Bearer&rft.aufirst=EL&rft.au=Satpute-Krishnan%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3616324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItzhakiLatheBalinBall2016" class="citation journal cs1">Itzhaki RF, Lathe R, Balin BJ, Ball MJ, Bearer EL, Braak H, et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5457904">"Microbes and Alzheimer's Disease"</a>. <i>Journal of Alzheimer's Disease</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 979–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3233%2FJAD-160152">10.3233/JAD-160152</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5457904">5457904</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26967229">26967229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&rft.atitle=Microbes+and+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=979-84&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5457904%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26967229&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3233%2FJAD-160152&rft.aulast=Itzhaki&rft.aufirst=RF&rft.au=Lathe%2C+R&rft.au=Balin%2C+BJ&rft.au=Ball%2C+MJ&rft.au=Bearer%2C+EL&rft.au=Braak%2C+H&rft.au=Bullido%2C+MJ&rft.au=Carter%2C+C&rft.au=Clerici%2C+M&rft.au=Cosby%2C+SL&rft.au=Del+Tredici%2C+K&rft.au=Field%2C+H&rft.au=Fulop%2C+T&rft.au=Grassi%2C+C&rft.au=Griffin%2C+WS&rft.au=Haas%2C+J&rft.au=Hudson%2C+AP&rft.au=Kamer%2C+AR&rft.au=Kell%2C+DB&rft.au=Licastro%2C+F&rft.au=Letenneur%2C+L&rft.au=L%C3%B6vheim%2C+H&rft.au=Mancuso%2C+R&rft.au=Miklossy%2C+J&rft.au=Otth%2C+C&rft.au=Palamara%2C+AT&rft.au=Perry%2C+G&rft.au=Preston%2C+C&rft.au=Pretorius%2C+E&rft.au=Strandberg%2C+T&rft.au=Tabet%2C+N&rft.au=Taylor-Robinson%2C+SD&rft.au=Whittum-Hudson%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5457904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"No place like asphalt for these hardy microbes". <i>New Scientist</i>. <b>206</b> (2757): 15. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0262-4079%2810%2960991-8">10.1016/s0262-4079(10)60991-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=No+place+like+asphalt+for+these+hardy+microbes&rft.volume=206&rft.issue=2757&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0262-4079%2810%2960991-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAxonal+transport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&oldid=1226631400">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&oldid=1226631400</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurophysiology" title="Category:Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 May 2024, at 22:00<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axonal_transport&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-88l8n","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.371","walltime":"0.434","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1751,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":87013,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":324,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":128123,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 360.404 1 -total"," 61.45% 221.479 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 20.76% 74.818 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.46% 41.288 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.92% 24.935 2 Template:See_also"," 5.92% 21.349 2 Template:Main_other"," 5.42% 19.540 1 Template:SDcat"," 3.11% 11.200 2 Template:Cite_book"," 0.58% 2.081 1 Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.238","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5160226,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mcbjw","timestamp":"20241122144244","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Axonal transport","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axonal_transport","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q792602","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q792602","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-10-20T23:16:28Z","dateModified":"2024-05-31T22:00:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/Cytoplasmic_dynein.svg","headline":"The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons."}</script> </body> </html>